ARE 309 - Chapter 4 Clean Air Act - Part 1 · Chapter 4 – Part 1- Page 6 ARE 309 - Chapter 4...
Transcript of ARE 309 - Chapter 4 Clean Air Act - Part 1 · Chapter 4 – Part 1- Page 6 ARE 309 - Chapter 4...
Chapter 4 – Part 1- Page 1
ARE 309 - Chapter 4Clean Air Act - Part 1
© 2003 J.M. Kuszaj
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Chapter 4The Clean Air Act (CAA)
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Part 1:Air Pollutants & Sources
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What You Should Know
● Two basic physical forms of air pollution
● Two major sources of air pollution● What is a primary/secondary air
pollutant● Criteria pollutants
– Descriptions and major sources
● Non-criteria air problems
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Two Basic Physical Forms of Air Pollution● Particles
– Small, discrete masses of solid or liquid matter– Examples: Dust, smoke, mists and fly ash
● Gases– Widely separated molecules in rapid motion– Examples: Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide
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Primary & Secondary Pollutants● Primary Pollutants
– Emitted into the atmosphere directly from identifiable sources
– Found in the atmosphere in the same chemical form as when emitted from the source
● Secondary Pollutants– Undergo chemical changes in the atmosphere as a
result of reactions among two or more pollutants
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Primary PollutantExample● Carbon Monoxide (CO)
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Secondary PollutantExample● In the presence of sunlight● Oxygen (O2) reacts with ● Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and ● Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)● To produce ozone (O3)
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Air Pollution Source Categories
● Stationary or Mobile
● Combustion or Non-Combustion
● Point or Area
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Stationary or Mobile
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Combustion or Non-Combustion
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Point or Area
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Five Emission Generation Categories● Transportation● Stationary Source Fuel Combustion● Industrial Processes● Solid Waste Disposal● Miscellaneous
– Forest Fires, Fugitive Dust
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Not So Obvious Air Pollution Sources
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Air Pollutant
Ammonia Emission From Hog Farms
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The Major Air PollutantsCriteria Pollutants
● Sulfur Dioxides (SO2)● Particulate Matter (PM10)● Carbon Monoxide (CO)● Ozone (O3)● Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)● Lead (Pb)
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Why “Criteria” Pollutants ?
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Criteria Pollutants
Pollutant Form Type Sulfur dioxide gaseous Primary
Particulate matter particulate Primary
Carbon monoxide gaseous Primary
Ozone gaseous Secondary
Nitrogen oxides gaseous Primary
Lead particulate Primary
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Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
● Colorless● Highly corrosive gas● Formed when fuels containing sulfur
are burned– Coal– Oil
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Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
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Particulate Matter
● Microscopic Airborne Soots ● Size Matters
– Total Suspended Particulate > 50 micrometers
– PM-10 - Coarse particles < 10 micrometers– PM-2.5 - Fine particles < 2.5 micrometers
● Heath Effects– TSP (settles out of air)– PM-10 & PM-2.5 (inhalable)
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Particulate Matter
● Microscopic Airborne Soots ● Size Matters
– Total Suspended Particulate > 50 micrometers
– PM-10 - Coarse particles < 10 micrometers– PM-2.5 - Fine particles < 2.5 micrometers
● Heath Effects– TSP (settles out of air)– PM-10 & PM-2.5 (inhalable)
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Particulate Matter - Sources
● Coarse -- Unpaved roads, materials handling, and crushing and grinding operations, as well as windblown dust.
● Fine particles -- Fuel combustion
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Particulate Matter (PM-10)
● Visible smoke from leaf and trash fires is made up almost entirely of particulate matter
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)
● Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas● Formation:
– Formed when carbon in fuel is not burned completely
● Sources– Motor Vehicles - 60%– Natural Sources - 40 %
» Wild fires
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Ozone (O3)
● Primary ingredient of smog● Formation:
– Secondary pollutant formed by the reaction of NOx and VOC’s in heat & sunlight
● Sources:– Nitrogen oxides from motor vehicles, power plants, and
other sources of combustion– VOCs from a variety of sources, including motor vehicles,
chemical plants, refineries, factories, consumer and commercial products, and other industrial sources
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Ozone (O3)
● Good and Bad Ozone
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Volatile Organic Compounds(VOC)
● Defined:– Substances containing carbon and different
proportions of other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, sulfur, or nitrogen; these substances easily become vapors or gases
● Sources:– Paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood
preservatives; aerosol sprays;
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Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
● Two gases– Nitric Oxide (NO)– Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
● Sources– Natural Sources (50%)– Man-Made Sources: High-temperature combustion
processes, such as those occurring in automobiles and power plants
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Lead (Pb)
● Gray metal
● Formation:– Naturally occurring material
● Sources:– Burning leaded gasoline– Paints and leaded pipes
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Category: Criteria Pollutants
The Answer Is:
Very small pieces of liquid or solid matter
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Category: Criteria PollutantsThe Answer Is:
Secondary pollutant that forms when hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides react in the presence of heat and sunlight.
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Category: Criteria PollutantsThe Answer Is:
Grey metal: gasoline and paint formerly contained this material.
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Category: Criteria PollutantsThe Answer Is:
Colorless, odorless and tasteless gas: One major source is the automobile engine
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Category: Criteria PollutantsThe Answer Is:
Colorless gas. One major source is the fossil-fuel combustion. The “pass-through” pollutant”
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Category: Criteria PollutantsThe Answer Is:
Two harmful gases of nitrogen. About 50% comes from natural sources. Of human sources, motor vehicles are the largest source.
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How Are We Doing on Controlling Criteria Pollutants
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Chapter 4 – Part 1- Page 8
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Generic Air Quality Problems
● Acid Rain
● Greenhouse Gases
● Ozone Depletion
● Regional Haze
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Acid Rain
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Acid Rain
Criteria Pollutants
NOx
SO2
Nitric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Sunlight
Water Vapor
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Acid Rain
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How Do We Measure Acid Rain?
The pH scale measures acidity
pH = 5.6
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Controlling Acid Rain
● Control the sources
● SO2 sources ?
● NOx sources ?
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Greenhouse Effect
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Greenhouse Effect
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Greenhouse Gases(Both natural & man-made)
● Carbon dioxide (CO2)
● Methane
● Nitrous oxide (N2O)
● Halocarbons
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Generating Greenhouse Gases
● Using energy from fossil fuels
● Vegetation cover
● Farming
● Breakdown of wastes
● Industrial processes
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Greenhouse Effect
● Good ?
● Bad ?
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Greenhouse Effect
● There is a greenhouse effect, but, if there were not, we would all be dead!
● Global Warming is different
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Global Warming
● Global warming is the name given to an expected increase in the magnitude of the greenhouse effect, whereby the surface of the Earth will almost inevitably become hotter than it is now
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Greenhouse Gases
● Criteria Pollutants ?
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Regional Haze
Great Smoky Mountains
Clear
Hazy
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What Is Haze
● When sunlight encounters tiny particles in the air
● Some light is absorbed, some is scattered
● Amount of light reaching viewer is reduced
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Haze Pollutants
● Particulate matter
● SO2 forming Sulfates
● Sulfates absorb more light
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Regional Haze - Pollutants
SO2
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Controlling Regional Haze
● Control the source
● SO2 sources
● Particulate sources
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Ozone Depletion Process
● CFC Released● CFC rise into ozone layer● UV releases chlorine from CFC● Chlorine destroys ozone● Depleted ozone allows more UV● More UV = more skin cancer
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CFC
● Chloroflurocarbons– Chlorine– Fluorine– Carbon
● Commonly used as:– refrigerants– solvents, – foam blowing agents
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Controlling Ozone Depletion
● Control the production of
● Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)– CFCs– Halon– Methyl chloroform