Archives AUG 16 1976

URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:

by

Jose Enrique Robledo

B. Arch., Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia

1970

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

Master of Architecture in Advanced Studies

at the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

iJune, 1976

Signature of Author.. ...e . . .. es....ef.e .............. e .sseseese.......

Department of Architecture, May 7, 1976

Certified by.......7

... . . ................ e s e e...........e~.......go.. .....

"' ThesisgSupervisorI A

Accepted by.. . .. . . . a . . . . . 0 . . . . . . 00 . 0 . . . . . 0 0 0 0 . . . . 0. . 0.. 0 0 0

Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Students

Archives

AUG 16 1976

BOGOTA, COLOMBIA

URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS-BOGOTA, COLOMBIA - EVALUATION OF THREE SELECTED CASESby Jose Enrique Robledo

Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 7, 1976,in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree ofMaster of Architecture in Advanced Studies

ABSTRACT

This is a study of existing urban dwelling environments in Bogota, Colombia.The study provides a reference for the understanding of dwelling environmentsof the urban areas and is intended as a tool for the formulation of housingpolicies in Bogota, Colombia.

The case study analysis is based on a methodology developed in the UrbanSettlement Design in Developing Countries Program.

An urbanization proposal is developed, based on the case studies. The proposalprovides a set of alternative guidelines for urban land subdivision and landutilization in Bogota.

Thesis Supervisor: Horacio CaminosTitle: Professor of Architecture

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I gratefully acknowledge the valuableguidance, criticism, and advice of ProfessorHoracio Caminos in the study and elaborationof this work during the second year of mystudies, as well as the preparation receivedfrom him during the first year. I am grate-ful to Reinhard Goethert for his assistanceand help, and to all my condisciples fortheir collaboration.

I wish to show my gratitude to the Universi-dad Nacional de Colombia and ICETEX for thefinancial support in the accomplishment ofthis study.

I am also grateful to the Directives ofInstituto de Crddito Territorial andspecially to Architect Cecilia AlvarezPereira for the material, facilities andinformation received; Empresas de Acueductoy Alcantarillado,y Energia Eldctrica deBogotd for their specialized information;Architect Fernando Ruiz Gutierrez for hisbibiliographic materials and personal know-ledge of facts; Architect Arturo Perez indeveloping the photographs; my sister CarolaRobledo Ocampo for gathering last minuteinformation, and Elizabeth Steeves forrevision of the English text.

The photograph credits belong to ArchitectArturo Robledo Ocampo, Movifoto of Medellin,and Josd Enrique Robledo Ocampo.

COPYRIGHT Q1976, Urban Settlement Design in Finally I am grateful to my wife Silvia forDeveloping Countries. M.I.T. the typing of this work and for her contin-All rights reserved; no section may be uous support during the process of time ofreproduced by any means without the written this study.permission of the author.

CONTENTS

PREFACE (1)

INTRODUCTION (2)

URBAN CONTEXT (3)

CIUDAD KENNEDY (8)

CASE STUDIES:Superblock 6A (12)

Superblock 2 (20)

Experimental Plan (26)

Superblock 2 & Experimental Plan Utility Services (32)

PROPOSAL (34)Design Criteria (34)

Proposal Plan (35)

Design Goals (36)

Proposal Plan: Land Subdivision (37)Land Use (38)Proposal Land Use Plan (39)Dwelling Units (40)Proposal Block Plan: Dwelling Units (41)Proposal Utility Services (42)

EVALUATION (44)Aspects of Development Charts (44)Criteria for Evaluation (44)Land Utilization: Patterns, Percentages, Densities (45)

BACK MATTERGlossary (46)

Explanatory Notes (50)Bibliography (50)

PREFACE (1)

PREFACE

This work proposes to evaluate Urban Dwell-ing Environments using the methodology,procedures and format developed in theprogram "Urban Settlement Design in Devel-oping Countries," directed by ProfessorHoracio Caminos. With this purpose threesuperblocks of Ciudad Kennedy in Bogota,were chosen each one of them with differenttypes of dwellings. In the first part ofthe work the city is introduced within thecontext of land utilization, as well as thechosen locality as it relates to the wholecity. There follows a description of thecity in its physical aspects as a result oftopographic, economic and social aspects;description of the locality in layout, landutilization and circulation system; adescription of each superblock from thepoint of view of land subdivision, landutilization, dwellings and infrastructureservices; and finally a proposal in two ofthe superblocks evaluated as a referenceand comparison with the existing situation.

This work may be used as a reference forevaluating and studying any urban dwellingenvironment and to formulate new policiesfor a better land utilization in order toreduce costs of urbanization and to providemore efficient services and utilities.

The majority of information for this work,together with the field surveys and some ofthe photographs, were collected by theauthor in the city of Bogota during thesummer vacation of 1975. Some other inform-ation was received during the elaboration ofthe final work; the information not avail-able was submitted according to the author's

judgement. The plans were almost totallyfurnished by I.C.T. maps and air photographsby Instituto Geografico "Agustin Codazzi."

NOTE OF THE AUTHOR: This study does notintend in any manner to discredit the workdone by others, nor to propose unique orconclusive solutions. It only intends todescribe a real fact and to compare it witha possible alternative in terms of land usewith the honest purpose of calling attentionto a matter that has been overlooked. Fina-lly I wish to be excused for any inaccurateinformation or involuntary deviation fromtruth.

(2) URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS

INTRODUCTION

BOGOTA, THE METROPOLIS: The rapid anduncontrolled growth of Bogota simulta-neously has contributed to a largerenrichment of the rich and to a moreserious situation for the poor, with the.consequent increase of criminality andsocial discontent.

The advantages and opportunities that a bigcity affords become nullified because ofthe endless number of disadvantages due topollution, congestion, insecurity, unemploy-ment and too high expectations. In thephysical aspect and on a large scale, thelabors of private urbanizers and publicagencies, seconded by illegal urbanizers.extend the city as an enormous carpetwithout the convenient supply of efficientservices. In other cases these servicesare overdesigned and communityfacilities ironically sub-utilized oftenwith waste of public areas and considerableenlargement of distances within the city,hence increasing the urbanization coststhat in the end will be absorbed by theusers themselves.

In this aspect and because of its magnitude,growth and transformation circumstances,location and self-sufficiency, CiudadKennedy is presented as a clear point ofreference to the city of Bogota. It is alsoconsidered an important locality since itis a concrete example of hard contrasts andreflects in a concentrated way the existingsituation of the greater Bogota.

CIUDAD KENNEDY: THE CITY WITHIN THE CITY.Ciudad Kennedy occupies the land that used

to belong to the former airport of Bogotain the western part of the city. The dis-tance between it and downtown Bogota isnearly 9 kilometers and the extension of thejurisdiction of the great Ciudad Kennedy isabout 405 hectares.

ORIGINS: The preliminary work was initia-ted in 1962, when John F. Kennedy wasPresident of the United States and fundswere easily obtainable through the "Alian-za para el Progreso," as well as the Colom-bian Government and the private sector. Aconsiderable part of its first populatorswere refugees who came from the countrysideescaping from the political violence, andmost of its population belongs to migra-tion from other regions of the country.The entire population is located in themedium and low incomes. The dwellingsare composed of multifamily buildings,smaller buildings, and individual dwellings.The construction systems were diverse, such,as self-construction, direct administrationby I.C.T., dwellings given to the userswithout being finished, plan for buyer-in-vestor and I.C.T., plan for workers etc.

The communal equipment is sufficientlycomplete and the supply of all servicescovers most of the great Ciudad Kennedy.

Because of its magnitude and importance itconstitutes the first satellite city ofBogota, and thus Ciudad Kennedy was createdas a Minor Jurisdiction of Bogota under aMinor Mayor who controls annexed areas.

BOGOTA, COLOMBIA

URBAN CONTEXT

1. Bogota is located on the eastern part

of the fertile and extensive plateau called

Sabana de Bogota" in the Eastern Mountain

chain, one of the three branches of the

Andes in the Colombian territory. The

geographical situation of the city is

considerably central in relation to the rest

of the country. Latitude is 40 35' 56.57"

North and longitude, 740 04' 51.13" West.

The average temperature is 140 C, correspond-

ing the equinox to the rain periods and the

solstice to dry and warm periods.

2. The city was founded in 1538 by Gonzalo

Jimenez de Quesada, in his search for El

Dorado, after reducing to submission the

Chibcha inhabitants who were the most

advanced indigenous civilization in terri-

tory of Colombia. From that epoch on, the

city began developing with its three main

population groups: the Spanish colonist,

the native, and the mestee. After going

through several stages, among them being

the capital of the vast colonial empire

that included Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela

and Panama, Bogota then became the capital

of the Republic of Colombia and of the

Department of Cundinamarca, and at last

the Special District of Bogota.

3. In 1972 the annual family income was

U.S. $ 1,900. The population able to work

represents 30.1% of the total; 62.7% of

that percentage corresponds to white collar

workers and 12.8% are laborers. The

manufacturing industry is 25% of the total

national gross. The construction of

buildings occupied 90% of the construction

industry in the period 1960-70. Of the

population able to work 16.1% does not

have a job; the participation of the city

in the internal national gross product

fluctuates between 20% and 30%.

BOGOTA, COLOMBIA: The central part of Bogoth isplenty of contrasts and mixture of uses: colonialand new buildings; low income housing by the sideof multifamily high-rise for higher incomes; hotelsand slums; offices and diversion, all of them some-times found in the tame concentrated area.


4. Bogota is the seat of the National

Government, of the Department, and of the

city itself. It became Special District

in order to control the growth of the

city and to acquire domain and

jurisdiction over its neighboring munici-

palities. Bogota is ruled by a Major

Mayor, a Council and 17 Minor Mayors.

5. In 1975 the estimated population was

3,740,000, the average annual increase is

6.8% from which 29% is attributed to

natural population growth and the rest

to migration. Of the total, 39% are under

15 years of age and 34.5% are between 15

and 34 years of age. The average urban

density is 125 persons per hectare.

6. In 1972 in Colombia the ethnic divi-

sions were represented by the following

percentages: 20% white population, 70%

mestee, 5% natives indigenous, and 5%

blacks. In Bogota the white percentage

increases considerably, while the percent-

age of mestee decreases due to the many

European type inhabitants, and because

Bogota was one of the most important

cities in Latin America chosen by the

Spanish for their colonies. The percent-

ages of incomes reflect the situation of

those of the ethnic groups, with the white

population having incomes more than U.S.

$ 170 and the minorities U.S. $70 per

month.

7. The lowest income groups composed in

majority of country people are located

mainly in the southern part of the city

in "tugurios," or squatter settlements, and

are pressed together in tenements from the

center to the south of the city. Others

are located in the western part, and a few

of them lean against the foothills of the

mountains that border the city on the east.

The higher incomes tend to live to the

north and very few are located near the

center of the city.

8. There are lots without services found

in "Barrios Piratas (clandestine urbaniza-

tions) with prices as low as U.S. $4,50 Mt2.

The minimum area allowed for lots according

to statute of the council of 1965-1967 was

65 Mts2

, but there are lots of 7 by 7 Mts.

found in clandestine urbanizations. The

system of increasing amortization has

replaced the system of fixed quota in

acquiring properties. In 1970 the value of

a minimum complete dwelling was calculated

in U.S. $1,200 with a minimum required

monthly income of U.S. $ 60 for credit.

From these figures it is evident that only

35% of urban families can afford a minimum

complete dwelling. The accumulative deficit

of dwelling units until 1970 was 135,000

units and it has been estimated that there

will be an accumulative deficit of 310,000

units before 1980, with a resulting deficit

of 70,000 units per year with only 10,000

to 15,000 units being built by Government

and Public Organizations. The minimum

existing dwelling is estimated at 40 Mts. 2

with a cost of U.S. $15 Mt2

.

BOGOTA, COLOMBIA: opposite pacje (top left) Plazade Bolivar and cathedral. The core of the city inwhich surroundings the National Government alongwith the Eclesiastic Command are concentrated, inthe background the eastern hills.

(top right) Public-Built multifamily walk-ups formiddle income in the inner city.

(bottom left) Tugurios along the foothills in the

southern part of the city.

(bottom center) Prefabricated houses for very low

incomes in the southern part.

(bottom right) High income houses in large lots in

the northern part.

BOGOTA, 4* 35' 56.57"N

NORTH

WIND -

TEMPERATURE45C JUL OCT JAN APR

37C

21CDC1 C

HUMIDITY

100'.75*.

so'.25'.a'.

RAIN

400mm300mm

200mm

I100mm

0mm

SNOW

400mm300mm

200mm

.,mm

SUN

i iI INORTH

IPiLAI I PLN

1500 1700 1900 1970

URBAN POPULATION GROWTHhorizontal: dates vertical: population

,2K25'. 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 1M F

URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONhorizontal: percentages vertical: amales: M females: F

20

4,000.000

3,000.000

2.000.000

1,000.000

500,000

250,000

g0

0

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

25%.

ges

UU

nnv50% 40 30 20 10 0

URBAN ANNUAL INCOME DISTRIBUTIONhorizontal: percentages vertical: dollars

25000

10000

5000

.ON

000

250

0

0

5

Ole

Ad

--- -- VIE

9"

AI

. 1-0 a


KEYAREAS

A Airport

Primary Road

Railroad

Built-up Area

* CIUDAD KENNEDY

RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL

INDUSTRIAL

URBAN TOPOGRAPHY AND CIRCULATION

U 5

1:250000

10 15Km

URBAN LAND USE PATTERN

URBAN CONTEXT (7)

DATES

1938

1958

1972

URBAN GROWTH PATTERN

URBAN CONTEXT SOURCES:Climate: (accurate) SERVICIO

COLOMBIANO DE METEREOLOGIA,

1975.

Urban Population Growth: (accurate) BOGOTA, .SU DESA-RROLLO Y PRESERVACION DELMEDIO AMBIENTE, 1971.D.A.N.E., 1976.

Urban Population Distribution: (accurate) D.A.N.E., 1976.

Urban Annual Income Distribution: (accurate) BOGOTA, SU DESA-RROLLO Y PRESERVACION DELMEDIO AMBIENTE.

Photographs: MOVIFOTO MEDELLIN. ARTUROROBLEDO OCAMPO, 1976.

Urban Topography and Circulation: (accurate) PLANO DE LACIUDAD DE BOGOTA, INSTITUTOGEOGRAFICO "AGUSTIN CODAZZI",1971.

Urban Land Use Pattern: UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL,FACULTAD DE ARTES, 1975.

Urban Income Pattern: (accurate) PLANO ESTUDIOSOBRE FILTRACION ENBOGOTA, 1975.

Urban Growth Pattern: (accurate) BOGOTA, SU DE-SARROLLO Y PRESERVACIONDEL MEDIO AMBIENTE, 1971.CONCEJO DE BOGOTA, 1960.EL FUTURO DE BOGOTA, 1974.

General Information: see Bibliography.

U 5

1:250000

INCOMES

10 15Km

LOW

MEDIUM

E HIGH

URBAN INCOME PATTERN


90

so

70

0

50

40

30

20

10

25% 20 15 10 5 M a F 5 10 15 20 25

LOCALITY POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONhorizontal: percentages vertical: agesmales: M females: F

POPULATION: In 1976, the total population

of the great Ciudad Kennedy was estimated

600,000. 98.5% of the families have come

from other parts of the city. There are

113 women for every 100 men and the

predominance is more evident in the eldest

groups.

25000

10000

5000

1000

500

250

050% 40 30 20 10 0

LOCALITY ANNUAL INCOME DISTRIBUTIONhorizontal: percentages vertical: dollars

INCOME: The average household income is

about U.S. $ 120. 25% of the families have

monthly incomes less than U.S. $ 65, and

13% less than U.S. $ 15. 45% of the total

population is able to work and 18% does

not have a job.

CIUDAD KENNEDY, Bogota: (top left) Commercial streetwith small dwellings numberless adapted to varietyof uses.

(top right) Commercial Street. The dwellings aretransformed according to the economical well-beingand private initiative of the people.

(bottom) Air view looking towards the West. In theforegroung the Experimental Plan is under construct-ion. Farther, the Superblock 2.

CEUDAD KENNEDY (9)

LAYOUT: The locality is clearly identi-

fiable from the neighboring localities due

to the main streets that bound it and the

interior street system that unifies the

layout. At sight, it is difficult to

appreciate the enormous size of the localitybecause of the system of few superblocks,

each one with its own identity, independent'INN of one another, and separated each one from

the rest by wider streets. Unlike these

streets there are narrow streets serving the

interior of each superblock and the

frequency between them depends on the

dimension of the lots. The concept of super-

block appears more clearly on those with

multi-family buildings due to less frag-mentation by interior streets, continuityof open spaces and rigidity of the buildings.

The dwellings in private lots appear more

transformed and enlarged in the vicinity of

0 100 500m commercial areas and bus routes."0 10 5

1:10000 LOCALITY PLAN


AREAS KEY- Pk

B R P k Parking H Health_RESIDENTIAL P Police PO Post Office

COMMERCIAL F Fire Department SS Social Services..........._ S School M Market

- OPEN SPACES

Pk Ch Church T Movie - theater

R R Recreation Bus_Pk Pk L Library K Supermarket

- U University

Pk-Pk33

____ --__ _- ____ R--=-__

__ __ -__ _Pk__

-C .........

- -- - - - P

--.-.-... Pk - ------X

- ~ k _ - >....-.....P: : : . ....-. ...-.

_- p -- - -. ....Ch R:::: Pk... P

=pk-

F0

- -- ___3 --_ 3- ..... - 4 - -

-__-__- #LAND USE: As mentioned before, the locality

.. very well equipped in community facili-

- __ties. Each superblock is almost self-suffi-

3 * cent in this area. The minor commerce is

~:::h - === Hr -

-- H-... . spread all over the locality with sosm

__-___- concentration of it along the carrera 76,- which was the first commnercial street

- - - - - developed and is an important route of-___- -.__buses. Many of the dwelling units have

- - -been adapted to different uses, such as

--- - - - - small stores, doctors' offices, restaurants,

_____carpenter workshops, kindergartens, etc.

A Bn _--__- -In the near future the construction of a-- __ __- -- -hospital has been predicted. A huge Central

- - ___- for provisions of food is near by, and the

a Fire Department is one of the most important

- - -in Bogota, but it was impossible to locate it

T 0 -in this plan; the mail boxes are everywhere

- _ in small stores, drugstores, etc.

--- -4- - R -_ __ _

s 6= :00 LOCALITY LAND USE PATTERN

CIUDAD KENNEDY (11)

KEY

- VEHICULAR

...... e.. PEDESTRIAN

CIRCULATION: The access from the greater

city is done through two important streets

of strictly vehicular use. From these two

streets, secondary streets diverge with

vehicles dominating pedestrians. The

function of these secondary streets is to

distribute the circulation to the streets

that surround each superblock, which have

the character of vehicular - pedestrian and

sometimes pedestrian - vehicular. At last,

the pedestrian streets and pedestrian ways

penetrate the superblocks and give access

to the dwelling units and communal spaces.

In this system of dispersion, the buses

travel without going inside the superblocks;

in the superblocks with walk-ups the vehi-

cular circulation is stopped by the deadend

streets with parking, and the pedestrian

circulation takes place over the open

spaces along the sidewalks.

50m

LOCALITY CIRCULATION PATTERN

0 100

1:10000


mmmmm~w 20- wAsfam

I

w

SUPERBLOCK 6A AIR PHOTOGRAPH

0 50 100 150m

1:2500

NFVFZI *, -'l-, I-r l

CASE STUDY: SUPERBLOCK 6A (13)

Ir I

LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA

DENS IT I ES

LOTS

DWELLING UNITS

PEOPLE

TotalNumber

567

569

4552

AreaHectares

15.76

15.76

15.76

DensityN/Ha

35.98

36.10

288.83

0

SUPERBLOCK PLAN

5 100

1:2500

AREAS

PUBLIC (streets, walkways,open spaces)

SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces,schools, cormmunity centers)

150m PRIVATE (dwellings, shops,factories, Icts)

SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts)

TOTAL

Hectares Percentages

5.97 37.87

2.24 14.25

7.55 47.88

15.76 100

(14) URBA UWE.LLING ENVIONMENTS

150M SUPERBLOCK 6A, Ciudad Kennedy: (top left) The

solid School building highly contrast with thedwellings and public way. Outside it the streets

generally lack of good maintenance.

(top right) Pedestrian way. Frequently, nobody

takes responsability of public areas.

(bottom left) Open space. Undefined use and an

evident neglected area.

(bottom right) Park. Again the used is not well

defined; the few places for children to play are

exposed to the near traffic.

Public: streets/walkways

Semi-Public: playgrounds

Semi-Private: cluster courts

Private: lots

dwellings

PATTERN

SUPERBLOCK LAND UTILIZATION

PERCENTAGES streets/walkways 37. 87%Playgrounds 14. 25%

Cluster Courts -Dwellings/Lots 47. 88%

DENSITY

020 persons

0 50

1:2500

-100

* 0@

@ 0 0

Pereone/Nectere 289Persons/Hectare 289

FI-

.n

e rw

i" L

AM

M

I

It.

4I


SECTION ELEVATION

IL

YARD

7 IF

PLANKEY

LR Living Room

D Dining/Eating Area

BR Bedroom

K Kitchen/Cooking Area

T Toilet/Bathroom

L Laundry

R Room (multi-use)

5 10M

TYPICAL DWELLING

0 1

1:200


I

PHYSICAL DATA(related to dwelling and land)

DWELLING UNITtype: HOUSE

area (sq m): 60.52tenure: LEGAL OWNERSHIP

LAND/LOTutilization: PRIVATEarea (sq m) : 120

tenure: LEGAL OWNERSHIP

DWELLINGlocation: PERIPHERY

type: ROW/GROUPEDnumber of floors: 1 PLUS MEZZANINE

utilization: FAMILYphysical state: BAD

DWELLING DEVELOPMENTmode: INCREMENTAL

developer: PRIVATEbuilder: SELF-HELP

construction type: MASONRY-WOODyear of construction: 1963

MATERIALSfoundation: STONE- CONCRETE

floors: WOODwalls: RUBBLE MASONRYroof: ASBESTOS-CEMENT

DWELLING FACILITIESwc: 1

shower: 1kitchen: 1

rooms: 6other: BACKYARD

SOC10-ECONOMIC DATA(related to user)

GENERAL: SOCIALusers ethnic origin: CUNDINAMARCA

place of birth: FACATATIVA, CUNDINAMARCAeducation level: PRIMARY SCHOOL

NUMBER OF USERSmarried: 3single: 6

children: 4total: 14

MIGRATION PATTERNnumber of moves: NONE

rural - urban: -urban - urban: -urban - rural:-

why came to urban area: -

GENERAL: ECONOMICuser 's income group: LOW

employment: CRAFTMANSHIP, MECHANICdistance to work: 10 KM.

mode of travel:BUS

COSTSdwelling unit: U.S. $ 2,600

land - market value: N.A.

DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTSfinancing: PRIVATE/PUBLIC FINANCING

rent/mortgage: U.S. $ 2.5% income for rent/mortgage: 56%

SUPERBIOCK 6A, Ciudad Kennedy: (left) Typicaldwelling of self-help development. It maintainsthe original condition of construction.

(center) The private property is well defined. Thepeople take the resort of small business to improvetheir resources.

(right) Small houses are subdivided and even tiny

spaces are rented to enlarge the incomes of theirowners.


SmU

USENI.. U- *6U~~.@IEE4UUU

U

* FEFFFI:FITITT1;EETF1'** -'

E.

"'U'm

KEY

MANHOLES

8" PIPES10" PIPESMAIN PIPE

57 UNITS

3764 METERS575 METERS

SUPERBLOCK 6A UTILITY SERVICES

SA

KEY

FIRE HYDRANTS

VALVES

3" PIPES4" PIPES6" PIPES12" PIPES

1.5 UNITS27 UNITS2327 METERS311 METERS971 METERS638 METERS


KEY

.:*0MANHOLES 40 UNITS. INLETS 110 UNITS

*- 10"- 14" PIPES 853 METERS: 16"- 24" PIPES 752 METERS

- -==== 27" PIPES 325 METERS*mumu 47"- 51" PIPES 195 METERS

- :MAIN PIPE

FINISHED PAVING

CIRCULATION AND STORM DRAINAGE

KEY

TRANSFORMERS 3 UNITSo POLES WITH LAMPS 128 UNITSlmmmmme LOW TENSION CABLES 3789 METERSommmm HIGH TENSION CABLES 420 METERS

CITY NETWORK CONNECTIONS

ELECTRICITY AND STREET

0 5D 250m

1:5000


0 so 10 iSO.SUPERBLOCH 2 AIR PmOTOGRAPH :2500

CASE STUDY: SUPERBLOCK 2 (21)


CALLE 35

0 50 100 15

1:2500

DENSITIES

LOTS

DWELLING UNITS

PEOPLE

TotalNumber

73

1069

6900

(/ AREAS


SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces,schools, community centers)

PRIVATE (dwellings, shops,

ON factories, lots)


TOTAL

AreaHectares

9.98

9.98

9.98

DensityN/Ha

7.31

107.11

691.38

ii iiCALLE 33

I

SUPERBLOCK PLAN


6.94 . 69.54

0.99 9.94

7.05 20.52

9.98 100

LI

a:U


LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS SUPERBLOCK 2, Ciudad Kennedy: (top left) Playground.These facilities are not completely utilized althoughthe infantile population is considerable.

(top right) Commercial Area. The character of usesis not clear. The users try to define theirsurrounding yards.

(bottom left) Parking Fpace. The initial destin-ation of spaces is changed according to thespontaneity and necessities of the users.

(bottom right) Collector street. In some placesthe streets are overdesigned and therefore wasted.

-IF

PATTERNPubl ic: streets, walkways

semi-Public: playgrounids

semi-Private: cluster zourts

Private: lots

d we11icnq s

PERCENTAGES Streets/walkways 69.54%Playgrounds 9.94%

Cluster Courts -Dwellings/Lots 20.52%

*00* @0

0 0

DENSITY Persons/Hectare 692

020 persons

SCHOOL

L

SUPERBLOCK LAND UTILIZATION

I

0 50 100 150M

1:2500

K.X

X,.... X os

X

I -

-~W

ih4U

I~ffP

I1

4


ELEVATION

KEY

LR Living Room


BR Bedroom


T Toilet/Bathroom

L Laundry

C Closet

* Storage

1 1 5

1:200

,l1il

|ILE

SECTION

10m

CASE STUDY: SUPERBLOCK 2 (25)

4


DWELLING UNITtype: APARTMENT

area (sq m): 63.51tenure: LEGAL RENTAL

LAND/LOTutilization: PRIVATEarea (sq m) : 295.6



type: WALK-UPnumber of floors: 4

utilization: MULTIPLE: FAMILYphysical state: GOOD

DWELLING DEVELOPMENTmode: INSTANT

developer: PUBLICbuilder: LARGER CONTRACTOR

construction type: MASONRY CONCRETEyear of construction: 1966

MATERIALSfoundation: REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR BA

floors: CONCRETEwalls: BRICKroof: ASPHALT ON POURED CONCRETE


shower: ikitchen: 1

rooms: 3other:WASHING AND DRYING PLACE

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA(related to user)

SE OF COLUMNS

GENERAL: SOCIALuser's ethnic origin: BOYACA

place of birth: SATIVA, BOYACAeducation level: ACCOUNTANT

NUMBER OF USERSmarried: 2single: 2

children: 3total: 7

MIGRATION PATTERNnumber of moves: 1

rural - urban: -urban - urban: 1967urban - rural: -

why came to urban area: TO EDUCATE CHILDREN

GENERAL: ECONOMICuser ' s income group: MODERATE

employment: TRADEdistance to work: 15 KM.

mode of travel: BUS

COSTSdwelling unit: U.S. $ 4,000


SUPERBLOCK 2, Ciudad Kennedy: (left) Typicalwalk-up. The type of construction and the innerrigidity of this kind of projects do not allow thepeople to make visible changes.

(center) Building entrance. There is no physicalcontrol for the common property.

(right) Social and service fagade. Here isnotorious the lack of privacy from the outside tothe inside of the apartments on the ground floor.

DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTSfinancing: PRIVATE

rent/mortgage: U.S. $ 15.22/n income for rent/mortgage: 20%


e

EXPERIMENTAL PLAN SUPERBLOCK AIR PHOTOGRAPH

w. in 156.

1:2500

CASE STUDY: EXPERIMENTAL PLAN (27)

E

U


DENSITIES

LOTS

DWELLING UNITS

PEOPLE

TotalNumber

28

278

1800

AreaHectares

4.25

4.25

4.25

DensityN/Ha

6.59

65.41

423.53CALLE 35

/250

SUPERBLOCK PLAN

100

1:2500

AREAS


SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces,schools, community centers)

PRIVATE (dwellings, shops,

15m factories, lots)


TOTAL


2.4 56.45

0.65

0.11

1.9

4.25

15.26

25.72

2.57

100

__1


LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS

1 Hectare

EXPERIMENTAL PLAN, Ciudad Kennedy: (top left)Minor arterial. Large streets seem to bc lonely.The design is directed to a final stage of develop-ment.

(top right) Collector street. Even though thetarget income is higher and demands more amplitudethe results do not reflect the requirements forpublic areas.

(bottom left) The public area confusedly penetratesinto the more private spaces.

(bottom right) Parl ing entrance. The magnitude andnumber of vehicular spaces exceed their finalutil,* otn.

PATTERNPublic: stret wk. t y isemi-Public: playgrim

Semi-Private: cluster ourts

Private: lots

dwe lI-I

PERCENTAGES Streets/Walkways 56.45%Playgrounds 15.26%

Cluster Courts 2.57%Dwellings/Lots 25. 72%

* 0@

000

DENSITY Persons/Hectare 422

* 20 persons

.I...... ......

L -J

0 so 10i 1600m

SUPERBLOCK LAND UTILIZATION 1:2500

.XX.,X..


SECTION ELEVATION

TYPICAL GROUND FLOOR

PLAN

0 1

TYPICAL WALK-UP APARTMENT

KEY

LR Living Room


BR Bedroom


T Toilet/Bathroom

L Laundry

C Closet

R Room (multi-use)

10m

1:200

5

CASE STUDY: EXPERIMENTAL PLAN (31)


DWELLING UNITtype: APARTMENT

area (sq m): 92.16tenure: LEGAL OWNERSHIP

LAND/LOTutilization: PRIVATEarea (sq m): 368.64



type: WALK-UP/GROUPEDnumber of floors: 4

utilization: MULTIPLE: FAMILYphysical state: GOOD

DWELLING DEVELOPMENTmode: INSTANT

developer: PUBLICbuilder: LARGE CONTRACTOR

construction type: MASONRY CONCRETEyear of construction: 1971

MATERIALSfoundation: REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR BASE OF COLU

floors: PREFABRICATED CONCRETEwalls: RUBBLE MASONRYroof: ASPHALT ON PREFABRICATED SLAB


shower: 1kitchen: 1

rooms: 3other: WASHING AND DRYING PLACE, YARD

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA(related to user)

GENERAL: SOCIALuser's ethnic origin: WESTERN PLAINS

place of birth: LUCHIA, CASANAREeducation level: 3 YEARS UNIVERSITY

NUMBER OF USERSmarried: 2single: -

children: 4total: 6

MIGRATION PATTERNnumber of moves: NONE

rural - urban: -.urban - urban: -urban - rural: -

why came to urban area: -

GENERAL: ECONOMICuser's income group: MIDDLE

employment: OFFICIALdistance to work: 8 KM.

mode of travel: BUS

COSTSiNS dwelling unit: U.S. $ 5,300


DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTSfinancing: PRIVATE/PUBLIC FINANCED

rent/mortgage: U.S. $ 41*/, income for rent/mortgage: 46%

EXPERIMENTAL PLAN, Ciudad Kennedy: (left) Thedifferent methods of construction used here arereflected in the exterior finish. The criteriaof relationship with the ground level is the samefor all the apartments in all the floors.

(center) Typical entrance to the buildings througha physical control constited by architecturalvolumes. This area could be finally defined assemiprivate.

(right) Group of buildings. Not all the buildingsare the same high. Larger apartments are locatedon the ground floor and the retrocession of volumesoccur through private terraces.

CASE STUDIES SOURCES: Locality Plan: (accurate but not actual)

Locality

Locality Cir

Locality SLocality Superblocks

Utility SSo

Ge

INSTITUTO GEOGRAFICO DECOLOMBIA "AGUSTIN CODAZZI",1971.

Land Use Pattern: (accurate) EQUIPAMIENTOCONUNITARIO CIUDAD KENNEDY,1976.

culation Pattern: (approximate) FIELD SURVEY,JOSE ENRIQUE ROBLEDO, 1975.

uperblocks Plans: (accurate) I.C.T., 1962-1970.Land Utilization: (accurate) EQUIPAMIENTO

COMUNITARIO CIUDAD KENNEDY,1976.

Typical Dwelling: (accurate) I.C.T., 1962-1970.FIELD SURVEY, JOSE ENRIQUEROBLEDO, 1976.

ervices Networks: (accurate) I.C.T., 1962-1970.cio Economic Data: (approximate) FIELD SURVEYS,

ELSA CHAVEZ, JOSE ENRIQUEROBLEDO, 1975.

Photographs: ARTURO ROBLEDO 0., 1976.JOSE ENRIQUE ROBLEDO 0., 1975.

neral Information: INFORMES I.C.T., 1965-1976.


WATER SUPPLY

SEWAGE DISPOSAL

,:mum.U....

NI11mm1

KEY

MANHOLES


SUPERBLOCK 2

78 UNITS2120 METERS545 METERS445 METERS6 METERS

EXPERIMENTAL PLAN

32 UNITS1284 METERS

SUPERBLOCK 2 AND EXPERIMENTAL PLAN UTILITY SERVICES

KEY

TA

FIRE HYDRANTS

STORAGE TANKS

VALVES

2" PIPES3" PIPES4" PIPES6" PIPES8" PIPES

SUPERBLOCK 2

3.5 UNITS3 UNITS27.5.UNITS

917 METERS117 METERS296 METERS464 METERS

EXPERIMENTAL PLAN

1.5 UNITS2 UNITS10.5 UNITS278 METERS238 METERS382 METERS

136 METERS

CASE STUDIES: SUPERBLOCK 2 & EXPERIMENTAL PLAN (33)

in..inininininmome OUU EUE E U E MEE @--U.* ---- 5

:1.

KEY SUPERBLOCK 2 EXPERIMENTAL PLAN

- g . MANHOLES 42 UNITS 28 UNITS

1 0 INLETS 54 UNITS 25 UNITS. *q "'"" S 0 10"- 21" PIPES 1749 METERS 1051 METERS* ' Firmn .24"- 33" PIPES 196 METERS 152 METERS

Lg m.... 36"- 42" PIPES 307 METERS

... .- .. .- ..... MAIN PIPE

p)[tJ . FINISHED PAVING

. LA~JZI el

....... ....... ... .m..es...mm ==.m


ELECTRICITY AND STREET LIGHTING

KEY SUPERBLOCK 2 EXPERIMENTAL PLAN r

TRANSFORMERS 9 UNITS 5 UNITS0 POLES WITH LAMPS 86 UNITS 72 UNITS

LOW TENSION CABLES 3073 METERS 1062 METERSimmmE HIGH TENSION CABLES 1071 METERS 650 METERS


0 50 250m

1:5000


PROPOSAL

DESIGN CRITERIA

The wide criteria for designing was to havean area for private use surrounding the bigcommunal space as a nucleus so that this canserve uniformly the private area and, be-sides that, to make this space property ofthe dwellings of this project. The dwellingunits are served by the perimetrical andinterior streets. The purpose of the inte-rior streets is to disperse to the maximumusing the minimum public area withoutlosing the internal pedestrian character.With the solution of big blocks, the publicarea is reduced at the same time with theincrease of interior spaces that arecompletely utilized, and in that way thenumber of interior streets is not any morein function of size or depth of the lotsbut in function of walking distances, fre-quency of entrances and exits, or simplystreets the layout itself requires. Itwas tried to maintain the less vehicularaccess penetrating from the more importantstreets. The purpose of the big communalspace is to contain the two schools thatserve the project, the chapel, playgrounds,and any other communal use not required closeto the dwelling units. The solution of a bigcommunal space was chosen to make it moreuseful, and because only one space with adetermined area is more adaptable than twospaces, the joint areas of which would be

larger than the first one to be used for anequivalent use.

The calle 33 was considered the maincommercial street and of larger extensionboundering the proposal; the diagonal 30as second in importance. Both have con-siderable width and for this reason higherconstructions were proposed facing thesestreets; the same happens with the build-ings facing the great communal space forreasons of absence of obstacles in frontof them. However, in the interior streetslow buildings were proposed due to thenarrowness of these streets.

Unlike the existing project, dwellings inprivate lots were proposed grouping themin the interior space constituted by thewalk-ups of each block. These dwellingsoccupy lots with similar area to thoseused in the rest of the locality. Also,in front of those dwellings there arelower buildings as a result of the crite-ria assumed initially; a vehicular access,is also possible to the semiprivate courts.The buildings along the two less importantperipherical streets are of less height;the apartments with larger area as well asthe commercial uses were located preferablyon the main corners of the main street.

PROPOSAL (35)

PROPOSAL PLAN 1:2500


DESIGN GOALS

It was decided to make the proposal joiningthe Superblocks 2 and Experimental Plan,because of vicinity reasons between themand to work with a larger area in order toinclude the minimum communal utilities in acomfortable way, and also to maintain apoint of reference with all the othersuperblocks of Ciudad Kennedy, which areasare equivalent to that of the proposal.This assumed criteria contains the definitionof superblock with more important streetssurrounding it, to communicate the super-block with the rest of the locality; withinterior streets dominated by pedestriansand with enough area so that the super-block can have its own identity.

Yet, to make the comparison more effectiveit was decided to work with the same numberof existing dwelling units in both projects,as well as working with the same areautilized by the existing commerce. Besidesthat it was also decided to work with the

same total existing built-up area and usingthe same type of apartments with regard totheir areas and, thus, including approximate-ly the same number of people in thecomparison. The existing communal facilitieswere included plus those that were considerednecessary.

For the distribution of areas, table ofestablished values for population and landuses were used as point of departure and,following the negotiation system betweenareas, the final result presented here wasachieved without going out considerablyfrom the point of departure.

Regarding the design of services networks andbecause of the same reason of reference forcomparison, the criteria utilized to designthe existing networks was sought and appliedin the same way to the proposal, workingwith the same elements as far as it waspossible.

PROPOSAL (37)

1. CAL

ii

PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, 3.93 27.64

0 50 100 150m factories, lots)

SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) 3.55 24.89

PROPOSAL PLAN: LAND SUBDIVISION

N NHz

1:2500 TOTAL 14.23 100


LAND USE

From the last chart is illustrated theminimization of public areas for circula-tions in benefit of semi-public and privateareas.

To begin with, it is necessary to explainthe type of areas, and the use and respon-sibility assigned each one of them individ-ually.

PUBLIC AREA: Urban area for circulationof vehicles and pedestrians; includingstreets, pedestrian ways and open spaces;under responsibility of the public sectorwith no control.

SEMI-PUBLIC AREAS: Urban area for utiliza-tion of the community; including open spacesplaygrounds, schools, etc..; under responsi-bility of users and public sector with par-tial or complete control, legal or physical.

SEMI-PRIVATE AREA: Urban area of sharedutilization maintenance of condominium bya group; under responsibility of users andpartial or complete control, social, legalor physical.

PRIVATE AREA: Urban area for utilization asresidential, commercial or light industry;includes lots and dwellings; under directresponsibility of individual users and withcomplete control, legal or physical.

By similar definitions and to simplify cal-culations of areas, the semi-private areais considered as private area. It is alsodeducted from these definitions that thefunction of the public area is to serve theprivate area, and the public area has costsof construction or capital costs and costsof operation ( administration and mainte-nance). This means that public ways re-quire paving, maintenance, cleaning, lightand signals, public control, safety admin-istration, etc. All these functions repre-sent costs that have to be paid by theusers of the served private land. There-fore, the larger the relationship betweenpublic and private area the higher will bethe price paid by the users.

PROPOSAL (39)

F

Ii I CHURCHSHO

minuinm

icilal

0

-/J 1:2500


Public: stroets/walkways

Semi-Public: playqrounds

Semi-Private: cluster ourts

Private: lots

dwellings

1 Hectare

PATTERN PERCENTAGES streets/Walkways28.68%Playgrounds 18 79%

Cluster Courts24.89%Dse lcngs/iots 27.64%

DENSITY

* 20 persons

L50 100 150.

PROPOSAL LAND USE

0000000

000*000

0*00000

000Persons/Hectare 611

* zI Irn-li-

I


DWELLING UNITS

The nine different existing areas of apart-ments were grouped in three basic areas andfrom those areas the three target areas ofapartments for the new project were taken.Each one of the three target areas repre-sents the basic group with the originalnumber of apartments belonging to them; thenumber of dwellings in private lots wassubstracted from the total number ofapartments and this total was distributedequally among the three selected groups.The result was finally:

Number

Apartment AApartment BApartment CDwellings in Private Lots

68110

1040129

Area

91 Mts.79 Mts.66 Mts.

Total 1347

These areas do not include circulation foreach apartment. It is important to commentthat the difference between the areas ofapartments is the area of a possible bed-room.

CRITERIA FOR DESIGNING APARTMENTS: Thefront of the buildings was intended to bethe minimum in order to have a largernumber of them sharing the use of the streets.

The private lots are designed to be 6 Mts.wide and 18 Mts. deep to maintain uniformi-ty with the rest of the locality.

All the apartments as well as the commercelocated on the ground floor occupy the areadesignated for the smallest apartment sothat a connecting system can exist fromthe street to the semiprivate space throughthe stairway.

It was decided to go deeper into theinterior of the apartment areas rather thandoing so with the dwellings in private lots,because the latter does not affect thegeneral layout and the dimension of the lotspermit more freedom of choices. However, ithas been taken into consideration that thosedwellings can be first given as a basicshell, and the users will transform andextend them according to their financialsituation.

+ + +

Type

PROPOSAL BLOCK PLAN: DWELLING UNITS

APARTMENT

APARTMENT

APARTMENT

DWELLING

SHOP

A

B

C

Unit Area + Circulation.Square Meters

98

86

73

60 (Basic Shell)

73

BlockNumber Units

6

28

164

24

7Totai 229

ProposalNumber Units

68

110

1040

129

421389

Block Building Areas. Proposal Building Areas.Square Meters Square Meters

588

2408

11972

1440

51116.919

6664

9460

75920

7740

3066102.850

PROPOSAL (41)

0 10

1:1000

50m


KEY

0TA

FIRE HYDRANTS

STORAGE TANKS

VALVES

2" PIPES3" PIPES4" PIPES6" PIPES8" PIPES

WATER SUPPLY

SEWAGE DISPOSAL

S.BLOCK 2 & EXP. PLAN


S.BLOCK 2 8 EXP. PLAN

5 UNITS5 UNITS38 UNITS278 METERS1155 METERS499 METERS296 METERS600 METERS

PROPOSAL UTILITY SERVICES

PROPOSAL

5 UNITS5 UNITS27 UNITS

1581 METERS497 METERS152 METERS476 METERS

KEY

MANHOLES


SU......summe

loomsI1EE1

PROPOSAL


PROPOSAL (143)

iMENE

0om

KEY

MANHOLES

INLETS

10"- 21" PIPES24"- 33" PIPES36"- 42" PIPESMAIN PIPE

FINISHED PAVING

PROPOSAL

16 UNITS32 UNITS890 METERS

179 METERS267 METERS

S. BLOCK 2 8 EXP. PLAN

70 UNITS79 UNITS2800 METERS348 METERS307 METERS


ELECTRICITY AND STREET LIGHTING

KEY PROPOSAL

TRANSFORMERS 14 UNITSPOLES WITH LAMPS 65 UNITSLOW TENSION CABLES 2128 METERSHIGH TENSION CABLES 1091 METERS


S. BLOCK 2 & EXP. PLAN

14 UNITS158 UNITS4135 METERS1721 METERS

250m

m0

0 50

1:5000+


EVALUATIONS LAND UTILIZATION:PATTERNS, PERCENTAGES, DENSITIES

LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES

0 100

SHACK

MUD/WATTLE

WOOD

MASONRYCONCRETE

CONCRETE

The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of eachconstruction type within the total number of dwellingsand (2) building group that generally produces eachtype.

Quality of information: Approximate

LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES

WATER SUPPLY

SANITARY SEWERAGE

STORM DRAINAGE

ELECTRICITY

GAS

REFUSE COLLECTION

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

PAVED ROADS, WALKWAYS

TELEPHONE

STREET LIGHTING

LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES

POLICE

FIRE PROTECTION

HEALTH

SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS

RECREATION, OPEN SPACES

The chart illustrates the approximate availability of

utilities, services, and community facilities at

three levels: NONE, LIMITED, ADEQUATE.

Quality of information: Approximate

The purpose is to illustrate the relationship

of patterns, percentages, densities within

each case study, and by using the same format

to make the comparison among all the cases

in an easy manner to visualize.

This comparison is done by taking one square

in each special case; this represents one

hectare that is considered very represent-

ative of the respective case. The meaning

of each one of the diagrams is as follows:

PATTERN DIAGRAMS: These represent the type

of layout, the dwellings, lots configuration,

the subdivision of land, and the uses.

PERCENTAGE DIAGRAMS: These represent the

relationships between areas. Although

these diagrams cannot reflect exactly the

situation of the pattern diagram, they show

the existing situation of the whole case.

DENSITY DIAGRAMS: Like the percentage

diagrams these reflect the situation of the

whole case. The number of people is

equally distributed by groups of the same

number of persons all over the diagram to

show the degree of human ocupation.


PATTERNPublic: streets/walkways

Semi-Public: playgrounds

Semi-Private: cluster courts

Private: lots

dwellings

20 Persons

EVALUATION (45)

SUPERBLOCK 6A

Public row houses:

Moderate percentage of land forstreets and walkways; although thepercentage of semipublic land ismoderate, it is not convenientlyutilized nor well maintained. A largearea of private land accomodatesa low population density.Similar cases: none.

SUPEBLOCK 2Public walk-up apartments

A very high percentage of land forpublic use is constituted by streets,and large open spaces with no control.The percentage of semipublic land isminimum. All the private land isoccupied by the buildings. A highnumber of population does not haveenough communal spaces.Similar cases: 3,4...LJ..7..

EXPERIMENTAL PLAN

Public walk-up apartments

High percentage of land for streetsand interior walkways. Moderatepercentage for semipublic area doesnot reflect a defined use. Thesemiprivate land constitutes aminimum and is not properly used.The population density is nottoo high due to the few number ofapartments in the upper floors.Similar cases: 2,4.

PATTERNS

S.BLOCK 2 & EXP. PLAN

Public walk-up apartments

The combination of these two projects

joins the disadvantages of both ofthem without taking any of theadvantages. Percentage of publicland slightly decreases compared withcase 2. Semipublic percentagecontinues low. Semiprivate areas areeven smaller, and private percentage isvery low. In addition, the populationdensity is now lower.

PROPOSAL

Walk-up apartments and row houses

Low percentage of land for streets andwalk-ways. Comfortable areas forcommunal spaces. Controlled and usefulsemipublic spaces. Land with privateutilization is sheltered and also usedfor private yards. In addition a highpopulation density.Similar cases: none.

Similar cases: 2,.

WET ........-..........I.......

PERCENTAGES Streets/walkways37.87%Playgrounds 14.25%

Cluster Courts -Dwellings/Lots47.88%

055

055

DENS ITY Persons/Hectare 289

69.54%9.94%

20.52%

56.45%15.26%

2.57%25.72%

65.62%11.53%0.77%

22.08%

692 P/Ha 422 P/Ha

28.68%18.79%24.89%27.64%

611 P/Ha 611 P/Ha

0 00 050 0

00 050 005550

5 0 0 0

S...S..

S...050

S...555


GLOSSARY

The criteria for the preparation of the defini -tions have been as follows:-FIRST PREFERENCE: definitions from "Webster's ThirdNew International Dictionary", Herriam-Webster,1971.-SECOND PREFERENCE: definitions from technical dic-tionaries, text books, or reference manuals.-THIRD PREFERENCE: definitions from the UrbanSettlement Design Program (U.S.D.P.) Files. They areused when existing sources were not quite appropriate/satisfactory.

Words included for specificity and to focus ona particular context are indicated in parenthesis.

Sources of definitions are indicated in paren-thesis.

ACCESSES. The pedestrian/vehicular linkages from/tothe site to/from existing or planned approaches (ur-ban streets, limited access highways, public trans-portation systems, and other systems such as: water-ways, airlines, etc.) (U.S.D.P.)

ACTUAL LAND COST. "(The cost of land is) ... setsolely by the level of demand. The price of land isnot a function of any cost conditions; it is set bythe users themselves in competition."(Turner, 1971)

AD VALOREM (TAX). A tax based on a property's value;the value taxed by local governments is not alwaysor even usually the market value, but only a valua-tion for tax purposes. (U.S.D.P.)

AIRPORT DISTURBANCE. The act or process of destroy-ing the rest, tranquility, or settled state of (thesite by the annoyance of airport noise, vibration,hazards, etc.) (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

AIRPORT ZONING RESTRICTIONS. The regulation of theheight or type of structures in the path of movingaircraft. (Abrams, 1971)

ALTERNATINC CURRENT (A.C.) (an electric) currentthat reverses its direction of flow at regular inter-vals. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

AMENITY. Something that conduces to physical or ma-terial comfort or convenience, or which contributessatisfaction rather than money income to its owner.(Merriam-Webster, 1971)

AMPERES. Amperes (amp) are a measure of the rate offlow of electricity. It is somewhat comparable tothe rate of flow of water (quantity/time). A steadycurrent produced by one volt applied across a resis-tance of one ohm. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

APPRAISAL. An estimate and opinion of value, espe-cially by one fitted to judge. (Merriam-Webster,1971)

APPROACHES. The main routes external to the site(pedestrian/vehicular) by which the site can bereached from other parts of the urban context.(U.S.D.P.)

ASSESSED VALUE. A valuation placed upon property bya public officer or board as a basis for taxation.(Keyes, 1971)

ASSESSMENT. The valuation of property for the pur-pose of levying a tax or the amount of the taxlevied. (Keyes, 1971)

BACKFILL. Earth or other material used to replacematerial removed during construction, such as inculvert, sewer, and pipeline trenches and behindbridge abutments and retaining walls or between anold structure and a new lining. (DePina, 1972)

BARRIER. (A boundary) as a topographic feature or aphysical or psychological quality that tends to sep-arate or restrict the free movement (to and from thesite). (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

BETTERMENT (TAX). A tax on the increment in valueaccruing to an owner because of development and im-provement work carried out by local authorities.(U.S.D.P.)

BINDER COURSE. A transitional layer of bituminouspaving between the crushed stone base and the sur-face course (to increase bond between base and sur-face course). (DePina, 1972)

BITUMINOUS. A coating of or containing bitumin; asasphalt or tar. (DePina, 1972)

BLOCK. A block is a portion of land bounded andserved by lines of public streets. (U.S.D.P.)

BOUNDARY. Something (a line or area) that fixes orindicates a limit or extent (of the site). (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

BUILDING CODE. "A body of legislative regulations orby-laws that provide minimum standards to safeguardlife or limb, health, property, and public welfare byregulating and controlling the design, construction,quality of materials, use and occupancy, location andmaintenance of all buildings and structures withinthe city, and certain equipment specifically regulatedtherein." (BOCA, 1967)

BUILDING DRAIN. Lowest horizontal piping of thebuilding drainage system receiving discharge fromsoil, waste, and other drainage pipes. It is con-nected to the building sewer. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

BUILDING MAIN. Water-supply pipe and fittings fromthe water main or other source of supply to the firstbranch of the water-distribution system of a building.(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

CESS POOL. An underground catch basin that is usedwhere there is no sewer and into which householdsewage or other liquid waste is drained to permitleaching of the liquid into the surrounding soil.(Merriam-Webster, 1971)

CIRCULATION. System(s) of movement/passage of people,goods from place to place; streets, walkways, parkingareas. (U.S.D.P.)

CLAY. A lusterless colloidal substance, plastic whenmoist (crystalline grains less than G.OO2ns in diame-ter). (U.S.D.P.)

CLEANOUT. A plug or similar fitting to permit accessto traps or sewer lines. Cleanouts are usually usedat turns and other points of collection. (ROTC ST45-7, 1953)

CLIMATE. The average condition of the weather at aparticular place over a period of years as exhibitedby temperature, wind, precipitation, sun energy,humidity, etc. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

COLLECTION SYSTEM. The system of pipes in a sewagenetwork, comprised of house service, collection lines,manholes, laterals, mains. (U.S.D.P.)

COMBINED SEWER. A sewer that carries both stormwater and sanitary or industrial wastes. (DePina,1972)

COMMUNITY. The people living in a particular placeor region and usually linked by common interests: the

region itself; any population cluster. (U.S.D.P.)

COMMUNITY FACILITIES/SERVICES. Facilities/servicesused in common by a number of people. It may include:schools, health, recreation, police, fire, publictransportation, community center, etc. (U.S.D.P.)

COMMUNITY RECREATION FACILITIES. Facilities for ac-tivities voluntarily undertaken for pleasure, fun,relaxation, exercise, self-expression, or releasefrom boredom, worry, or tension. (U.S.D.P.)

COMPONENT. A constituent part of the utility network.(U.S.D.P.)

CONDOMINIUM. Condominium is a system of direct own-ership of a single unit in a multi-unit whole. Theindividual owns the unit in much the same manner asif it were a single family dwelling: he holds directlegal title to the unit and a proportionate interestin the common land and areas. Two types of condomi-niums are recognized: HORIZONTAL: detached, semi-detached, row/grouped dwelling types; VERTICAL: walk-up, high-use dwelling types. (U.S.D.P.)

CONDUCTORS. Materials which allow current to flowsuch as aluminum, copper, iron. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

CONDUIT. A pipe or other opening, buried or aboveground, for conveying hydraulic traffic, pipelines,cables, or other utilities. (DePina, 1972)

CONSERVATION EASEMENT. An easement acquired by thepublic and designed to open privately owned lands forrecreational purposes or to restrict the use of priv-ate land in order to preserve open space and protectcertain natural resources. (U.S.D.P.)

CONSTRUCTION BORING. A subsurface boring done at theplanned location of all infrastructure and buildingfootings and roadway sub-bases for design of founda-tion systems. (U.S.D.P.)

CONVEYANCE. The transfer of ownership (of land).(Merriam-Webster, 1971)

CORPORATION COCK/CORPORATION STOP. A water or gascock by means of which utility-company employeesconnect or disconnect service lines to a consumer.(Merriam-Webster, 1971)

COSTS OF URBANIZATION. Include the following: CAPI-TAL: cost of land and infrastructure; OPERATING: costof administration, maintenance, etc.; DIRECT: includecapital and operating costs: INDIRECT: include envi-ronmental and personal effects. (U.S.D.P.)

CURRENT (See, ALTERNATING CURRENT, DIRECT CURRENT).An electric current is a movement of positive or ne-gative electric particles (as electrons) accompaniedby such observable effects as the production of heat,of a magnetic field, or of chemical transformation.(Merriam-Webster, 1971)

CYCLE. One complete performance of a vibration,electric oscillation, current alternation, or otherperiodic process. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

DAM. A barrier preventing the flow of water; a bar-rier built across a water course to confine and keepback flowing water. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

DEPRECIATION ACCELERATION (TAX). A tax incentivedesigned to encourage new construction by allowing afaster write-off during the early life of a building.(U.S.D.P.)

DESIGN. 1) The arrangement of elements that make upa work of art, a machine or other man-made object.2) The process of selecting the means and contrivingthe elements, steps, and procedures for producingwhat will adequately satisfy some need. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

DETACHED DWELLING. Individual dwelling unit, sepa-rated from others. (U.S.D.P.)

DEVELOPMENT. Gradual advance or growth through pro-gressive changes; a developed tract of land (U.S.D.P.)

DEVELOPMENT SIZE. There are two general ranges ofsize: LARGE: may be independent communities requiringtheir own utilities, services, and conunity facili-ties; SMALL: generally are part of an adjacent urban-ization and can use its supporting utilities; ser-vices, and conmunity facilities. (U.S.D.P.)

DIRECT CURRENT (D.C.) (An electric current that)flows continuously in one direction. (ROTC ST 45-7,1953)

DISCHARGE (Q). Flow from a culvert, sewer, channel,etc. (DePina, 1972)

DISTANCE. The degree or amount of separation betweentwo points (the site and each other element of theurban context) measured along the shortest path ad-joining them (paths of travel). (Merriam-Webster,1971)

DISTRIBUTION (STATION). The part of an electric sup-ply system between bulk power sources (as generatingstations or transformation station tapped from trans-mission lines) and the consumers' service switches.(Merriam-Webster, 1971)

DISTURBED SOIL. Soils that have been disturbed byartificial process, such as excavation, transporta-tion, and compaction in fill. (U.S.D.P.)

DRAINAGE. Interception and removal of ground wateror surface water, by artificial or natural means.(De Pina, 1972)

DUST/DIRT. Fine dry pulverized particles of earth,grit, refuse, waste, litter, etc. (Merriam-Webster,1971)

DWELLING. The general, global designation of a build-ing/shelter in which people live. A dwelling containsone or more Uwelling units'. (U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING BUILDER. Four groups are considered: SELF-HELP BUILT: where the dwelling unit is directly builtby the user or occupant; ARTISAN BUILT: where thedwelling unit is totally or partially built by askilled craftsman hired by the user or occupant pay-ments can be monetary or an exchange of services;SMALL CONTRACTOR BUILT: where the dwelling unit istotally built by a small organization hired by theuser, occupant, or developer; 'small' contractor isdefined by the scale of operations, financially andmaterially; the scale being limited to the construc-tion of single dwelling units or single complexes;LARGE CONTRACTOR BUILT: where the dwelling unit istotally built by a large organization hired by adeveloper; 'large' contractor is defined by the scale

of operations, financially and materially; the scalereflects a more comprehensive and larger size of oper-ations encompassing the building of large quantitiesof similar units, or a singularly large complex.(U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING DENSITY. The number of dwellings, dwellingunits, people or families per unit hectare. Grossdensity is the density of an overall area (ex. in-cluding lots, streets). Net density is the densityof selected, discrete portions of an area (ex. in-cluding only lots). (U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING DEVELOPER. Three sectors are considered inthe supply of dwellings POPULAR SECOR: the marginalsector with limited or no access to the formal finan-

cial, administrative, legal, technical institutionsinvolved in the provision of dwellings. The housingprocess (promotion, financing, construction, opera-tion) is carried out by the Popular Sector generallyfor 'self use' and sometimes for profit. PUBLIC SEC-

GLOSSARY (47)

TOR: the government or non-profit organizationsinvolved in the provision of dwellings. The housingprocess (promotion, financing, construction, opera-tion) is carried out by the Public Sector for service(non-profit or subsidized housing). PRIVATE SECTOR:the individuals, groups or societies, who have accessto the formal financial, administrative, legal, tech-nical institutions in the provision of dwellings. Thehousing process (promotion, financing, construction,operation) is carried out by the Private Sector forprofit. (U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING DEVELOPMENT MODE. Two modes are considered:PROGRESSIVE: the construction of the dwelling and thedevelopment of the local infrastructure to modernstandards by stages, often starting with provisionalstructures and underdeveloped land. This essentiallytraditional procedure is generally practiced bysquatters with de facto security of tenure and anadequate building site. INSTANT: the formal develop-ment procedure in which all structures and servicesare completed before occupation. (U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING FLOORS. The following numbers are consid-ered: ONE: single story; generally associated withdetached, semi-detached and row/group dwelling types.TWO: double story; generally associated with detached,semi-detached and row/group dwelling types. THREE ORMORE: generally associated with walk-up and high-rise dwelling types. (U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING GROUP. The context of the dwelling in itsimmediate surroundings. (U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING/LAND SYSTEM. A distinct dwelling environ-ment/housing situation characterized by its users aswell as by its physical environment. (U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING LOCATION. Three sectors are considered insingle or multi-center urban areas. Sectors areidentified by position as well as by the density ofbuildings as follows: CENTER: the area recognizedas the business center of the city, generally themost densely built-up sector; INNER RING: the arealocated between the city center and the urban periph-ery, generally a densely built-up sector; PERIPHERY:the area located between the inner ring and the ruralareas, generally a scatteredly built-up sector.(U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING PHYSICAL STATE. A qualitative evaluation ofthe physical condition of the dwelling types: room,apartment, house: the shanty unit is not evaluated.BAD: generally poor state of structural stability,weather protection, and maintenance. FAIR: generallyacceptable state of structural stability, weather pro-tection, and maintenance with some deviation. GOOD:generally acceptable state of structural stability,weather protection, and maintenance without deviation.(U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING TYPE. The physical arrangement of the dwell-ing unit: DETACHED: individual dwelling unit, sepa-rated from others. SEMI-DETACHED: two dwelling unitssharing a ccomon wall (duplex). ROW/GROUPED: dwellingunits grouped together linearly or in clusters. WALK-UP: dwelling units grouped in two to five stories withstairs for vertical circulation. HIGH-RISE: dwellingunits grouped in five or more stories with stairs andlifts for vertical circulation. (U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING UNIT. A self-contained unit in a dwellingfor an individual, a family, or a group. (U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING UNIT AREA. The dwelling unit area (m2

) isthe built-up, covered area of a dwelling unit.(U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING UNIT COST. The initial amount of money paidfor the dwelling unit or the present monetary equiv-alent for replacing the dwelling unit. (U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING UNIT TYPE. Four types of dwelling units areconsidered: ROOM: A SINGLE SPACE usually bounded by

partitions and specifically used for living; forexample, a living room, a dining room, a bedroom, butnot a bath/toilet, kitchen, laundry, or storage room.SEVERAL ROOM UNITS are contained in a building/shelterand share the use of the parcel of land on which theyare built (open spaces) as well as common facilities(circulation, toilets, kitchens). APARTMENT: A MULTI-PLE SPACE (room/set of rooms with bath, kitchen, etc.)SEVERAL APARTMENT UNITS are contained in a buildingand share the use of the parcel of land on which theyare built (open spaces) as well as some common faci-lities (circulation). HOUSE: A MULTIPLE SPACE (room/set of rooms with or without bath, kitchen, etc.) ONEHOUSE UNIT is contained in a building/shelter and hasthe private use of the parcel of land on which it isbuilt (open spaces) as well as the facilities avail-able. SHANTY: A SINGLE OR MULTIPLE SPACE (small,crudely built). ONE SHANTY UNIT is contained in ashelter and shares with other shanties the use of theparcel of land on which they are built (open spaces).(U.S.D.P.)

DWELLING UTILIZATION. The utilization indicates thetype of use with respect to the number of inhabitants/families. SINGLE: an individual or family inhabitinga dwelling. MULTIPLE: a group of individuals or fami-lies inhabiting a dwelling. (U.S.D.P.)

EASEMENT. Servitude: a right in respect of an object(as land owned by one person) in virtue of which theobject (land) is subject to a specified use or enjoy-ment by another person or for the benefit of anotherthing. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

EFFICIENCY. Capacity to produce desired results witha minimum expenditure of energy, time, money or mate-rials. (erriam-Webster, 1971)

EFFLUENT. Outflow or discharge from a sewer or sewagetreatment equipment. (DePina, 1972)

ELECTRIC FEEDER. That part of the electric distribu-tion system between the transformer and the servicedrop or drops. (HUD, Mobile Court Guide, 1970)

ELECTRIC SERVICE DROP. That part of the electricdistribution system from a feeder to the user's ser-vice equipment serving one or more lots. (HUD, MobileCourt Guide, 1970)

ELECTRIC TRANSFORMER. A device which changes the mag-nitude of alternating voltages and currents; generallyfrom distribution voltages to user voltages; a distri-bution component that converts power to usable volt-age. (TM 5 765 US Army, 1970; U.S.D.P.)

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT. A closed, complete electricalpath with various connected loads. Circuits mayeither be 'parallel' (voltage constant for all con-nected loads) or 'series' (voltage divided among con-nected loads). Parallel circuits are fixtures wiredindependent of each other, which are used in nearlyall building wiring. (U.S.D.P.; ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

ELECTRICAL FREQUENCY. The number of times an alter-nating electric current changes direction in a givenperiod of time. Measured in cycles per second: hertz.(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

ELECTRIC GROUND. The electrical connection with theearth or other ground. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

ELECTRICAL NETWORK COMPONENTS. It is composed of thefollowing: GENERATION: produces electricity; TRANS-MISSION: transports energy to user groups; DISTRIBU-TION STATION: divides power among main user groups;SUBSTATION: manipulates power into useful energy lev-els for consumption; DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: provideselectric service to user. (U.S.D.P.)

ELECTRIC PHASE. May be either a single-phase circuit(for small electrical devices) or a three-phase cir-cuit (for heavy equipment, large electrical devices).In single-phase only one current is flowing through

the circuit with the voltage dropping to zero twice ineach cycle. In three-phase currents flow through thecircuit with the power never dropping to zero.(U.S.D.P.)

ELECTRICAL POWER. The source or means of supplyingenergy for use: measured in watts. (U.S.D.P.)

ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS. May either be single-phaseor three-phase. SINGLE-PHASE: 2 hot wires with 1 neu-tral wire; THREE-PHASE: 3 hot wires with 1 neutralwire. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

ELECTRICITY. Electrification: the process (network)for supplying (the site) with electric power.(Merriam-Webster, 1971)

EMBANKMENT (or FILL). A bank of earth, rock, orother material constructed above the natural groundsurface. (DePina, 1972)

EROSION. The general process whereby materials ofthe earth's crust are worn away and removed by natur-al agencies including weathering, solution, corrosion,and transportation; (specific) land destruction andsimultaneous removal of particles (as of soil) by run-ning water, waves and currents, moving ice, or wind.(Merriam-Webster, 1971)

EXCRETA. Waste matter eliminated from the body.(U.S.D.P.)

EXISTING STRUCTURE. Something constructed or built(on the site). (U.S.D.P.)

EXPLORATORY BORING. Initial subsurface investigations(borings) are done on a grid superimposed on the areasof interest and on areas indicated as limited/res-tricted/hazard in the initial survey. (U.S.D.P.)

EXTERIOR CIRCULATION/ACCESSES (SITE PLANNING). Theexisting and proposed circulation system/accesses out-side but affecting the site. These include limitedaccess highways as well as meshing access to the sur-rounding area. Exterior circulation/accesses aregenerally given conditions. (U.S.D.P.)

FAUCET (also TAP). A fixture for drawing liquid froma pipe, cask, or other vessel. (Merriam-Webster,1971)

FINANCING. The process of raising or providing funds.SELF FINANCED: provided by own funds; PRIVATE/PUBLICFINANCED: provided by loan; PUBLIC SUBSIDIZED: pro-vided by grant or aid. (U.S.D.P.)

FIRE/EXPLOSION HAZARDS. Danger: the state of beingexposed to harm; liable to injury, pain, or loss fromfire/explosion (at or near the site). (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

FIRE FLOW. The quantity (in time) of water availablefor fire-protection purposes in excess of that re-quired for other purposes. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

FIRE HYDRANT. A water tap to which fire hoses areconnected in order to smother fires. (U.S.D.P.)

FIRE PROTECTION. Measures and practices for prevent-ing or reducing injury and loss of life or propertyby fire. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. A pavement structure which main-tains intimate contact with and distributes loads tothe subgrade and depends upon aggregate interlock,particle friction, and cohesion for stability.(DePina, 1972)

FLOODING. A rising and overflowing of a body of waterthat covers land not usually under water. (U.S.D.P.)

FLODWAY FRINGE. The floodplain area landward of thenatural floodway which would be inundated by low velo-city flood waters. (U.S.D.P.)

FLOW METER. A device to measure flow of water.(U.S.D.P.)

FLUSH TANK TOILET. Toilet with storage tank of waterused for flushing bowl. (U.S.D.P.)

FLUSH VALVE TOILET. Toilet with self-closing valvewhich supplies water directly from pipe. It requiresadequate pressure for proper functioning. (U.S.D.P.)

FOOT CANDLE. A unit of illuminance on a surface thatis everywhere one foot from a uniform point source of

light of one candle and equal to one lumen per squarefoot. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

FUMES. Gaseous emissions that are usually odorous andsometimes noxious. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

GAS. A system for supplying natural gas, manufacturedgas, or liquefied petroleum gas to the site and indi-vidual users. (U.S.D.P.)

GRADE. Profile of the center of a roadway, or theinvert of a culvert or sewer. (DePina, 1972)

GRID BLOCKS. The block determined by a convenient

public circulation and not by dimensions of lots. In

grid blocks some lots have indirect access to publicstreets. (U.S.D.P.)

GRIDIRON BLOCKS. The blocks determined by the dimen-sions of the lots. In gridiron blocks all the lotshave direct access to public streets. (U.S.D.P.)

GRID LAYOUTS. The urban layouts with grid blocks.(U.S.D.P.)

GRIDIRON LAYOUTS. The urban layouts with gridironblocks. (U.S.D.P.) ~

GOVERNMENT/MUNICIPAL REGULATIONS. In urban areas, thedevelopment of the physical environment is a processusually controlled by a government/municipalitythrough all or some of the following regulations:Master Plan, Zoning Ordinance, Subdivision Regulations,Building Code. (U.S.D.P.)

HEAD. (Static). The height of water above any planeor point of reference. Head in feet - (lb/sq. in. x144)/(Density in lb/cu. ft. ) For water at 68*F.(DePina, 1972)

HIGH-RISE. Dwelling units grouped in five or morestories with stairs and lifts for vertical circula-tion. (U.S.D.P.)

HOT WIRE. Wire carrying voltage between itself and aground. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

HYDRAULICS. That branch of science or engineeringthat deals with water or other fluid in motion. (De-Pins, 1972)

ILLEGAL. That which is contrary to or violating arule or regulation or something having the force oflaw. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

INCOME. The amount (measured in money) of gains fromcapital or labor. The amount of such gain received bya family per year may be used as an indicator ofincome groups. (U.S.D.P.)

INCOME GROUPS. A group of people or families withinthe same range of incomes. (U.S.D.P.)

INCREMENT (TAX). A special tax on the increasedvalue of land, which is due to no labor/expenditureby the owner, but rather to natural causes such asthe increase of population, general progress of so-ciety, etc. (U.S.D.P.)

INFRASTRUCTURE. The underlying foundation or basicframework for utilities and services: streets; sewage,water network; storm drainage, electrical network;


gas network; tel-tphone network, public transportation;police and fire protection; refuse collection, health,schools, playgrounds, parks, open spaces. (U.S.D.P.)

INSULATOR. A material or body that is a poor conduc-tor of electricity, heat, or sound. (Merriam-Webster,1971)

INTERIOR CIRCULATION NETWORK (SITE PLANNING). Thepedestrian/vehicular circulation system inside thesite. It should be designed based upon the exteriorcirculation/accesses and land development require-ments. (U.S.D.P.)

INTERVAL. A space of time (or distance) between therecurrences of similar conditions or states. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

KILOWATT (kw). (1000 watts) A convenient manner ofexpressing large wattages. Kilowatt hours (kwh) mea-sure the total quantity of energy consumed in a giventime. One kwh represents the use of an average of 1kilowatt of electrical energy for a period of 1 hour.(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

LAMPHOLE. A vertical pipe or shaft leading from thesurface of the ground to a sewer, for admitting lightfor purposes of inspection. (U.S.D.P.)

LAND COST. Price: the amount of money given or set as

the amount to be given as a consideration for thesale of a specific thing (the site). (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

LAND DEVELOPMENT COSTS. The costs of making raw landready for development through the provision of utili-ties, services, accesses, etc. (U.S.D.P.)

LAND LEASE. The renting of land for a term of yearsfor an agreed sum; leases of land may run as long as99 years. (U.S.D.P.)

LAND-MARKET VALUE. Refers to: 1) the present mone-tary equivalent to replace the land; 2) the presenttax based value of the land; or 3) the present com-mercial market value of the land. (U.S.D.P.)

LAND OWNERSHIP. The exclusive right of control andpossession of a parcel of land. (U.S.D.P.)

LAND SUBDIVISION. The division of the land in blocks,lots and laying out streets. (U.S.D.P.)

LAND TENANCY. The temporary holding or mode of hold-ing a parcel of land of another. (U.S.D.P.)

LAND UTILIZATION. A qualification of the land arounda dwelling in relation to user, physical controls andresponsiblity. PUBLIC (streets, walkways, openspaces): user -anyone/unlimited; physical controls-minimum; responsibility -public sector. SENIPUBLIC(open spaces, playgrounds, schools): user -limitedgroup of people; physical controls -partial or com-plete; responsibility -public sector and user. PRI-VATE (dwellings, lots): user -owner or tenant orsquatter; physical controls -complete; responsibility-user. SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts): user -group ofowners and/or tenants; physical controls -partial orcomplete; responsibility -user. (U.S.D.P.)

LAND UTILIZATION: PHYSICAL CONTROLS. The physical/legal means or methods of directing, regulating, andcoordinating the use and maintenance of land by theowners/users. (U.S.D.P.)

LAND UTILIZATION: RESPONSIBILITY. The quality/stateof being morally/legally responsible for the use andmaintenance of land by the owners/users. (U.S.D.P.)

LATERAL SEWER. A collector pipe receiving sewagefrom building connection only. (U.S.D.P.)

LATRINE. A receptacle (as a pit in the earth or awater closet) for use in defecation and urination, or

a room (as in a barracks or hospital) or enclosure(as in a camp) containing such a receptacle.(Merriam-Webster, 1971)

LAYOUT. The plan or design or arrangement of some-thing that is laid out. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

LEVELS OF SERVICES. Two levels are considered: MINI-MUM, are admissible or possible levels below thestandard; STANDARD, are levels set up and establishedby authority, custom of general consent, as a model,example or rule for the measure of quantity, weightextent, value or quality. (U.S.D.P.)

LIFT PUMP. A collection system component that forcessewage to a higher elevation to avoid deep pipe net-works. (U.S.D.P.)

LOCALITY. A relatively self-contained residentialarea/community/neighborhood/settlement within an ur-ban area which may contain one or more dwelling/landsystems. (U.S.D.P.)

LOCALITY SEGMENT. A 400m x 400m area taken from andrepresenting the residential character and layout ofa locality. (U.S.D.P.)

LOCATION. Situation: the way in which something (thesite) is placed in relation to its surroundings (theurban context). (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

LOT. A measured parcel of land having fixed bounda-ries and access to public circulation. (U.S.D.P.)

LOT CLUSTER. A group of lots (owned individually)around a semipublic comtmon court (owned in condomi-nium). (U.S.D.P.)

LOT COVERAGE. The ratio of building area to the totallot area. (U.S.D.P.)

LOT PROPORTION. The ratio of lot width to lot depth.(U.S.D.P.)

LUMINAIRE. In highway lighting, a complete lightingdevice consisting of a light source, plus a globe,reflector, refractor, housing and such support as isintegral with the housing. (DePina, 1972)

MANHOLE. An access hole sized for a man to enter,particularly in sewer and storm drainage pipe systemsfor cleaning, maintenance and inspection. (U.S.D.P.)

MATRIX (OF BASIC REFERENCE MODELS). A set of modelsof urban layouts arranged in rows and columns.(U.S.D.P.)

MASTER PLAN. A comprehensive, long range plan intend-ed to guide the growth and development of a city, townor region, expressing official contemplations on thecourse its transportation, housing and community faci-lities should take, and making proposals for indus-trial settlement, commerce, population distributionand other aspects of growth and development. (Abrams,1972).

MEDIAN BARRIER. A double-faced guard rail in themedian or island dividing two adjacent roadways. (De-Pina, 1972)

MESHING BOUNDARIES. Characterized by continuing,homogeneous land uses or topography, expressed as:LINES: property lines, political or municipal divi-sions, main streets, etc.; AREAS: similar residentialuses, compatible uses (as parks with residential).(U.S.D.P.)

MICROCLIMATE. The local climate of a given site orhabitat varying in size from a tiny crevice to alarge land area, but being usually characterized byconsiderable uniformity of climate. (Merriam-Webster,1971)

MODE OF TRAVEL. Manner of moving from one place (the

site) to another (other parts of the urban context).(U.S.D.P.)

MODEL (OF URBAN LAYOUT). A representation of an urbanresidential area illustrating circulation, land utili-zation, land subdivision, and utility network of aspecific layout and lot. (U.S.D.P.)

MUTUAL OWNERSHIP. Private land ownership shared bytwo or more persons and their heir under mutual agree-ment. (U.S.D.P.)

NATURAL FEATURES. Prominent objects in or produced bynature. (U.S.D.P.)

NATURAL UNDISTURBED SOIL. Soils that have not beendisturbed by artificial process. Although natural,they depend greatly on local conditions, environment,and past geological history of the formations.(U.S.D.P.)

NEIGHBORHOOD. A section lived in by neighbors andhaving distinguishing characteristics. (U.S.D.P.)

NETWORK EFFICIENCY (LAYOUT EFFICIENCY). The ratio ofthe length of the network to the area(s) containedwithin; or tangent to it. (U.S.D.P.)

NEUTRAL WIRE. Wire carrying no voltage between itselfand a ground. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

NOISE. Any sound (affecting the site) that is unde-sired (such as that produced by: traffic, airports,industry, etc.) (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

ODOR. A quality of something that affects the senseof smell. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

OHMS (electrical). The unit of resistance to theflow electricity. The higher the number of ohms, thegreater the resistance. When resistance is constant,amperage (and wattage) are in direct proportion tovoltage. Resistance varies inversely with the cross-sectional area of the wire. Ohms - volts/amperes.R = E/I. The practical mks unit of electrical resis-tance that is equal to the resistance of a circuit inwhich a potential difference of one volt produces acurrent of one ampere or to the resistance in whichone watt of power is dissipated when one ampere flowsthrough it and that is taken as standard in the U.S.(U.S.D.P.; ROTC ST 45-7, 1953; Merriam-Webster, 1971)

OPTIMIZE/OPTIMALIZE. To bring to a peak of economicefficiency, specially by the use of precise analyticalmethods. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

ORGANIC SOILS. Soils composed mostly of plant mate-rial. (U.S.D.P.)

OXIDATION POND (LAGOON). A method of sewage treat-ment using action of bacteria and algae to digest/decompose wastes. (U.S.D.P.)

PERCENT RENT/ORTGAGE. The fraction of income allo-cated for dwelling rental or dwelling mortgage pay-ments; expressed as a percentage of total familyincome. (U.S.D.P.)

PIT PRIVY/LATRINE. A simple hole in the ground,usually hand dug, covered with slab and protectivesuperstructure; for disposal of human excreta.(U.S.D.P.)

PLANNING. The establishment of goals, policies, andprocedures for a social or economic unit, i.e. city.(U.S.D.P.)

PLOT/LOT. A measured parcel of land having fixedboundaries and access to public circulation. (U.S.D.P.)

POLICE PROTECTION. Police force: a body of trainedmen and women entrusted by a government with the main-tenance of public peace and order, enforcement oflaws, prevention and detection of crime. (Merriam-

Webster, 1971)

POPULATION DENSITY. It is the ratio between the popu-lation of a given area and the area. It is expressedin people per hectare. It can be: GROSS DENSITY: in-cludes any kind of land utilization, residential, cir-culation, public facilities, etc. NET DENSITY: in-cludes only the residential land and does not includeland for other uses. (U.S.D.P.)

POSITION. The point or area in space actually occu-pied by a physical object (the site). (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

PRIMER. A small introductory book on a specific sub-ject. (U.S.D.P.)

PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP. The absolute tenure of landto a person and his heirs without restriction of time.(U.S.D.P.)

PRIVY. A small, often detached building having abench with one or more round or oval holes throughwhich the user may defecate or urinate (as into a pitor tub) and ordinarily lacking any means of automaticdischarge of the matter deposited. (Merriam-Webster,1971)

PROJECT. A plan undertaken; a specific plan or de-sign. (U.S.D.P.)

PUBLIC CIRCULATION. The circulation network which isowned, controlled, and maintained by public agenciesand is accessible to all members of a community.(U.S.D.P.)

PUBLIC FACILITIES. Facilities such as schools, play-grounds, parks, other facilities accessible to allmembers of a community which are owned, controlled,and maintained by public agencies. (U.S.D.P.)

PUBLIC SERVICES AND COMMUNITY FACILITES. Includes;public transportation, police protection, fire pro-tection, refuse collection, health, schools, andplaygrounds, recreation and open spaces, other com-munity facilities, business, commercial, small indus-tries, markets. (U.S.D.P.)

PUBLIC SYSTEM (general). A system which is owned andoperated by a local governmental authority or by anestablished public utility company which is con-trolled and regulated by a governmental authority.(HUD/AID, Minimum Standards, 1966)

PUBLIC UTILITIES. Includes: water supply, sanitarysewerage, storm drainage, electricity, street light-ing, telephone, circulation networks. (U.S.D.P.)

PUMP. A device or machine that raises, transfers, orcompresses fluids or that attenuates gases especiallyby suction or pressure or both. (Merriam-Webster,1971)

REFUSE COLLECTION. The service for collection anddisposal of all the solid wastes from a community.(U.S.D.P.)

RESERVOIR. Large-scale storage of water; also func-tions to control fluctuations in supply and pressure.(U.S.D.P.)

RESIDENTIAL AREA. An area containing the basicneeds/requirements for daily life activities: hous-ing, education, recreation, shopping, work. (U.S.D.P.)

RESISTANCE. The opposition to electrical flow. (Re-sistance increases as the length of wires is in-creased and decreases as the cross-sectional area ofwires is increased). (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

RIGHT-OF-WAY. A legal right of passage over anotherperson's ground (land), the area or way over which aright-of-way exists such as: a path or thorough-farewhich one may lawfully use, the strip of land devotedto or over which is built a public road, the land

GLOSSARY (49)

occupied by a railroad, the land used by a publicutility. Rights-of-way may be shared (as streets;pedestrians and automobiles) or exclusive (as rapidtransit routes; subways, railroads, etc.) (Merriam-Webster, 1971; U.S.D.P.)

ROADWAY (HIGHWAY). Portion of the highway includedbetween the outside lines of gutter or side ditches,including all slopes, ditches, channels, and appurte-nances necessary to proper drainage, protection, and

use. (DePina, 1972)

ROW/GROUPED HOUSING. Dwelling units grouped togetherlinearly or in clusters. (U.S.D.P.)

RUNOFF. That part of precipitation carried off fromthe area upon which it falls. (DePina, 1972)

RUNOFF-RAINFALL RATIO. The percentage (ratio) ofstormwater runoff that is not reduced by evaporation,depression storage, surface wetting, and percolation;with increased rainfall duration, runoff-rainfallratios rise increasing runoff flow. (U.S.D.P.)

SAND. Loose, distinguishable grains of quartz/feld-

spar, mica (ranging from 2mm to 0.02mm in diameter).(U.S.D.P.)

SANITARY SEWERAGE. The system of artificial usuallysubterranean conduits to carry off sewage composed of:excreta: waste matter eliminated from the human body;domestic wastes: used water from a home/communitycontaining 0.1% total solids; and some industrialwastes, but not water from ground, surface, or storm.(U.S.D.P.)

SEMI-DETACHED DWELLING. Two dwelling units sharing acommon wall (duplex). (U.S.D.P.)

SEPTIC TANK. A tank in which the organic solid mat-ter of continuously flowing sewage is deposited andretained until it has been disintegrated by anaerobicbacteria. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

SERIES CIRCUIT. Fixtures connected in a circuit by asingle wire. When one fixture is out, the circuit isbroken. Fixtures with different amperages cannot beused efficiently in the same circuit. (ROTC ST 45-7,1953)

SETTLEMENT. Occupation by settlers to establish aresidence or colony. (U.S.D.P.)

SEWAGE. The effluent in a sewer network. (U.S.D.P.)

SEWER. The conduit in a subterranean network used to

carry off water and waste matter. (U.S.D.P.)

SEWER BUILDING CONNECTION. The pipe connecting thedwelling with the sewer network. (U.S.D.P.)

SEWERAGE. Sewerage system: the system of sewers in a

city, town or locality. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

SHAPE. Form/configuration of the site surface as

defined by its perimeter/boundaries. (U.S.D.P.)

SHOPPING. (Facilities for) searching for, inspecting,

or buying available goods or services. (U.S.D.P.)

SILT. Loose, unconsolidated sedimentary rock parti-

cles (ranging from 0.02mm to 0.002mm in diameter).(U.S.D.P.)

SITE. Land (that could be) made suitable for building

purposes by dividing into lots, laying out streets and

providing facilities. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

SITE AREAS. Two types are considered: GROSS AREA: in-

cludes the whole site or the bounded piece of ground.

USABLE AREA: includes only the portion of the site

that can be fully utilized for buildings, streets,

playgrounds, recreation facilities, gardens, or other

structures. (U.S.D.P.)

SITE AND SERVICES. The subdivision of urban land andthe provision of services for residential use and com-plementary commercial use. Site and services projectsare aimed to improve the housing conditions for thelow income groups of the population by providing:a) SITE: the access to a piece of land where people

can build their own dwellings; b) SERVICES: theopportunity of access to employment, utilities, ser-

vices and community facilities, financing and commu-

nications. (U.S.D.P.)

SIZE. Physical magnitude or extent (of the site),

relative or proportionate dimensions (of the site).(Merriam-Webster, 1971)

SLOPE. Degree or extent of deviation (of the land

surface) from the horizontal. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

SMOKE. The gaseous products of burning carbonaceousmaterials made visible by the presence of carbon par-

ticles. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

SOIL. Soil structure: the arrangement of soil parti-cles in various aggregates differring in shape, size,

stability, and degree of adhesion to one another.(Merriam-Webster, 1971)

SOIL INVESTIGATION. It is the process to find thesoil structure and other characteristics. It may

include the following stages: initial soil survey,exploratory boring, construction boring. (U.S.D.P.)

SOIL PIPE. The pipe in a dwelling which carries thepipe discharge from water closets. (U.S.D.P.)

SOIL SURVEY (INITIAL). An on-site examination ofsurface soil conditions and reference to a GENERALSOIL MAP. It is used to reveal obvious limitations/restrictions/hazards for early planning considera-tion. (U.S.D.P.)

STACK. The vertical pipe in a dwelling of the soil-,waste-, or vent-pipe systems. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

STANDARD. 1) Something that is established by author-ity, custom or general consent as a model or exampleto be followed. 2) Something that is set up and es-tablished by authority as a rule for the measure ofquantity, weight, extent, value or quality. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

STANDPIPE. A pipe riser with tap used as a source ofwater for domestic purposes. (HUD/AID, Minimum Stan-dards, 1966)

STORM DRAINAGE. Storm sewer: a sewer (system) de-signed to carry water wastes except sewage (exclu-sively storm water, surface runoff, or street wash).(Merriam-Webster, 1971)

STREET LIGHTING. Illumination to improve vision atnight for security and for the extension of activi-ties. (U.S.D.P.)

SUBDIVISION REGULATIONS. Regulations governing thedevelopment of raw land for residential or other pur-poses. (Abrams, 1972)

SUBGRADE. The layer of natural soil or fill (com-pacted soil) upon which the pavement structure in-cluding curbs is constructed. (DePina, 1972)

SUBMAIN or BRANCH SEWER. A collector pipe receivingsewage from lateral sewer only. (U.S.D.P.)

SUBSISTENCE INCOME. The minimum amount of money re-quired for the purchase of food and fuel for an aver-age family to survive. (U.S.D.P.)

SULLAGE. Drainage or refuse especially from a house,

farmyard, or street. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

TAP (also FAUCET). A fixture for drawing a liquid froma pipe, cask, or other vessel. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

TAX EXEMPTION. A grant by a government of immunityfrom taxes; (a ten-year tax exemption on new housingin New York stimulated new construction in the 1920's;to ease its housing shortage, Turkey granted a ten-year tax exemption on new buildings). (Abrams, 1966)

TAX INCENTIVE. Favorable tax treatment to induce thebeneficiary to do something he would not otherwise belikely to do. (U.S.D.P.)

TAX STRUCTURE - TAXATION. The method by which anation (state, municipality) implements decisions totransfer resources from the private sector to thepublic sector. (U.S.D.P.)

TELEPHONE. An electrical voice communication networkinterconnecting all subscribing individuals andtransmitting over wires. (U.S.D.P.)

TENURE. Two situations of tenure of the dwellingunits and/or the lot/land are considered: LEGAL:having formal status derived from law; EXTRALEGAL:not regulated or sanctioned by law. Four types oftenure are considered: RENTAL: where the users pay afee (daily, weekly, monthly) for the use of the dwell-ing unit and/or the lot/land; LEASE: where the userspay a fee for long-term use (generally for a year)for a dwelling unit and/or the lot/land from the owner(an individual, a public agency, or a private organi-zation); OWNERSHIP: where the users hold in freeholdthe dwelling unit and/or the lot/land which the unitoccupies; EMPLOYER-PROVIDED: where the users areprovided a dwelling unit by an employer in exchangefor services, i.e. domestic live-in servant. (U.S.D.P.)

TITLE. The instrument (as a deed) that constitutes alegally just cause of exclusive possession (of land,dwellings, or both). (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

TOILET. A fixture for defecation and urination, esp.water closet. (7th Collegiate Webster, 1963)

TOPOGRAPHY. The configuration of a (land) surfaceincluding its relief and the position of its naturaland man-made features. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

TRANSPORTATION, Means of conveyance or travel fromone place (the site) to another (other parts of theurban context). (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

TRAP. A fitting that provides a water seal to pre-vent sewer gases and odors being discharged throughfixtures. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

TREATMENT WORKS. Filtration plant, reservoirs, andall other construction required for the treatment ofa water supply. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

UNIT. A determinate quantity adopted as a standardof measurement for other quantities of the same kind.(Merriam-Webster, 1971)

URBAN TRANSPORTATION. Means of conveyance of passen-gers or goods from one place to another along ways,routes of circulation in a metropolitan context.(U.S.D.P.)

URBANIZATION. The quality or state of being or be-coming urbanized; to cause to take on urban character-istics. (U.S.D.P.)

USE TAX. The tax on land aimed primarily at enforcingits use or improvement. (U.S.D.P.)

USER INCOME GROUPS. Based upon the subsistence (min-

imum wage) income per year, five income groups aredistinguished: VERY LOW (below subsistence level):the income group with no household income availablefor housing, services, or transportation; LOW (I xsubsistence level): the income group that can afford

no or very limited subsidized housing; MODERATE (3

x subsistence level): the income group that canafford limited housing and rent only with governmentassistance; HIGH (5 x subsistence level): the income

group that can afford housing without subsidy, bycash purchase, through mortgage payments, or by rent;VERY HIGH (10 x subsistence level): the income groupthat represents the most economically mobile sectorof the population. (U.S.D.P.)

USUFRUCT. The right to profit from a parcel of landor control of a parcel of land without becoming theowner or formal leasee; legal possession by decreewithout charge. (U.S.D.P.)

UTILITIES. Include: water supply, sanitary sewerage,storm drainage, electricity, street lighting, gas,telephone. (U.S.D.P.)

UTILITY/SERVICE. The organization and/or infrastruc-ture for meeting the general need (as for water sup-ply, wastewater removal, electricity, etc.) in thepublic interest. (U.S.D.P.)

VALVE. A water supply distribution component whichinterrupts the supply for maintenance purposes.(U.S.D.P.)

VENT. A pipe opening to the atmosphere, which pro-vides ventilation for a drainage system and preventstrap siphonage or back pressure. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

VIBRATION. A quivering or trembling motion (such asthat produced by: heavy traffic, industry, aircraft,etc. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

VIEWS. That which is revealed to the vision or can beseen (from the site). (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

WALK-UP. Dwelling units grouped in two to five sto-ries with stairs for vertical circulation. (U.S.D.P.)

WASTE PIPE. A pipe (in a dwelling) which carrieswater from wash basins, sinks, and similar fixtures.(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)

WATER SUPPLY. Source, means, or process of supplyingwater, (as for a community) usually involving reser-voirs, pipelines, and often the watershed from whichthe water is ultimately drawn. (Merriam-Webster,1971)

WATERSHED. The catchment area or drainage basin fromwhich the waters of a stream or stream system aredrawn. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

WATERWORKS. The whole system of reservoirs, channels,mains, and pumping and purifying equipment by whicha water supply is obtained and distributed to con-sumers. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

WATT. Watts (w) measure the power of the flow ofenergy through a circuit. Wattage is the product ofvolts times amperes. Both watts and hosepower denotethe rate of work being done. 746w - lhp. (RTC ST45-7, 1953)

ZONING ORDINANCE. The demarcation of a city by ordi-nance into zones (areas/districts) and the establish-ment of regulations to govern the use of land and thelocation, bulk, height, shape, use, population den-sity, and coverage of structures within each zone.(U.S.D.P.)


EXPLANATORY NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABBREVIATIONS,D.A.N.E. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de

EstadisticaEXP. PLAN Experimental PlanICETEX Instituto Colombiano de Credito

Educativo y Estudios Tecnicos en elExterior

I.C.T. Instituto de Credito TerritorialKM. KilometersN.A. Not AvailableS. BLOCK Superblock

QUALITY OF SERVICES, FACILITIES AND UTILITIESNone: when the existence of services,

facilities and utilities are unavail-able to a locality.

Limited, when the existence of services,facilities and utilities are availableto a locality in a limited manner dueto proximity.

Adequate: when the existence of services,facilities and utilities are availablein/to a locality.

QUALITY OF INFORMATIONThe quality of information given in the drawingshave been qualified in the following manner:Tentative: when based upon rough estimations of

limited sources.Approximate: when deducted from different and/or

not completely reliable sources.Accurate, when taken from reliable or actual

sources.

URBAN CONTEXT (Pag. 3)The numbering of paragraphs correspond to thefollowing aspects of the urban area:

1. Primary Information2. History3. Economy4. Government5. Demography6. Socio - Cultural7. Socio - Economic8. Housing

METRIC SYSTEM EQUIVALENTSLinear MeasuresI centimeter1 meter - 100 centimeters

1 kilometer - 1,000 meters

1 inch1 foot1 mile

Square Measures1 square meter

- 0.3937 inches- 39.37 inches or

3.28 feet= 3,280.83 feet or

0,62137 miles- 2.54 centimeters- 0.3048 meters= 1.60935 kilometers

- 1,550 square inchesor

10.7639 square feet1 hectare - 10,000 sq meters -- 2.4711 acres1 square foot = 0.0929 square meters1 acre - 0.4087

ASOCIACION ARQUITECTOS UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL, Publi-cacidn 3. Bogoti, 1971.

BOGOTA, SU DESARROLIO Y PRESERVACION DEL MEDIO AM-BIENTE, Departamento Administrativo de PlaneacionDistrital, Sub-Direccidn de Desarrollo Fisico.Bogota, 1971.

EL FUTURO DE BOGOTA, Republica de Colombia, BancoInternacional de Reconstruccion y Fomento, Programade las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.Bogota, 1974.

EQUIPAMIENTO COMUNITARIO CIUDAD KENNEDY FASE L. -USOS DEL SUELO, Departamento de Estudios e Investi-gaziones, Oficina Organizacion y Control, Institutode Crddito Territorial. Bogota, 1976.

ESTUDIOS DE NORMAS MINIMAS DE URBANIZACION, SERVICIOSPUBLICOS Y SERVICIOS COMUNITARIOS, Primera parte, nor-mas fisicas y aspectos generales, informe bisico ycomplemento, Consultdcnicos Ltda. BogotA, 1972.

GUIDE FOR SURVEY - EVALUATION OF URBAN DWELLINGENVIRONMENTS, M.I.T. Thesis, Baldwin J. M. Cambridge,1974.

INSTITUTO DE CREDITO TERRITORIAL - INFORME.Bogota, 1965.

INSTITUTO DE CREDITO TERRITORIAL - INFORME.Bogoti, 1967.

KENNEDY, Anatomia de Bogota, Capitulo 2, El Vesper-tino. Bogotj, Marzo 2 1976.

PLAN DE ESTRUCTURA PARA BOGOTA, Informe tecnico so-bre el estudio de desarrollo urbano de Bogoti fase 2,Republica de Colombia, Banco Internacional de Recons-truccion y Fomento, Programa de las Naciones Unidaspara el Desarrollo. BogotA, 1974.

URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS: Cali, Colombia, M.I.T.Thesis. Jairo A. Millan V. Cambridge, 1975.

URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE GROWTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES,Case Study: Bogota, Colombia, M.I.T. Thesis. GermanRuiz Silva. Cambridge, 1974.

URBAN SETTLEMENT DESIGN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES,Files. Cambridge, 1976.

Archives AUG 16 1976

Documents

Transcript of Archives AUG 16 1976