Arctic Troposphere Transport and Air Quality Theme
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Arctic Troposphere Transport
and Air Quality Theme
Jim SloanUniversity of Waterloo
CANDAC WorkshopToronto 24 October 2007
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Arctic Troposphere Transport and Air Quality
Participants: CANDAC: A. Manson, B. McArthur, N. O’Neill, J. Sloan, K. Strong Collaborators: J. McConnell, T. Uttal
Scientific Interests (focus on aerosols)
Arctic Pollutants and deposition. Arctic Haze Chemical Contaminants
– Persistent Organic Pollutants, heavy metals, etc. Polar sunrise chemistry
Meteorology and modelling Transport and chemistry of PM
– Source identification
– Size distributions, compositions, etc.
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ATTAQ at PEARL
Current activities: In situ PM monitoring by Aerosol Mass Spectrometer
Size distributions: 0 to ~700 nm Chemical composition
Sun, star photometers Aerosol Optical Depth measurements
Wish list: Addition of conventional aerosol measurements
Size distribution: SMPS Total local aerosol loading (CPC/TEOM… ?)
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Primary Arctic Pollutants
Found in surface snowpack measurementsTransported from lower latitudes and
deposited to surface – no local sources
POPsHg and
heavy metals
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Secondary Pollutants
Found in lower troposphereAtmospheric reactions at source or in transit
Arctic Haze, Barrow
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Transport & General Circulation
(long term transport)
Westerlies transport mid-latitude air towards poles
Polar front dynamics and polar cells contribute
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Mechanisms for Arctic Transport
AMAP 2002
“Grasshopper” mechanism(Semi-volatile gas phase)
High latitude averaged transport
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Transport of Anthropogenic Pollutants
Anthropogenic contaminants atmospherically transported thousands of kilometres from mid- and low-latitude sources to the Arctic troposphere SOx, heavy metals, POPs
Sulphur aerosols, cause acid rain; climate change
Heavy metals and POPs are biomagnified, causing Arctic predators such as seals, cetacea, and polar bears to have high levels of contamination,, affecting the health of Northern indigenous communities
Bard, S. M., “Global transport of anthropogenic contaminants and the consequences for the Arctic marine ecosystem”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38, 356-379, 1999.
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Ozone transport into the Arctic
Jan W. Bottenheim and Elton Chan “A trajectory study into the origin of spring time Arctic boundary layer ozone depletion” JGR (D111), D19301, doi:10.1029/2006JD007055, 2006
Trajectory study of ozone transport after polar sunrise surface depletions. April 1992–2000. The maps link specific regions in the Arctic with the observed O3 mole fractions (nmol mol-1) at Alert. The colours show the calculated average mole fractions in air that traversed the area. Contour lines indicate the average travel distance in days to the measurement location.
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Transport from European Sources
CTM study of export pathways of pollution from Europe from 1987 to 1997 Winter pathways are advection to the (1) middle/high
latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean, (2) Russia and the Russian Arctic,
Summer export occurs by both advection and convection; advection predominantly to Russia
Two major regions of convection in summer that loft European pollution into the free troposphere, one centered over Germany and the other over the Ural Mountains in Russia.
Duncan, B. N. and I. Bey, A modeling study of the export pathways of pollution from Europe: Seasonal and interannual variations (1987-1997), Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 109, 2004..
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Identification of source regions
(Flexpart footprints for BC sources)
Importance of different locations as sources for anthropogenic BC that appears at latitudes north of 70o
(= time spent in a specific location x emission at that location)Integrated for 30 days
A . Stohl, “Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Arctic troposphere” JGR (D) 111, D11306, doi:10.1029/2005JD006888, (2006)
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Cross-Tropopause Transport
Lagrangian analyses of upward troposphere to stratosphere exchange (TSE) and downward stratosphere to troposphere exchange (STE) in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere from May 1995 to April 1996 Chemical implications of extratropical cross-tropopause
transport The meridional distribution of the net flux is upward in
subtropics, downward in mid-latitudes and weakly upward in the Arctic region.
The localized source regions for deep TSE indicate that pollutants emitted in eastern North America and Asia have an enhanced potential for being rapidly transported into the lowermost stratosphere
Wernli, H. and M. Bourqui, A Lagrangian "1-year climatology'' of (deep) cross-tropopause exchange in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 107, 2002.
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Dynamics and transportNAO and transport from Europe.
(a) Residual NO2 columns [1014 molecules cm−2] retrieved from GOME satellite observations for (NAO+ - NAO−) composites during (1996–2002) winters.(b) Simulated NO2 columns [mg m-2] for a European emission tracer with a 1-day lifetime.White lines: correlation coefficients with the NAO index.
S. Eckhardt, et al., “The North Atlantic Oscillation controls air pollution transport to the Arctic” Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1769-1778, 2003.
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AMS Report
Arrival August 2006
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AMS at PEARL
Instrument location
Inlet and calibration system
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Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Components
1ATM
1Torr
10-8 Torr
10-7 Torr
10-5 Torr
~10-3 Torr
QMS
Ionizer
Aerodynamic Lens TOF Chopper
Heater
Inlet
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CFD to design sampling from cold source
e.g. -40C to 20 C
Cylindrically-symmetric heater gives turbulence due to differential expansion
Localized heating gives recirculation
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Installation of External Inlet
The worker The supervisors
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Survival of External Inlet
After Installation (2006) At Polar Sunrise (2007)
Survived the winter but modifications are needed to provide better temperature control
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Example Results: Four 1-Week Time Series
Measurements of Sulfate & Organics29 Aug – 5 Sept
5 – 12 Sept.
Sulfate
Organic
13 – 20 Sept.6 – 13 Oct.
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Aerodynamic Radii
Only small particles are observed
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
Ma
ss C
on
ce
ntr
atio
n (
µg
m-3)
8/11/2006 8/21/2006 8/31/2006 9/10/2006 9/20/2006Date and Time
Water Ammonium Nitrate Sulphate Chloride Organics
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
Ma
ss C
on
ce
ntr
atio
n (
µg
m-3)
8/11/2006 8/21/2006 8/31/2006 9/10/2006 9/20/2006Date and Time
Water Ammonium Nitrate Sulphate Chloride Organics
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
Ma
ss C
on
ce
ntr
atio
n (
µg
m-3)
8/11/2006 8/21/2006 8/31/2006 9/10/2006 9/20/2006Date and Time
Water Ammonium Nitrate Sulphate Chloride Organics
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
dM/d
log
Dva
(µg
m-3
)
102 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1002 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10002
Vacuum Aerodynamic Diameter (nm)
Water Ammonium Nitrate Sulphate Chloride Organics
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
dM/d
log
Dva
(µg
m-3
)
102 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1002 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10002
Vacuum Aerodynamic Diameter (nm)
Water Ammonium Nitrate Sulphate Chloride Organics
Approx. lens transmission limit
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AOD Measurements with Sun Photometers
In operation at 0PAL and PEARL
0PAL – CIMEL 327 PEARL – CIMEL 401
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Early AOD Results2 April 2007: 0PAL – Fine and coarse; PEARL mostly
fine
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June 29
fine mode
smokecloud
Resolute Bay optical depths, June 29
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0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
180.5 180.6 180.7 180.8 180.9 181 181.1 181.2 181.3 181.4 181.5 181.6 181.7 181.8 181.9 182 182.1 182.2 182.3
fine mode OD coarse mode OD total ODPEARL optical depths
Cloud &
smoke
smoke
Smoke
layercloud
June 29, 30