Argumentation
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Transcript of Argumentation
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Making a convincing argument
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Persuasive Aimis used to accomplish one of two basic
purposes:
1) To change the reader’s attitudes or beliefs.
2) To get the reader to do something.
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Logical Persuasive Arguments are built on an opinion supported by reasons
and evidence.
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ReasonsReasons tell why everyone should accept an
opinion as true.Ex: A ban on smoking in public places
would reduce the risk of developing lung cancer via secondhand smoke inhalation.
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Evidence- Facts & statistics -are strong because it’s hard
to argue with the facts. Ex: Prolonged exposure to secondhand
smoke increases one’s risk of developing cancer by 55%.
- Expert testimony- statements made by experts in the field are convincing.
Ex: “The risk of developing lung cancer from secondhand smoke is significant,” said Dr. Jim Williams, a leading pulmonary oncologist at Johns Hopkins Medical Research Center.
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Logical fallacies are statements that sound logical and factual, but they’re not.
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Hasty Generalizationis coming to a conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.
Ex: All of my friends whose parents smoke have asthma and are certain to develop lung cancer as a result.
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Name Callingis attacking the person who holds the view rather than the view itself.
Ex: Mayor Smith is calling for restaurant and bars to ban smoking, but he recently was arrested for DWI and cannot be trusted.
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Either/oris describing a situation as though there were only two choices when there may actually be several.
Ex: Either smoking be banned in public places, or citizens are doomed to die slow, painful deaths.
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False Cause and Effectasserting that because Event B followed Event A, A caused B.
Ex: Since Arlington banned smoking in restaurants and bars, my favorite restaurant chain went out of business two weeks later.
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should reinforce logical arguments, not replace them.
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Loaded Wordsare words that are heavy with emotional connotations.
Ex: Smokers endanger the lives of innocent children and sentence them to lives riddled with health problems.
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Glittering Generalities A type of loaded words, they are so strongly
positive that they “glitter” and make you feel good.
Ex: Smoking a Camel after a satisfying meal---it’s the American way.
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Bandwagon Appealthe belief that something should be done because the majority of people do it (or wish to do it).
Ex: 20 of the 30 major U.S. cities have already enacted a ban on public smoking and Dallas shouldn’t be the last.
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Testimonialswhen a celebrity endorses a product unrelated to their field of expertise.
Ex: Tony Hawk and Miley Cyrus support the ban on smoking in public places.
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• appealing mostly to logic (facts & expertise)• keeping emotional appeals to a minimum • avoiding all fallacies