Are Net Zero Buildings too Expensive? · 2016-10-19 · 10/19/2016 1...

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"Cropped Earth with Sunburst" by NASA

Are Net Zero Buildings too Expensive?

Getting to Zero National ForumOctober 12-14, 2016

Bill Maclay, AIA, LEED AP, Principal Maclay Architects

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1970

1971

Baer Zomeworks

200019901980 2010

Solar experimentation

Energy Conservation

IAQ Healthy Bldg

Microload NZ Bldg NZ Communities + Planet

2014

Maclay Architects’ Path to Net Zero

Maclay Architects –Net Zero Focus

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EUI 19

Maclay Architects’ Net Zero and Net Zero Ready Projects

EUI 18

EUI 9

EUI 33 EUI 19

EUI 77 *Dining Hall with process loads

EUI 16

EUI 17

EUI 18

EUI 17

EUI 7EUI 10

The Putney School Field House

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The Putney School Field HouseBUILDING TYPE: Net-zero wellness centerSCOPE: New BuildingPROCESS: Community Design

PROJECT SIZE: Phase 17,500 sfPROJECT COST: $4,200,000COST/SQFT: $241/sf

ENERGY INTENSITY (without renewables): 9.6 kbtu/sfENERGY INTENSITY (with renewables): 0 kbtu/sfPERCENT RENEWABLE: 100%AIR INFILTRATION: 0.065 cfm/sfLEED RATING: LEED-NB Platinum anticipated

•Choices in Sustainability•New Financial Paradigm

• Net Zero since 2011





• Net Zero since 2011• Financial paradigm shift

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• Net Zero since 2011• Financial paradigm shift• Net Zero Design Strategy






• SF: 16,800

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• SF: 16,800• EUI: 9 kBtu/sf-yr (actual)






• SF: 16,800• EUI: 9 kBtu/sf-yr (actual)• EUI with renewables: 0 kBtu/sf-yr

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Building Performance Options

Energy Options

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Integrated Design

- =

Net Zero Strategy

RENEWABLESMINIMIZE ENERGY LOADS - =NETZERO

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NO RENEWABLES

- =

NET ZERO

READY- =

What Is Net Zero Ready?

MINIMIZED ENERGY LOADS

Public Domain

Fuel Mileage for Buildings?

Energy Use Intensity (EUI)Photo by ReinraumPhoto by Bull-Doser / public domain

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10-25 EUI kBTU/sf*without process loads

Net Zero Building Metrics

PERFORMANCE METRICS PRESCRIPTIVE METRICS

Maximum 0.1 cfm/sf above grade surface area@ 50 Pascals

© Maclay Architects

US Climate Zones

Optimum Prescriptive measures will vary in zones 1-4

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Energy Use Intensity(EUI)

Conservation High-EfficientSystems

Renewables+ +

Heat Pumps(COP 2.3-3.0)

Usually Photovoltaics(sized for annual load)


Key Elements


• $5-$20/sf Capital Cost

Best Investment Today

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• $5-$20/sf Capital Cost• 3-10% of Construction Cost


• $5-$20/sf Capital Cost• 3-10% of Construction Cost• Solar Financing


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• Envelope + ROI



• Envelope + ROI• Heat Pumps + ROI

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• Envelope + ROI• Heat Pumps + ROI• Renewables + ROI

Financial Analysis Methodology

INPUTS• Energy Consumption

• Increased Capital Costs for Efficiency

• Capital Cost for PV

• Financing Assumptions

OUTCOMES• Capital and operating

costs

• Cash Flow

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Single Family Home

• 1,600 sf• $16/sf Additional construction costs• $14/sf additional solar costs

Financial Analysis – Energy Consumption

INPUTS: Energy Model

Energy Usage, kWh/yr

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Financial Analysis–Increased Net Zero Ready Cost

INPUTS• Capital costs

for Net Zero over Code




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Financial Analysis – Financial Assumptions

INPUTS

• Interest Rate• Loan Duration• Fuel Escalation Rate

Image: Vermont Fuel Price 2003-2014

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Solar Costs

Additional Building Costs

New Single Family

Single Family 30-year Costs

CODE NET ZERO

Interest Costs

New Single Family


CODE NET ZERO

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Energy Costs

New Single Family


CODE NET ZERO

New Single Family


CODE NET ZERO

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$72,000 savings w/ Federal Tax

Credit

New Single Family


CODE NET ZERO

30-Year Cash Flow

Cumulative Savings

CUMULATIVE SAVINGS OFNET ZERO ABOVE CODE

• 30-Year savings

$60,000

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Cumulative Savings

CUMULATIVE SAVINGS OFNET ZERO ABOVE CODE

30-Year Cash Flow

• Savings after 30 years

PLUS FREE SOLAR$60,000

Bennington Courthouse and State Office Building

• 65,000 SF Renovation/Addition

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• 65,000 SF Renovation/Addition • $6 / sf additional cost


• 65,000 SF Renovation/Addition • $6 / sf additional cost • 3% additional construction cost

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EUI – Comparison and Metrics

TypicalExisting Office

Existing Facility

Code Compliant

Net Zero Ready

(actual)

92 113 39 26

Energy Use Intensity Comparison (kBtu/sf-yr)

EUI – Comparison and Metrics

TypicalExisting Office

Existing Facility

Code Compliant

Net Zero Ready

(actual)

92 113 39 26

Energy Use Intensity Comparison (kBtu/sf-yr)

Percent Improvement for Net Zero Ready

254% 335% 50% 0%

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Cost estimate- Total Additional Capital Cost

$372,000

$6,182,000

$2,891,000

$1,766,000

$0

$1,000,000

$2,000,000

$3,000,000

$4,000,000

$5,000,000

$6,000,000

20 ‐Year Present Value of Operating and Additional Capital Costs for Energy Improvements

Additional Construction Cost NPV of Operating Costs

Existing Building NetZero ReadyCode Compliant


Financial Analysis

20-year Present Value

$750,000Savings

$4 MillionSavings

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Cumulative Savings of Net Zero Ready vs Code


ROI =13%

Savings = $750,000

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photo by Carolyn Bates www.carolynbates.com

Renewable NRG SystemsModel Renewable Office and Manufacturing Facility



• SF: 77,000 sf

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• SF: 77,000 sf• EUI: 18 kBtu/sf/yr (actual)



• SF: 77,000 sf• EUI: 18 kBtu/sf/yr (actual)• EUI w/ Renewables: 11 kBtu/sf-yr

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300,000 SF Mixed Use Masterplan

Net Zero Energy Feasibility Study

In partnership with

Energy Balance, Inc.

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Net Zero Masterplan

2.3 MW of PV to be NZ• Rooftops and

carports maximized• + 3 acres of ground

mounted

Community Residential 30-Year Costs

• NZ cumulative savings of $3.8 million including PV tax credits

With 30% Federal Tax Credit for PV

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Community Commercial 20-Year CostsOffice and Manufacturing

• NZ with the federal tax credit saves $4.8 million over 20 years

With 30% Federal Tax Credit for PV

FinanceInterest

FinanceInterest

OperatingCosts

PV Costs

So why isn’t everyone doing this?

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Paradigm Shift Payback v. Cash Flow

CashFlow

Payback

Achievable

photo by Jim Westphalen

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Affordable


Photo by Robert Benson

Beautiful

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The time is NOW

Thank youBill Maclay, AIA, LEED AP, Author, Principal Maclay Architects

[email protected]

Are Net Zero Buildings too Expensive? · 2016-10-19 · 10/19/2016 1...

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