Parking and Pedestrian Circulation ARCH 2006 Architectural Topics IV.
Architectural Structures Arch 241 - Nov 2008Architectural ...
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Architectural Structures Arch 241 - Nov
2008Architectural Structures – Arch 241
McGill School of Architecture
17 November 2008
Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 1
Architectural Structures
Arch 241
McGill School of Architecture
Montreal, Quebec
17 November 2008
AN INTRODUCTION
Wood Frame Construction and
Engineered Wood Products
Patrice R. Tardif, B. Arch.
Life cycle of building materials
Why wood?
Introduction to wood frame construction
and wood products
Engineered wood products, their make-up,
attributes and uses
Overview
Intuit – Office, development centre,
call centre
Edmonton, Alberta (2002)
Architectural Structures Arch 241 - Nov
2008Architectural Structures – Arch 241
McGill School of Architecture
17 November 2008
Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 2
Blue Mountain Ski Resort
Colllingwood, Ontario
Dollarama – Le Huard
Quincaillerie Home Hardware
Chibougamau, Québec (2003)
Jackson Triggs Winery
Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario (2001)
xxxPoste de pompiers
Alberta (2001)
Architectural Structures Arch 241 - Nov
2008Architectural Structures – Arch 241
McGill School of Architecture
17 November 2008
Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 3
Bibliothèque de Val Cartier
Val Cartier (2002)
Gene H. Kruger Pavilion, Laval University
Sainte-Foy (2005)
Architectural Structures Arch 241 - Nov
2008Architectural Structures – Arch 241
McGill School of Architecture
17 November 2008
Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 4
Limoges Concert Hall
Limoges, France (2006)
Albert Mianscum Memorial Sports
Complex
Oujé-Bougoumou (2002)
Complexe multi-sports de Laval
Laval (2005)
xxx
Mountain Equipment Co-op
Montréal, Québec (2003)
Magasin d’articles de sport Gerrick’s
Cranbrook, Colombie-Brittanique (2005)
Architectural Structures Arch 241 - Nov
2008Architectural Structures – Arch 241
McGill School of Architecture
17 November 2008
Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 5
Club de golf Saint-Prime-sur-le-lac
Saint-Prime, Québec (2003)
Parc des Hautes, Sépaq
Charlevoix, Québec
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McGill School of Architecture
17 November 2008
Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 6
Gare Intermodale de Saint-Jérôme
Saint-Jérôme (2004)
Brentwood Skytrain Station
Burnaby, B.C. (2001)
Credit Valley Hospital
Mississauga, Ontario (2004)
Thunder Bay Hospital
Thunder Bay, Ontario (2002)
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McGill School of Architecture
17 November 2008
Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 7
Cathedral of Christ the Light
Oakland, California (2008)
An introduction to life cycle analysis (LCA)building materials from “cradle to grave”
LCA evaluation of building materialsresource extraction
manufacturing requirements
on-site construction
occupancy / maintenance
demolition
recycling / reuse / disposal
Certification programsexamples
LEED
Life Cycle of Building Materials
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS (LCA)
LCA is a tool that can be used to assess the burdens
placed on the environment by a product through all
stages of its life.
An introduction to Life Cycle Analysis
“Cradle to Grave”
Two main aspects to LCA:
Data acquisition
Data analysis
An introduction to Life Cycle Analysis cont’
Architectural Structures Arch 241 - Nov
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McGill School of Architecture
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 8
LCA evaluation of building materials
Sawmill
Recycling
CO2
CO2
Panel
Manufacturing
Biomass
Facility
Extraction
“Cradle to Grave” resource
extraction
manufacturing
requirements
on-site
construction
occupancy /
maintenance
demolition
recycling / reuse /
disposal
resource extraction
LCA evaluation of building materials
resource extraction cont’
LCA evaluation of building materials cont’
manufacturing requirements
LCA evaluation of building materials cont’
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McGill School of Architecture
17 November 2008
Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 9
on-site construction
LCA evaluation of building materials cont’
on-site construction cont’
LCA evaluation of building materials cont’
occupancy / maintenance
LCA evaluation of building materials cont’
demolition
LCA evaluation of building materials cont’
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McGill School of Architecture
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 10
recycling / reuse / disposal
LCA evaluation of building materials cont’
Life cycle assessments look at environmental
impacts, such as:
• acid rain • air pollution • health
• smog • indoor air quality • water intake
• global warming • habitat alteration • ecological toxicity
• ozone depletion • fossil fuel depletion
According to LCA, wood products are the most
environmentally responsible construction materials
when taking into consideration all of these factors.
LCA evaluation of building materials cont’
LCA evaluation of building materials cont’
Two main aspects to LCA:
Data acquisition
Data analysis
Interpretation
Value judgements
product standards (ANSI, CGSB, ISO)
certified forest management practices CSA
FSC
SFI
environmentally preferable products Green Seal
Green Cross
EPP
performance measurement tools BREEAM (Green Leaf) Green Globes
LEED GB Tool
Certification programs
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 11
Why wood?
Renewable and sustainable
Durable
Environmentally responsible (manufacturing)
Reduces global greenhouse gas emissions
Thermally efficient
Subjective properties
renewable and sustainable
Over 600 million
seedlings are
planted in Canada
each year
Why wood?
6%16%
21%26%
29%40%
60%63%64%66%68%
82%86%
90%91%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
United Kingdom
China
New Zealand
United States
Indonesia
Russian Federation
Sweden
CANADA
Source : FAO State of the World`s Forests 2005
Renewable and sustainable
The rate of growth in Canada’s commercial
forests is equivalent to:
- 50,354 houses a day
- 2,098 houses an hour
- 35 houses a minute
Renewable and sustainable cont’
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 12
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
End of year
CSA
SFI
FSC
78.0 – CSA
36.1 – SFI
24.4 – FSC
Source: Canadian Sustainable Forestry
Certification Coalition – December 2007
Sustainable Forest Management certification (SFM)
in Canada, 1999 – 2007 (millions of ha)
Renewable and sustainable cont’
138.5
42.2
22.517.9 17.5
9.2 7.7 5.8 4 3.70.71.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
CANADA
Éta
ts-U
nis
Finlan
de
Suè
de
Fédé
ratio
n Rus
se
Aus
tralie
Alle
man
ge
Bré
sil
Malay
sie
Fran
ce
Chile
Mex
ique
Renewable and sustainable cont’
Source: Canadian Sustainable Forestry Certification Coalition – December 2007
SFM certification in Canada
and internationally,
December 2007
(millions of ha)
Norway : “Borgund” – stave church
12th century
Japan : “Todaiji” built in 752 – the
largest wood building in the world –
most recent section built in 1692
DurableBanc de pêche de Pasbébiac
– “Entrepot le Boutillier” –
built in ~ 1840
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 13
7
Wood Steel Concrete
Energy Use
(GJ x 108)
4
5.5
Why wood? cont’
renewable and sustainable
durable
environmentally responsible (manufacturing)
Uses less energy to manufacture
Equivalent CO2
(Tonnes) Wood Steel Concrete
10501300
750
AIR
renewable and sustainable
durable
environmentally responsible (manufacturing)
Uses less energy to manufacture
Contributes less to air pollution
Environmentally responsible
Wood Steel ConcreteIndex Value x 108
165
1 5
WATER
renewable and sustainable
durable
environmentally responsible (manufacturing)
Uses less energy to manufacture
Contributes less to water pollution
Environmentally responsible cont’
Wood Steel ConcreteIndex Value x 105
60
3530
renewable and sustainable
durable
environmentally responsible (manufacturing)
Uses less energy to manufacture
Contributes less to air and water pollution
Resource extraction requirements less onerous
Environmentally responsible cont’
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Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 14
renewable and sustainable
durable
environmentally responsible (manufacturing)
52 % dimension lumber & other wood products ;
30 % chips for pulp and paper ;
10 % bark for energy & mulch ;
8 % shavings for particleboard,
MDF, energy and mulch.
Uses less energy to manufacture
Contributes less to air and water pollution
Resource extraction requirements less onerous
Efficient use of raw resource
Environmentally responsible cont’Why wood? cont’
renewable and sustainable
durable
environmentally responsible (manufacturing)
reduces global
greenhouse
gas emissions
A typical 216 sq. m. (2,400
sq. ft) wood-frame house
holds 28.5 tonnes of carbon
dioxide, an amount equal to
the emissions of a small car
over seven years.
R value for wood = 1.5/in.
R value for steel = .0024/in.
R value for concrete = .08/ in.
Why wood? cont’
renewable and sustainable
durable
environmentally responsible (manufacturing)
reduces global greenhouse gas emissions
thermally efficient
renewable and sustainable
durable
environmentally responsible (manufacturing)
reduces global greenhouse gas emissions
thermally efficient cont’
0
1
2
3
4
5
Assembly R Values
Wood 2x4
Steel 2x4
Concrete Block 6"
Thermally efficient
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 15
Why wood? cont’
renewable and sustainable
durable
environmentally responsible (manufacturing)
subjective properties warmth
aesthetics
reduces global greenhouse gas emissions
thermally efficient
LCA examines the entire life cycle of a product, a
process or an activity . . .
Why wood? cont’
Embodied and Operating Energy
Steel Concrete
Energy Use 12% 20%
Greenhouse 15% 29%
Air Pollution 10% 12%
Water Pollution 300% 225%
Resource Use 7% 50%
Solid Waste 6% 16%
Why wood? cont’
For a typical building with a life expectancy of 20 years.
Wood – frame Construction
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 16
Vertical load path:
Lateral load path:
Wood – frame Construction
live
dead
snow
wind
seismic
Post and Beam construction
Prefabricated or Manufactured construction
Light-frame construction
Wood-Frame Construction Techniques:
Wood – frame Construction cont’
Main Structural Elements:
Secondary Structural Elements:
Wood – frame construction cont’
Columns
Beams
Joists
Sheathing
Decking
Closely spaced members, combined with sheathing or
decking, form the structural elements of the building –
elements used are dimension lumber sized (2 x 4’s,
2 x 6’s, etc.)
2 basic framing methods
Light-frame Construction
Balloon framing
Platform framing
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 17
Sheathing
Exterior
finish
Gypsum wallboard
Flooring
Insulation
Wood – frame construction cont’
The wall studs are
continuous for the
building’s height
Balloon framing
The wall studs are
continuous for the
building’s height
Balloon framing cont’
Floor supports are
let into the wall
framing members
Platform framing
Floor assembly built
separately from walls
and extends to outer
edge of walls
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 18
Platform framing cont’
Floor assembly built
separately from walls
and extends to outer
edge of walls
Provides working
surface for
subsequent levels
Widely-spaced sawn timbers
provide structural support –
diagonal bracing or
other support is required to
resist lateral loads.
Post and Beam Construction
Widely-spaced sawn timbers provide structural
support – diagonal bracing or other support is
required to resist lateral loads
diagonal bracing or other support is required to resist
lateral loads
Post and Beam Construction cont’
large members connected
using high capacity type
connections, etc.
Elements or systems are constructed off-site in
controlled environments.
Prefabricated or Manufactured Construction
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 19
Elements can be used in conjunction with more
conventional construction techniques, or entire
houses can be “manufactured” off-site, then
transported and assembled on-site.
Prefabricated or Manufactured Construction cont’
Advantages:
integrated design approach
quality of the building envelope
controlled environment, easier to assure quality of
materials and construction techniques
speed of assembly
Prefabricated or Manufactured Construction cont’
Main Structural Elements:
Wood – frame construction cont’
Columns
Beams
Joists Engineered wood products
Timber
Specialty lumber
Dimension lumber
Products used for Main Stuctural Elements
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 20
Dimension lumber
- 4” thick (100 mm) (nominal)
- visually graded and stamped as meeting
standardized grading rules (NGRDL and NLGA)
- Approved by the
Canadian lumber
standards accreditation
board
Main Stuctural Elements cont’ Main Stuctural Elements cont’
Dimension lumber
Specialty lumber
- Machine stress-rated (MSR) – visually graded and
mechanically tested
Main Stuctural Elements cont’
Dimension lumber
Specialty lumber
- Machine stress-rated (MSR) – visually graded and
mechanically tested
- Finger-joined lumber –
machined profiles
end-glued
- minimum thickness of 6”
(152 mm)
- visually graded and stamped as
meeting NGRDL and NLGA
standardized grading rules
- Canadian grades and species
meet CNBC requirements
and CSA O86
Main Stuctural Elements cont’
Dimension lumber
Specialty lumber
Timber
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 21
- Structural composite lumber (SCL)
- Wood I-joists
- Light-frame trusses
- Glulams
Main Stuctural Elements cont’
Dimension lumber
Specialty lumber
Timber
Engineered wood products
Secondary Structural Elements:
Wood – frame construction cont’
Sheathing
Decking
Products used for Secondary Stuctural Elements
Decking
Sheathing
- Plywood
- Oriented strand board (OSB)
Secondary Stuctural Elements cont’
Sheathing
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 22
- Dimension lumber with tongue and grooved profile
- 3 thicknesses ranging from 1.5” ( 38 mm) to 3.5” (89 mm)
Sheathing
Decking or planking
Secondary Stuctural Elements cont’
An Engineered Wood Product (EWP) is a product
that has gone through a process to provide
better or more predictable properties.
more design flexibility
longer spans
greater load carrying capacity
can use the entire tree, no matter what the species, the
shape or the size
a good use of raw resource with less construction waste
Engineered Wood Products
Typical engineered wood products in wood-frame
construction:
SCL trusses
glulams plywood
wood I-joists OSB
Engineered Wood Products cont’
Structural panel made from thin softwood veneers
(plies) in alternating cross-oriented layers that are
glued together under heat and pressure using
waterproof adhesives.
must be certified to product standards and stamped as
such to be accepted by building codes
odd # of plies that are
symmetrical about the
centreline
sanded or unsanded
tongue & grooved or
square-edged
Plywood
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 23
Plywood – Attributes
can be treated for added properties
(resistance to fire, insects, decay)
certified for exterior applications
Plywood – Uses
floor, roof, and wall sheathing,
floor underlayment,
concrete formwork,
box beams
stressed-skin panels
preserved wood foundations
Plywood cont’
Structural panel made from successive layers of strands
that are bonded together under heat and
pressure with either waterproof adhesives or
equivalent binders and wax.
strands oriented in long direction of the panel in outer
layers and typically cross-oriented in the core
must be certified to product
standards and stamped to be
accepted by building codes
tongue& grooved or
square-edged
Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
OSB – Attributes
added strength and stiffness in the
length of the panel
high shear value
available in many different sizes and lengths
not recommended for exposed exterior
applications
OSB – Uses
floor, roof and wall sheathing
structural insulated panels
wood I-joist webs
concrete formwork
siding
Oriented Strand Board (OSB) cont’
Proprietary engineered wood products, each
with its own design values:
Structural Composite Lumber (SCL)
Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)
Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL)
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 24
glued products using exterior, waterproof resins
similar structural capabilities
need individual certification to be accepted in building
codes
manufacturers supply load tables and installation
recommendations, as well as assist with layout drawings
and sizing of members
need engineer’s approval or stamp
Structural Composite Lumber (SCL) cont’
PSL is an SCL that consists of strands of veneers
glued together under pressure with the strands
oriented along the length of the piece.
beams typically available in 1-3/4” ( 44.5 mm) to 7” (178 mm)
thicknesses and can be sawn to
any dimension
manufacturers supply load
tables and installation
recommendations, as well as
assist with layout drawings
and sizing of members –
ultimately need engineer’s
stamp
Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)
PSL – Attributes
consistent properties
resistant to seasonal stresses
high load-carrying capacities
suited to uses where appearance is important
PSL – Uses
beams, columns (post & beam)
beams, headers lintels (light-frame)
heavy timber construction
in trusses
Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) cont’
LVL is an SCL that is manufactured by curing an
assembly of glued veneers together in a heated press
to form billets that are subsequently cut to the depths
required.
grain of veneers oriented parallel
to the length of the piece
wider members may be built-up
available up to 80’ (24 m) in length
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 25
LVL – Attributes
strong when edge loaded
strong when face loaded
dimensional stability
high strength & reliability, low variability
LVL – Uses
flanges for wood I-joists
scaffold planking
stock headers and beams
columns, wall studs, in trusses
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) cont’
LSL is an SCL that is manufactured from long strands
of wood, oriented parallel to each other and glued.
Strands are of uniform dimension and LSL is
manufactured to a consistent moisture content.
Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL)
LSL – Attributes
LSL – Uses
uniform and consistent properties
transfer lateral and vertical bearing
forces (rimboards)
dimensionally stable
rimboard – an integral
component of engineered
wood systems that
support wall loads and tie
floor joists together
studs (22’ – 6.7 m)
Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) cont’
Glulams are manufactured by gluing together
dimension lumber laminations with waterproof
adhesives. The lumber is first visually and
mechanically graded, then sorted for strength and
stiffness into lamstock grades.
lamstock is end-joined or butted
then arranged in horizontal layers
and glued under pressure
available in stress and appearance
grades
available balanced & unbalanced
MC range for lamstock before assembly: 7-15%
Glued-Laminated Timber (Glulams)
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 26
Stress grade defines strength of the material. Higher
quality lamstock is located in high stress areas.
Appearance grade defines the amount of patching
and finished work done to the exposed surfaces after
laminating (industrial, commercial, quality).
Balanced beam: used for
continuous spanning or cantilever
applications.
Unbalanced beam: used for simple
spans.
Glued-Laminated Timber (Glulams) cont’
Glulams – Attributes
Glulams – Uses
large members, many shapes and sizes – can be curved,
tapered and cambered
suitable for interior or exterior use
lower MC of lamstock leads to less shrinkage and
checking in service
columns, beams, headers, girders
used when structure left exposed
heavy trusses
Glued-Laminated Timber (Glulams) cont’
Prefabricated wood I-joists are made by using exterior-
rated waterproof adhesives to glue pre-dried solid sawn
lumber, MSR or LVL flanges to a plywood or OSB panel
web.
each manufacture produces product with unique strength and
stiffness characteristics using different combinations of flange
and web materials with different connection details
manufacturers’ supply allowable load
and span tables
need individual certification to be
accepted in building codes
suppliers stock standard joist hangers
and other connection hardware
Wood I-joists
Wood I-joist – Attributes
dimensionally stable, lightweight with uniform stiffness and
strength and known engineering properties
high strength to weight ration – can be manually installed
can be cut and worked using common wood working tools
wide flanges allow for good fastening surface for sheathing
factory pre-punched knock-out holes in web facilitate
installation of electrical services
Wood I-joists cont’
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 27
Wood I-joist – Uses
well suited for longer span floor and roof joist applications
economical alternative to open-web steel joists
Wood I-joists cont’
Trusses use a triangular arrangement of webs and
chords to transfer loads to reaction points.
light-frame trusses
typically prefabricated by connecting 2” (50 mm) (nominal)
dimension lumber together with metal truss plates
2 Truss categories
heavy-timber trusses
heavy timber or EWP (glulams, PSL)
connected with specialty metal
connectors
Trusses
made from dimension lumber of various sizes
chords and webs connected using toothed galvanized steel
connector plates hydraulically pressed into precut lumber at
joints – plates must conform to specific standard requirements
truss plate manufacturer typically
engineers trusses on behalf
of truss fabricator
each proprietary product requires
individual certification
Light-frame Trusses
Light-frame trusses - Attributes
unlimited size and shape options – may be manufactured to
suit any roof style
Light-frame Trusses cont’
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 28
Light-frame trusses – Attributes cont’
all trusses are custom designed
economical (ease of fabrication, simplified erection procedures)
flexibility in layout
long spanning
capabilities
Light-frame Trusses cont’
Light-frame trusses – Uses
residential and commercial
applications
Light-frame Trusses cont’
Open-web joists are either metal plate connected,
glued or metal-webbed trusses –
parallel chord trusses.
generally custom designed
proprietary properties and installation requirements
specific loadings and other structural requirements to
be clearly identified for proper design of each system
Open-web Joists
Open-web joists – Attributes
often more economical than open-web steel joists
electrical, plumbing, heating and air conditioning services
may be placed between the truss chords (must be specified)
can be supported on the top or bottom chord
can have built-in camber
permits large bay sizes with no intermediate support
Open-web joists – Uses
floor or roof joists
Open-web Joists cont’
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Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 29
EWP’s play an important role in wood-frame
construction, both on-site and in prefabricated
or manufactured systems.
great design flexibility
easy to handle, lead to fewer cut-offs on site
more efficient use of our forest reserves
lack of defects and controlled MC of individual elements
afford dimensional stability and high strength
high weight to strength ratio
economical, durable, lightweight alternative to solid sawn
lumber
Engineered Wood Products cont’
The basics …
choose materials that are suitable for the intended
application
structural elements and systems used must meet
the loading requirements
interior or exterior use?
determine spans and optimum member profiles
consider material costs, including transportation to
the site
form and intended function of a building may
dictate certain building materials
Designing with Wood
Material is selected …
specify certified products that adhere to 3rd party
certification program
verify local building code requirements
insure product availability and support from
manufacturer
use appropriate connection detailing
use appropriate building envelope detailing
insure adequate site supervision
Designing with Wood cont’
Architectural Structures Arch 241 - Nov
2008Architectural Structures – Arch 241
McGill School of Architecture
17 November 2008
Wood-Frame Construction and Engineered
Wood Products – an introduction
Patrice Tardif Consulting 30
(also)
www.forest.ca
www.wood-works.org
www.woodworks-software.com
www.woodmags.com
www.durable-wood.com
Appropriateness of wood as a construction material
Life cycle analysis of building materials
Wood-frame construction
primary and secondary elements
different framing options
Introduction to EWPs, their uses and attributes
General design considerations when designing
with wood
Summary
Canadian Wood Council
APA – the Engineered Wood Association
Faherty and Williamson
ATHENA Institute
Wood WORKS!
Sustainable Forestry Initiative
www
Acknowledgements