Are Smaller Turbines the Way Forward for Wind Energy in Herefordshire

8/11/2019 Are Smaller Turbines the Way Forward for Wind Energy in Herefordshire

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Graduate School of the EnvironmentCentre for Alternative Technology

Machynlleth,Powys,

SY20 9AZ

tel: 01654 705981

School of Computing and TechnologyUniversity of East London

Docklans !a"#$s4%6 &n'(e)s'ty *ay

+onon16 2-D

tel: 020 822. .000

Pete) +'nnell 1 M/Sc/ AS


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Pete) +'nnell

M/Sc/ A)ch'tect$)e: A(ance n(')on"ent an ne)y St$'es

$ly 2010

"Are Smaller Turbines the Way or!ard forWind Energy in erefordshire #"



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Abstract

This study set out to determine the social and economic viability of a proposal thatsmaller turbines are 'better' for wind energy in the county of Herefordshire. Thestudy is in two parts, an opinion poll and a technical desk study. The opinion pollwas to discover variations in attitude to three sizes of turbines. Data gathered toallow sample verification also allowed investigation of how attitude varied withdemographic factors. Additional uestions gave estimates of public perception of!"#$ effectiveness related to size% and some basic findings on issues ofownership and investment.

A random stratified sample of & county residents yielded results showing strongcorrelation between size and attitudes. (uestions were designed to also test the'conditional' supporter model proposed by )ell and others, which was confirmed.*lder and better off groups are significantly more likely to be opposed to any size of!"#$% but strongest support also includes younger better off people. +espondentsover estimated output of smallest and under estimated output of largest turbines. Aconsiderable sub population supports the technology and local ownership,appearing willing to invest. $ome methodological issues remain unresolved, but theresults given are considered sufficiently robust for this scale of study.

The economic analysis was heavily dependant on a few metastudies, backed upwith calculations from primary data for calibration. The proposal to develop arraysof small turbines in place of large machines is revealed as unviable in energy andfinancial terms. A model of sub urban or industrial locations for medium and largescale !"#$ is proposed. -n addition a community ownership model for proects atthis scale is advanced as a pathway to local energy resilience, supportiveparticipation, and energy euity.

Pete) +'nnell . M/Sc/ AS


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Acknowledgements

- would like to thank, in no particular order my $upervisor Dr. +uth$tevenson for insight, clarity, and unwavering patience% all the staff of#AT/0$"% #hickenshack #oop, #hristine and +ick, and the Thomasfamily for shelter and spaces to study% and the five hundred.

Dedication

to +achel, for showing the way.



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Contents

Front Papers.

$% &ntroduction%

'% (ethodology%

)% (ethods%

*% +esults%

,% -erformance. economics and turbine si/e%

0% 1iscussion%

2% Conclusions%

Appendices%

$% Letter to ereford Times August '3th '334%

'% ield trial of survey materials%

)% Tables of fre5uencies of results%

*% Treatment of Li6ert 7 type data%

8ibliography and +eferences



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Glossary and abbreviations used

A3: A)ea o $tstan'n 3at$)al ea$ty/ Stat$to)y #)otecte lansca#e a)ea w'ths#ec'al )est)'ct'ons on e(elo#"ent/

3P: )econ eacons 3at'onal Pa)k/ Stat$to)y #)otecte lansca#e a)ea w'th se(e)e

const)a'nts on e(elo#"ent, 'ncl$'n contet$al cons'e)at'ons 'n ao'n'n a)eas s$ch ase)eo)sh')e/

*A: )'t'sh *'n ne)y Assoc'at'on/ & *'n n$st)y a(ocacy an lo;;y'n )o$#,now calle -enewa;le&/

!$ano to #)o"ote )e$ct'on 'n ene)y e"an th)o$henco$)a'n 'n'('$al, ;$s'ness an co""$n'ty act'on/

$')'n #lann'n #e)"'ss'on/

?*: ?'awatt, a tho$san "'ll'on *atts >(B

!!: e)eo)sh')e !o$nty !o$nc'l/ =he $n'ta)y a$tho)'ty se)('n the co$nty/

M?: e) MaestyCs ?o(e)n"ent/

k*: 'lo*att, a tho$san *atts >(B

k*h: 'lowatt ho$)/ A "eas$)e o ene)y $se o) el'(e)e/ ne k*h 's the & stana)unit o elect)'c'ty/ M$lt'#les $se 'ncl$e M*h "eawatt ho$) an ?*h, 'awatt ho$)

+SA: +owe) S$#e) $t#$t A)ea, a cens$s a)eat'on o a;o$t 1500 #e)sons $se toco"#'le an "anae ata/



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MoP: Me";e) o the P$;l'c, #e)son a##)oache o) 'nte)('ew/

M*: Meawatt, a "'ll'on *atts >(B

3MY: 3ot 'n My ack Ya)/ An oten 's#a)a'n te)" $se to la;el o##onents o no(ele(elo#"ents/

3$'ty an loanca#'tal e"#loye 'n a ;$s'ness/

*: *att, S $n't o #owe)/ &se to >$ant'y l'kely o$t#$t )o" a ene)ato) o) e"an ;y ana##l'ance/ M$lt'#les $se 'ncl$e k*, k'lowatt, M*, "eawatt an ?*, 'awatt/

*!S: *'n ne)y !on(e)s'on Syste"/ ?ene)'c te)" to esc)';e t$);'nes $se toene)ate elect)'c'ty/

*o=s: *ell o =ech'es =e)" co'ne ;y a)#e) 2008B to esc)';e )$)al a$tono"yenth$s'asts s$##o)te ;y 'nco"e )o" an $ns$sta'na;le o; o) othe) wealth/



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List of iguresy n$";e) t'tle, an so$)ce ' not o)''nal/

1/1 =he 'nno(at'on syste" o) w'n ene)y technolo'es show'n "a'n acto)s 'n(ol(e anlows o 'nl$ence, $n'n an knowlee/ $ency o sco)es/4/4 !h''test o) s'n''cance o t$);'ne s'@e to )es#onse sco)es/

4/5


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$ &9T+:1UCT&:9

$%$ The origin of the 5uestion " Are smaller turbines the !ay for!ard for !indenergy in erefordshire#"

t ;e'ns w'th a #lann'n ec's'on, a lette) to a news#a#e), an a h$le o act'('sts/ =he

#lann'n ec's'on was con't'onal a##)o(al o e)eo)sh')eCs ')st an so a) only "ao)w'n a)" #)oect, $st o$) t$);'nes, at -ee(es 'll, a )e"ote s'te at the co$nty ;o)e) w'thPowys/ $k#lann'n/co" 2010B/ =he lette) to the local news#a#e) #$t o)wa) the ('ew o alocal en(')on"ental conse)(at'on )o$#, that the co$nty sho$l )eect any $)the) la)et$);'ne e(elo#"ents 'n a(o$) o s"alle) t$);'nes 'n s"all )o$#s/ ?$nn%*'lk'nson, 2009:Appendi; $B =he "eet'n o the local act'('st )o$# 'sc$sse #otent'al o co";'n'n aca"#a'n ;y P)o(en ne)y +t/, "ake)s o s"all s'@e w'n t$);'nesB to #)o"ote Kw'nc)ot'nL P)o(en 2010B w'th the w'now o o##o)t$n'ty #)esente ;y the '""'nent a))'(alo


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Aa'nst th's, a s"all n$";e) o co""$n'ty owne #)oects, o) th') secto) eth'cal;$s'nesses atte"#te to ;$'l an 'n$st)y on the local co%o#e)at'(e "oel so s$ccess$l 'nthe ea)l'e) staes o the technoloy 'n Den"a)k an ?e)"any/ Ate);osch et/al 2004BSee also igure $%$%

igure $%$ The innovation system for !ind energy technologies sho!ing main

actors involved and flo!s of influence. funding and 6no!ledge% < o;on et% al%'33,=

=h's cha)t )o"


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than they had e7pected. -ndeed, it has been shown that attitudesto windfarms have a longitudinal dimension, typically following a8shaped progression through time 40ipe, 9::&% Devine!right,;&% !olsink, ;


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&.9& 9& obections have been received from many households in theimmediate locality, the @arches area, as well as others from throughout the 8and abroad. These include an obection from a local action group known asE$tonewall Hill #onservation 0roup6.

The key issues of concerns raised can be summarised as follows=

B -mpact on the surrounding landscape.B -mpact on *ffa6s Dyke and 0lyndwr6s !ay.B -mpact on the surrounding historic and cultural heritage.B #oncerns about damage to local wildlife.B -f approved would lead to further applications for additional

turbines.B (ueries as to whether wind farms do actually reduce carbon footprint.B -mpact on private water supplies to local dwellings.B !ill create unreasonable noise generating electricity.B !ill have a significant detrimental impact on local tourism.

B Foss of value to surrounding dwellings to the application site.B $urrounding public highway infrastructure is inadeuate to carry the

traffic needed in order to construct the proposed development.B -ce shards deposited on turbines.

3ote the 'e)ence ;etween #a)a)a#h 5/14 ;? households have responded in support1an #a)a)a#h 5/15 9& obections have been received from many households1. &nlessthe "etho o co$nt'n 's cons'stent ;etween o;ect'ons an s$##o)t th's "etho oest'"at'n local o#'n'on 's wo)thless/ 3o sat'sacto)y e#lanat'on has ;een oe)e o) th's/

$%) What the polls tell us%

=he o;ecto)Cs co""ents $k#lann'n/co" 2010B 'ncl$e challenes to #$;l'she o#'n'on#olls cla'"'n that they a)e ;'ase o) e(en )'e 'n a(o$) o #)oect e(elo#e)s/ =h'scla'" "ay nee to ;e a)esse/ P)e('o$s & wo)k has la)ely concent)ate on st$'es o#o#$lat'ons '""e'ately '"#acte ;y w'n a)" #)oects, Dent an S'"s 2007 *A2005B o) on st$'es o the ene)al #o#$lat'on as #a)t o w'e) ea"'nat'on o att't$es toene)y #ol'cy Mc?owen an Sa$te) 2005B/ =he latte) #a#e) s$""a)'ses )es$lts )o" a)ane o 'n'('$al st$'es 'ncl$'n co"#a)'son o st$'es )e(eal'n chanes 'n #$;l'catt't$es o(e) t'"e/ ss$es co(e)e 'n the st$'es 'ncl$e att't$es towa)s 'e)ent ty#eso ene)y so$)ce an 'n the case o w'n, ;oth ene)al an s#ec''c local'se '"#act

st$'es/ =he a$tho)s note

1The issue of agenda setting can be seen as of particular significance with respectto the purposes of polling and the way in which polling is conducted. -n highlightingthis factor we are not ascribing any particular motives to those commissioning thepolls studied. However it is not unreasonable to assume that many of these pollsare commissioned as much to shape the public agenda as they are to gatherinformation on public attitude. @ost of the organisations involved in polling havespecific causes or interests which they are seeking to promote or defend. -nterestgroups have commissioned one third of relevant studies in the 8 over the last &years.1

Mc?owan an Sa$te) 2005B #28

=h's h'hl'hts the eth'cal )'sks 'nhe)ent 'n any atte"#te #oll'n o) othe) )esea)ch ;y



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#a)t'es enae 'n the soc'alG#ol't'cal #)ocess o '"#le"ent'n )enewa;le ene)y o) anyothe)B technoloy/ t e"ans a h'h stana) o wo)k 'n #oll'n es'n an'"#le"entat'on, an 'nte)'ty 'n co""$n'cat'on o 'ntent'on/

1&.< Activists, brought in from elsewhere by the Developers, set up stalls in localmarkets and even outside schools to canvas opinion as to whether people support

renewable energy, and wind power in general. That response was then taken, andthe figures used, to signify support for their specific scheme. As one would e7pect,many people were concerned and supported a broad renewable strategy, but didnot e7pect their support to be submitted to planning authorities as support for aspecific wind farm,1

!o""ent to -ee(es 'll a##l'cat'on s$;"'tte ;y D)/M$))ay, >$ot'n )o" e('ence to#a)l'a"enta)y select co""'ttee ;y Da('s an Da('s $k#lann'n/co"2010B

$%* o! do 1emographic factors influence opinions#

nly a s"all n$";e) o st$'es ea"'ne e"o)a#h'c acto)s 'n )elat'on to o#'n'ons/ =he

ollow'n co""ents,Table $%$=s#ec''c to w'n ene)y #)oects, a)e e)'(e )o" a total o5 o$t o the .0 s$)(ey )e#o)ts ea"'ne ;y Mc?owen an Sa$te)

Table $%$ 1emographic factors and !ind energy opinions up to '33,

De"o)a#h'c acto) So$)ce #oll 72J9?;& and ?&G60J

Se D= Scott'sh ec$t'(e200.

Men 16J*o"en 21J

De(on M- 2004 Men 82J*o"en 70J

M-, -een S* 200. Men 86J*o"en 81J

!a#';$s 200.B Men 80J

*o"en 67J

Soc'o%econo"'c )o$# M-, -een S* anSo"e)set !! 200.G4

A

!a#';$s 200. A 8.JD 6.J

?$a)'an A 72Jthe)s 60J

t)acte )o" Mc?owen an Sa$te) 2005B

3one o the e('ence athe)e he)e allows $s to se#a)ate any o the 'n'cate s$##o)t o)

o##os't'on )o" the a)ee ene)al s$##o)t oe)e ;y the whole #o#$lat'on, ece#t 'ns"all (a)'at'ons/ t 's '"#oss';le w'tho$t knowlee o >$est'ons #ose an sa"#l'n $seto et)act "o)e "ean'n$l knowlee/ =o s$""a)'se, these )es$lts show ;oth yo$nest

Pete) +'nnell 1. M/Sc/ AS


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an oler ae )o$#s, wo"en, an less well o )o$#s a)e sl'htly "o)e againstw'nene)y than the') o##os'tes, w'th'n a contet o o(e)all s$##o)t/

$%, o! does pro;imity to !ind energy pro>ects affect attitudes%#

A se)'es o st$'es ha(e ea"'ne how att't$e (a)'es acco)'n to #)o'"'ty, that 's, how

close the 'n'('$al feels to the "atte)an sal'ence, o) how '"#o)tant the 'ss$e o) locat'on's to the"/ As (an e) o)st #$ts 't

-n order to assess the nature and strength of concerns about proposed facilities inone's 1backyard1 it is essential to be able to identify what surveyed individualsconsider to be locations that are of great importance to them.1

Dan (an e) o)st 2007B #2707

n othe) wo)s the)e "ay well ;e o;ecto)s to a #)oect who cons'e) the"sel(esstakehole)s es#'te l'('n at a #hys'cally 'stant #lace s$ch as those w'th an 'nte)est 'nlansca#e (al$e, w'll'e o) )ec)eat'onal $ses/ =he & sha#e c$)(e o s$##o)t o(e) #)oect

t'"e 's also seen to ;e 'stance )elate ;y the sa"e w)'te)

1..risk perception of the new and unfamiliar is an important factor in peoples' dislikeof proposed wind farms and that with the actual local e7perience of an e7isting windfarm this reason for opposition disappears. ...people living further away from ane7isting windfarm are more opposed to it% they lack the local e7perience to altertheir perception of some of the impacts.

';'B

So 't see"s that o##onents who cons'e) the"sel(es local to a #)oect wh'ch 's ;eyonthe') ay to ay ho)'@on "ay ne(e) )eco(e) )o" the') )eact'on to 't/ =he >$est'on osal'ence can ;e 'll$st)ate ;y who "ay ha(e attach"ents to locat'ons o$ts'e o $t'l'ta)'an(al$es lansca#e ualityo) ea"#le/ n #ae 2709 (an e) o)st ';'B s$ests

1people who have moved into the countryside as a lifestyle choice and are lessdependent on the rural economy 4 eg retired 'townies', commuters, second homeowners etc.51

an >$ot'n *oos1-nmigrants will subseuently act to protect their financial and emotional investmentby opposing developments and activities that threaten the perceived rurality of theirnew home. -n this way identity and material interest are collapsed together as a

motivating force for political action1 *oos 200. #.12B

=h's 's not to eny that the)e "ay ;e e>$ally sal'ent eel'ns a"on "e";e)s o the nat'(e#o#$lat'on/ y )est)'ct'n th's st$y to a s'nle co$nty o##o)t$n't'es a)'se o) all thesety#es o acto)s to 'nl$ence the o$tco"es 'n a s$)(ey/

$%0 &s there a general e;planation for localised opposition#

ell an othe)s atte"#te an e#lanato)y analys's 'n a #a#e) e'n'n a )ane o #oss';leacco$nts o) the Soc'al ?a# ;etween s$##ose w'es#)ea s$##o)t o) w'n ene)y an

a"o$nt o local o##os't'on to act$al #)oects/ ++ et. al.2005B =hey oe) a theo)et'cal$ne)stan'n ;ase on 'e)ent'at'n 'n'('$al )o" soc'al )es#onses, an oe) thesee#lanat'ons



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o an o;ect'on, aa'n th's class o o;ecto) co$l also ;e an o)an'sat'on/ t "ay ;e''c$lt to 'e)ent'ate ;etween en$'nely #)otect'n a le't'"ate 'nte)est an o$t)'hto##o)t$n's" so )eat ca)e 's )e>$')e/ A'tken 2009B wa)ns aa'nst s'"#l'st'c 3MYla;ell'n o o;ecto)s an c)'t'c'ses '(e key ass$"#t'ons 'n the l'te)at$)e:

9. The maority of the public supports wind power.

;. *pposition to wind power is therefore deviant.. *pponents are ignorant or misinformed.>. The reason for understanding opposition is to overcome it.&. Trust is key.

a)t'cle 'n #)ess,no #ae n$";e)sB

She concl$es that )esea)che)s ha(e ;een 'ns$'c'ently c)'t'cal o s$)(eys, an that "o)e)es#ect sho$l ;e oe)e the o##onentsC #os't'ons/ She e"onst)ates )o" w'th'n thel'te)at$)e that o##onents a)e oten ;ette) 'no)"e a;o$t 'ss$es an technoloy thans$##ose an s$ests they cannot ;e Ccon(e)teC ;y 'no)"at'on an e$cat'onca"#a'ns/ =he "atte) o t)$st to$ches on how c't'@ens enae 'n c'('c soc'ety an the')

)elat'ons w'th othe) )ele(ant acto)s s$ch as co$nc'llo)s, #lann'n o'ce)s an e(elo#e)san also on how #eo#le ene)ally )elate to sc'ent''c an acae"'c knowlee/

=h's st$y 's an atte"#t to 'n(e)t these #)ocesses ;y 'n'n #)o#osals o) #)oects thato$ht to att)act the h'hest #oss';le le(el o s$##o)t )athe) than t)y'n to o(e)co"eo##os't'on to #)oects wh'ch ec'te eect'(e o##onents an hence s$e) elay/ =he#)o#osal that s"all )o$#s o s"alle) s'@e t$);'nes wo$l ;e s$'ta;le o) w'n ene)ye(elo#"ent 'n the co$nty ;es the >$est'on o who wo$l o##ose o) a)ee to 't I n othe)wo)s, wo$l the)e ;e s'n''cantly less o##os't'on an the)eo)e a "$ch >$'cke) #assae)o" #)o#osal to ene)at'on/ =he #)o"ot'on ;y P)o(en o w'n c)ot'n P)o(en 2010Bs$ests a )o$te to e(elo#'n w'n ene)y #)oects 'n a way wh'ch o$ht to a)o$se lesso##os't'on s'"#ly ;y $s'n a))ays o s"all t$);'nes wh'ch they "an$act$)eB/ =h's ;esthe >$est'on, 'n the new e)a o $ent'al 'n t'"e anh'e)a)ch'cal 'n le(els o act'on/ Table $%''(es a s'"#le 'll$st)at'on o what ha##ens at(a)'o$s staes o the syste"/ t "$st ;e note that a##l'cants, s$##o)te)s an o##onentscan act at all le(els w'th'n the h'e)a)chy/ =he o;ect'(es o e(elo#e)s can )ane )o"s'"#le #)o't 'n the case o a t)ansnat'onal co)#o)ate e(elo#e) to '"#le"entat'on o aa(o$)e technoloy ;y a co""$n'ty ene)y co"#any/ n the e(ent o )eco$)se to law 'ean a##eal to the 'h !o$)t an ;eyonB the acto) 's le't'"'se ;y e('ence an)eso$)ces 'n othe) wo)s the a##ellant "$st ha(e a case an the "eans to s$sta'n)e#)esentat'on anGo) ;ea) costs 'n the e(ent o eeat/ +ack o e'the) 's a ;a))'e) to th'sle(el o act'on, wh'ch "ay ha(e an '"#act on the e(ent$al act'ons o o##os't'on )o$#s o)e(elo#e)s/ =h's oes howe(e) )e>$')e o all #a)t'es 'n the #)ocess a h'h stana) o

>$al'ty cont)ol a##l'e 'n all leally )e>$')e e(al$at'ons n(')on"ental "#actAssess"ents an 3o'se "on'to)'n ;e'n o$tstan'n ea"#les as any law 'n these "ay;e the ;as's o leal challene at a late) stae/



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A n$";e) o st$'es ha(e a##l'e 'sco$)se theo)y 'n atte"#ts to $ne)stan w'n a)"s't'n ec's'ons, w'th a "ao)'ty a(o$)'n the ('ew that 't 's a consens$al #)ocess )each'ntowa)s a)ee"ent on acce#ta;le locat'ons, as )electe 'n atte"#ts to o(e)co"eo;ecto)s ;y )easone a)$"ents an atte"#t'n to acco$nt o) the a'l$)e o th's a##)oach A'tken 2009, *ols'nk 2005, aet E =oke 2006B/ =h's wo$l 't w'th'n the theo)y o c'('lsoc'ety #)o#ose ;y a;e)"as

1The communicative rationality...brings along with it the connotations of a noncoercively unifying, consensus building force of a discourse in which theparticipants overcome their at first subectively based views in favour of a rationallymotivated agreement1

a;e)"as 1987 ## 294, .15 as >$ote ;y


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Table $%' Types of discourse !ithin U? To!n and Country -lanning system

Level@ Actor Legitimisation of Actors rame!or6$ote 'n


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'%3 (ethodology

=he )esea)ch $ne)#'nn'n th's st$y 's co"#ose o two #)'nc'#al sect'ons, an o#'n'ons$)(ey an a techn'calGecono"'c assess"ent/ =he "ethoolo'es a)e cons'e)ese#a)ately, ;e'nn'n w'th the att't$e s$)(ey/

'%$ (ethodology of the attitude survey

=he "ethooloy sets o$t to a)ess the >$est'on: LA)e #$;l'c att't$es towa)s #otent'alw'n ene)y e(elo#"ents 'n any way )elate to the sizeo t$);'nes #)o#ose/ t 's also)e>$')e to 'sco(e) what so)t o #eo#le s$##o)te)s an o;ecto)s a)e, 'n othe) wo)s oesatt't$e ;ea) any )elat'on to e"o)a#h'c acto)s/I -elate "atte)s o 'nte)est a)e #$;l'c#e)ce#t'on o t$);'ne #e)o)"ance an att't$es to local owne)sh'# an 'n(est"ent/ =he'nst)$"ent chosen to "eas$)e the s$##ose const)$ct att't$e ;'as 's an o#'n'on s$)(ey/=h's sho$l #e)"'t co"#a)'son to #)e('o$s wo)k $s'n )es$lts )o" s'"'la) 'nst)$"ents,e(en ' eta'ls a)e $na(a'la;le/ &se o s$ch a tool '"#l'es #os't'('st so"eth'n e'sts to ;e"eas$)eB an ete)"'n'st the >$est'on can ;e answe)e )o" the "eas$)e"entsB

ass$"#t'ons !)esswell 2009B/

=he ec's'on to ea"'ne t$);'ne s'@e as a c)'t'cal acto) '""e'ately #lace const)a'nts onthe ty#e, es'n an eec$t'on o any s$)(ey/ =o o(e)co"e #oss';le l'"'tat'ons o"ean'n 'n co""on lan$ae )a#h'cal co"#a)'son c$es we)e #)ee))e to (e);alesc)'#t'ons/ =h's )e>$')e"ent to $se )a#h'cal c$e ca)s 'll$st)at'n a )ane o t$);'nesalon w'th scal'n 'no)"at'on "akes the co)e o >$est'on'n a visual#)ocess wh'ch "ayalso ;e e#enant on a c$lt$)ally ete)"'ne )a"e o )ee)ence see notes on t)'al o c$eca)s 'n Appendi; 'B/ =he #oss';le nee o) 'nte)('ewe)s to e#la'n the "ean'n oco";'ne '"aes eect'(ely )$le o$t $se o tele#hone #oll'n/ t "$st ;e note that$s'n tele#hone #oll'n o) e(en a$to"ate (o'ce syste"s o) a cash )'ch ;$s'nesscons$ltancy o) #ol't'cal ca"#a'n the cost a(antaes o(e) ace to ace 'nte)('ew'n wo$l'(e these o#t'ons "o)e "e)'t ;$t o) a s'nle )esea)che) w'th t'"e )athe) than 'nanc'alan techn'cal )eso$)ces th's oes not a##ly ?)o(es 2004B/

=he o#t'ons to $se #ostal #oll'n o) enl'st the a' o local #)'nt "e'a to 'st)';$te a>$est'onna')e ;oth #)esent o;('o$s 'ss$es o cost an the 'ne('ta;le sel select'on o)es#onents/ =hese wo$l also oe) enth$s'asts e'the) #)o o) ant' o##o)t$n'ty to Ca"eCthe s$)(ey ;y #)ess'n the') assoc'ates to )es#on 'n ways a''n the') ca$se/

=h's let 'nte)act'(e onl'ne s$)(ey, etens'(e e#th 'nte)('ews an )ano" st)eet #oll'n

$s'n a st)$ct$)e >$est'onna')e as a(a'la;le techn'>$es/ $est'onna')e an ollow $# 'nte)('ews ;$t aa'n th's wo$l ;e challen'n to co"#a)e w'ththe ene)al #o#$lat'on an #)o;a;ly '"#oss';le to )aw stat'st'cally "ean'n$l 'ns'ht)o"/ $al'tat'(e 'nte)('ew, a oc$s )o$# st$y,wo$l e"an cons'e)a;ly )eate) )eso$)ces than a(a'la;le to th's )esea)che)/ S$ch



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st$'es a)e not no)"ally 'ntene to 'sco(e) e'st'n att't$es o) o#'n'ons, ;$t to assessl'kely )eact'ons to new 'eas o) #)o$cts/ t wo$l st'll lea(e 'ss$es a)o$n select'on o)o$# #a)t'c'#ants, how to )ec)$'t those w'th )ele(ant ('ews w'tho$t o(e)whel"'n the st$yw'th co""'tte #)o o) ant' ;el'e(e)s/ =he)e "ay well ;e a #lace o) s$ch st$'es 'nollow'n $# "atte)s o 'nte)est )e(eale ;y ;as'c o#'n'on #oll'n -owe E $est'ons 'ss$es an 'nte)('ew'n#)act'cal't'es/ A nee was 'ent''e to "ake the #)ocess o 'nte)('ews as st)a'hto)wa)as #oss';le o) ;oth #a)t'es, "ak'n >$est'ons an #oss';le )es#onse classes as s'"'la)as #oss';le hence )e$c'n "ental e"ans on )es#onents an allow'n s'"#le #)e%coe sco)'n/ As the sa"e >$est'ons we)e aske o 'e)ent s'@es o t$);'nes the)e wasalso a nee to kee# the n$";e) o se#a)ate >$est'ons aske to a "'n'"$"/ ach t$);'ne>$est'on )e>$')es askG)es#onse sets o) each s'@e o "ach'neB/

=he 'nal select'on o a >$ant'tat'(e s$)(ey "etho ena;les collect'on o )es#onses to>$est'ons on all o the 'ss$es o 'nte)est s$;ect to >$est'on es'n an analys'sB 'n a waywh'ch allows )es#onses to ;e co))elate ac)oss a )ane o (a)'a;les/ n th's way 't was#oss';le to ;$'l $# an '"#)ess'on o how the s$)(ey #o#$lat'on "ay ;e e#ecte to)es#on to a #)o#osal o) a new w'n ene)y #)oect 'n the co$nty, an to et)a#olate th'sto the ene)al #o#$lat'on o the co$nty/ =h's 's c)'t'cally e#enant on the >$al'ty o the

sa"#l'n/ n a't'on 't was 'ntene to #$;l'sh a #$;l'c )e#o)t o the s$)(ey 'n'nsth)o$h local "e'a an to o#'n'on sha#e)s 'n the co$nty to el'c't )es#onses to the 'n'nshence #e)"'tt'n so"e "eas$)e o >$al'tat'(e a##)a'sal o how the 'sco$)se a)o$n the'ss$e 's e"e)'n locally/

'%' Sampling methodologies%

eca$se the st$y a'"e to #)o$ce #)e'ct'(e )es$lts a##l'ca;le to the whole co$nty 't)e>$')e a sa"#le as close as #oss';le to the #o#$lat'on ;y a )ane o con(ent'onale"o)a#h'c acto)s/ ?athe)'n th's ata alon w'th )es#onses to att't$e >$est'ons also#e)"'ts analys's o how att't$es (a)y w'th these e"o)a#h'c acto)s so et)a (al$e

)es$lts o) no a't'onal wo)k/ =o st$y a #o#$lat'on ')st )e>$')es knowlee o 'tCsco"#os't'on acco)'n to c)'te)'a o 'nte)est, 'n the & th's ata 's conta'ne 'n the nat'onalcens$s/ =wo so$)ces a)e $se, Key statistics for Hereford #ountyL an KThe population of



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Herefordshire 4 2ovember ;:5L/ oth oc$"ents $se ata an #)oect'ons s$##l'e ;y3S an we)e 'n th's case ownloae )o" the !! we;s'te !! 2010B/ eca$se ot'"e la )o" the last $ll cens$s, an known s'n''cant #o#$lat'on chanes o# c'tB 'n the'nte)(en'n #e)'o, 't was cons'e)e "ost a##)o#)'ate to $se secona)y ata #)oect'ons)athe) than 2001 cens$s '$)es/ t 's ;el'e(e that 3S '$)es can ;e t)$ste to )el'a;ly)e#)esent the co$nty #o#$lat'on/ $a)e test'n o) the hy#othes's that the sa"#le 's not

)e#)esentat'(e w'th the n$ll hy#othes's that the)e 's no significant difference;etweensa"#le an #o#$lat'on as a whole/ $')e/ $a)te)s/ A #otent'ally se)'o$s 'ss$ea)'ses )o" the cens$s t)eat"ent o #eo#le as econo"'cally act'(e o) 'nact'(e/ n #)act'calte)"s th's "eans that no ata a)e a(a'la;le o) the soc'o%econo"'c class''cat'on o )et')e



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23/86

) (ethods

)%$ Survey (ethod%

$'##e w'th cl'#;oa) ole)s ;ea)'n the clea)ly ('s';le la;el K Hote) S$)(eyL 'n anatte"#t to 'e)ent'ate the" )o" "a)ket'n o) $n)a's'n 'elwo)ke)s/ !lass'c wo)k 'nth's 'el, s$ch as at@ 'n 1941 at@ 1942B ;a)ely sc)atches the s$)ace o #otent'al'nte)('ewe) eects yet e(en the s'"#le soc'al stat$s eects he 'sco(e)e co$l not ;econt)olle o) 'n a s$)(ey w'th l'"'te sta/

Rapport: a('n ;e$n an interview the worker needs to establish confidence and trustfrom the subect/ -es#onents we)e ass$)e that no contact o) othe) 'ent'y'n eta'lswo$l ;e )eco)e, that the)e was no co""e)c'al 'nte)est ;eh'n the s$)(ey an ' askeshown a &n'(e)s'ty D ca) to con')" the acae"'c nat$)e o the wo)k/ =he >$est'on toete)"'ne ' )es#onents l'(e 'n a town o) 'n the co$nt)ys'e sho$l ha(e no challen'n$ne)ly'n '"#l'cat'ons so se)(e to hel# esta;l'sh th's )a##o)t/

Cue Cards: see igure )%$B A ec's'on was "ae ea)ly 'n the es'n to $se th)ee s'@es

o t$);'nes, a ;ackya) o) a)" scale $# to 15 k*, an ole) onsho)e co""e)c'al ea"#leat 400 k* as a "e'$" scale an an ea"#le o a ty#'cal #)esent ay onsho)e "ach'nea;o$t 2 M* as the la)est s'@e/ =hese s'@es a)e also )elate to the ;an ;o$na)'es o)the newly 'nt)o$ce A#)'l 2010B


24/86

igure )%$ The cue cards%

=he co"#a)'son '"ae selecte 's o the .2"et)e 'a"ete) n$";e) 1 'sh at = Maelya local s'te teleco""$n'cat'ons satell'te l'nk "ost )es#onents )econ'se/

Small Turbine=he t$);'ne shown 'n th's '"ae 's o a -roven $,6!on a 15" "ast/ =he '"aes ha(e ;een e'tetoethe) to show ;oth o;ects 'n #)o#o)t'on/ na't'on, the ca) ca))'es the leen K Mast he'ht15"L

-mage and data = Croven ;95 used with permission.

(edium Turbine=h's t$);'ne '"ae 's )o" the ?oonh'lly w'n a)" 'n!o)nwall, a"on the &Cs ')st co""e)c'al w'n a)"s/ne o 14 Windane )*. *336W"ach'nes, w'th h$;he'ht o 40"/

4-mage and data= #ornwall Fight and Cower ;95used with permission.

Large Turbine

=h's '"ae shows =$);'ne n$";e) 1 at Swaha" 'n3o)olk, )ate at $%0 (Ww'th a h$; he'ht o 67"/ =he'"ae was e'te an la;elle to )e#)esent an 80"h$; he'ht a "o)e l'kely s'@e at #)esent/

4-mage and data% ecotricity ;95 used withpermission.



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Prompts: The use of precoded scales simplifies the mental process )e>$')e o the)es#onents 'n te)"s o the #)ocess 'tsel, se#a)ate )o" any #oss';le co"#le'ty o)co"#)ehens'on 'ss$es a)'s'n )o" content o the >$est'ons/ =h's was es#ec'ally (al$a;leo) the >$est'on on t$);'ne eect'(eness, ;$t the)e a)e 'ss$es a)'s'n )o" the scalechosen see ;elow F$est'on 4B/

Question Order: As was )e(eale )o" the t)'al s$)(ey, the order of uestions has acrucial effect on the smooth flow of the interview.=he 'nal o)e) )es$lte )o" lessonse)'(e )o" the t)'al an wo)ke well/ $est'on es'n/ owe(e)acco)'n to )nste'n

The better theorized understanding of survey responses and much more systematicbody of empirical findings appear to have had only an incremental impact oneveryday survey practice. The best contemporary survey research is done bypeople who know a lot more about survey design than their predecessors, but thisknowledge must still be combined with the craft skills to create survey uestionsthat people understand and can use...

)nste'n 1998 ##41



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)%' Buestion design%

=he >$est'ons can ;e '('e 'nto th)ee cateo)'es the factual >$est'ons, ae, se an#lace o )es'ence the classification>$est'on to locate the )es#onents 'nto a soc'o%econo"'c )o$# an the attitude>$est'ons, ;e'n the co)e o the s$)(ey/ A theo)et'cally"o)e )o;$st es'n o s$)(ey wo$l e"#loy a s#l't sa"#le an $se alte)nat'(e >$est'ons to

"eas$)e the const)$ct Catt't$e ;'as towa)s w'n t$);'nesC/ t 's howe(e) challen'n to'"a'ne alte)nat'(e o)"s o >$est'on to those $se he)e wh'ch wo$l #e)"'t ;oth et)e"e('ews an con't'onal'ty 'n )es#onents an to o th's 'n two ;alance >$est'onsco"#)ehens';le to MoPs )nste'n 1998B/ =he)e 's a tho)ny 'ss$e o how to "eas$)e)es#onents awa)eness o t$);'ne eect'(eness an ' 'n act any s$ch "eas$)e can ;eanyth'n othe) than a "ean'nless $ess/ See ;elow >$est'on 4B o) the t)eat"ent o th's/

The final Buestions

=he 'nal >$est'ons a)e eta'le he)e 'n the o)e) they a##ea) on the >$est'onna')e, w'th$'ance notes o) 'el sta/ -es#onses o) each 'nte)('ew we)e )eco)e on a se#a)ate

#)'nte )eco) sheet/ $est'on the ty#e o )es#onse )e>$')e was 'n'catealons'e the >$est'on on the sheet/ At the en o each ay 'el )eco) sheets we)ecollecte an the ata coe an ente)e 'nto a s#)easheet/

=he lea 'n >$est'onKAre you on the electoral roll in erefordshireL

's the ca#t$)e >$est'on, to ;)'n a "e";e) o the #$;l'c MoPB 'nto the #)ocess ;$t only 'they a)e l'('n 'n the co$nty on a #e)"anent ;as's, an a)e o(e) 18/ A CyesC )es#onse wasthen ollowe ;y the >$est'on,Kdo you have a few minutes to answer some uestions about your views on wind energyLMA CnoC at th's stae was tall'e as a )e$se)/ A yes then leas 'nto the s$)(ey >$est'ons#)o#e) ;e'nn'n w'th

$% 1o you live in a to!n or in the countrysideD

the )es#onent was $ns$)e they we)e 'n('te to "ake the') own call as th's wo$l )electany as#')at'onal stat$s 'n the "'n o the s$;ect an ;e a le't'"ate #a)t o the') att't$eset/ =h's was sco)e $s'n a = o) ! on the )eco) sheet, an ente)e 'n the s#)easheetas a 1 townB o) 2 )$)alB

=he s$;ect was then tol that they we)e to ;e shown #'ct$)es o w'n ene)y #)oects anaske ' they a)ee o) 'sa)ee w'th so"e #ol'cy state"ents a;o$t the"/ =hey we)ea('se to l'sten ca)e$lly to wo)'n o the state"ents an ;e ca)e$l how they answe)e/n show'n the ')st ca) the = 'sh was e#la'ne ')st, an s$;ects aske ' they knew't/ =he $se o the 'sh '"ae to show )elat'(e scale was e#la'ne, then the t$);'ne '"aee"#has'se as ;e'n the s$;ect o the >$est'ons, an the leen 'n'cat'n "ast he'htalso #o'nte o$t/ S$;ects we)e aske to con')" $ne)stan'n o all these ele"ents anany o$;ts ealt w'th ;eo)e #)ocee'n/ =he ')st #ol'cy state"ent an >$est'on was then)ea o$t

'% erefordshire should allo! these to be built any!here they !ill !or6D do youStrongly disagree. disagree. agree. strongly agree or neither#



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=h's 'n('tes a )es#onse 'n'cat'n ;'as 'n the ')ect'on o U97con't'onal s$##o)t/ Acon't'onal s$##o)te) w'll 1&S7a)ee w'th the state"ent/ challene, sta we)e tol toe#la'n that 't was not a t)'ck >$est'on an was to ;e taken to "ean what 't sa' an alsothat opportunity may come later to e7press variations of opinion.

=he secon #ol'cy state"ent ollowe

)% erefordshire should not allo! these to be built any!here in the countyD

w'th the sa"e )es#onse o#t'ons as #)e('o$sly/ =h's 'n('tes a )es#onse ;'ase towa)so$t)'ht o##os't'on/ A con't'onal s$##o)te) w'll 1&S7a)ee w'th th's state"ent/


28/86

o#t'ons/ So"e e))o) "ay ha(e a)'sen $e to the co))ect o#t'on o) the la)est t$);'ne also;e'n the 'nal o#t'on oe)e, yet a'n anothe) h'he) o#t'on wo$l ha(e ae $)the)t'"e to the #)ocess/ =o a))'(e at a sco)e o) e('at'on 'n ;oth ')ect'on an s'@e o th's$ess )o" the s$##ose t)$e '$)e 't was )e>$')e to ete)"'ne 'n act how "anyho$sehols elect)'c'ty $se s$ch "ach'nes wo$l #)o('e o)/ =he )ele(ant ty#'cal ann$alo$t#$t '$)es o) each t$);'ne 'll$st)ate we)e o;ta'ne )o" o#e)ato)s o) ene)y s$##ly

co"#an'es o) ;oth, then co"#a)e to ty#'cal co$nty ho$sehol $se D!! 2009B/ =oa))'(e at the )eco)e sco)e o) th's >$est'on, the scale (al$e o) the Kco))ect answe)L wass$;t)acte )o" the '(en answe)/ =h$s a 0 'n'cates a co))ect #lac'n 'n o)e) o"an't$e o o$t#$t, a neat'(e sco)e 'n'cates the )es#onent underest'"ate, an a#os't'(e sco)e an overest'"ate/ So"e )es#onents s'"#ly )e$se to atte"#t th's>$est'on, the') )es#onses we)e coe to 'n'cate th's, an we)e not 'ncl$e 'n analys's)elat'n to th's "atte)/

$est'on, ;e'n Ko$;le ;a))elleL andcon't'onal/ =he o;ect'(eo th's >$est'on was to )aw o$t the n$";e) o con't'onal s$##o)te)s o) who" theowne)sh'# o #)oects was a s'n''cant ete)"'nant o the') s$##o)t le(el, as th's waso$n a"on 'ss$es )a'se 'n o;ect'on to so"e #)oects, an to a$e #otent'al s$##o)to) s$ch a sche"e/ =he #oss';le )es#onses a)e

8nconditional opponentO 'sa)ee ne(e) s$##o)tsB#onditional opponentO 'sa)ee ' owne)sh'# 3= a )ele(ant con't'on/#onditional supporte) O a)ee if owne)sh'# S a )ele(ant con't'on othe)w'se'sa)ee/8nconditional supporterO always a)ees/ St)on a)ee"ent "ay show enthusiasmo) local owne)sh'#/

=hose o) who" owne)sh'# was not )ele(ant o) the >$est'on "ean'nless we)e "ost l'kelyto sco)e ne$t)al/

e#lanat'ons we)e aske o) sta we)e ')ecte to oe) a )ane o ea"#les o "oelso local owne)sh'#, s$ch as a)"e)Glanowne), a co"#any w'th local sha)ehole)s, a locala$tho)'ty, a co""$n'ty co"#any o) co%o#e)at'(e/ =h's >$est'on was also sco)e, an)eco)e, $s'n #)e coe +'ke)t scale (al$es %2 to N2/

ect #D

nly the yesGno o#t'ons we)e oe)e to th's >$est'on so 't 's o#en to c)'t'c's" o c)eat'n a

an ac>$'escent o) as#')at'onal )es#onse set 'e that #eo#le "ay ten to answe) yes 'no)e) to a##ea) well o o) 'nanc'ally so#h'st'cate/ =he)e 's so"e )'sk o )es#onentscon$s'n would'n(est w'th will.



29/86

-es#onses we)e coe Y o) 3 an ente)e 'nto the ata as Y 1 3 2

=he 'nal e"o)a#h'c >$est'ons we)e 'nt)o$ce as hel#'n to ens$)e that the s$)(ey)e#)esente ('ews o all #eo#le 'n e)eo)sh')e/

=he 'nte)('ewe) note se o the )es#onent as M o) $est'on sheet an aske to 'n'cate the )ele(ant one % enhanc'n C)a##o)tCB/=he #)e coe sco)es we)e ente)e ')ectly as )eco)e/

S$;ects we)e aske the $s$al occ$#at'on o the h'hest ea)ne) 'n the ho$sehol, 'n thecase o )et')es, "a'n occ$#at'on #)'o) to )et')e"ent/ Sta we)e aske to notatte"#t tocoe th's, ;$t s'"#ly to )eco) )e#l'es as '(en/ n the e(ent o a";'$'ty, s$;ects we)e to;e #)o"#te o) the') h'hest le(el o acae"'c atta'n"ent/ At the ata ent)y stae th's'no)"at'on was 'nte)#)ete ;y the )esea)che) 'nto class''cat'on st)ata as selecte at

es'n stae, )e>$')'n so"e s$;ect'(e $e"ents, a #otent'al so$)ce o syste"at'ce))o)/ So"e $e"ents we)e st)a'hto)wa), o) ea"#le a sole t)aes"an 's a !2, ;$t at)aes"an o#e)at'n a ;$s'ness an e"#loy'n othe)s 's a ;$t how to class a lone#a)ent o) $ne"#loye #e)son w'th a $n'(e)s'ty e)eeI o) a K#)oess'onal "e'$"LI =he)e's also an 'ss$e o 'nte)#)et'n the o; esc)'#t'on K?o(e)n"ent se)(antL co$l "ean anyle(el w'th'n the A)"e Se)('ces/ 3o a't'onal )e"e'al "eas$)es we)e a##l'e to a)essthese 'ss$es/

Table )%$ ariables. issues. and survey items

Ha)'a;le ss$e 'n >$est'on S$)(ey 'te"

-ndependant variables%Do"'c'le

Does town o) )$)al locat'on)elate to ;'asI

F/1/ =ownG!o$nt)ys'e/

Se Does se )elate to ;'as I F/7/ H's$al 'ns#ect'on/

Ae Does Ae )elate to ;'as I F/8/ P)e coe )o$#s

Soc'o%econo"'c )o$# Does sGe )o$# )elate to ;'as F/9/ Ma'n ea)ne) occ$#at'on

=$);'ne S'@e Ha)'at'on 'n ;'as w'th s'@e !$e ca) '"aes

Dependent variables

Att't$e ;'as

St)enth an ')ect'on o

att't$e ;'as con't'onal'ty/

F/2 an F/./ Pa')e

o##os'te +'ke)t%ty#e scale/*!S eect'(eness Pe)ce#t'on o o$t#$t F/ 4/ +ocate on loa)'th"'c

scale

A##)o(al o +ocal owne)sh'# s owne)sh'# an 'ss$eI F/5/ +'ke)t ty#e scale

n(est"ent cho'ce Poss';le 'n(esto) 'n local#)oect/

F/6/ Yes G 3o

After #reswell ;:

)%) Survey procedural matters

eedbac6 and targeting thin strata=he sche$le o) 'nte)('ews 'ncl$e a s$##le"enta)y #e)'o o) 'ne t$n'n st)ata cells



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w'th'n )et$)ns/ =hat 's ' any )o$#s ;y any e"o)a#h'c "et)'cs we)e $ne) )e#)esentethen sta wo$l ;e 'nst)$cte to ta)et these #eo#le o) a##)oach )athe) than )ely on t)$e)ano"'sat'on $nt'l the s#)ea 's )esto)e to #a)'ty w'th cens$s ata/

+efusersSta ;e'n w'th a ;lank )eco) sheet/ A Me";e) o the P$;l'c MoPB 's a##)oache w'th

the lea >$est'on %LA)e yo$ on the electo)al )oll 'n e)eo)sh')eIL/ the MoP )e$ses to)es#on a tally "a)k 's "ae on the )eco) sheet/ 3o "a)k 's )eco)e ' the answe) no 's'(en es#'te the o;('o$s act that th's "ay ;e an easy o#t o$t o) the $nw'll'nB/ =h'scont'n$es $nt'l so"eone w'll'n to ;e 'nte)('ewe )es#ons/ =he total o )e$se)s 's s'"#lythe tally total )o" all co"#lete )eco) sheets/ 3o e"o)a#h'c ata a;o$t )e$se)s a)eatte"#te/ t 's cons'e)e $n)easona;le o) '"#oss';le o) s$)(ey sta to cons'stentlyest'"ate soc'o%econo"'c )o$# )o" ('s$al cl$es only/ st'"at'n ae at the ole);o$na)y an a)o$n 18 yea)s wo$l also ;e challen'n/ See also note on )e$se)s 'n)es$lts sect'on 4/1B

Selection of intervie! sites

=he ')st ec's'on was to only con$ct 'nte)('ews 'n the !'ty o e)eo)/ As the c'ty 'sho"e to a;o$t a th') o the co$nty #o#$lat'on, an hal the )e"a'ne) l'(e 'n the o$tly'n"a)ket towns o -oss on *ye, +e;$)y, )o"ya), +eo"'nste) an 'nton th's wascons'e)e a cost eect'(e way o )each'n a la)e eno$h st)eet #o#$lat'on to "a'"'se$se o sta t'"e/ !ons'e)at'on was '(en to #oss';le 'e)ences ;etween #o#$lat'ons oo$tly'n towns on any "eas$)e acto)s e'the) ;etween each othe) o) w'th the !'ty ancens$s ata o show s"all 'e)ences 'n ae 'st)';$t'ons ;$t o) s$ch a s"all st$y th'swas cons'e)e a nel'';le )'sk/ =he )'sk )e"a'ns that #eo#le l'('n 'n "a)ket towns "ayha(e s'n''cantly 'e)ent o#'n'ons )o" c'ty welle)s only a la)e) st$y es'ne toenae w'th th's 'ss$e co$l ete)"'ne th's/ Ass$"'n that a ew sta wo$l ;e a(a'la;lethe o)''nal s$)(ey es'n was ;ase on select'n s'tes wh'ch o$ht to y'el )ano"sa"#les closely "atch'n the so$)ce #o#$lat'on, an to 'ent'y s'tes whe)e a skewesa"#le co$l )easona;ly ;e e#ecte ' )e>$')e/ =h's analys's was ;ase onea"'nat'on o the M'ntel )eta'l sho##'n s$)(ey M'ntel 2010B alon w'th a "a# o cent)ale)eo) show'n locat'ons o "ao) )eta'le)s, ca) #a)ks an #$;l'c t)ans#o)t l'nks igure)%'B

Ate) contact'n local s'te "anae)s o the s$#e)"a)kets 't was clea) they wo$l not ;es$'c'ently le';le to ena;le $se o the') #)e"'ses, )e>$')'n a(ance not'ce an '('n#)'o)'ty to co""e)c'al an cha)'ta;le $ses o a(a'la;le s#aces/ $ently states that the ;est 'nte)('ewe)s a)e cle)'cally t)a'ne wo"en;etween .0 an 45 yea)s o ae Mose) E alton 1971B ;$t as no one s$;stant'ates th'sw'th e('ence, 't "ay ;e an a)teact o the h'sto)y o #a)t t'"e e"#loy"ents a(a'la;le toe$cate wo"en/ A n$";e) o (ol$ntee)s we)e )ec)$'te )o" w'th'n th's e"o)a#h'c, owho" all ;$t one a'le to show/ =he one that ' take #a)t was only a;le to wo)k one

sho)t sess'on an "anae ten 'nte)('ews/ =he )e"a'n'n 'nte)('ews we)e con$cte ;ythe w)'te), a "an o "at$)e yea)s, wh'ch "ay ha(e neat'(ely '"#acte on n$";e)s o)es#one)s/ An alte)nat'(e ('ew 's that s$ch a #e)son wo$l ;e $nl'kely to ;e enae 'n

Pete) +'nnell .0 M/Sc/ AS


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co""e)c'al 'nte)('ew'n, so "ay ha(e ha a ;ene'c'al eect on )es#onse )ate/ 'the) waythese "atte)s a)e ;eyon the )each o th's st$y/

igure )%' Central ereford sho!ing survey location%

A AsaS Sa'ns;$)ys= =escoM Mo))'sons

All ha(e ca) #a)ks 'n a't'onto othe) #$;l'c #a)k'ns#aces/

Ma# $se w'th #e)"'ss'on !oa') Des'n E P$;l'c'ty lt/ ;ase on S ataB



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Table *%' Chi s5uare test for sample validity


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As 'sc$sse a;o(e 'n the sect'on on s$)(ey "etho >$est'on . 's lo'cally o##ose to>$est'on 2, an a neat'(e sco)e 'n'cates a #)o w'n t$);'ne att't$e/ =he (al$es o) theo(e)all ;'as sco)es o) each )es#onent a)e the s$" o the sco)es )o" F2 an the)e(e)se sco)e )o" F./ n th's cha)t a #os't'(e (al$e 'n'cates a tenency to ;es$##o)t'(e o w'n t$);'nes o the '(en s'@e, a neat'(e sco)e a s'"'la) ;'as/ eca$se the>$est'ons we)e es'ne o) th's #$)#ose, the con't'onal s$##o)te) 's )e(eale ;y the 0

sco)e $enc'es we)e o$n to 'e) sl'htly so an a(e)ae was taken/ =h's wascons'e)e acce#ta;le o(e) the "o)e )'o)o$s "etho o #o#$lat'n 'n'('$al cells o)e(e)y (a)'a;le as the 'e)ences we)e (e)y s"all/ At all staes 'n th's "an'#$lat'on checks$"s we)e $se to ens$)e acc$)acy o ata 'n#$ts an )o$n'n/ =he 'nal ta;le $ses)es$lts )o$ne to whole 'ntee)s/


S M L

0

100

20 0

300

40 0

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60 0

!re"uen#y of summe$ s#ores

Q2 % &-Q3'

4

3

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1

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-1

-2

-3

-4


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igure *%* Weighted re5uency of scores

Table *%) Weighted fre5uency of scores 9 F ,33

Sco)e S"all Me'$" +a)e

> 9 .1 69

4 12 ..

; 27 60 82

9 8 29 .2

187 212 165

9 25 21 10

; 158 97 78

18 10 7

> 64 28 24

*%* &nterpretations of attitude results

!lea)ly the s$)(ey shows that o) the sa"#le, an ;y et)a#olat'on )o" 't, the #o#$lat'on

o e)eo)sh')e, t$);'ne s'@e has an '"#act on the') le(el o s$##o)tGo##os't'on to#otent'al w'n ene)y #)oects/ =he co";'n'n o the sco)es )o" F2 an F. '('n ano(e)all ;'as sco)e w'th a st)on cent)al tenency 'n'cates the h'h le(el o con't'onal'ty 'n


Sm()) Me$ium L(r*e

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

+ei*h,e$ !re"uen#y of s#ores

4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

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-4

Turbine size

!re"uen#yofs

#ore


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these att't$es/ =h's co";'n'n also )e(eals n$";e)s o )es#onents show'n totals$##o)t o) total o##os't'on co";'ne sco)es o N4 o) %4B an allows $s to ea"'ne whothese #eo#le a)e/ See ;elow *%4ent'y'n the et)e"'stsB/

igure *%$shows that altho$h hal the sa"#le a)ee that s"all t$);'nes sho$l ;eene)ally #e)"'tte, the )e"a'n'n hal o not/ As th's s'@e t$);'ne 's $st a;o(e the to#

l'"'t o) #)o#ose #e)"'tte e(elo#"ent o "'c)o ene)at'on #lant the)e 's a s$est'onthat th's )o$# "ay eel a)'e(e ' the') ne'h;o$)s e#lo't the new ?ene)al Pe)"'tteDe(elo#"ent )e) ?DPB an e)ect 10" h'h t$);'ne "asts 'n clea) s'ht/ S$)#)'s'nlyal"ost a >$a)te) a)ee that la)e t$);'nes sho$l ;e allowe anywhe)e they w'll wo)k/

igure *%'shows that 'n('t'n )es#onents to ecl$e w'n t$);'nes )o" the co$ntyy'ele, a"on othe) th'ns, the )es$lt that a;o$t th)ee 'ths ;el'e(e the)e o$ht to ;eso"e #lace 'n the co$nty o) la)e scale t$);'nes/

*h'lst these )et$)ns clea)ly con')" #)e('o$s #olls show'n h'h le(els o ene)al s$##o)to) w'n ene)y, they also con')" the con't'onal'ty s$este ;y ell an othe)s ell et/

al/2005B/ At a local le(el th's con't'onal'ty "ay ;e e#)esse as a (')t$al o#'n'on wa't'nto ;e "ae "an'est ;y a #lann'n a##l'cat'on o) #e)"'tte e(elo#"entB w'th the')ect'on o )eact'on e#enant on )easonsB o) con't'onal'ty/ ; .. .O9

0 188/.2 188 .9 21. .O 167 ;.O;

1 18/46 25 ;.? 21 .;? 10 >.9:

2 111/26 158 9:.O& 97 9. 77 :.O

. 11/27 18 .&9 10 .; 7 9.:>

4 .8/8 64 9&.:& 29 ;.O 25 &.:

:?.;& 99.O; O&.?&

S$" 193.1

24

n th's test e#ecte sco)e 's the "ean o )e>$ency o) the th)ee s'@es o) what co$l ;e



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e#ecte ' s'@e was not )ele(ant/ =he ch' s>$a)e (al$e '(es a #)o;a;'l'ty o s'n''canceso h'h that 't oes not a##ea) 'n stana) ta;les/ =a;le 4/4/=he)e can ;e no o$;t thatatt't$e 's s'n''cantly )elate to t$);'ne s'@e/ =he ')ect'on o th's ;'as 's a;sol$tely clea))o" a s'"#le 'ns#ect'on o )es#onse )e>$enc'es, w'th "o)e neat'(e sco)es o) the la)es'@e an "o)e #os't'(e sco)es o) the s"allest/ t "$st ;e note that sco)es o) "e'$"s'@e t$);'nes a)e not necessa)'ly cent)ally locate ;etween la)e an s"all/ Anothe)

a##)oach to th's ata 's to ask how "any a)e o) o) aa'nst w'n t$);'nes 'n the co$ntyIow 't can ;e answe)e 's a $se$l ee)c'se 'n "an'#$la;'l'ty o s$)(ey )et$)ns/

Table *%, or or Against # 9 F ,33

S"all Me'$" +a)e

$a)te) 119)o" 500B s$##o)t la)e t$);'nes/ =he h'h #)o#o)t'on o @e)o sco)es 'n'cates the (al''tyo the con't'onal s$##o)te) hy#othes's a(ance ;y ell an othe)s ell et/ al/ 2005B/

*%0 :ther 5uestions results

The Effectiveness Buestion

4/ o! many households electricity use !ould this machine provide for #

3o 'ea % @ R 1 % 1 1 % 10 % 2 10 % 100 % . 100 % 1000 %4 1000 N %5

As esc)';e a;o(e the )es#onses to th's we)e sco)e acco)'n the') e('at'on )o" anot'onal Kco))ectL answe) y'el'n the ollow'n

Table *%0 Turbine output guess error scores

S"all Me'$" +a)e

A(e)ae ))o) 1/06 %0/49 %0/85

3o/ !o))ect 229 150 18.

=he la)e n$";e) o co))ect $esses o) the la)e) s'@e "ay ;e an a)teact o the >$est'ono)"at, as th's 's the la)est o#t'on on the oe)e scale/ A ;ette) o#t'on "ay ha(e ;een toa anothe) la)e) o#t'on to the c$e scale/ Des#'te th's the)e 's st'll an $ne) est'"ate onea)ly an o)e) o "an't$e/ n cont)ast nea)ly hal the )es#onents o(e) est'"ate the#e)o)"ance o the s"allest t$);'ne ;y an o)e) o "an't$e o) "o)e/ Des#'te ha('n

ewest co))ect h'ts the "e'$" s'@e y'ele the "ost acc$)ate collect'(e $ess/



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The o!nership 5uestion

5/ & support !ind turbines if they are locally o!ned Do you

St)only D'sa)ee %2 D'sa)ee %1 3e'the) 0 A)ee 1 St)only A)ee 2

=he)e a)e a n$";e) o #oss';le )es#onses an 'nte)#)etat'ons to th's >$est'on wh'ch waso)''nally es'ne to 'n those con't'onal s$##o)te)s o) who" owne)sh'# o w'n a)"s;y o$ts'e) ;o'es s$ch as t)ansnat'onal co)#o)at'onsB 's a "ao) 'ss$e/ =he )es$lt showsthe "oal )es#onse 's that th's 's not )ele(ant, w'th the "ao)'ty o the )e"a'ne) 'n'cat'n'nc)ease s$##o)t/

igure *%,re5uencies of scores to B,

&nvestment Choice

0/Given the chance. !ould you invest some of your savings or pension fund in alocal !ind po!er pro>ect # Y G 3

Table *%2 &nvestment Choice

*o$l yo$ 'n(est 'n a local w'n #owe) #)oect I

Yes 286 3o 214

!a$t'on 's neee w'th these )es#onses, as )es#onents "ay ;e )e#o)t'n a w'll'nness toconsider as w'th any 'n(est"ent ec's'on )athe) than a #os't'(e co""'t"ent to 'n(est/Mo)e s$;tly these )es$lts "ay the ('ct'" o a response set th)o$h wh'ch the )es#onentw'shes to a##ea) 'nanc'ally so#h'st'cate/ +'ke the #)e('o$s >$est'on, sta )e#o)t a lack oawa)eness a"on the )es#onents o how th's co$l wo)k the "ost co""on )es#onse;e'n lack o a##)o#)'ate le(el o $ns/ So"e e(en ;el'e(e that e)eo)sh')e as a wholelacks s$'c'ent wealth o) th's to ;e ('a;le/ =he sae concl$s'on )o" th's ata 's that K3L)es#onents w'll not 'n(est lea('n la)e n$";e)s o #otent'al 'n(esto)s to ;e a##)oache/

owe(e) so"e 'ne t$n'n "ay ;e a(a'la;le, see ;elow Potent'al 'n(esto)sBB


-2 -1 0 1 2

0

50

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150

20 0

25 0

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A,, i,u$e ,o )o#() ownershi


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*%2 The 1emographic brea6do!n

De"o)a#h'c acto)s $se to check sa"#le (al''ty also #e)"'t an ea"'nat'on o(a)'at'on o att't$e sco)es ac)oss these acto)s/ As seen ;elow Table *%B ne'the)o"'c'le no) se ha(e s'n''cant co))elat'ons to att't$e sco)es, ;$t ae an soc'o%econo"'c )o$# o/ n these tests the ata a)e so)te o) the )ele(ant e"o)a#h'c

acto)s, we'hte to co))ect the sa"#l'n sho)talls, then a "ean ;'as sco)e calc$late)o" the s$""e )es#onses as esc)';e a;o(e '('n "ean ;'as sco)es o) each acto)o) each t$);'ne s'@e/ 3ote that th's 's not a "eas$)e o a;sol$te strengtho ;'as, ;$t oprevalence of likely bias'n that #a)t'c$la) e"o)a#h'c/ =he we'hte a(e)ae ;'as sco)esa)e shown 'n Appendi; )/=he )a#hs ;elow 'ncl$e l'nea) )e)ess'on l'nes as calc$late;y the s#)easheet sotwa)e/

igure *%0(ean bias score by Age group

=he ;'as sco)e he)e 's clea)ly all'n away )o" st)on s$##o)t a"on the yo$n to st)ono##os't'on )o" sen'o) c't'@ens/ &ne) 40Cs show #os't'(e sco)es o) all s'@es o #)oect/Ae 50 's )o$hly the "e'an o the whole #o#$lat'on so the ole) hal o the )es#onentsa)e "o)e l'kely to ;e o##ose to ;oth "e'$" an la)e s'@e t$);'nes/ All )o$#s show"o)e s$##o)t than o##os't'on to s"all t$);'nes/


1-30 31-40 41-50 51-65 65.

-1/5

-1

-0/5

0

0/5

1

1/5

2Me(n bi(s s#ore by A*e

S

Line(r e*ression forS

M

Line(r e*ression for

ML

Line(r e*ression for L

A*e *rou

1i(

ss#ore


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igure *%2(ean bias score by Socio7Economic Group

As 'n the case o ;'as (a)y'n w'th ae, he)e 's a clea) t)en show'n that o##os't'on 's

)eatest a"on h'he) soc'o%econo"'c )o$#s an s$##o)t h'he) a"onst the less wello/ Pe)ha#s the "ost '"#o)tant eta'l )o" th's )a#h 's that all )o$#s show a )eate)"eas$)e o o##os't'on to than s$##o)t o) la)e t$);'nes, an all ;$t the ')st )o$# show)eate) s$##o)t than o##os't'on o) "e'$" s'@e ones/

*% ypothesis testing

=ests o) co))elat'on ;etween (a)'o$s acto)s a)e #)esente 'n the Correlation (atri;.Table *%=h's "at)' shows only those co";'nat'ons cons'e)e )ele(ant o) l'kely to ha(e(al''ty w'th'n the l'"'tat'ons o th's st$y/


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Table *% Correlation coefficients

3actor Powe) wne)s Do"'c'le Se Ae SG ?#/ n(est/

'as 0/97 0/24 %0/06 %0/05 %0/98 %0/99 0/41

Powe) Q Q Q Q %0/17 0/04 0/06

wne)s Q Q Q Q %0/06 0/02 0/26

!o))elat'ons shown aa'nst )een a)e 3= s'n''cant/=hose shown aa'nst yellow A- s'n''cant/See also igure *%Path Analys's !ha)t, ;elow/


43/86

igure *% -ath Analysis chart

*%4 inding the e;tremists

=h's analys's 's o $nwe'hte s$)(ey )et$)ns/ An ea"'nat'on o )es#onents sco)'n o)et)e"e ;'as can tell $s who the hole)s o the st)onest ('ews a)e, ;oth #)o an ant'/ =h'scan ;e "ost eas'ly acco"#l'she $s'n a ('s$al tool, a e"o)a#h'c net/ =h's ty#e o cha)t

allows a co"#a)'son ;etween e"o)a#h'c co"#os't'on o the sa"#le w'th a )ane o#oss';le select'ons )o" w'th'n 't/ ach )a'al a)" )e#)esents a class''cat'on, the locat'onon 't a )e>$ency )o" @e)o at cent)e connect'(e l'nes o not '"#ly ca$sal connect'onsthey a)e to #)o('e ('s$al cl$es to (a)'at'ons ;etween 'e)ent cha)tsB/ =he net o) thesa"#le,igure *%4. 's 'ncl$e o) co"#a)'son/

igure *%$$Large Turbines strong ob>ection vs% support%As can ;e seen 'n the co"#a)at'(e sha#es the ;'est 'e)ence ;etween these )o$#s,a#a)t )o" the') s'@e 's 'n ae #)o'le s$##o)te)s ;e'n a "$ch yo$ne) )o$# thano;ecto)s/ Des#'te soc'o%econo"'c )o$# ;e'n 'n'cat'(e o att't$e 'n the #o#$lat'on 'tsee"s to "ake l'ttle 'e)ence 'n these s$; )o$#s/ =h's s$ests that o) st)onest

o#'n'ons the "a'n e"o)a#h'c 'n'cato) 's ene)at'onal an not )elate to econo"'c o)e$cat'onal acto)s/



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igure *%$':pposition and support for (edium turbines%

=h's 's the "ost ;alance case o s$##o)t (e)s$s o##os't'on 'n te)"s o a;sol$te n$";e)s,;$t once aa'n ae can ;e seen as the o"'nat'n acto) o 'e)ence ;etween the two)o$#s, w'th o##os't'on hea('ly skewe to the two ole) )o$#s )e#)esent'n o(e) 'tys/

3ote also the s#'ke 'n the ')ect'on o AN 'n the SG acto) o) s$##o)te)s, 'n o##onentsth's )o$# 's "$ch less st)only #)esent/

*%4 -otential investors

As "ent'one a;o(e 't wo$l ;e )ash to atte"#t to e'ne a e"o)a#h'c ;)eakown o#otent'al 'n(esto)s ;$t th's oes not #)ecl$e t)y'n co$nt the"/ =ak'n the yes)es#onents to F6 an then so)t'n the" o) #os't'(e o) ne$t)al sco)es to F5 '(es

Table *%4 9umbers of potential investors

Focal *wnersL 3e$t)al A)ee St)only A)eeSa"#le 129 125 27

Po#$lat'on .7k .6k 7/7k

ase on s'"#ly "$lt'#ly'n sa"#le )e>$enc'es ;y sa"#le )at'o 14.kG500

=h's 'n'cates a #otent'al #ool o local 'n(esto)s n$";e)'n 'n the') tho$sans, ce)ta'nlyenco$)a'n o) anyone #)o#os'n s$ch a sche"e/

eo)e s$""'n $# these )es$lts 't 's as well to ;e clea) that the s$)(ey 'tsel s$e)s )o"

a n$";e) o #oss';le so$)ces o syste"at'c e))o) 'n the es'n, eec$t'on an analys's oata collecte/ *'tho$t #e)o)"'n ollow $# wo)k 't 's '"#oss';le to ete)"'ne>$ant'tat'(ely the '"#act on ete)nal an const)$ct (al''ty o the )es$lts/

'/ =he (ast "ao)'ty o ata was collecte ;y one wo)ke) so any #o#$lat'on ;'asaa'nst th's e"o)a#h'c ty#e wo$l ha(e aecte )es#onse )ates/

''/ A la)e #)o#o)t'on o #eo#le a##)oache ecl'ne to answe) the s$)(ey )o$hly 5to 1B/ =h's lea(es cons'e)a;le $nce)ta'nty as to (al''ty o low ne$t)al sco)es 'n the)et$)ns, as 't "ay ;e a)$e that "ost o the #o#$lat'on a)e not enae w'th#ol't'cal 'ss$es s$'c'ently to )es#on, o) e(en that they s'"#ly onCt ca)e, e'the)wo$l sco)e ne$t)al ifthey ha )es#one/ t 's ;y no "eans clea) that o#'n'ons

collecte 'n the s$)(eypree7isted'n the sa"#le #o#$lat'on, )athe) than c)ystal'seat the #o'nt o contact as the 'ss$e was #)esente ;y the 'nte)('ew/

'''/ S'"'la)ly, the all o) noth'n e"#has's o >$est'on c$es "ay ha(e c)eate a o)ceo#'n'on whe)e #)e('o$sly the )es#onent ha '(en the "atte) no "'n/ =he (e)ylow n$";e) o ne$t)al sco)es o) the o)''nal >$est'ons s$##o)ts th's/

'(/ =he soc'o % econo"'c ;)eakown o the econo"'cally 'nact'(e #o#$lat'on "ay (a)y)o" that o act'(es )eco)e 'n the cens$s ata/ =h's 's es#ec'ally '"#o)tant 'n theole) hal o the #o#$lat'on show'n )eatest o##os't'on sco)es to all s'@es o w'n#)oects Table *%2B/ !ens$s ata show an ann$al net '""')at'on to e)eo)sh')eo a;o$t 600 o(e) 50Cs w'th the "a'n o)''n ;e'n So$th ast )e'on 71JB, nota;ly?)eate) +onon an S$))ey/!! 2010 1BB Altho$h ;an'n non act'(es )o" the

cens$s ata 's not #oss';le th's st)only s$ests that o(e) 50 y/o/ A an )o$#sa)e la)e) than the cens$s o act'(es alone 'n'cates !! 2010 2BB/ n th's ;as'sthe #o#$lat'on cell we'ht'ns $se "ay ;e lawe, e"an'n attent'on to the



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st)on l'kel'hoo that ;'as sco)es o) the o(e)all #o#$lat'on w'll a##ea) h'he) "o)e'n a(o$)B than they act$ally a)e/

?)eat ca)e 's neee 'n )aw'n 'ne)ence )o" #a)a"et)'c test'n o +'ke)t%ty#e scale)et$)ns see A##en' *B/ owe(e) the )es$lts s$""a)'se ;elowa)e cons'e)e )o;$steno$h to ;e $se as #)e'cto)s o l'kely )es#onses to #)oect #)o#osals, es#ec'ally at the

et)e"e ens/

*%$3 Summary

=he co)e >$est'on, 's the)e a )elat'onsh'# ;etween t$);'ne s'@e an att't$es to#oss';le w'n ene)y #)oects 'n e)eo)sh')e 's $lly answe)e ;eyon )easona;leo$;t/ Table *%*B n e)eo)sh')e #$;l'c att't$es "o(e aa'nst *!S as they'nc)ease 'n s'@e/

=he con't'onal s$##o)te) "oel #)o#ose ;y ell an othe)s 's con')"e ;y)es#onses to the o##ose >$est'ons cancell'n o$t/ igure *%*% Table *%)B S"all

t$);'nes enoy (e)y h'h le(els o $ncon't'onal s$##o)t la)e t$);'nes att)act tw'ceas "any o##onents as s$##o)te)s/ M' s'@e t$);'nes ha(e al"ost e>$al le(els os$##o)t an o##os't'on Table *%,B/

=he #)e('o$sly )e#o)te e"o)a#h'c 'n'cato)s o att't$es to w'n #)oects Table$%$B a)e challene 'n e)eo)sh')e/ =he co))elat'ons an s'n''cance tests o)att't$e to ae )o$# an soc'o%econo"'c ;an a)e s$'c'ently st)on, es#'te"ethoolo'cal )ese)(at'ons, that these too a)e ;eyon )easona;le o$;t Table*%B/ &nl'ke the s$)(eys s$""a)'se 'n Table $%$, 'n th's co$nty 't 's ole) anbetter off)o$#s that a)e "ost o##ose to w'n sche"es, yo$ne) an less well o)o$#s a)e "o)e s$##o)t'(e igures *%0and *%2B/

=he ene) 'e)ences 'n Table $%$we)e not o$n/

=he e"o)a#h'c nets o) st)onest o#'n'ons con')" h'h #)o#o)t'ons o olest)o$#s 'n o##onents ;$t he)e the st)onest s$##o)te)s also 'ncl$e h'he)#)o#o)t'ons o A soc'o%econo"'c )o$#s igures *%4 to *%$'B/ A ;alance 's seeno) "e'$" s'@e t$);'nes ;etween n$";e)s o #)o an ant' )es#one)s/

e)eo)sh')e #eo#le ha(e an 'nlate ('ew o the #e)o)"ance o s"all w'nt$);'nes, o(e)est'"at'n ;y an o)e) o "an't$e yet 'nc)eas'nly underest'"ate#e)o)"ance as s'@e 'nc)eases/ Table *%,B=h's 's seen to ;e st)only l'nke to ;'assco)es,Table *%B nly ae 's a s'n''cant e"o)a#h'c 'n'cato) o) th's (a)'a;le,ole) #eo#le ;e'n "o)e l'kely to $ne)est'"ate o$t#$t than yo$ne)/

'as sco)e an )es#onses to >$est'ons o owne)sh'# an 'n(est"ent cho'ce show a

s$; )o$# s$##o)t'(e o the technoloy, 'n a(o$) o local owne)sh'# an )eay to'n(est/ igure *%shows th's )o$# has no e"o)a#h'c ;o$na)'es w'th owne)sh'#as the e#enant (a)'a;le/ =h's )o$# shows no s'n''cant co))elat'on to o$t#$t$ess s$est'n they ha(e )eal'st'c e#ectat'ons o s$ch sche"es/ !o";'n'nyes )es#onents to the 'n(est"ent >$est'on w'th s$##o)t )es#onses o) localowne)sh'# s$ests tho$sans o #otent'al 'n(esto)s Table *%4B/



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, -erformance. economics and turbine si/e

,%$ -erformance issues arising !ith variation in turbine si/e%

=h's sect'on ea"'nes ' any 'e)ences e'st ;etween (a)'o$s s'@es o t$);'ne 'n te)"s oene)y an 'nanc'al )et$)ns on 'n(est"ent/ As th's 's 'ntene to co"#l'"ent the o#'n'on

s$)(ey an )eso$)ces a)e l'"'te th's necessa)'ly )el'es on l'te)at$)e )e('ew o) "etaanalys's #a#e)s/ =he l'"'tat'ons o each a)e e#lo)e at )ele(ant #o'nts 'n the tet anwhe)e #oss';le ano"al'es a)e teste ;y ')st han calc$lat'ons ;ase on #)'"a)y so$)ces/n a't'on to #e)o)"ance an #ay;ack ata the o;ect'(e ;eh'n th's sect'on 's to 'ent'yco""on acto)s ac)oss so$)ces 'n'cat'(e o any )elat'onsh'# ;etween t$);'ne s'@e an;oth -! an - an ' #oss';le to 'sco(e) sens't'('ty o these o$t#$ts to thec)'t'cal acto)s/

o! much energy does a !ind turbine generate #

=o ete)"'ne th's )e>$')es act$al #e)o)"ance ata o) a )ane o t$);'ne s'@es/ =he ata

athe)e 'nto Table ,%$an 'll$st)ate 'n igures ,%$an,%' a)e e)'(e )o" twowe;s'tes, ecot)'c'ty/co/$k an ooene)yene)at'on/co/$k/ =he o)"e) "ostly eat$)es#)oects at the la)e) scale, the latte) a la)e) n$";e), w'ely 'st)';$te ac)oss the &, oa w'e) )ane o s'@es/ 3ot all #)oects on the we;s'tes a)e 'ncl$e "$lt'#le s'tes 'n as"all a)ea at s'"'la) scale ;e'n #asse o(e) as )e$nant see count,;elowB/ =hewe;s'tes oe) the ata as 'n'cat'(e an clea)ly state that 't 's ;ase on a(e)ae '$)es/

Table ,%$ Collected output data of different U? !ind energy pro>ects (ay '3$3

:utput of various si/es of WECS at onshore U? sites

Si/e


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49/86

igure ,%$ Small si/e turbine outputs

All ata a)e as shown 'n =a;le 5/1*he)e a ata #o'nt has no s#)ea 't )e#)esents ata)o" a s'nle s'te/ 3ote he)e that the h'he) th)eshol, 15 k* no"'nal, 's the s'@e o thes"alle) t$);'ne $se 'n the o#'n'on s$)(ey/ n all cases ata an )es$lts o a)'th"et'co#e)at'ons ha(e ;een )o$ne to a' cla)'ty an to a(o' the 'st)act'on o s#$)'o$s#)ec's'on wh'ch the )aw ata o not s$##o)t/

eca$se o the (e)y s"all sa"#le s'@es 't wo$l ;e w)on to )aw too st)on an 'ne)encea;o$t any one s'@e o t$);'ne, ;$t 'n a)eate a n$";e) o th'ns a)e e('ent/ A la)e)t$);'ne )at'n 's no 'n'cato) o a la)e) o$t#$t/ S'"'la)ly, o) a '(en t$);'ne )at'n the)ane o o$t#$ts 'n'cates et)e"e (a)'at'ons ;etween ;est an wo)st #e)o)"'n/ Aso$t#$t 's c)'t'cally s'te s#ec''c th's s$ests that so"e #)oects "ay well ha(e ;een ;alys'te, "ay ;e on 'ns$'c'ently h'h "asts, o) a)e othe)w'se 'na##)o#)'ate o) the w'n#)o'le, #e)ha#s $na;le to $se w'n at et)e"e low andGorh'hB s#ees/



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igure ,%' :utputs of larger pro>ects All ata )o" =a;le 5/1B

S'"'la) co""ents a;o$t the a(e)aes a##ly to th's )a#h/ As "ay ;e e#ecte thes#)eas a)e not as et)e"e as at s"alle) scales )elect'n the )eate) ca)e a##l'e to#)oect #lann'n 'n(ol('n "$lt'%"'ll'on #o$n 'n(est"ents/ =he na))ow s#)eas at thes"alle) en 'n th's )a#h 'ncl$e )eco)s )o" #)oects o(e) 15 yea)s ol an "ay well)elect the o##o)t$n'ty o) ea)ly ao#te)s to e(elo# so"e o the ;est onsho)e w'n ene)y#otent'al/ =hese "ach'nes a)e "e'$" scale as e'ne 'n the o#'n'on s$)(ey/ 3ote thatthe "'le sect'on o the =a;le ata a)e not )e#)esente on these )a#hs/ S'@es ;etween15 k* an 100k* ;e'n too la)e at the s"all en an too s"all at the la)e) en e(en$s'n loa)'th"'c scales/ nly th)ee ata sets )e#)esent'n 4 s'tes a)e lost to the )a#h'c#)esentat'on, ;$t a)e st'll e"#loye 'n the a)eat'on =a;le 5/2;elowB/

=he )ane o so$)ce s'tes o) th's ata a)eat'on )elects #otent'al (a)'at'on 'n s'tesa(a'la;le 'n e)eo)sh')e o) the )ane o 'e)ent #)oect s'@es, w'th the o;('o$s #)o('sothat no coastal locat'ons e'st 'n the co$nty/ n th's ;as's 't 's )easona;le to take a(e)aeso o$t#$ts o) s#ec''c s'@es o t$);'nes an o(e)all ca#ac'ty acto)s as s'"'la) s'te select'onc)'te)'a can ;e e#ecte to ;e e"#loye/ n the )o$n th's "eans that s"alle) t$);'nesw'll cont'n$e to ;e 'nstalle ;y "a'nly )$)al #)o#e)ty owne)s an that co""e)c'ale(elo#e)s w'll seek to o#t'"'se the') o##o)t$n't'es acco)'n to w'n ene)y #otent'al,

access acto)s, an soc'o%#ol't'cal cons'e)at'ons/



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Table ,%' Averaged output and cash return HSmall. (edium and LargeH Turbines%

S'@e k*B Mean!a#/


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's ata a)e taken )o" #$;l'she 'no)"at'on at nat'onal le(el )athe) than a)eat'n'n'('$al #)oects/ n h's concl$s'ons occa) e"#has'ses the '"#l'cat'ons o e))oneo$slyh'h ca#ac'ty acto) #)oect'ons not only 'n te)"s o #)oect 'nanc'n, ;$t also 'ncont)';$t'on to !2e"'ss'on )e$ct'on an ene)y sec$)'ty/ e s$ests that &e(elo#e)s ha(e tene to #)ee) onsho)e s'tes 'n less conteste a)eas, o(e) the e#ensean elay o 'ht'n o) consents 'n #otent'ally "o)e )eso$)ce )'ch a)eas w'th h'h

a"en'ty (al$es, lea'n to a lowe) than e#ecte !


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ass$"#t'ons, stana)s o) ;o$na)y con't'ons/ lancoCs #a#e) also teste o) sens't'('tyo ene)at'on costs to the )ane o cost acto)s/ t 's ;eyon the )each o th's st$y to$ne)take a o)ens'c a$'t o he) so$)ces, an also #o'ntless as she e"onst)ates any'n'('$al #)oect econo"y w'll ;e "ost 'nl$ence ;y 'tCs ca#ac'ty acto)/ She a))'(es at a'$)e o 1100 %1400 Gk* 920%12.5 TGk* at F1 2010 a(e)ae echane%)ates/o)2010BB o) new #)oects 'n $)o#e/ =h's '$)e 's #$)ely the ca#'tal cost she oes on to

con$ct a s'"'la) analys's o EM an othe) (a)'a;le costs s$;ect to the sa"e"ethoolo'cal )ese)(at'ons/ !o";'n'n these two analyses #e)"'ts a calc$lat'on o thecost o ene)ate elect)'c'ty/ owe(e) lanco 'ent''es th)ee so$)ces o & s#ec''c atawh'ch oe) est'"ates o ene)ate cost/

Table ,%*U? Capital and generated po!er costscon(e)te )o" o)''nal e$)o to ?PB

So$)ce !a#'tal cost TGk* !ost #e) k*h #enceB

&-! 2007 nGa 5/2 ste( 2/2

D= 2007a 1440h'h w'n 16.1low w'n 1422

9/.10/1

D= 2007; nGa 7/1 % 14/0

lanco 2009 =a;le A1 #1.81B

As the "e'$" scale o #)oect 's co"#a)a;le to the #'onee)'n w'n a)" e(elo#"ents 'nthe &, h'sto)'c ata "ay saely ;e $se at the h'h en to )elect #oss';le #)esent ay#)oect costs an cost o ene)ate elect)'c'ty ;$t see co""ents ;elow on 'nlat'onB/ nth's ;as's an 'nstallat'on cost o $**3 I@6Wcan ;e taken )o" the D= 2007 st$y alonw'th an assoc'ate elect)'c'ty cost o $3 p@6Who) a "e'$" scale 500 k*B #)oecthy#othet'cally $ne)taken 'n 2010/

At the la)e) scale o t$);'nes, a;o$t 2M* )ate ene)ato) ca#ac'ty, lancoCs ata y'el an'n'cat'(e cost o ene)ate elect)'c'ty o ;etween ./97 an 7/67 "ean 5/82B #Gk*h/ =he(a)'at'on 's ca$se "ostly ;y the )ane 'n )eal ca#ac'ty acto)s ;etween #)oects ollowe;y 'e)ences 'n #)'ces o 'e assets/ 3ote that occa)Cs ta;le #$ts the & secon o$to e'hteen co$nt)'es o) a(e)ae ca#ac'ty acto), yet the & s#ec''c ata st'll show a

h'he) cost o #)o$ct'on than lancoCs lo;al a(e)ae/ t 's ;eyon th's st$y to acco$nto) th's ano"aly ;$t s$ests at ')st ;l$sh that o) so"e )eason the & e#e)'ences a)elat'(ely h'he) #)oect ca#'tal cost than othe) te))'to)'es/ =h's "atte) "ay )e#ay ee#e)ea"'nat'on/

,%, inancial returns

=he '$)es )o" the a;o(e so$)ces can ;e asse";le 'nto an analys's o #)oect costsan )et$)ns acco)'n to s'@e/ -et$)n on ca#'tal e"#loye -!B 's a co""only $sestat'st'c 'n co"#any )e#o)ts an 's $se he)e to ens$)e cla)'ty ;etween sha)ehole)ca#'tal, #oss';le ca#'tal )ant an loan ca#'tal/ ach wo$l ;e $se to 'nance a #)oect 'n

a #)o#o)t'on $s$ally ete)"'ne ;y a "ao) lene) anGo) )ant #)o('e)/



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Table ,%, Comparative net returns by turbine si/e

=$);'ne S'@e !a#'tal !ostkTGk*

?ene)ate costTGM*h

3et TG M*h -!

S"all 15 k* 5 196 104 2/60J

Me'$" 500k*

1/44 100 122 15/25J

+a)e 2 M* 1/24 58/2 20/8 ./40J

ase on a st)a'ht l'ne w)'te own o(e) 20 yea)s/

t "$st ;e e"#has'se that these calc$lat'ons a)e ;ase on wo)st case ass$"#t'ons, ana)e at all t'"es c)'t'cally an sens't'(ely e#enant on act$al ca#ac'ty acto)s/


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co"#a)e to $se o '"'n'sh'n $el )ese)(es/ !on(ent'onal econo"'c tools s$ch as the!$))ent Asset P)'c'n Moel "ay the"sel(es ;e challene at a t'"e when s$##ose )'sk)ee 'n(est"ents l'ke so(e)e'n e;t a)e 'n )eal'ty o$n to ca))y )'sks F1 2010B/ =hese'ss$es 'n )eal'ty a)e only )ele(ant at the "a)'ns o) any #)oect wh'ch 's notprimarily'ntene to "a'"'se 'n(esto)sC )et$)ns, as "ay ;e the case 'n a local co""$n'ty ownew'n sche"e, so lon as the #)oect act$ally #)o$ces a net )et$)n o(e) t'"e/ *h'lst a

oo )et$)n 's '"#o)tant, the (e)y e'stence o eth'cal 'n(est"ent $ns shows 'n(esto)s"ay #lace h'he) #e)sonal (al$e on s$ch #)es$"e ;ene'ts as cont)';$t'n to cl'"atechane "'t'at'on o) )e$c'n )el'ance on conteste )eso$)ces l'ke o'l/ ?o(e)n"ent #ol'cy's ce)ta'nly lea'n the" 'n th's ')ect'on at nat'onal le(el ;$t an a't'onal cons'e)at'on;e'n #)o"ote ;y the =)ans't'on "o(e"ent an the S= #a#e) Powe) 'n 3$";e)s a)on et/al/2008B 's local ene)y )es'l'ence


56/86

igure ,%* +:CE by turbine si/e

,%0 What about energy return on energy invested < E+:E&=#

=h's sect'on )aws hea('ly )o" $;'s@ewsk' an othe)s &SZ*S et. al.2010B/=he') 'n'ns a)e $se ;eca$se they a)e e)'(e )o" an etens'(e t'"e #e)'o, 1977 to2007, co(e) a la)e n$";e) o o#e)at'onal 60B an theo)et'cal 54B #)oect st$'es, thew)'te)s acknowlee the l'"'tat'ons o the') wo)k an they oe) two $se$l "oels o)elat'onsh'#s o - to s'@e o t$);'nes/


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igure ,%, &nput@:utput of a generating facility $;'s@ewsk' et. al.2010 ' 2 # 219/B

n th's )a#h - 's the )at'o o c$"$lat'(e total a;o(e the a's to total ;elow 't/ 3otethat ' t)ans"'ss'on an con(e)s'on losses a)e 'ncl$e 'n the sel%$se cateo)y the

#)e('o$s o;ect'on 's )e$nant/

=he #a#e) c)e'ta;ly also "akes )ee)ence to ete)nal't'es s$ch as en(')on"ental anh$"an costs wh'ch a)e ha) to >$ant'y 'n econo"'c o) ene)y te)"s ;$t oes not atte"#tto 'ncl$e these 'n the analys's/ =he a$tho)s also )aw attent'on to two #)'nc'#al"ethoolo'es o analys's, #)ocess analys's an 'n#$t%o$t#$t "etho, an also a hy;)'co";'nat'on o the two/ =he (al$es o) - $s'n the o)"e) a)e a;o$t o$;le those$s'n the latte) 24 (s/12B/ As 'n the econo"'c an 'nanc'al analys's the "ost c)'t'calacto) eect'n - 's the s$" o ene)y #)o$ce >$ant''e o) co"#a)'son as theca#ac'ty acto)/ =he #)'nc'#al 'n'n o the') analys's 's that - o) o#e)at'onal #lantst$'e 's a(e)ae 19/8 n%60 s/e(/ 1./7B/ owe(e) the') )a#h o s'@e co"#a)'sons 's

"$ch "o)e #e)t'nent to th's st$y


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igure ,%0 E+:E& in relation to po!er rating $;'s@ewsk' et. al.2010/'/. #224B


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igure ,% +otor si/e to E+:E& $;'s@ewsk' et. al.';'/ '/4 #224B

=h's 's cons'stent w'th e#ectat'on ;ase on known #hys'cal )elat'onsh'#s ;etween #owe)a(a'la;le an ;oth )oto) swe#t a)ea an )'s'n w'n s#ee at 'nc)eas'n he'ht a;o(e)o$n/ ?w'll'" 2009B owe(e) as a ;as's o) a #ol'cy a)$"ent 't 's challene ;y thew'e s#)eas 'n ata )o" act$al #)oects/ t 's to ;e ho#e ;ette) s't'n ec's'on tools e/co"#$te) "oell'nB w'll "ake an '"#act on th's o) c$))ent an $t$)e sche"es/

,%2 Are there any viable sites in erefordshire any!ay#

=he #hys'cal acto)s wh'ch ete)"'ne s$'ta;'l'ty o a s'te o) a #)oect a)e a(a'la;le w'n)eso$)ce, access to the s'te o) co"#onents nota;ly ;laesB an const)$ct'on e>$'#"entla)e c)anesB, an #)o'"'ty to )' connect'ons w'th s$'c'ent ca#ac'ty/ Acco)'n to onecons$ltant a s'te sea)ch o$n no s$'ta;le locat'ons 'n e)eo)sh')e eal 2009B 'n 2005w'th 'nae>$ate access )oas ;e'n the #)'nc'#al ;a))'e)/ =he act o the -ee(es 'lle(elo#"ent s$ests that o#'n'ons on any o these acto)s "ay (a)y, an that ('a;'l'ty"ay ;e (a)'a;le acco)'n to chanes 'n ete)nal acto)s, "ost nota;ly chanes 'n the &s$##o)t "echan's", ;$t also #oss';ly '"#)o(e"ent 'n t$);'ne o$t#$ts an s't'n ec's'ontools/

-ee))'n to igure ,%4th's "a# 's e)'(e )o" a (e)y co$)se )a'ne 1 k" s>$a)eB

co"#$te) "oel state to ;e 'n'cat'(e only -ens"a)tG3A+ ata;aseG2010;B/ Des#'teth's 't clea)ly shows #otent'al s'tes to e#lo)e w'th a #)e'cte a(e)ae w'n s#ee 'n the7"Gs )e'on cons'e)e "'n'"$" o) co""e)c'al #)oects/ owe(e) ;y the') (e)y nat$)e ash'he) alt't$e locat'ons the)e a)e ;o$n to ;e a n$";e) o content'ons an #)act'cal''c$lt'es a)'s'n )o" the') #)o#ose $t'l'sat'on o) *!S/

=he co$nty o e)eo)sh')e enoys the leacy o two h'sto)'cal eo)a#h'cal o)ces wh'ch"'t'ate aa'nst la)e) scale w'n ene)y #)oects/


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the so$th an west o the co$nty 's ('s';le )o" the )econ eacons 3at'onal Pa)k3PB w'th s'"'la) eo"o)#holoy/ -e"a'n'n h'h )o$n 's "a'nly "oe)n o)est)y#lantat'ons an $#lan )a@'n to the no)th an west, "'e a)"lan 'n the no)th east,se"' nat$)al anc'ent woolan east o the c'ty A3B, an "'e a)"lan to the so$th/Poss';le access )o$tes onto h'he) )o$n a)e l'kely to #)esent o;stacles to )oa"o(e"ent o la)e c)anes an t$);'ne co"#onents, as 's the case w'th the -ee(es 'll

#)oect, e"an'n cons'e)a;le c'('l wo)ks to h'hways #)'o) to t$);'ne 'nstallat'on/

igure ,%4 Wind map of erefordshire -ens"a)tG3A+ ata;aseG2010;

=he secon h'sto)'cal o)ce 's the settle"ent #atte)n/


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'st)';$te eence 'n e#th ao#te ;y the Saons to #)otect aa'nst 'nc$)s'ons )o" thewest the )es$lt'n #atte)n o well'n #laces 's one o w'e 's#e)sal/ t 's sa' that $nless'n the hea)t o a woo the)e 's nowhe)e 'n the co$nty )o" whe)e one cannot see awell'n/ $est'on that la)e) t$);'nes '(e ;ette) net a'ns igure,%0and Table ,%,=% t 's also clea) that la)e n$";e)s o s"all t$);'nes )e#lac'nthe o$t#$t o a s'nle la)e one 's se(e)ely challene ;y th's "eas$)e/

- '"#)o(es w'th s'@e "$ch "o)e >$'ckly at the s"all to "e'$" )ane/

nly a (e)y s"all n$";e) o #otent'al s'tes 'n the co$nty ha(e "oelle a(e)aew'ns#ees o 7"Gs at 10", they a)e all l'kely to ;e conteste locat'ons/

?)' ca#ac'ty "ay ;e l'"'te locally, ;$t th's "ay chane 'n the nea) te)" w'th )'"oe)n'sat'on/



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0 1iscussion

0%$ =h's cha#te) e#lo)es the s$)(ey )es$lts an the o$tco"es o econo"'c an ene)yassess"ents 'n the contet o ;oth co$nty an w'e) ene)y #ol'cy e;ates/ t ;e'ns w'ththe techn'cal "atte)s an 'ts these 'nto the o)''nal >$est'on an o#t'ons a(a'la;le to theco$nty #o#$lat'on/ =he s$)(ey )es$lts a)e then cons'e)e 'n the l'ht o th's analys's, an

#oss';le #ol'cy conse>$ences e#lo)e/

0%' &mplications of the E+:E& and +:CE analysis for meeting local needs%

$' $els 'n t)ans#o)t an a)'c$lt$)e 's not 'ncl$e, no) 'sas o) sol' heat'n $els/ !lea)ly th's shows the a;s$)'ty o cons'e)'n ene)y #ol'cy ons$ch a l'"'te local ;as's that the co$nty al)eay 's#laces any soc'al an en(')on"entalcosts o 'tCs ene)y s$##ly to othe) a)eas an that o) the co$nty to a)ess e(en the"oest 20J ta)et ;y local #)oects wo$l a##ea) to )e>$')e all the 'ent''e s$'ta;lelocat'ons )ea)less o content'ons igure ,%4 *'n Ma# an co""ents to 'tB

(en on a local le(el howe(e) so"e cont)asts can ;e seen ;etween the o#t'ons a(a'la;leto the )$)al #)o#e)ty owne) a;le to 'nance a s"all *!S an #)o't )o"


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soc'al o) #)'(ate tenant hooke onto the )' s$##ly/ &nless a #ol'cy a)esses the neeso the latte) 't "$st ;e )ea)e as $ns$sta'na;le 'n soc'al $st'ce te)"s !ha";e)s et. al.2000B S'"'la)ly, the ene)y nees o the co$nty $);an #oo) cannot ;e "et at the e#enseo en(')on"ental an soc'al e)aat'on elsewhe)e wh'lst cla'"'n to ;e s$sta'na;le/Clsewhe)eC 'n th's contet 'ncl$es the $t$)e ll'ch 1974, Meaows et. al.2005B/ =hese;as'c calc$lat'ons challene the $ne)ly'n s$##ly s'e ass$"#t'on that elect)'c'ty

#)o$ct'on an $se can, w'll, o) sho$l cont'n$e at c$))ent le(els/ ll'ch o#/ c't/B=he)e a)eothe) #otent'ally s$sta'na;le ene)y o#t'ons #e)t'nent to the co$nty, nota;ly ;'o"ass, anthe #oss';'l'ty to e#loy 't 'n a o'ne $# way th)o$h co""$n'ty co";'ne heat an #owe)#lant 'n the ensely e(elo#e a)eas/ Ao#t'on o s$ch techn'>$es wo$l 'ne('ta;ly )es$lt'n s'n''cant lan $se chanes, es#ec'ally 'n a)eas "a)'nal o) "oe)n a)'c$lt$)e/ =h'swo$l ha(e '"#acts 'n the ('s$al lansca#e, as well as on w'll'e so"e o wh'ch "ay well;e ;ene'c'al ADASG!A+& 2008BB/ 3o s'nle technoloy 's '""$ne )o" content'on/

=he ata 'n Table 0%' e"onst)ate that ' ene)y #)o$ct'on at lowest cash an ene)ycost 's the onlycons'e)at'on, then e)eo)sh')eCs ew h'llto# s'tes w'th h'he) a(e)aew'ns#ees o$ht to ;e e(elo#e w'th la)e t$);'nes at o#t'"$" ens'ty, to ;e ec'e

;y s'te s#ec''c "on'to)'n an "oell'n to ach'e(e ;est #oss';le !a#ac'ty $')e an -/ =he shee) n$";e)sneee wo$l o(e)co"e the only a(antae s$ch sche"es wo$l oe), the s$##ose lacko content'on 'n the #lann'n #)ocess P)o(en 2010B/ De#loy"ent o s"all t$);'nes 'n$);an a)eas 's challene ;y the nee to a(o' t$);$lent w'n a)eas, the w'e )ane oo$t#$ts an !< 'n igure ,%$an Table ,%$o) s"all "ach'nes e"onst)ates the')($lne)a;'l'ty to #oo) s't'n ec's'ons -hoes 2008B/ S$ch ec's'ons cont'n$e to ;e "ae;y e(elo#e)s o) who" ene)y an cash )et$)ns a)e not the #)'"a)y conce)n, s$ch as a

#)oect at the new M'nste) !ollee 'n +eo"'nste) igure 0%'B



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igure 0%$ Green -ar6 +eading ' (W turbine

Any S"'th co#y)'ht/ ?oole "ae +'cense $ne) !)eat'(e !o""ons +'censeB

igure 0%' ertical A;is WECS at (inster College%

Photo)a#h P/+'nnell 2010B



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=hat the selle)s F$'et)e(ol$t'on 2009B cla'" th's t$);'ne 's s$'te to ;$'lt en(')on"entlocat'ons oes not "ake 't '""$ne )o" #e)o)"ance losses )o" t$);$lent w'n low, o)$st'y 'tCs locat'on so close to @ones o t$);$lence a)o$n (e)t'ces o the aacent ;$'l'n/t )e"a'ns to ;e seen how 't #e)o)"s/

=he #otent'al o s't'n "e'$" scale t$);'nes, )ate #owe) 400 to 500 k* on a "ast

he'ht o a;o$t 40"B 'n $);an anGo) 'n$st)'al lan 's ha) to assess as no s#ec''cea"#les co$l ;e o$n/ S't'n ec's'ons wo$l e"an ca)e$l "oell'n to a(o' @oneso t$);$lence, an ste#s taken to #)e(ent enc)oach"ent ;y s$))o$n'n e(elo#"ent o)the l'e o the #)oect ;oth challen'n/ =he only #la$s';le )easons o) e(elo#'n s$cht$);'nes a)e to take a(antae o the -! s#'ke at the 500k* ca#ac'ty $al''e s$##o)t s$este ;y ell an othe)s ell et. al.2005B/ y)eect'n the #)o#osal that these QturbinesR should be allowed anywhere they will work,an also )eect'n the #)o#osal that Herefordshire should not allow these anywhere in thecountythe )es#onents ha(e lo'cally a)ee that the)e must;e locat'ons 'n the co$ntywhe)e they couldo/ =h's then leas to the "o)e conteste "atte) o where, $ne) whatconditionsan who decides/ y co%locat'n the ;o$na)y o the a)ena o) 'sc$ss'on w'ththe a"'l'a) a"'n'st)at'(e co$nty, #)o'"'ty eects "ay ;e ass$"e to ;e #)esent/


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#ens'one)s e#enant on y'els )o" 'n(est"ents as ann$'ty o) ')ect sha)ehol'ns the)e"ay ;e l'ttle cho'ce 'n the "anne) 'n wh'ch the') ca#'tal 's $se 'n a lo;al "a)ket, ;$t th's's no ec$se to not 'n o$t an a)ess the eth'cal 'ss$es th's "ay )a'se Moll'son 1990Bt 's not eno$h to sho# at the


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e(elo#"ent #)ocesses / alle, ne)y4All, #e)sonal co""$n'cat'on May 2010B/ t)e"a'ns to ;e seen how )ele(ant s$ch o;ect'ons a)e 'n $);an an se"'%$);an locat'onswhe)e no'se le(els "ay ;e e#ecte to ;e h'he)/

A)$"ents ;ase on 3MY att)';$tes, s$ch as th)eat o all'n #)o#e)ty (al$es, a)e"ent'one w'tho$t ;e'n e"#has'se/ t "$st ;e note that these a)$"ents a)e not l'kely

to ;e )ele(ant to #ens'one)s 'n c'ty soc'al ho$s'n/ $'ty ans$sta'na;'l'ty the &n'te 3at'ons n(')on"ent P)o)a""e l'sts '(e co"#onents o#a)t'c'#at'on

9. -dentification of the groups/ individuals interested in or affected by the proposeddevelopment%;. Crovision of accurate, understandable, pertinent and timely information%. Dialogue between those responsible for the decisions and those affected bythem%>. Assimilation of what 'the public' say in the decision% and&.3eedback about actions taken and how the public influenced the decision.

!la)k 1994 >$ote ;y ?lasson et. al.2005 # 159B

F$'te a#a)t )o" "ethoolo'cal ''c$lt'es 'n 'ent'y'n stakehole)s at all, th's whole#)ocess a##ea)s )o$ne 'n the a;e)"as'an consens$al "oel o c'('l soc'ety 'n wh'chcontene "atte)s a)e )esol(e th)o$h an e('ence ;ase 'alo$e Ste(enson 2009,


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Table 0%) (ethods of public participation and their effectiveness

(ethod &nform &nclusivenessof interests

' !aycommunication

&mpactdecisionma6ing

#lanato)y "eet'n,

#)esentat'on

K V V

S"all )o$##)esentat'on

K K K V

P$;l'c eh';'tG"oels K 7 7 7

P)ess )elease, lealnot'ce

V 7 7 7

*)'tten co""ent 7 V V V

Poll V 7 K K

$')y K V V K@7

+'t'at'on V 7 V K@7

De"onst)at'onG-'ot 7 7 V K@7


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subective or aesthetic reactions to large turbines in the landscape. At the heart ofthe debate is the uestion of meaningful choice over alternative developmentpathways, as well as lucidity over their conseuences.1

0%* &nverting the argument something that could en>oy support%#

+ook'n at th's tool ;o aa'n )o" the ('ew o a co""$n'ty 'tsel ;e'n the e(elo#e), ans$##os'n that o##os't'on co"es )o" a co";'nat'on o a s"all h'h #owe)e )o$# w'th'n igure *%$$an*%$'B an s'"'la)ly eect'(e o$ts'e) stakehole)s as has ;een the case'n -ee(es 'll an othe) conteste s'tes 'n the & to ate, 't st'll a'ls to oe) anyth'nshown to ;e ent')ely eect'(e 'n )esol('n #)e'cta;le content'ons/ t oes howe(e)s$est "ethos ;y wh'ch la)e) n$";e)s o owne)G#a)t'c'#ants can ;e o$n w'th'n theco""$n'ty/ *h'lst o(e)all )et$)ns )o" the s$)(ey 'n'cate ;oth ae an soc'o%econo"'c)o$# a)e 'n'cato) (a)'a;les o) l'kely o##os't'on, the e"o)a#h'c nets show st)onests$##o)te)s also 'ncl$e #eo#le 'n the "ost a(antae )o$#s, ;$t 'n the yo$ne) ae;ans igure *%$'B/ t "$st ;e )o" th's )o$# that o)an'sat'on an e(elo#"ent oco""$n'ty owne w'n #)oects 's "ost eas'ly, ;$t not necessa)'ly ecl$s'(ely, ena;le/

=he s$)(ey 'ncl$e ;as'c, e#lo)ato)y >$est'ons on owne)sh'# an 'n(est"ent wh'chy'ele )es$lts show'n a s"all 'nc)ease o s$##o)t o) locally owne #)oects/ =he)e 's ast)on co))elat'on igure *%B ;etween #os't'(e )es#onses to th's an yes )es#onse tothe 'n(est"ent >$est'on/ Table *%4s$ests that #otent'al 'n(esto)s 'n the co$nty n$";e)'n the tho$sans ;$t "$ch "o)e eta'le wo)k 's )e>$')e to esta;l'sh l'kely n$";e)s an#oss';le a"o$nt o total 'n(est"ent/ Pe)ha#s the )eatest challene )a'se ;y these>$est'ons 's h'nte at ;y 'no)"al >$al'tat'(e )es#onses )o" 'nte)('ew s$;ects, ene)allylack'n awa)eness o co""$n'ty owne)sh'# "oels , alon w'th conce)n that th's could"ean 'n(ol(e"ent o the local a$tho)'ty/ =h's 's 'n'cat'(e o a sk'lls e'c't 'n e(elo#'nco""$n'ta)'an sol$t'ons to 'n)ast)$ct$)e #)o;le"s, also o$n 'n othe) )enewa;le ene)y#)oects +'nnell 2009B 'n cont)ast to the e#e)'ence o ?e)"any an Den"a)kAte);osch et. al.2004B/ $t e#e)'ence elsewhe)e 'n the & '(es ho#e that locallyowne "e'$" an la)e scale w'n ene)y #)oects a)e ach'e(a;le/ *a))en E Mc


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2%0 =he "ost l'kely so$)ce o o##os't'on to w'n #)oects a)e ole) well o #eo#le igure*%$3B/ nly a "o)e eta'le st$y wo$l )e(eal ' these a)e nat'(es o) #a)(en$s "ak'nth's a s'n''cantly 'e)ent )es$lt )o" #)e('o$s st$'es elsewhe)e c Table $%$B ;$t theya)e l'kely to ;e ;est e>$'##e to )a'se o##os't'on to any #)oect not to the') l'k'n (an e)o)st E =oke 2010B/ ##onents to w'n a)" #)oects ac)oss the & sha)e a co""on seto conce#ts an "ate)'als wh'ch ha(e ;een e#loye locally aa'nst the -ee(es ll

e(elo#"ent !o$nt)y ?$a)'an 2010 an $k#lann'n/co" 2010B, the)e 's e(e)y )eason tos$##ose that any new la)e scale sche"e wo$l ;e s'"'la)ly contene/ y e(e)y'n'cato) o l'kely #lann'n 's#$te, e)eo)sh')e 's a h'h sco)'n co$nty (an e) o)st E=oke 2010B/

2%2 n the last ecae the)e ha(e ;een a n$";e) o o(e)n"ent 'n't'at'(es 'ntene tos$##o)t an enco$)ae co""$n't'es to set $# the') own local )enewa;le ene)y sche"es*alke) et. al.2007B/ =he a'l$)e o these sche"es to el'(e) w'es#)ea s'n''cant )es$ltson the )o$n e"ans $)the) st$y/ A ')st ;l$sh ea"'nat'on o !lea) Sk'es an +ow!a);on $'l'ns sche"es shows the" "ass'(ely o(e) s$;sc)';e an #lac'n h'he"ans on a##l'cants not enco$)a'n to new co""$n'ty )o$#s/ =he )eatest ;a))'e) to

co""$n'ty *!S #)oects a##ea)s to ;e lack o co""$n'ty ca#ac'ty to act toethe)/ nth's new ae o #ol't'cs w'th 'tCs lan$ae o ' Soc'ety an local sol$t'ons #e)ha#s thet'"e 's now co"e to 'n't'ate "o)e ca#ac'ty ;$'l'n o) #)oect e(elo#"ent at ('llae anestate le(el/

2% =hat the st)onest s$##o)te)s o "e'$" scale *!S 'n the co$nty 'ncl$e .0 to 50yea) ols 'n the "ost a(antae )o$#s igure *%$$B an that the)e "ay well ;etho$sans )eay to 'n(est Table *%4B a)e ;oth st)only s$est'(e that ;oth the 'n'('$alsk'lls an ae>$ate see "oney e'st locally to ;e'n #)oects at the "e'$" scale, ' notla)e)/ =hey $st nee o'n'n $#/

2%4$enceso a h'hly "ate)'al'se technolo'cal econo"y ;$t 't 's also a a(o$)a;le locat'on o)those atte"#t'n to c)eate en$'nely s$sta'na;le an e>$'ta;le ways o l'e th)o$h new'ntent'onal co""$n't'es an low '"#act e(elo#"ents/ t )e"a'ns to ;e seen how a) e'the)o these coho)ts a)e w'll'n o) a;le to s$##o)t #)oects wh'ch "eet ;as'c nees o the lesso)t$nate, not only 'n "ao) $);an a)eas, ;$t 'n the hea)t o the co$nty 'tsel/

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Are Smaller Turbines the Way Forward for Wind Energy in Herefordshire

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