Architecture from ancient Greek till Gothic
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Transcript of Architecture from ancient Greek till Gothic
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Andrzej akowski, IDII
Religious- Mythological Affect on Built Environment
Ancient Greek
Architecture of Ancient Greece is above all a number of temples built in
honor of different deities. Although the temples were large and
impressive, however, Celli, the ritual spaces were very narrow. This
justifies the fact that the temple deity fulfill the role of the house of Gods,
not like in Christianity where the faithful gathered to participate in worship. The temples were places of
worship where sacrifices (material goods, food, animals, and sometimes the victim became a man).
Sacrificed on the altar before the temple. When the gifts were more costly to them hung on the walls
Celli, or surrender them to the treasury.
The classic ancient Greek temples were built in accordance with the belief that certain shapes and
proportions are pleasing to the gods. There are three main ancient orders of architecture, which differ
forms and proportions of columns, capitals
and the entablature, the design based on the
print heads. Magnificence of Greekarchitecture is not high art or technology, but
for a brilliant sense of proportion and a heightened awareness of perspective. An example might be
the habit of thickening the middle of the
column so that when viewed from a distance
not to appear hollow. Often used to celebrate
religious ceremonies theaters.
The oldest is the Doric order, which was in the seventh century BC and
occurred mainly in western Greece and the colonies, for example, in
Sicily and southern Italy. The Doric style is rather sturdy and its top (the
capital), is plain its head was a simple geometric form.
About one hundred years later, in the Aegean islands evolved into a more decorative-Ionic order. Its
characteristic features were the volute (worm) on the heads. Ionic Columns Doric differed from those
that were more slender and had a profiled base.
Thermos, Megaron and TempleA: Mycenaean period-Megaron with the apse,B: The period of the geometric-Megaron the (late) a
wreath of wooden poles, around the tenthcentury BC,
C: The Archaic period to VII century BC Temple of Apollo with an extended cell, a number of internal columns and possibly a sloping roof
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Another order, the Corinthian was founded in Athens in the fifth century BC
Corinthian columns were the most slender and characterized by a richly decorated capitals. An
important heads were the pride of the Corinthian acanthus leaves (plants growing in Mediterranean
countries)
The Acropolis in Athens, reconstruction
The Acropolis in Athens (sacred place): The Acropolis of Athens, Athens, towering above the
limestone hill oval shaped. In antiquity, religious center. The settlement on the Acropolis of Athens is
attested from the Stone Age, the Mycenaean culture period the remains of walls, the so-called.
pelasgikon. In the sixth century BC Solon and Pizystrat initiated a broader construction here: erected
the temple of Athena (called Hekatompedon), and the site of an older temple (Naos Archajos) -
Temple of Athena Polias, the patron saint of the city.
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Ornaments
Roofing Tiles
Capital
Doric Ionic Corinthian
Archaic 540BC Archaic sixth
century BC
ApolloTemple540
BC
Early classic 480 BC
Archaic 550 BC313 BC
Classic 430 BC
350- 330 BC
First century BC
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Ancient Rome
Architecture facet of Greek life that the Romans borrowed various aspects of. The simple but
exquisitedly executed Hellenic style had captivated the Romans as much as other perspectives of
Greece had. From the Greeks they took the three basic orders of architecture; Doric, Ionic, and
Corinthian, based on different forms of column and foundation, and added to them a hybrid of their
own, known as Composite.
Architecture became a common
denominator in the religious lives
of Rome and Greece. During the
last century of the Republic the
attachment of the old indigenous
form of worship was more and
more supplanted by the influence
of modern Greek civilization. This
admixture of Greek mythology
and Greek scepticism soon
tended to abolish the deep religious feeling characteristic of the old Romans. The religious indifference
of the upper classes grew into a decided aversion to religion itslef, and many of the old temples fell
into disarray. When finally repaired, the old Roman temples took on a decidedly Greek flavor.
With the influence of the Sibylline books, a great influx of Greek gods and Greek rites took place in the
early centuries of the Republic. In the fifth century BCE the practice developed of consulting the Greek
oracle of the Sibyl at Cumae. The first Greek gods had entered the Roman pantheon in the fifth
century, but with the entry of Aesculapius, the Greek god of medicine in 293 BCE, many more were
imported, until by the end of the third century the amalgamation of Greek and Roman religion was
completed.
Rome, Roman forum. Reconstruction
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Within the scope of religion, and as Rome became the dominant factor
in Hellenistic politics, the Greek cities began to transfer to her the
phenomenon of king-worship. With the expansion of the Empire, Rome
came to rule eastern nations that were accustomed to worshipping
their kings as gods and readily transferred their worship to Roman
rulers.
Augustus and his successor, Tiberius, allowed the habit to continue in
the eastern provinces during their reigns, however in the west it was
discouraged. Rather than fostering the idea of divinity upon himself,
Augustus encouraged the worship of Roma , the divine spirit of Rome.
In the east teh emperor himself was a god, but his cult had less personal character than that of the
Hellenistic monarchs. He was a god so long as he governed the State and because he governed the
State. The sanctity of the State was embodied in the Emperor's person.
Religious belief once revered in Rome was shattered by the economic and social unrest of the second
and first centuries BCE. The seemingly unlimited population of landless masses in Rome and the rapid
individualization of Roman society under the impact of Hellenism, created an emptiness that the
educated tried to fill through Greek philosophy, and the lower classes in Hellenic and Oriental mystery
cults.
The number and architecture of Roman temples also reflects the openness of Rome toward all
religions. The oldest Roman temples resemble the Etruscan temples, such as the great temple on the
hill Capitoline, dedicated in 509 BC Capitoline Triad (Jupiter, Juno and Minerva). Like the Etruscan
prototypes, the temple was built on a high podium, and the entrance to it was only possible through
the front stairs, otherwise than in the Greek temples, where the stairs surrounded by temples from all
sides. The facade also differed from the patterns of Greek - pillared portico was up 6 rows of columns
and it was only from the front. The interior was divided into a series of rooms for the cult statues.
Temple of Isis and Serapes in the Field of Mars, built of Egyptian materials and in the Egyptian style,
in order to have Hellenist Egyptian worship of the goddess Isis, is typical of the diversity of late Roman
churches. The most notable temples in Rome were the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol and the
Pantheon. The Pantheon was built by Emperor Hadrian between 117 and 138 years and is dedicated
Greek and Roman scheme of temples.
A- GreekB- Roman
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to all the gods, this building replaced a smaller temple built by General Marcus Agrippa. In 607 years
the Pantheon was converted into a Christian church and is now the Italian national monument, was
buried there, Rafael, and several kings of united Italy.
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The order of the Roman-
Doric and Tuscan
The order of the Roman-
Ionic
The order of the Roman-
Corinthian
Composite Capital
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Temples on a rectangular
plan
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The temples on round plan
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Medieval
One of the characteristics of medieval Europe is a huge role of the Christian religion and the
Church. Christianity has been present and shaped almost every area of life of states,
societies and individuals. It was steeped in politics, culture, education , daily life, ideology.
With regard to the Middle Ages, the term is often used Theocentricism. Theocentricism this
belief, according to which human life and all its activities should be focused around God
and faith. God must be a reference point for human activity in the arts, daily life , literature,
science, thinking , etc. The result of this outlook was a huge influence of religion on all
aspects of human life and the medieval belief that in control and God guides all things .
The Romanesque style was built many buildings especially the sacral. Erected the Cistercian and
Benedictine orders, together with the formation of the next followed the development of the
construction industry. In Romanesque architecture it is dominated by the other arts. It had a dual
role of religion and defense, because the churches built of stone had thick walls, which in case of
emergency has been used by the population. Churches built in the Romanesque style gives the
impression as if they were built of bricks. The building is in fact a compact composition, which is
composed of basic geometric figures - mainly from cuboids, pyramids, cylinders, cones, which
are connected together with a perfect proportionally.
The very body of the Romanesque church was simple, heavy and raw, and this feeling was
further compounded by the use of only one building material - stone. Inside the church was also
preserved the simplicity. In the middle of practically not place any ornaments. The pillars are very
economical and simple, there are arches, undeveloped horizontal cornices and walls. Sight
person entering immediately move towards the altar, which was located in the center of the
temple. Small windows that let in little light into the interior, made the interior of the church was
very dark. The very design of the Romanesque church is very simple. The temple was built
mostly on the Latin cross plan. The chancel was completed in the shape of a semicircle apse.
The building was divided into three aisles - the main and two side, which were separated by
columns or pillars. One of the characteristics of the Romanesque style were the towers, which
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were placed in the facade or on both sides of the chancel. The basic structural element of a
semicircular arc. Used barrel vault or cross or barrel - cross that strengthened the construction of
the temple. Interestingly, the nave (main and side) were divided into squares, each square on the
nave had its counterpart in the form of two smaller half-squares in the aisles. Area of the square
was surrounded by four pillars, which were to support the vault. These were the correspond two
in the aisles, is span. This technique, where one square in the nave called a linked system.
For all the Gothic hall of the nave are of equal height. With regard to the vault in the Romanesque
buildings, it is supported by columns or were pillars. Capitals and had the shape of an inverted
pyramid without the top or the shape of the ankle. Database was fragmented and based on a flat
ankle. The heads were decorated with statues, which presented very different motives. The
churches erected during the Roman had directed the choir at the east side of the world. Inside the
temple built on the wall above the pillars, which separate the nave were the cloisters and galleries
and the galleries. They were separated by the arcades. To the interior of the church from getting
in more daylight, a small window placed in the jambs, which was parted to the side. While the
window in the tower construction was divided into small columns. Interestingly, most of the
entrance to the Romanesque church was located on the side, which resulted from reasons of
defense, which played the churches. So there was no front, the facade of the church. Used while
the doors, which were very rich border. Such a portal called the doors. Portal to mostly step, as a
result of fragmentation reveals. Semi-circular space, which was created between the door and
squarely tipped the last arc was called a tympanum. The tympanum was always decorated with
statues.
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Floors of temples were made of ceramic plates, which were arranged in the patterns. Next to the altar,
hung the precious fabric and the walls of the church was decorated with frescoes. Later on,
inserted in the windows of colored glass, which gave an interesting lighting effect.
Decoration inside the church was supposed to revive the hard rock mass. However, even the
wealth of decoration was not able to change the essential character of the building.
Gothic style.
Gothic style is fashioned after the Roman style. Cities built in this style were created based on the
way to build cities in Rome. The central point of the city was so market and the streets intersect at
an angle of 90 degrees. Fortifications erected around the city, which were supposed to protect
access to the city. At the same time they were an obstacle to its further development. City streets
were very narrow, the buildings were built very close together. In the center stood the market hall,
which had established the city council. However, since the twelfth century, the most impressive
building in town was the cathedral, the central church.
This is reflected the Gothic churches of medieval religious ideology. It was then that religion has
become an important part of human life. It organized crusades in defense of the faith, and people
want to approach as much as possible to God.
The Gothic church was a huge building that exceeded all other buildings in the city including City
Hall. Usually in such a church could gather all the faithful living in the city. The construction of
such a huge church was also associated with the ambitions of the city authorities, which led a
passionate rivalry in the fact that the city will have a grander temple.
The modest temples rose new orders: the Dominicans and Franciscans. The priests belonging to
religious orders preached the need for modesty and mendicant orders were cultivating poverty.
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Gothic cathedrals were characterized by a so huge in size, who developed a closeness to God.
The structures of these were used a lot of vertical lines and small decorative items. It gave the
impression that the churches seemed to became obvious. The whole body of the church was
alive, light, restless, organic and dismembered.
The vault seemed very distant, when looked at them from inside, but always looked after the
entry was directed upwards. Inside the church there were a few sculptural decoration, which only
emphasized the method of construction of the temple, but not dominate it. Intensified the
atmosphere of spirituality colored light coming into the church through large windows.
This way of building was made possible through solutions are used in the Romanesque style,
which were refined used in Gothic buildings. Characteristic of the Gothic arch was sharp at the
end of the Romanesque period, when the semicircular arches are slightly bent.
The Gothic buildings there was less force in the direction slit sides, which meant that eliminates
the dependence between the height and width of the building. It was an obstacle to date in
building high and soaring churches. This allows the height of the arc can be virtually any position.
As for decorations, they function just meet structural elements, or pillars, arches, rib vaults,
moldings.
The great cathedrals of the attention they deserved the facade, which were characterized by a
constant principle of division. The facade was divided into three strips arranged horizontally,
which were separated from each other cornices, friezes or arcades figural sculptures.
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Analysis of the Domestic House
Ancient Greece
A distinctive type of building , residential
megaron educated by the Greeks. It
became the basic form in architecture
from the period of Mycenaean Greek by
Hellenism . It is known that had a gable
roof, rafter construction we also know
(entablature). Thanks to archaeological
finds , we know that the houses were built
with a flat roof , and sometimes also used
barrel vault (Ceos). The shape of the dwelling house of the Greek finally formed in the
archaic period . They were built mostly of
brick or wood on a stone foundation ,
rarely entire structure erected of stone. As a rule , these were one-story buildings ,
sometimes two tiers . They
had one entrance ,
through which one
entered the hall to the
courtyard surrounded by
a portico. From the
courtyard entrance led to
all the major rooms of a
home , and thus to the
male ( Andron), oikosu , this is the room most of the hearth in the fireplace, where the focus
of family life , and to
talasiurgei , which is the room for the work. From the courtyard entrance to lead the storage
A- Courtyard, B- Bedroom, C- Andrion, D-Andrion, E- Oikos, F- Gyneceum
Fifth century BC, apartment building, reconstruction
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rooms and businesses. Bedrooms were usually on the first floor. Floors, particularly in
representative rooms ( Andron), decorated with mosaics , and wall paintings. In the
Hellenistic period , especially in wealthy urban homes , expanded peristyle , and the
courtyard was added Exedra. Sometimes in the middle of the courtyard swimming pool
built . Construction lay in the classical period can be considered on the basis of two
houses : the average house , not a wealthy Greek ( city Dystos ) and the residence of a
wealthy aristocrat (City of Athens). The main difference between the two buildings
concerned the dimensions of space: an ordinary house was about six feet square , while
the area of residence was almost 25 square meters.
Ancient Rome
Home in Rome is a specific type of residential building,
which differs greatly from the typical home in ancient
Greece. The oldest writings, paintings on the walls of the
houses come from about the fifth century BC (Period of the
early Republic). Used if significant improvements in the
material intended to erect the structure. There was a
characteristic Roman stone and brick (fired in a specific
way, brick cast, resistant to compression than a brick
today), and wood. The simple stone foundations (using
cement-mortar only possible to use in the construction of foundations) were constructed buildings with
rectangular projections and stromal walls and characteristic wood bindings, which laid terracotta tile or
brick. The interior consisted of several rooms with rectangular projections. The walls inside the house
covered with stucco. The main character in the atrium (the
largest, most well-maintained, central room of the Roman house, opening with an outdoor roof for
fresh air). Vitruvius (one of the greatest theorists, not only of the Roman architecture) has
distinguished several basic types of atria (depending on the building roof). One of the described type-a
Tuscan atrium with a roof sloping inwards, the middle of which there were compluvium (hole in the
roof), which led light into the whole house, it is also discharged water from the roof rainwater to
impluvium (it was centrally located reservoir, pond, swimming pool). In our kind of atrium, there were
A-garden; B-tablinum; C-compluvium D-atrium
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no columns, but only the weight of the structure was moved to the wall. The next type is a Roman
atrium displuvium - this differs from the previous you, which is almost completely covered by a flat
central room (there is no compluvium here). The fourth type is tetrastylon atrium, where the roof is
supported on four columns, is also here and impluvium compluvium. Fifth, the last type of atrium,
which is Corinthian (corinthium), the roof supported on multi-column structure. Were placed around the
room Bedroom, warehouses and rooms for servants. Bedrooms landlord (so-called tablinum) placed
behind the atrium. When tablinum placed another important room as dining room (triclinium). After the
second century BC following the example of Greek architecture was added peristyles (from now on it
is here transferred to family life). Originally, the atrium was a central part of the house and most
representative of his room. However, during the Republic, it was along with the adjacent room of the
official, while impluvium turned into a fountain, like the fountains of the known sites of Islam. During
the later Republic and early Empire, the atrium has been amended by the hallway, which were
covered with a roof, it also changed the portico courtyard, but the most important room mansion and
the house became a tablinum. The inner walls were decorated with stucco and paintings here (often
very realistic, which were designed to transfer parts of nature into the house), the floor is usually
arranged in colorful stone mosaics. Material that were used to decorate house in ancient Rome:
Bronze Wood Concrete Glass Golden and silver treat Marble Alabaster Crystals of Selenity (a kind of gypsum) Mica (once called muscovy glass) Specular stones Obsidian Malachite Lime stone Silver Mosaic Paintings Furniture made of bronze, marble and wood
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Medieval
Medieval houses had a timber frame. Panels that did
not carry loads were filled with wattle and daub. Wattle
was made by weaving twigs in and out of uprights.
Hazel twigs were the most popular with Medieval
builders. After the wattle had been made it was daubed
with a mixture of clay, straw, cow dung and mutton fat.
When it had dried, a mixture of lime plaster and cow
hair was used to cover the surface and to seal the
cracks.
The shaping of stone was difficult and expensive.
Stones were therefore used sparingly. Stones were
sometimes placed at the corners of buildings and
around windows and door openings. Bricks were also very costly and in the Middle Ages they were
only used to build houses for the very rich.
In the early Middle Ages most roofs were thatched. Fires were a constant problem and in 1221 a law
was passed prohibiting the use of thatch. This new law stated that the roofs of new buildings had to be
covered with wooden shingles, stone slabs or clay tiles. Shingles were cut by hand from local oak
trees. Craftsmen travelled throughout Sussex making tiles from local clay. Shingles and tiles werefixed to oak or elm timbers by wooden pegs and were overlapped to prevent water getting into the
buildings.
Houses usually had very small frontages and were sometimes only 3.6 metres wide. In the 14th
century jetties became very popular. A jetty is where the upper floor sticks out over the one below. The
overhang provided a larger room in the upper story. It also helped to protect the lower story from the
weather. Traders who made a success of their business were able to build more substantial houses on
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the edge of the town. These houses become known as Wealden houses. Most of these houses were
large with a floor area of 15 by 6 metres.
Contrast of the Romanesque and Gothic Period
Ornaments
Vault
Romanesque
Gothic
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Articulation
of the
interior
walls
Types of
plans
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The heads
of columns
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Portals
Windows
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Bibliography
Wilfried Koch Styles in Architecture (1991)
George Savage A Concise History Of Interior Decoration (1966)
www.wikipedia.org
H. P. R. Finberg , Joan Thirsk , Stuart Piggott , H. E. Hallam , EdwardMiller , G. E. Mingay , Edward John T. Collins , Edith Holt Whetham
The agrarian history of England and Wales (1967)
http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22H.+P.+R.+Finberg%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Joan+Thirsk%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Stuart+Piggott%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22H.+E.+Hallam%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Edward+Miller%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Edward+Miller%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22G.+E.+Mingay%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Edward+John+T.+Collins%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Edith+Holt+Whetham%22http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22H.+P.+R.+Finberg%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Joan+Thirsk%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Stuart+Piggott%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22H.+E.+Hallam%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Edward+Miller%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Edward+Miller%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22G.+E.+Mingay%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Edward+John+T.+Collins%22http://www.google.ie/search?hl=pl&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Edith+Holt+Whetham%22