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Are the laws of physics actually fine-
tuned?
Jim ClarageDepartment of Chemistry and Physics
University of St. Thomas
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GGravitational Force
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Gravity mysteries: Why is gravity fine-tuned?
“The feebleness of gravity is something we should be grateful for. If it were a tiny bit stronger, none of us would be here to scoff at its puny nature.”
1 part in 1015
0.000000000000001
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proton and neutron
If mp > mn proton decays to neutron (no atoms)
If mp << mn deuteron unstable (no pp reaction)
If mp ~= mn no beta decay possible
mp = 1.6726 x 10-27 kg
mn = 1.6749 x 10-27 kg
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41H → 4He + 2e+ + 2γ + 2νe (26.7 MeV)
proton-proton chain reaction
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Implications...
Anthropic Principle
Designer (aka Tuner)
Multiverse
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Weak: What we can expect to observe must be restricted by the condition necessary for our presence as observers.
Strong:The Universe (and hence the fundamental parameters on which it depends) must be such as to admit the creation of observers within it at some stage.
Anthropic Principle(Brandon Carter, 1974)
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Hoyle’s Carbon resonance
triple-alpha process
3 4He → 12C
prediction: 7.65 MeV (1952)measured: 7.656 MeV
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Critique of fine-tuning
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Literature
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Voltaire’s Candide, 1759
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"There is a concatenation of all events in the best of possible worlds..."
-Master Pangloss, teacher of the metaphysico-theologo-cosmolonigology
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History...
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History...
William Paley (1743–1805) used the watchmaker analogy in his book Natural Theology, or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity collected from the Appearances of Nature, published in 1802.
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Goldilocks planet
not too hot (nor cold)
oxygen
sunlight
“Has the Earth a Corner on Life?” Kenneth Crist, Los Angeles Times, 1935
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QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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Goldilocks planet
not too hot (nor cold) thermophilic (118°C !)
oxygen anaerobic (no oxygen)
sunlight heat, sulfur
Aquifex pyrophilus
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How to un-fry and egg
Cystine
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Apollo 12 (1969)
Streptococcus mitisSurveyor 3's camera (1967)
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Language
“delicately dependent...”
“Slightly” stats: 14 times in Davies, “The Accidental Universe”20 times in Barrow, “The Constants of Nature: The Numbers That Encode the Deepest Secrets of the Universe”
“slightly different...” (14)
“wildly improbable numerical accidents...”
“very slightly stronger...”
“somewhat weaker...”“tiny bit stronger...”
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G
F1 = 979.677941576350F2 = 979.677634377790
ΔF ~ 1/107
m = 100 kg, dr = 1.0m
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November 2008 Physics Today
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Hoyle’s Carbon resonance
triple-alpha process
3 4He → 12C
Steven Weinberg: fine = 20%
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Chemistry
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Carbon fixation
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Mathematics
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Biology
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Stating the obvious
ra = radius axle holesrb = radius lug bolt
If ra > rb unstable, decays 1-2mins.
If ra < rb bound state cannot form!
Conclusion: travel as we know it impossible w/out tuning.
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Why don’t biologists have an Anthropic Principle?
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Biology
Cytochrome c,
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Computer Science
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Life qua Algorithm
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Life qua Algorithm
If C(t+1) >= C(t) {TumbleTime = long;}
Else {TumbleTime = short;}
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Architecture Independent
// program to replicate Archimedes’ calculation of pi // also shows numerical problems - wdg 2008 #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h>float estimate(int); // prototypeint main(void) { int divs; for(divs=1; divs<2000000; divs*=2) {
float pi = estimate(divs); printf("For division=%d Pi is approximately %.5f\n", divs, pi ); } return 0;}float estimate(int divisions) { int i; float sum =0.0, width = 1.0/divisions;
for( i=0; i<divisions; i++ ) { sum += width * sqrt( 1.0 - (i*width)*(i*width) ); } return 4*sum;}
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Podar et al. Genome Biology 2008 9:R158 doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-11-r158
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Complex Systems
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Pre-stating
“Never calculate anything until you already know the answer”
-Landau
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TATA-box binding protein (TBP)
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Pre-stating,non-ergodicity
Time required to create all possible 200 residue proteins at least once:
1067 times the lifetime universe!
Stuart Kauffman, Investigations
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Voltaire’s Candide, 1759