Are soil and dirt the same material? In your explanation ...€¦ · How Glaciers Move 7.1 Glaciers...
Transcript of Are soil and dirt the same material? In your explanation ...€¦ · How Glaciers Move 7.1 Glaciers...
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Bell Ringer
� Are soil and dirt the same material? In your
explanation be sure to talk about plants.
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Triggers of Mass Movements
5.3 Mass Movements
� The transfer of rock and soil downslope
due to gravity is called mass movement.
� Factors that commonly trigger mass movements:
� are saturation of surface materials with water,
� oversteepening of slopes,
� removal of vegetation,
� earthquakes.
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Types of Mass Movements
5.3 Mass Movements
� Geologists classify mass movements
based on the kind of material that moves,
how it moves, and the speed of
movement.
� Rockfalls
• A rockfall occurs when rocks or rocks fragments
fall freely through the air.
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Types of Mass Movements
5.3 Mass Movements
• Slides that include segments of bedrock are
called rockslides.
� Slides
• In a slide, a block of material moves suddenly
along a flat, inclined surface.
� Slumps
• A slump is the downward movement of a block of
material along a curved surface.
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Heavy Rains Can Trigger Slumps
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Types of Mass Movements
5.3 Mass Movements
• Mudflows move quickly and carry a mixture of
soil, rock, and water that has a consistency of
wet concrete.
� Flows
• Flows are mass movements of material
containing a large amount of water.
• Earthflows move relatively slowly and carry
clay-rich sediment.
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Types of Mass Movements
5.3 Mass Movements
� Creep• Creep is the slow, downhill movement of soil
and regolith.
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Creep
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Geologic Processes in Arid Climates
7.2 Deserts
• Not as effective as in humid regions
���� Weathering
• Much of the weathered debris in deserts results
from mechanical weathering.
• Chemical weathering is not completely absent in
deserts. Over long time spans, clay and thin
soils do form.
���� The Role of Water
• In the desert, most streams are temporary—they
only carry water after it rains.
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A Dry Stream Desert Channel Before
and After a Heavy Rainfall
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Basin and Range: A Desert Landscape
7.2 Deserts
• playa lake—a flat area on the floor of an undrained
desert basin (playa) that fills and becomes a lake after
heavy rain
���� Most desert streams dry up long before
they ever reach the ocean. The streams
are quickly depleted by evaporation and
soil infiltration.
• alluvial fan—a fan-shaped deposit of sediment
formed when a stream’s slope is abruptly reduced
���� Interior drainage into basins produces
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Alluvial Fans
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Basin and Range: A Desert Landscape
���� Most desert erosion results from running
water. Although wind erosion is more
significant in deserts than elsewhere,
water does most of the erosional work
in deserts.
7.2 Deserts
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Wind Erosion
7.3 Landscapes Shaped by Wind
���� Wind erodes in the desert in two ways.1. Deflation is the lifting and removal of loose
particles such as clay and silt. It produces
2. Abrasion
• blowouts
• desert pavement—a layer of coarse pebbles
and gravel created when wind removed the
finer material
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Desert Deflation
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Wind Deposits
7.3 Landscapes Shaped by Wind
���� The wind can create landforms when it deposits
its sediments, especially in deserts and along
coasts. Both layers of loess and sand dunes are
landscape features deposited by the wind.���� Loess
• Deposits of windblown silt
• Extensive blanket deposits
���� Sand Dunes
• Unlike deposits of loess, which form blanket-
like layers over broad areas, winds commonly
deposit sand in mounds or ridges called dunes.
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A Dune in New Mexico’s White Sands National Monument
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Chapter
7 Glaciers
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Bell Ringer
� Explain the role of water in a desert.
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Types of Glaciers
7.1 Glaciers
���� A glacier is a thick ice mass that forms
above the snowline over hundreds or
thousands of years.
���� Valley Glaciers• Ice masses that slowly advance down mountain
valleys originally occupied by streams.
• A stream of ice that flows between steep rock walls
from near the top of the mountain valley.
• The ice age was a period of time when much of the
Earth was covered in glaciers.
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Glaciers of the Ice age
7.1 Glaciers
���� Ice Age • Began 2 to 3 million years ago
• Division of geological time is called the
Pleistocene epoch
• Ice covered 30% of Earth's land area.
• Greatly affected drainage
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Types of Glaciers
7.1 Glaciers
���� Ice Sheets
• Ice sheets are enormous ice masses that flow in
all directions from one or more centers and cover
everything but the highest land.
• Ice sheets are sometimes called continental ice
sheets because they cover large regions where
the climate is extremely cold.
• They are huge compared to valley glaciers.
• They currently cover Greenland and Antarctica.
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Currently Continental Ice Sheets
Cover Greenland and Antarctica
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How Glaciers Move
7.1 Glaciers
���� The movement of glaciers is referred to as
flow, and it happens in two ways.
1. Plastic flow—involves movement within the ice
2. Basal slip—slipping and sliding downward due
to gravity
• The glacial budget is the balance, or lack of
balance, between accumulation at the upper
end of a glacier and loss, or wastage, at the
lower end.
���� Budget of a Glacier
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How a Glacier Moves
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Calving
Calving is the process that occurs when large chunks of
ice break off of the front of a glacier and fall into the sea.
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Glacial Erosion
7.1 Glaciers
���� Many landscapes were changed by the
widespread glaciers of the recent ice age.
• Plucking—lifting of rock blocks
- Rock flour (pulverized rock)
- Striations (grooves in the bedrock)
���� How Glaciers Erode
• Abrasion
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Landforms Created by Glacial Erosion
7.1 Glaciers
• A glacial trough is a U-shaped valley that was
once V-shaped but was deepen by a glacier.
���� Glaciated Valleys
���� Glaciers are responsible for a variety of
erosional landscape features, such as
glacial troughs, hanging valleys, cirques,
arêtes, and horns.
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Erosional Landforms Caused by
Valley Glaciers
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Glacial Deposits
7.1 Glaciers
• There are two types of glacial drift.
���� Types of Glacial Drift
• Glacial drift applies to all sediments of glacial
origin, no matter how, where, or in what form
they were deposited.
1. Till is material deposited directly by the glacier.
2. Stratified drift is sediment laid down by glacial
meltwater.
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Moraines
7.1 Glaciers
���� Glaciers are responsible for a variety of
depositional features, including• Moraines—layers or ridges of till
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Extent of the Northern
Hemisphere Ice Sheets
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Bellringer
Explain the rock cycle.