ARCHITECTURAL PAVING Surface Technologies and Finish … · 2019-03-24 · ARCHITECTURAL PAVING...

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ARCHITECTURAL PAVINGSurface Technologies and

Finish Advancements

Unilock.401 The West Mall, Suite 610.Toronto, Ontario, M9C 5J5.

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ARCHITECTURAL PAVINGSurface Technologies and Finish Advancements

Unilock.

401 The West Mall, Suite 610.

Toronto, Ontario, M9C 5J5.

Segmented pavers have been successfully used for roads, courtyards and paths for

hundreds of years. Durability of materials being one of the key reasons for their lasting

popularity. These days modern pavers offer up a wide variety of newer performance

capabilities and finishes. In this course, we’ll take a look at the unique technologies of

segmental concrete paver systems, the types, finishes and their design considerations.

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The American Institute of Architects · Course No. AEC711 · This program qualifies for 1.0 LU/HSW Hour.

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Purpose and Learning Objectives

Purpose: Segmented pavers have been successfully used for roads, courtyards and paths for hundreds of years. Durability of materials being one of the key reasons for their lasting popularity. These days modern pavers offer up a wide variety of newer performance capabilities and finishes. In this course, we’ll take a look at the unique technologies of segmental concrete paver systems, the types, finishes and their design considerations.

Learning Objectives:At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

• discuss the evolution of segmental paved surfaces.• state the components of concrete and their respective functions.• explain the manufacturing standards and the factors that contribute to a quality paver

product .• define the manufacturing processes of concrete and the various finishes that are

available, and.• explain the design considerations that should be taken into account in order to specify

the best paving solution.






How to Use This Online Learning Course

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• To receive a certificate indicating course completion, refer to the instructions at the end of the course.

• For additional information and post-seminar assistance, click on any of the logos and icons within a page or any of the links at the top of each page.






Table of Contents

Paver Evolution 7

Concrete Components 18

Manufacturing Standards 28

Manufacturing Processes 37

Standard Finishes 46

Advanced & Custom Finishes 54

Design Considerations 63

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Paver Evolution

Wellfield Botanical Gardens (Elkhart, IN)






Introduction

Segmental paved surfaces have a long history of function and durability.

The Romans used paving stones of varying materials, depending on the location of the road. They used a very similar layered construction to build over 80,000 km of paved roads. These base materials consisted of a bedding layer of fine cement and a number of layers of rubble of increasing size to ensure proper drainage.

Roman segmental paved surfaces were built to resist rain, freezing, and flooding, and to need as little repair as possible. Clearly, these construction methods worked, as some of these roads are still in use today.

Pompeii Roadway – 2nd Century BC






History of Segmental Surfaces

Throughout history, many urban roads were paved in segmental stone or brick. Cobblestones, a commonly used surface, were usually sourced from river beds and provided a rough and uneven surface. By the 1700s, they began to be replaced by quarried stone dressed in rectangular shapes. In the U.S., basalt, sandstone, and even limestone was used. This surface stone sat on a bed of course sand, which was also used to fill joints.

Brick pavements have been used for hundreds of years, usually in areas where there wasn’t enough local stone. A similar base of sand and sometimes an additional broken stone base was used. Joints were filled with sand or a bituminous material.

The issue with brick pavers was their tendency to suffer surface damage, which limited their lifespan to about 20 years.

The use of concrete block pavers began in Germany prior to World War I. These were seen as a replacement for stone and brick pavers, providing greater uniformity and eliminating the need to dress the stone.







After World War II, Holland began manufacturing concrete pavers in earnest.

Because clay bricks were needed for building construction, manufacturers created concrete pavers for use in road repair and rebuilding. Originally, these concrete pavers were manufactured to match clay brick sizes, but eventually new formats and sizes were created. These new concrete pavers were less expensive than their clay counterparts and had greater consistency of size.

The concrete paver soon evolved into dentated shapes which allowed for the blocks to be easily placed without the use of lugs. Consequently, the need for skilled labor for installation was removed, thus lowering costs.







During the same period, Fritz Von Langsdorff, an engineer from Germany, developed a choice of shapes and integrated colors for concrete pavers that featured tremendous pressure resistance and low moisture content.

Germany soon became the recognized leader in this field—in fact, they are responsible for many of the new products and much of the manufacturing technology we use today.

The first paving stone was installed in Stuttgart, Germany.

The use of concrete pavers remains a very popular choice in Europe, where the practice has endured since World War II.






North American Market

Pavers were introduced to North America in the 1970s, with the first stones made in Barrie, Ontario. They were made six units at a time, 3000 per day, and skidded by hand. At that time, natural (grey)-colored pavers were the only available option. Presented in subsequent slides is a review of North American paver evolution, beginning with a summary of the various generations of pavers spanning from 1973 to the present.






Summary of Paver Development

First generation pavers all had a standard finish, meaning that the concrete mix was the same from top to bottom.

Second generation pavers saw the introduction of face mix technology, where the mix design on the surface of the paver was denser than the base.

Third generation pavers added a different texture, maintaining the first generation finish.

Fourth generation introduced different casting methods for more realistic surface textures that could also take advantage of face mix technology.

• 1973 to Present..

• Standard Finish Pavers..

First Generation..

• 1992..

• Face Mix Technology..Second

Generation..


• Tumbled/Weathered Pavers..

Third Generation..


• Combination Wetcast and Advanced Face Mix Technology..

Fourth Generation..






Developments in Paver Options

1975 – Unique pavers were developed that combined the classic shapes of a square and an octagon into one versatile paver.

1983 – The first circle system paver is introduced.







1989 – Heavy-duty pavers were developed in response to a need for a superior locking paver capable of sustaining enormous loads. These properties make this type of paver ideal for mechanical installation, which allows for economical paving of large areas.

1991 – The innovative design of permeable pavers creates small voids between the pavers, providing drainage into the sub-base.

1992 – The advancement of face mix technology allowed for a variety of new finishes to be developed.







1993 – Due to the popularity of tumbled pavers in Europe, distressed pavers, designed to mimic natural worn stone, were introduced in North America.

2004 – Wetcast technologies allow for new and realistic shapes with advanced color retention and wear capabilities.

2007 – Built-in surface treatments create pavers that are easier to clean than standard pavers. As well, different formulas allow for varying degrees of stain resistance.







2010 – New shapes were introduced, allowing for more rapid installations (up to 30% faster than regular paving stones).

2012 – Wetcast products, reminiscent of historical street pavers, are made available in a permeable version, improving the aesthetic in this category.

2013 – The latest in the permeable line of products is plank style pavers that are machine installed, allowing a contractor to install 5000–6000 square feet per day with only a 2- to 3-person crew.






Concrete Components

MBTA Wonderland Pedestrian Bridge (Revere, MA)






Concrete Components: Introduction

Now that we have reviewed the evolution of pavers, let’s move on to discuss the components of concrete.

• Aggregates.

• Cement.

• Supplementary materials.

• Admixtures.

• Pigments.

Roof Deck Installation, Chicago, IL






Aggregate Gradation & Optimization

The combination of coarse and fine aggregates in a concrete mix design is vital to achieve the following:

• high strength.

• low absorption rate, and.

• good surface texture.

The proper blending of aggregates helps to achieve these properties and to create a top quality product.

The blend of large to small aggregates that conforms to the “M curve” on the sieve analysis (refer to chart at right) provides the balance required.






Cement

Cement acts as the “glue” within the mix, bonding together the particles of coarse and fine aggregate.

With mix designs using a large amount of fine material, more cement is required to coat each aggregate particle, compared to the amount of cement needed with larger aggregate particles.

The more cement used in the mix, the more expensive the product becomes; finding the right balance is key to producing quality material.

Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON






Supplementary Materials

Cement can be partially replaced with supplementary materials.

Supplementary materials are known as “pozzolans," and they come in various forms. The more common ones include:

• fly ashes type C and F.

• residue from combustion of pulverized coal.

• silica fume.

• residue resulting from the production of silica, and.

• slag cement.

• ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag, formed by rapidly chilling molten blast furnace slag.

The use of supplementary materials decreases the environmental impact associated with concrete production by reducing energy requirements and CO2 emissions.

United Nations, Manhattan, NY(pavers made with recycled glass ‘pozzolans’)






Admixtures

Admixtures are dry or liquid additives that are added to the concrete mix to augment performance characteristics based on application requirements.

Admixtures are used to:

• plasticize the concrete to make it more fluid, which assists in the filling process and increases densification.

• help control efflorescence, and.

• improve the concrete quality.

Admixtures may contain air entrainers, water reducers, super plasticizers, retarders, accelerators, viscosity modifiers, alkali-silica reactivity reducers, shrinkage reducers, expansion agents, efflorescence controllers, etc. Some contain chemicals (including calcium stearates) that repel water from the concrete after curing.

Silane/siloxane technology is now common in admixture development and is permanent, whereas calcium stearates break down over a period of time.






Admixtures: Efflorescence

As mentioned on the previous slide, admixtures are used to help control efflorescence.

What Is Efflorescence?

Efflorescence is a whitish/grey deposit of soluble salt left behind by water evaporating from the concrete. Most concrete products will have some efflorescence, as it is the natural salt found in the aggregate used to create the concrete. It will disappear in time on its own.

Does Efflorescence Harm Concrete Products?

Not directly, but in excess, it can be an indication of other potential problems, such as:

• poor curing.

• high permeability, and.

• low strength.






Color in Concrete

Pavers are available in a wide palette of colors to complement any design vision.

Some manufacturers use synthetic iron oxides (pigment) to tint concrete.

As illustrated in the image to the right, smaller particle size in the batch allows for:

• higher strength tinting.

• lower loading, and.

• cost savings.






Color in Concrete

It is important to note that there comes a point where putting more pigment into the batch has no effect on color.

The saturation point is illustrated in this graph and ranges from 6% to

9%, depending on the color of the pigment.

Increasing the pigment loading has little effect after 5%.






Color in Concrete

Aggregates from different regions or quarries may be different and have a significant effect on the color when the same pigment is used. This photo shows the difference a light sand and dark sand have with the same pigment loading.

Different cements also have an effect on the concrete color.






Manufacturing Standards

Ship Street Square, Brown University (Providence, RI)






Manufacturing Standards: Introduction

Several factors contribute to a quality paver product.

• High Compressive Strength (for high concrete density).

• Minimum 8000 psi for pavers and minimum 5000 psi for walls.

• Low Water Absorption Percentage (for good freeze/thaw durability).

• 5% average or less (7% maximum).

• Excellent Dimensional Control (for ease of installation).

• Height +/- 1.0mm.

• Pleasing Aesthetics (color, surface texture).

A quality paver must have a high compressive strength with low water absorption to have good freeze/thaw durability. Dimensional control and high concrete density provide greater aesthetics.






Concrete Density

This chart illustrates the relationship between concrete density, compressive strength, and absorption percentage. Generally, higher densities increase compressive strength and lower the water absorption rate, creating a long-lasting paver. When the compressive strength is roughly 10400 psi (blue line), the absorption rate is just over four percent (red line).

Relationship Between Concrete Density, Strength, and Absorption %.






Absorption

Absorption is very important to the longevity of a surface. If the paver is allowed to absorb water, when it freezes, it will crack and break. The absorption rate of concrete, clay pavers, and concrete pavers is contrasted below.

Concrete. Clay Pavers. Concrete Pavers..






CSI Division 32 – Exterior Improvements

Paving stones are covered in Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) Division 32 – Exterior Improvements.

32 14 00 – UNIT PAVING.

• 32 14 13 - Precast Concrete Unit Paving.

• 32 14 13.13 - Interlocking Precast Concrete Unit

Paving.

• 32 14 13.16 - Precast Concrete Unit Paving Slabs.

• 32 14 13.19 - Porous Precast Concrete Unit Paving.

• 32 14 16 - Brick Unit Paving.

• 32 14 23 - Asphalt Unit Paving.

• 32 14 26 - Wood Paving.

• 32 14 29 - Recycled-Rubber Paving.

• 32 14 40 - Stone Paving.

• 32 14 43 - Porous Unit Paving.Rutgers University School of Business

(New Brunswick, NJ)






ASTM C936

ASTM International C936 Standard Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units is specific to interlocking paving units and the specifications they need to conform to.

ASTM C936 references:

• C140 Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units (specification related to absorption and compressive strength).

• C1645 Standard Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units (specification pertaining to freeze-thaw durability).

• C418 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete by Sandblasting(specification related to abrasion and durability).






ASTM Standard C140 / CSA Standard A231.2

The standards for drycast pavers are listed below.

Drycast.

ASTM Standard C140.

CSA Standard A231.2.

• 8000 psi average.

• 7200 psi minimum unit.

• 5% absorption average (ASTM only).

• 7% absorption maximum (ASTM only).

• Height tolerance less than +/- 1/8".

Serviam Gardens Senior Apartment

(Bronx, NY)






CSA Standard A231.1

The Canadian standards for concrete paver slabs for both drycast and wetcast are presented below. Note that since ASTM is currently developing a slab standard, some manufacturers follow Canadian Standards Association (CSA) A231.1. Precast Concrete Paving.

Concrete Paver Slabs, Drycast and Wetcast.CSA Standard A231.1.

• 655 psi flexural strength minimum.

• Length and width tolerance less than +/- 3/32"

• Height tolerance less than +/- 1/8" .

• Center point load test of pedestal-supported slabs: 1800 lbs .

Wetcast

Drycast






Product Testing

Products are individually tested to ensure that they meet industry guidelines as shown in these sample test results. Notice that although marginal between these two products, the lower the absorption percentage, the higher the compressive strength.






Manufacturing Processes

College Campus (Amherst, MA)






Manufacturing Processes: Drycast / Wetcast

There are two types of manufacturing processes for pavers: Drycast and Wetcast.

Drycast Wetcast






Drycast Products

Drycast products have less water in their mix design compared to wetcast products.

The drycast mix is put into rigid steel molds, vibrated, compacted, and then cured in kilns.

Drycast products are available with the following finishes:

• Standard finish.

• Tumbled finish.

• Smooth finish.

• Brushed finish.

• Exposed aggregate finish.

• Stain resistance.






Wetcast Products

Wetcast products are poured into flexible polyurethane molds, allowing manufacturers to create more realistic looking products that resemble stone or old brick.

Wetcast products are available in a variety of styles.






Face Mix Technology

Typically used for drycast products, face mix technology provides a more durable product with long-lasting color. Face mix products are made with a top layer of specialized concrete mix representing about 10–12% of the total depth of the product. This layer—made up of either normal fine aggregates, or a blend of high-quality minerals and aggregates—has a higher cement content with reduced water absorption. Larger aggregates are used in the base mix, yielding a high-strength product.






Face Mix Technology

Traditional pavers, as seen on the left, are ‘thru-mix’ with the same combination of large and small aggregates from the top to the bottom of the paver. Face Mix uses a blend of smaller aggregates at the surface of the paver. This can be done in both Drycast and Wetcast productions.

Face MixTraditional Stone Face Mix on Wetcast






Face Mix Technology

Why Is Face Mix Technology Important?

Standard pavers made with ‘thru-mix’ technology will wear over time and as the concrete wears away the large aggregates in the mix will becomevisible at the surface. This makes the product appear faded and worn.

Standard Thru Mix Over Time




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Face Mix Technology

Why Is Face Mix Technology Important?

Face mix products will still wear on the surface but the composition of smaller aggregates ensure that the color and tight finish remain making them still look almost new. There are no large aggregates at the surface that will show through.

Face Mix Surface Over Time






Face Mix Technology

Face mix technology ensures a long-lasting, durable and beautiful finish.






Standard Finishes

Lovejoy Wharf (Boston, MA)






Standard Finishes: Introduction

Many factors come into consideration when choosing the finish for a project—the visual appeal, skid resistance, and the color, or pattern of colors used.

Manufacturers offer a number of different textures available in standard finishes. The variety of finishes offered in combination with color options makes for an extensive palette. Some examples of standard finishes are shown below, and installations of each finish are presented in subsequent slides.






Standard Finish

Valhalla Condominiums (Toronto, ON)






Tumbled Finish

Smith Street (Buffalo, NY)






Dimpled & Weathered Finish






Split & Aggregate Finish






Flagstone Finish






Wetcast Products: Finishes

Pictured here are wetcast products with “stone-like” finishes.






Advanced & Custom Finishes






Advanced & Custom Finishes: Introduction

While the extensive standard selection offered by most manufacturers is often enough to satisfy design requirements, sometimes one needs to create a distinctive look that can only be achieved with an advanced or custom finish solution.

Additional textures and additives can be added to face mix products, adding different aggregates and technologies to the surface to create different effects.

In this section of the course, we review examples of advanced finishes available in stock sizes and colors, as well as in custom colors and sizes.

• Smooth finish .

• Washed finish .

• Brushed finish .

• Random color/aggregate distribution .

• Dirt repellent finish (custom order only)






Smooth Finish

A smooth finish utilizes face mix technology, with finer aggregates on the surface.

The surface appears smooth, with a tight finish, that will wear extremely well.

Available in a wide range of stock products, this finish can also be customized to create the perfect paver color and style.

Loyola University (Chicago, IL)






Washed Products

Offering a striking visual effect, washed products are made up of granites and quartz particles.

Washed products are produced via a specialized face mix manufacturing process where the aggregate surface is integrally manufactured with the body of the stone in a single process and not in layers. The resulting surface provides superior long-term wear and structural performance. The final step in its manufacturing process is to wash the concrete from the surface, exposing the beautiful aggregates. As this product ages in its installation, it only looks better.

A washed finish is ideal for a myriad of applications, including driveways, offices, commercial retail plazas, and institutions. The Park at Lakeshore East (Chicago, IL)






Brushed Products

Brushed paving stones are made with angular granite in the face mix which, when brushed, creates irregular lines etched across each paver, delivering an attractive, detailed look.

Available in a variety of dimensionally compatible units, this paving stone system features the ability to create an almost unlimited variety of geometric and random pattern designs.






Random Color / Aggregate Distribution

In addition to altering the final texture, other techniques have been developed to create unique finishes, such as the random dispersion of color and aggregates. This type of finish looks like granite but can be customized to create the perfect paver for any design vision. This finish is combined with an easy-to-clean integral finish (as part of the manufacturing process) that allows for easy clean-up before stains set in.






Stain-Resistant Pavers

The integrally manufactured coatings of this stain-resistant paver are dirt repellant, inhibit the growth of algae and moss, reduce chewing gum adherence, and enhance the color on the surface, much like a sealer would. This can be added to many standard pavers to reduce subsequent maintenance.

Note how dirty the pavers are,

particularly under the seats.Pavers are simply power washed

with soap and water.

Post cleaning, pavers look brand new.

These photos below are of a train station in Germany designed with stain-resistant pavers.






Pavers That Clean Themselves

Concrete produced with photocatalytic cement literally cleans itself. Integrally bonded coatings, made with titanium dioxide (TiO2), are added during the production of pavers or concrete to allow the surface to clean itself using sunlight and rain, which is particularly useful in commercial settings. This is currently available by custom order only.

Lab test: Concrete produced with photocatalytic cement on the left and ordinary cement on the right was exposed to artificial light over a 24-hour period. At the conclusion of the test, the dirt and discoloration (pink color) is gone from the concrete produced with photocatalytic cement.

The photocatalysis chemical process is illustrated on the following slide.

Left side of this concrete produced with photocatalytic cement, the right with ordinary cement.

The result after 24 hours.






Pavers That Clean Themselves

Photocatalysis is initiated by the titanium dioxide; the chemical process is summarized below.

• Titanium dioxide (TiO2) absorbs energy (UV radiation) and excites electrons (e-)

TiO2 + hν -> TiO2 + h+ + e- .

• Oxygen existing in the air (O2) reacts with electrons (e-), generating super-oxide ions (O2-) .

• Super-oxide ions (O2-) react with hydrogen ions (H+), generating the reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH•)

H2O + h+ -> H+ + OH- .

• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) reacts with the pollutant remover (OH●) and generates nitrate (NO3-), which reacts with the cement surface and is dissolved by water .

• NO3- is a simple salt that washes away with water .






Design Considerations

Hoboken Park(Hoboken, NJ)

Michigan State University (Grand Rapids, MI)

Yorkville Avenue(Toronto, ON)






Type of Application

It is important to understand the application requirements in order to select a paving solution best suited to the project. Considerations include:

• Is the paved area subjected to vehicular or pedestrian traffic?

• Are heavy-duty or light-duty pavers required?

• Do pavers need to be permeable or non-permeable?

• Will the pavers be installed on grade or on a roof deck?

• What is the look and feel of the project?






“L” Interlocking Shape: Heavy-Duty Pavers

Available in the market are heavy-duty pavers designed for rapid mechanized installation. Providing a stronger, more stable pavement surface, these pavers feature a “L” interlocking shape that offers superior resistance to tipping and twisting. Heavy-duty paving stones can withstand the heaviest vehicular loads.






Permeable Applications

Across most of the United States, the heaviest rainfall events have become heavier and more frequent. The amount of rain falling on the heaviest rain days has also increased over the past few decades with the greatest change observed in the mid-west and north-east.

https://downloads.globalchange.gov/usimpacts/pdfs/climate-impacts-report.pdf

https://downloads.globalchange.gov/usimpacts/pdfs/climate-impacts-report.pdf







Rainwater infiltration is extremely important, not only to the groundwater supply, maintaining the health of our rivers, streams and wetlands but to prevent flooding. A permeable paver surface is capable of handling more than 100” (2,540mm) per hour. These systems above porous soils allow for maximum infiltration. Even clay sub-soils will allow for some infiltration. The paver joints must be maintained to allow for maximum infiltration.







Permeable paver systems can also be designed with storm water detention and harvesting capabilities. This is a very efficient use of land as the detention area is created under every square foot of permeable paving as deep as necessary. The water can be detained until it fully penetrates the sub-soil or it can be diverted to a holding tank and used for irrigation or gray water.

Storrs Center (Mansfield, CT)







No longer do you need to compromise style for function. The range of styles now available in the permeable paver option is greater than ever before. Rectangular, square, linear, hexagonal, with almost any finish and color to complement your design. And if you still need more options regular pavers can be installed with permeable spacers.

Public Square (Cleveland, OH) installed with permeable spacers






Roof Deck Applications

Amenity roof deck spaces are essential to todays urban developments. These can incorporate patios, dining and bar areas, putting greens, pools, garden spaces, and grilling areas and more.

Today’s pavers and architectural slabs provide and extensive selection of styles and finishes to complete your design.

Typical installations include on pedestals, on granular and on permeable base. Although these three are the most commonly used there are additional methods including mortar set or sand over concrete, rigid insulation, and self leveling concrete that can be used in the appropriate applications.

Loews Hotel (Chicago, IL)






Design Considerations

Other considerations:

• Style:

• classic or contemporary?

• will style influence the architecture?

• will this paver be integrated with other materials?

• Shape .

• Color .

• which colors contrast with, complement, or highlight the space best?

• Size of paver .

• which size(s) unit fits the space appropriately?

• consider concrete control joints or grid spacing for paver unit

• Finish/texture .

• Aspect ratio .

• Laying patterns .






Shape

An extensive line of product shapes is available, although all shapes may not be available in all finishes.






Custom Shapes: Plank Paver

Custom orders are available from some manufacturers to accommodate unique design requirements.

One example is plank pavers, used to create the long, linear design element that is growing in popularity.

Along with custom shapes, most manufacturers offer a variety of standard colors as well as custom colors and custom finishes. Examples of some standard color options are presented in subsequent slides.






Standard Color Options: Only A Few Examples






Custom Colors

Many manufacturers offer custom or special order colors; typically, a minimum order requirement will apply.

Custom blues, taupes and greys created for Brown University (Providence, RI)

Custom color and shapes created for Navy Pier – with 30% recycled content (Chicago, IL)






Unit Size

Pavers offer tremendous design flexibility.

They are available in a variety of sizes which can be combined to create visual interest for a wide array of applications.

Typically, small units range in size from 4"x4", and large slabs are available up to 36"x36".

As previously mentioned, when designing with pavers, it is important that the paver size fit the space.






Aspect Ratio

What Is Aspect Ratio?

Simply, it is defined as the overall length of a paver divided by its thickness.

LENGTH / HEIGHT = ASPECT RATIO .

Why Is Aspect Ratio Important?

Unit paver systems are a segmental system. Any flexing or rocking caused by movement on the surface, such as a pedestrian or vehicular traffic, can cause the paver to break if an insufficient aspect ratio is used. Breakage can compromise the integrity of the segmental system.

Aspect Ratio Use.

3 : 1 or less Heavy Duty Vehicular (Semis)

4 : 1. Light Duty – Box Trucks/Cars.

Over 5 : 1 Pedestrian Only






Laying Patterns

Paver patterns can be used to divide large spaces or influence vehicular/pedestrian traffic.

Simple and repeated patterns can have a stunning effect.

Using a repeating pattern with a decorative element adds visual interest.

Create any design vision by mixing or rotating patterns.

Please remember the exam password PATTERN. You will be required to enter it in order to proceed with the

online examination.






Laying Patterns

The laying pattern is important from a design aspect, but it is also very significant in terms of “lock-up” adding strength to the paver’s performance. Laying patterns are influenced by the traffic loads (pedestrian or vehicular) of the application. Illustrated below are four common laying patterns, moving from left to right, from least strength to most strength. Stacked Bond has the least added strength. Running Bond and Basket Weave offer more strength due to the staggered joints. Herringbone has the best lock-up, adding strength against rotational forces, such as tires at a roadway intersection.






Technical Assistance

To facilitate the design process, it is recommended to work with a manufacturer early in the design stages, to achieve the desired aesthetic while maintaining feasibility and understanding any technical hurdles.

Some manufacturers have a full CAD and SketchUp library of their products, providing 3-D design to aid in the planning process.






Technical Assistance: Navy Pier, Chicago IL

In 2011, The Centennial Vision for Navy Pier was unveiled and the following international design competition was won by James Corner Field Operation in New York.







The manufacturer worked extensively to develop the colors and textures desired and apaver that included 30% recycled content to help achieve SITES certification.







When questions arose during construction, the team was onsite to offer solutions. The completed Navy Pier project is decluttered and refreshed and has brought new life to thisamazing Chicago landmark.






Conclusion

©2014, 2018 Unilock. The material contained in this course was researched, assembled, and produced by Unilock and remains its property. Questions or concerns about the content of this course should be directed to the program instructor.

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ARCHITECTURAL PAVING Surface Technologies and Finish … · 2019-03-24 · ARCHITECTURAL PAVING...

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Transcript of ARCHITECTURAL PAVING Surface Technologies and Finish … · 2019-03-24 · ARCHITECTURAL PAVING...