Archaeological Report - Kilbane, Castletroy, Co. Limerick (Ireland)

Issue 13 [ISSN 2009-2237]

Archaeological Excavation Report

03E1717 - Kilbane, Castletroy, Co. Limerick

A ring-ditch, three cremation burial cemeteries and a four Fulachta Fiadh

Eachtra Journal

Contact details:Ballycurreen Industrial Estate,Kinsale Road, Cork.Tel.: 021 4915850Fax: 021 4975711E-mail: [email protected] Site: www.eachtra.ie

August 2008

Written by:

Client:

Archaeological Excavation Report,Kilbane CastletroyCo Limerick

01/1328

03E1717

Niamh O’Callaghan

Niamh O’Callaghan

Planning Register No.:

Licence No.:

Licensee:

Eachtra Archaeological Projects

Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick03E1717

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Copyright Notice: Please note that all original information contained within this report, including all original drawings, photographs, text and all other printed matter deemed to be the writer’s, remains the property of the writer and Eachtra Archaeological Projects and so may not be reproduced or used in any form without the written consent of the writer or Eachtra Archaeological Projects.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................1

Abstract ........................................................................................................................2

1 Introduction ........................................................................................................3

2 Site Location and Description ..............................................................................3

3 Archaeological Background .................................................................................4

4 The Excavation ....................................................................................................4

4.1 Area 1 ................................................................................................................5

4.2 Area 2 ................................................................................................................7

4.3 Area 3 ................................................................................................................8

4.4 Area 4 ................................................................................................................8

4.5 Area 5 ................................................................................................................9

4.6 Area 6 ................................................................................................................9

4.7 Area 7 ...............................................................................................................10

4.8 Area 8 ...............................................................................................................11

4.9 Plant Remains ...................................................................................................11

4.10 Charcoal ...........................................................................................................11

4.11 Cremated Bone .................................................................................................11

4.12 Pottery .............................................................................................................12

4.13 Radiocarbon Dates ............................................................................................12

5 Summary ............................................................................................................12

6 References ...........................................................................................................13

7 Figures ................................................................................................................ 15

8 Plates ..................................................................................................................30



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Appendix 1: Stratigraphic Index ...................................................................................39

Appendix 2: Stratigraphic Matrix.................................................................................67

Appendix 3: Finds Register ..........................................................................................75

Appendix 4: Plant Remains ..........................................................................................77

Appendix 5: Charcoal Report .......................................................................................80

Appendix 6: Cremated Human Remains .....................................................................84

Appendix 7: Pottery Report ......................................................................................... 118



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List of FiguresFigure 1: Extract from Ordnance Survey Ireland, Discovery Series Map, No. 65. ................. 15

Figure 2: Extract from Ordnance Survey Ireland, Rural Place Map. ..................................... 16

Figure 3: Extract from Ordnance Survey 6” sheet, LI005 in conjunction with the Record of Monuments and Places constraint map. ................................................................................ 17

Figure 4: Extract from Ordnance Survey 1st edition 6” sheet LI005. .................................... 18

Figure 5: Site development plan with 8 areas of archaeology highlighted. ............................. 19

Figure 6a: Area 1 post-excavation plan. ................................................................................. 20

Figure 6b: Area 1 sections. .................................................................................................... 21

Figure 7a: Area 2 post-excavation plan. ................................................................................. 22

Figure 7b: Area 2 selected sections. ....................................................................................... 23

Figure 8: Area 3 post-excavation plan.................................................................................... 24

Figure 9: Area 5 post-excavation plan.................................................................................... 25

Figure 10a: Area 6 post-excavation plan. ............................................................................... 26

Figure 10b: Area 6 sections. .................................................................................................. 27

Figure 11: Area 7 post-excavation plan & section. ................................................................. 28

Figure 12: Area 8 post-excavation plan and section. .............................................................. 29

List of PlatesPlate 1: View of recorded Enclosure, LI005:037. .................................................................. 30

Plate 2: View of excavated Ring-ditch, Area 1. ...................................................................... 30

Plate 3: View of cremation F125 and circle of stake-holes, Area 1 ......................................... 31

Plate 4: Area 1 post-excavation. ............................................................................................. 31

Plate 5: Area 2 pre-excavation. .............................................................................................. 32

Plates 6: Area 2 cremations, F175, 27, 198 & 252. ................................................................. 32




Plate 10: Area 2 post-excavation. ........................................................................................... 34

Plate 11: Cremation, F366 during excavation. ....................................................................... 35

Plate 12: Cremation, F366 during excavation........................................................................ 35

Plate 13: Cremation, F366 during excavation. ....................................................................... 36

Plate 14: Area 3. .................................................................................................................... 36

Plate 15: Area 4. .................................................................................................................... 37

Plate 16: Area 6, cremation pits F85, 86 & 87. ...................................................................... 37

Plate 17: Area 7, Fulacht Fiadh. ............................................................................................. 38



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Acknowledgements

Thanks to Eachtra Archaeological Projects particularly Jacinta, Lar, Choryna, Rita and Mar-ion; Chieftan Construction, namely John Collins; Helen Roche and Eoin Grogan for pottery analysis; Adrian Kennedy for conservation advice; Catryn Power analysed the cremated bone; Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory processed samples for radiocarbon; Abigail Brewer for the charcoal report and the plant remains report; Flor Hurley initially monitored the site; Martin Doody for helpful discussion on the text; all of those who worked on the site and finally Rory O’Callaghan for editing the text.



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Abstract

Until monitoring of top-soil stripping commenced in 2003 only one archaeological monu-ment was recorded on the site of the current development, Enclosure LI005:037. Following monitoring and subsequent excavation this area now includes records of at least three Late Bronze Age unenclosed flat cremation cemeteries, a ring-ditch in close proximity to one of the smaller cemeteries and the remains of four Fulachta Fiadh.



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1 Introduction

Full planning permission was granted to developers to construct 180 houses, 82 apartments, a crèche and ancillary works at Kilbane, Castletroy, Co. Limerick. This work was to be com-pleted on a phased basis and all top-soil stripping for Phase 1 and part of Phase 2 was un-dertaken by Flor Hurley, 03E1382 (Hurley, 2003). Stripping continued over eight days and a large number of potential archaeological features were revealed in eight areas.

While monitoring was being undertaken for the current development, a new road was also being constructed across the southern part of the site which was to replace part of School-house Lane. This work formed a separate contract and was monitored and excavated by Lim-erick County Council archaeologists. This team also excavated a number of pits and at the time the area was being described as a possible Bronze Age flat cemetery.

The remains of two fulachta fiadh were fully excavated, one found during monitoring and a second found as a result of the excavation. The remaining two were located along the line of the access road and were not excavated as part of this project.

In Area 1 a ring-ditch and eight cremation pits were excavated. One of the pits was sur-rounded by a circle of 11 stake-holes. Sherds of pottery were recorded in two examples and three phases of cremation burial were interpreted. The ring-ditch was also excavated.

Eighty-nine pits were excavated in Area 2, all but 12 contained fragments of cremated bone which produced evidence of social stratification with mature individuals primarily bur-ied separately and all juveniles evident buried with a mature person. Pathology was also rec-ognised in four examples. Evidence for the preservation and deterioration of bone and pottery was well documented in one example. F366 was the only pit to be covered by a capstone that served to preserve the burial in a different manner to the remainder. It also helped to preserve the pot that contained the burial. Of the 89 pits excavated 15 contained fragments of Late Bronze Age pottery which ultimately derived from settlement contexts.

Finally, three further cremation pits were recorded in Area 6, while a number of features were excavated in Areas 3, 4 & 5 some of which included token deposits of cremated bone.

2 Site Location and Description

The development site is located in the eastern suburbs of Limerick city, in the townland of Kilbane and parish of Kilmurry, national grid reference c. R162000/156000 (Figure 1).

The site is situated just south of Castletroy Golf Club and is bordered by two minor roads. To the west are a row of individual properties on Golf Links Road which connects the N7 (to Dublin) and the N24 (to Waterford), while the south and south-east sides are bordered by Schoolhouse Lane (Figure 2).



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The site is roughly triangular in plan and generally slopes southward to the valley of the Groody River, c. 0.5km south and west. Before development commenced the site was actively managed for agriculture, and mature hedgerows remained along the south and south-eastern boundaries. At least two field boundaries were removed from the centre of the development, aligned north/south, and one of these had a small stream alongside. This has since been di-rected through concrete pipes.

Included within the development-site boundaries, approximately mid-way on the south-east side, are the remains of a Recorded Monument, LI005:037. This was not physically af-fected by the current development.

3 Archaeological Background

Within the development site, in the townland of Kilbane or An Chill Bán meaning ‘white church’ or ‘white wood’ (Joyce, 1923), there was one Recorded Monument, LI005:037 (Fig-ures 3 & 4, Plate 1). This was located approximately halfway along the south-eastern bound-ary and listed in the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) as an Enclosure. However, the feature appears as a flat-topped mound with an outer ditch that may be a Raised Ringfort rather than an Enclosure. The circular platform is 1.5–2m high with a diameter of 38m. It appears to be surrounded by a ditch, with only slight traces visible at ground level which are best viewed on the northern side. The external diameter is c. 48m. When viewed from the north-east the platform appears to be sunken at the centre.

4 The Excavation

Eight areas of archaeological potential were recorded during monitored top-soil strip-ping throughout the Phase 1 development (Figure 5, see Appendices 1 – 7). Where possi-ble, feature numbers allocated during monitoring were also assigned during the excavation. However, due to extra features being recorded during the excavation and the difficulties involved in separate companies undertaking each task this was not always possible and many of the numbers allocated during monitoring were abandoned during the excavation and new numbers allocated. Therefore, there is not always a direct correlation of features between the monitoring and excavation reports.

Full details are available in the stratigraphic index (Appendix 1) and the stratigraphic matrix (Appendix 2).



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4.1 Area 1

A ring-ditch, a linear feature, eight cremation pits with a series of stake-holes and two isolated features (including one cremation) were excavated in an area that measured approximately 100m2 (Figure 6, plate 4).

Over 100 cremation pits and 53 samples of cremated bone were excavated at Kilbane. Only three of the samples included sexually diagnostic bone, all male. These were recovered from F116 (fill F115), F125 (fill F126) and F136 in Area 1. Additionally, pathology, degenera-tive joint disease in the form of osteophytosis was recorded in two samples F96 (fill F120) and F136. Thirty-two sherds of Late Bronze Age pottery was recovered from three features, cremation pits F21 and F22 and the linear F89.

Ring-ditchA circular ditch (F97) enclosed two pits (F24 & F378) and was excavated 2m west of a small cluster of cremation burials (Plate 2). F97 comprised a circular ditch cut into natural sub-soil. The ditch was 0.80m wide and 0.24m deep, with an external diameter of 5.6m and an internal diameter of 4m. The sides sloped to a slightly rounded, almost flat, base. It had one fill, F113, composed of mid-brown silt, with small, fist-sized stones in the central lower part. A charcoal sample was taken from the ring-ditch, but a14C date could not be achieved.

A layer, F132, was located within the ring-ditch F97 and was interpreted as a layer of bur-ied sod and included flecks of charcoal. No features were located beneath F132, however two features were cut into it, F24 and F378. F24 was a pit located within the north-west quadrant of F97. It contained two fills, F106 and F107, both of which included flecks of charcoal while the latter also included a large flat stone, similar to a capstone found over a cremation burial in Area 2. F378 was located in the south-west quadrant of F97 and contained one charcoal-flecked fill, F379.

Apart from the large stone in F24, which may have been intended as a capstone, no evi-dence for the use of the pits existed. However, due to their morphology, their location within a ring-ditch adjacent to a small cremation cemetery and the large stone within the fill of F24, these features are thought to be pits that were originally excavated with the intention of inter-ring cremations but were abandoned.

No stratigraphic relationship existed between the ring-ditch and the cremation burials recorded from Area 1.

Linear F89F89 was a shallow linear feature located 1.5m west of the ring-ditch, F97. It measured 5.2m long by 1.6m wide and was generally 0.2m deep. It was filled with F139, composed of dark brown silty clay with occasional flecks of charcoal and included two LBA pottery sherds.



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Cremation pitsThe cremation pits were generally circular in plan with an average diameter of 0.50m and an average depth of 0.20m. The fills were composed of charcoal-rich silt with lumps of charcoal recorded in three features. Substantial quantities of bone were recovered from four of the pits, while occasional sherds of pottery were recorded in two examples.

Phase 1 – Cremations

The earliest phase of cremation burials was recorded in the base of the linear F89. They were truncated by the linear. The remains of two cremations were excavated: F138 was associated with two stake-holes, F129 and F133; and cremation F125 was located within a circle of 11 stakes-holes (F124, 123, 122, 135, 136, 130, 128,110, 121 (replaced or supported by 134) and 131) (Plate 3). The final two stakeholes were visible in the fill of F89. The cremation burial F125 was surrounded by a circle of stakes and subsequently all but two of the stakes were removed or disintegrated. The features were cut by the linear F89.

Stake-hole F127 cut cremation F125. It may have been used to mark the location of cre-mation F125, or may have formed part of a small super-structure associated with it.

Phase 2 - Cremations

The 2nd phase of cremation burials comprised a group of four cremations (F21, F22, F96, and F103) and two stakeholes. They cut the fill of the linear F89. An Early Bronze Age date Cal BC 1690 to 1500 (Beta 215288) was returned from the fill of F103.

The cremation pit F21 truncated an earlier stake-hole, F110. Rim, basal and body sherds of pottery were recovered from the fill of the cremation. The remains of stake-hole F136 un-derlay cremation F21.

Phase 3 - Cremations

The third and final phase of cremation burials in Area 1 consisted of one cremation, F23 (filled with F101) which truncated an earlier burial, F103. This cremation pit included burnt bone and charcoal-rich silt (Plate 4).

Isolated features

Finally, one cremation pit, F116, was recorded c. 1m south-east of linear F89. This was similar in plan to those described above. The fill was a black, charcoal-rich silty clay with flecks of burnt bone. It cut a short linear F118 (fill F117). The linear may have been associated with the cremation pit as it included flecks of charcoal and flecks of burnt bone.



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4.2 Area 2

Cremation cemeteryA total of 89 pits were excavated in Area 2 (Figure 7, plate 5). The area measured 4 m north-south by 8 m east-west and was located 125m north of Area 1. The pits measured on average 0.47m in diameter by 0.2m in depth with variations in diameters from 0.20m to 0.70m and in depth from 0.07m to 0.40m. Only one of the pits F366 was covered by a capstone, others were covered by a re-deposited sod layer. A small number of cremation pits were excavated around bedrock. In general, the majority of the pits respected the location of others, but c. ten of the pits truncated the edges of earlier pits (Plates 6 - 9).

All of the pits are considered to be cremation pits due to their homogeneity and morphol-ogy. Substantial quantities of cremated bone were recovered from 44, flecks of cremated bone were recovered from 34 and no trace of bone was recorded in 11 of the pits. Pathology was recorded in two of the bone samples. Degenerative joint disease in the form of osteophytosis was recorded in pit F345 (fill F344) while Schmorl’s nodes from herniated discs were evident in F49 (fill 269). The largest amount of bone was recovered from the only covered cremation pit F366.

Fragments of Late Bronze Age pottery was recovered from 15 of the pits. The assemblage comprised 217 sherds and 67 fragments from between 17 to 24 vessels (Appendix 7). These cremation pits were located within an area of 12m by 6m. Two possible post-holes (F280 and F282) were recorded centrally within the group of cremations. Although very shallow, 0.10m deep, and likely to have been truncated, the pits were 0.20m and 0.38m in diameter and may have formed a central element to a superstructure over the cemetery. No further evidence for a superstructure was apparent.

Individual excavation of F366Cremation pit F366 was sealed by a capstone. The pit was 0.47m in diameter by 0.14m deep, the capstone measured 0.45 by 0.36 by 0.06m in extent. A Middle Bronze Age date Cal BC 1290 to 1020 (Beta 215289) was returned from the pit. The pot and its contents were removed from the pit as a single entity (Plates 11-13) and sent to Adrian Kennedy for further study (Appendix 7). The contents of the pit were then excavated and recorded in layers and all bone sent to Catryn Power for analysis (Appendix 6). The specialists confirmed that the structure of the vessel had not survived due to decay over time. Only the form of the pot had been intact and, in reality, only one sherd had survived. The form of the pot measured 0.18m in di-ameter, 0.10–0.11m deep and was very fragile. It appeared bowl-shaped and was not inverted although the base was never visible. Occasional rim sherds measured c.5–6mm in thickness and included coarse temper. The pot was black on the outside and dark grey on the inside.

The bone was well preserved, and many diagnostic pieces were recorded. The bone was occasionally burnt black or blue but was mostly pale brown. Pieces varied in length from



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0.05–0.07m and there were different levels of preservation. Some pieces were very porous and disintegrated easily. Most of the bone lay on one side of the pot, and it was tightly packed. There was little soil between bone pieces, and the bone was most porous towards the base of the pot. Following analysis of the cremated bone from F366, if was found that they represent the remains of one individual, aged in the mid to late teens. This bone type was found within and outside the pot, together with neonate remains found outside the pot only. No familial relationship could be determined between the neonate and the older individual (Power, Ap-pendix 6).

4.3 Area 3

Area 3 covered a relatively large area (30m north-south by 10m east-west ) and was divided into two sections, north and south (Figure 8).

In the northern section there was one large pit, four post-holes and two pit/post-holes, F79, F80, F258, F255, F210, F205 and F207 (Plate 14). F79 was a large, partly bowl-shaped pit that included three fills, F214, F215 and F216. The two upper fills ranged from mid- to dark brown silty clay with charcoal flecks, while the lower fill comprised black charcoal-rich silt with heat cracked stones at the base. All of the features included charcoal flecks while three included fragments of bone: F255, filled with F254, had unburnt bone fragments, while F205 and F207, filled with F206 and F208 respectively, included small fragments of burnt animal bone.

A short distance south two isolated pits/post-holes were recorded, F92 and F93, filled with F320 and F321 respectively. They were similar in nature, c. 0.60m in length by 0.40–0.50m in width and 0.45m deep and were filled with dark brown, silty clay. Possible packing stones were recorded in F320 and flecks of charcoal and large burnt stones in F321.

Finally, in the most southerly section of Area 3 five features were recorded, F75, F77, F78, F272 and F284. F78 included stone packing F322, and an upper fill which included tiny fragments of burnt bone. This was also the case with the upper fill of F75, F304, which included small burnt bone fragments and slight evidence of in situ burning.

4.4 Area 4

Located a short distance south of Area 3 the excavation covered an area 45m long by 6m wide. Only those features found during monitoring were excavated due to time constraints and in most cases new feature numbers were allocated as opposed to those assigned during monitoring while many features were tested and considered natural. Twenty-four features were excavated, including six stakeholes and 15 pits, and deemed likely to be archaeological in nature (Figure 9 & Plate 15). Many features were anomalous and collectively did not ap-pear to be associated with each other. Of the six stake-holes excavated (F524 – 527, F541 and F548) four included flecks of charcoal. Charcoal was found in most of the 15 pits across the



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area. 16g of burnt human bone, representing a minimum of three individuals, was recorded in features 88, 520 and 568 collectively, and burnt stone was also recorded. Two sherds of pottery were recovered from F573 and two stone artefacts, possibly rubbing stones, were found during monitoring.

4.5 Area 5

Also located on the southern section of the site, ?m west of Area 6, Area 5 included eight pits, two stake-holes, two possible post-holes and one later cultivation furrow (Figure 10). These features were not part of a formal structure although they were recorded as possibly archaeo-logical in nature as three of the pits included charcoal, three had fragments of burnt stone, and F16 included 5g of burnt human bone representing a minimum of one individual.

4.6 Area 6

Cremation cemeteryLocated 50m south of the cremation cemetery in Area 1, Area 6 included three cremation pits (F85, F86 and F87) similar to those from Area 1 and 2. Also included were two deposits (F88 and F396) that included cremated bone and five cut features, three of these included flecks of bone and charcoal while one, F400 included fragments of pottery (Figure 11).

The cremation pits were similar in plan: F85 and 86 were circular with a diameter of 0.45m and depth of 0.16m while F87 was sub-circular, approximately 0.10m wider but only 0.10m deep (Plate 16). Fragments of cremated bone from mature adults were recovered from the cremation pits. An anatomical variation in the form of a Wormian Bone was found in analysis of F86. This is an extra bone which occurs on the occipital bone and may be a domi-nant genetic trait (Appendix 6). Later Bronze Age pottery sherds were recovered from the fills of F85 and F87.

The two deposits F88 and F396 included charcoal and cremated bone. They measured 0.30m by 0.42m by 0.03m and 0.20m by 0.30m by 0.03m respectively and were not associ-ated with any other feature. It is considered that these layers were disturbed and were likely to have been dragged from the cremation pits during top-soil stripping.

Three of the remaining five features included flecks of charcoal and cremated bone, and two also included burnt stone. It is likely that, although different in nature, these features may have been associated with cremation burials F85, F86 and F87. F9 was a shallow linear feature, 2m long and 0.65m wide; F398 was a large circular pit with a diameter of 0.77m and depth of 0.20m, and F392 was a small pit 0.24m wide by 0.15m deep. F9 and F392 included burnt stone while all three included fragments of cremated bone. It is not likely that this was a result of disturbance but the features may have been in use when the cremations were exposed.



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Finally a large pit, F400, and a smaller example, F8, both included flecks of charcoal and Late Bronze Age pottery sherds, but their association with the remaining features is unknown.

4.7 Area 7

Area 7 comprised two separate areas of archaeological material recorded during Phase 1 monitoring. The first of these areas comprised six features described by Flor Hurley in the monitoring report. During Phase 1 works, these features were recorded and covered. Unfor-tunately all but one was destroyed when a machine was used to clear rubble as part of the re-alignment of Schoolhouse Lane. One feature survived, it consisted of a sub-rectangular pit, F6, which measured, 0.45m wide by 1m long by 0.20m deep. It included two fills, F401 composed of scorched, loose, silty clay and F402 which was dark grey, loose silty clay with flecks of charcoal.

Fulacht FiadhThe second area comprised a layer of blackened silt with heat-shattered stones situated 5m from a small stream (Plate 17). The stream was diverted through concrete pipes in the area of the development site. The layer measured 8.5m by 10.5m. It was at most 0.20m deep and it petered out towards the perimeter. Two large, shallow rectangular features and six smaller pits underlay the layer (Figure 11). Although not a classic example, the feature is considered to be the remains of a Fulacht Fiadh. There was no evidence of a fire or hearth.

A 1m wide trench, orientated north/south was excavated through the mound of burnt material. Two layers were recorded in the mound: F502, an upper layer of blackened silt with shattered stones, overlay F503, which was similar but included more charcoal. A second, 1m wide trench was then excavated, orientated east/west and subsequently each resultant quadrant was excavated. Following the removal of the remains of the mound, two possible troughs, F505 and F506 (the latter associated with two stake-holes F510 and F511), and six smaller pits, F508, F504, F512 (which truncated F505), F516, F517 and F519, were excavated. The troughs F505 and F506 were filled with typical fulacht mound material. However, they were shallow – 0.20m and 0.30m deep (the latter was truncated by a field drain). It is con-sidered that the two stake-holes recorded in F505 may have been part of an organic structure used to help contain water within the feature and also that the larger shattered stones found in the fill of F506 may be evidence of abandonment. There was less charcoal in this fill and the stones were not used to their full potential.

The function of the smaller pits is unknown, perhaps domestic in nature. Two were filled with the primary mound layer F503 while others were deliberately filled before being covered by F503. Apart from the largest pit, F512, which truncated the possible trough F505, the pits were generally 0.38m to 0.40m in diameter and varied from 0.03m to 0.19m deep.



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4.8 Area 8

Fulachta FiadhOne feature was recorded in Area 8 during Phase 1 monitoring works. Unfortunately, it was also disturbed at this time. It was a layer of burnt mound material F405 (Figure 12). It was loosely compacted, black silty clay with small heat-shattered sandstones and occasional shattered limestone. It measured 6m by 5m by 0.30m deep. One field-drain truncated F405. There were no other features associated with this layer and it is considered to be the remains of a layer from a fulacht fiadh and likely to be ex-situ.

4.9 Plant Remains

A total of ten samples from this site were examined by Abigail Brewer (Appendix 4). Five of the samples produced plant remains other than charcoal. The plant remains recov-

ered from Area 2 probably represent material used as tinder or fuel.

4.10 Charcoal

A total of 56 samples were examined by Abigail Brewer (Appendix 5). The majority of the charcoal samples came from the fills of the cremation pits. The charred wood remains were dominated by hazel/alder, and ash with lesser amounts of willow/poplar, oak and other spe-cies. Many of the fragments were from twigs or small branches which would be consistent with the wood being collected as firewood.

4.11 Cremated Bone

The cremated bone was examined by Catryn Power (Appendix 6). The remains of fifty four cremated people were identified; of these four were juveniles, and four were teenagers. The sex of three males was established. Pathologies conditions were seen in four people and a genetic anatomical variation was recorded in one adult. Social stratification was part of society in some form as mature individuals were primarily buried separately, and all juveniles evident were buried with a mature person. Parts of two funerary urns were used as vessels to hold the cremated remains of people, which were then deposited in pits.

The number of pits with cremated bone deposits totalled fifty three. The pit, which con-tained the funerary vessel may have yielded one or two individuals aged in the mid to late teens, and a neonate, while three other deposits held two individuals, an adult and a juvenile (under the age of fourteen years). If each burial pit (fifty one) represents a token deposit, whether large or small, of a deceased person, then the total number of individuals in this cemetery group is fifty four individuals (including the juveniles).



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4.12 Pottery

The pottery assemblage was examined by Eoin Grogan and Helen Roche (Appendix 7). The Kilbane site, and its ceramic assemblage, forms an important addition to our under-standing of the Late Bronze Age in North Munster. This assemblage contains the remains of at least 30 and not more than 35 separate vessels. This is a significant collection especially as the pots come largely as single examples from separate features. While there is some variation the assemblage is reasonably homogenous and appears to be contemporary. All of the pot-tery is generally from flat-bottomed vessels with unexpanded upright rims, gently rounded or upright profiles and simple rounded junctions with the base. There is a broad range of sizes amongst the vessels, between 0.14-0.22 m in external diameter. All the vessels seem to have been used for cooking, derived from settlement contexts.

4.13 Radiocarbon Dates

Radiocarbon analysis was carried out by Beta Analytic Inc.

Lab. code Feature No.

Sample No.

Material Un-calibrat-ed date

2 sigma calibrated date

Period

Beta 215288

105 3 Charcoal 3310 ±40 BP

cal BC 1690-1500

Early Bronze Age

Beta 215289

365 49 Charcoal 2950 ±40 BP

cal BC 1290-1020

Middle Bronze Age

5 Summary

Kilbane is testimony to a long-standing tradition of cremation burial within unenclosed flat cemeteries. Three cemeteries were excavated under the current license, a fourth was dug by Limerick County Council, 03E1343 (McCutcheon, 2006), and finally Aegis Archaeology Ltd (Hayes, 2006) excavated a small example, also in the townland of Kilbane, 02E1707.

The cemetery in Area 1 was small but elaborate. It included eight cremation pits, one of which had been surrounded by a circle of stake-holes and a ring-ditch. Three phases of burials were discerned.

An extensive unenclosed flat cremation cemetery was excavated in Area 2. 89 cremation pits with burials of at least 54 individuals were excavated. Social stratification was evidently part of society in Kilbane, with mature individuals primarily buried separately and all juve-



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niles buried with a mature person. Adolescents, once they had reached puberty, were likely to have been buried in their own pit as mature adults.

The cemetery in Area 6 was a small example, with just three burial pits recorded. Much bone was missing from the pits. Possibly samples of burials had been ritually de-

posited in nearby watercourses, perhaps the Groody river or the Shannon, only 5km to the west. Ritual deposits of bone may also be accounted for by the small pockets of cremated bone recorded in Areas 3, 4 and 5.

Two 14C dates were recorded for the current site. These span the Early to Middle Bronze Age which, considering the complexities involved in the Bronze Age community achieving the quality of cremated bone at Kilbane, is further evidence of the long-standing tradition of cremation burial in this area.

The extensive collection of LBA pottery, with 30–35 flat-bottomed vessels represented, together with the remains of four Fulachta Fiadh in the overall site, all pay credence to the ex-istence of a large, well-established community in the area at that time. However, the location of settlement evidence has yet to be established beyond the fact that all of the LBA pottery originally derived from domestic contexts.

6 References

1st ed OS sheet LI005:037

3rd ed OS sheet LI005:037 in conjunction with the RMP

Discovery Series Map (No. 65, OSi)

Ireland South Map (OSi)

Rural Place Map (OSi) 1:2500

Ordnance Survey Letters

Hayes, A. 2006 In I. Bennett (ed.) Excavations 2003: Summary accounts of archaeological excavations in Ireland, pp 308.

Hurley, F. 2003 Archaeological Monitoring at Kilbane, Castletroy, Co. Limerick. Unpublished specialist report. National Monuments Service, Department of the Environment, heritage and Local Government, Dublin.



14

McCutcheon, S. 2006 In I. Bennett (ed.) Excavations 2003: Summary accounts of archaeological excavations in Ireland, pp 308.

Power, C. 2005 An Analysis of the Assemblage of Cremated Human Remains from Kilbane, County Limerick. Specialist report.

Waddell, J. 1998 The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland, Galway University Press.

Appendices (including Specialist Reports)

At the time of submission the excavation archive including record sheets, registers, plans, photographs and artefacts were being stored at the offices of Eachta Archaeological Projects Ltd, Ballycurreen Industrial Estate, Kinsale Rd., Cork.

Site Location



15

7 Figures

Figure 1: Extract from Ordnance Survey Ireland, Discovery Series Map, No. 65.



16

Figure 2: Extract from Ordnance Survey Ireland, Rural Place Map.

0 1 km

Site Location



17

Figure 3: Extract from Ordnance Survey 6” sheet, LI005 in conjunction with the Record of Monuments and Places constraint map.



18

Figu

re 4

: Ext

ract

from

Ord

nanc

e Su

rvey

1st

edi

tion

6”

shee

t LI0

05.

N

Area 1

Area 7

Area 6

Area 5

Area 4

Area 3

Area 2

F F 3Area 8



19

Figure 5: Site development plan with 8 areas of archaeology highlighted.

C.1

16

C.1

18

C.9

6 C.2

2

C.1

21C

.131

C.1

03

C.2

3

C.1

10

C.2

1

C.3

78

C.2

4

C.9

7

A

B

C

D

C.1

29 C.1

33

C.1

38

C.1

30C

.128

C.1

34

C.8

9C

.136

C.1

25

C.1

27

C.1

24

C.1

23

C.1

22C

.135

N

E 2

0,N

10

E 1

2,N

10

01m



20

Figu

re 6

a: A

rea

1 po

st-e

xcav

atio

n pl

an.

AB

CD 0

1 m

50

cm

C.9

7

C.1

C.9

6C

.22

C.8

9C

.21

C.3

1C.2

4

C.9

7

C.1

39C

.139

C.1

39C

.139

Sec

tion

Tren

ch

Nor

th-w

est f

acin

g se

ctio

n th

roug

h R

ing

Ditc

h.

Wes

t fac

ing

sect

ion

of C

.89

(Fill

.89)

C.1

32



21

Figu

re 6

b: A

rea

1 se

ctio

ns.

C.1

60

C.1

77

C.2

00C

.184

C.1

86

C.1

71

C.1

88

C.3

59

C.3

8 C.4

0

C.4

1

C.1

75

C.4

4

C.4

3

C.1

44

C.2

71

C.2

87

C.4

9

C.5

5

C.4

8

C.3

07

C.4

6

C.3

13

C.1

98

C.3

10

C.2

52

C.3

15C

.299

C.3

45

C.2

23

C.1

69

C.2

50

C.1

52

C.2

62

C.2

89

C.3

2

C.2

75

C.3

43

C.3

41

C.2

97C

.319

C.3

17

C.2

91

C.2

59

C.4

7

C.2

17

C.2

82

C.2

80

C.4

5

C.3

33

C.3

3

C.2

77

C.2

65

C.2

92

C.2

94

C.5

3

C.5

2

C.1

81

C.2

46

C.2

48

C.2

02C

.196

C.1

67

C.3

1

C.5

4

C.3

7

C.2

6C.3

66

C.3

6

C.1

51

C.3

77

C.1

91

C.1

62

C.5

0

C.1

82

C.2

7 C.2

8

C.9

4

C.3

37

C.3

52

C.3

5

C.3

56

C.2

5

C.3

47

C.3

49

C.3

51C

.339

C.5

6

A

B

A

B

C.2

04

C.1

94

C.5

1

C.2

68

C.3

0

C.1

49

N

B

A

B

A

B

B

A

A

B

A

B

A

B

AB

A

01 m

50 c

m



22

Figu

re 7

a: A

rea

2 po

st-e

xcav

atio

n pl

an.

Are

a 2

Wes

t fac

ing

sect

ion

C.2

8

C.3

34

C.3

38

C.3

39

C.3

37C

.94

C.3

52

C.3

53

C.3

45

C.3

43

C.3

42

C.3

44

C.3

16C

.318

C.3

19C

.317

C.3

54C

.355

C.3

56

C.3

5

C.3

35C

.336

Are

a 2

Sou

th-s

outh

-eas

t fac

ing

sect

ion

Are

a 2

Nor

th fa

cing

sec

tion

Are

a 2

Sou

th fa

cing

sec

tion

Are

a 2

Eas

t fac

ing

sect

ion

C.3

46C

.348

C.3

50

C.3

50C

.349

C.3

47

C.3

41

Are

a 2

Sou

th-e

ast f

acin

g se

ctio

n

Are

a 2

Eas

t fac

ing

sect

ion

Are

a 2

Sou

th-e

ast s

ectio

n

Are

a 2

Wes

t fac

ing

sect

ion

C.3

76

C.3

77

Are

a 2

Eas

t fac

ing

sect

ion

C.3

66

C,3

65

AB

AB

AB

AB

AB

AB

AB

AB

AB

AB

050

cm10

cm

Lege

nd

Cha

rcoa

l =

Bur

nt B

one

=



23

Figu

re 7

b: A

rea

2 se

lect

ed s

ecti

ons.

C.80

C.79

C.205

C.210C.207

C.258 C.255

C.93

C.75

C.77

C.284

C.272

C.78

C.92

N

0 5 m1 m



24

Figure 8: Area 3 post-excavation plan.

C.1

2

C.3

84

C.1

4

C.1

9

C.1

5

C.1

7

C.1

8

C.1

6C

.375

C.3

69

C.3

71

C.2

0

C.3

73

C.3

81

N

050

cm

50 c

m



25

Figu

re 9

: Are

a 5

post

-exc

avat

ion

plan

.

C.4

00

C.8

C.8

5 C.3

98

C.8

6

C.8

7

C.8

8C

.396

C.9

C.3

92

N

050

cm50

cm



26

Figu

re 1

0a: A

rea

6 po

st-e

xcav

atio

n pl

an.

Legend

Charcoal =

Burnt Bone =

C.395

C.86

A B

Area 6North-east facing section

C.397

C.398

Area 6South-west facing section

Area 4East facing section

C.87

C.394

Area 6West facing section

C.8

C.393

Pottery

C.390C.9

Area 6West facing section

Area 6North facing section

C.399

C.400

A B

A B

A B

A B

AB

0 1 m



27

Figure 10b: Area 6 sections.

C.5

08

C.5

04C

.517

C.5

16

C.5

19

C.5

11C

.510

C.5

12C

.506

C.5

05

Mod

ern

Fiel

d D

rain

Lim

it of

ex

cava

tion

N

1 m

2 cm

0

C.50

4

C.50

3C.

502

B

B

East

facin

g se

ctio

n of

Are

a 7

FF

1 m

2 cm

0



28

Figu

re 1

1: A

rea

7 po

st-e

xcav

atio

n pl

an &

sec

tion

.

AB

N

01 m

20 cm

C.4

05S

AN

DY

TOP

SO

IL

AB

Are

a 8

Nor

th fa

cing

sec

tion

C.4

05

C.4

05

DIT

CH

/DR

AIN

SE

CTI

ON



29

Figu

re 1

2: A

rea

8 po

st-e

xcav

atio

n pl

an a

nd s

ecti

on.



30

8 Plates

Plate 2: View of excavated Ring-ditch, Area 1.

Plate 1: View of recorded Enclosure, LI005:037.



31

Plate 4: Area 1 post-excavation.

Plate 3: View of cremation F125 and circle of stake-holes, Area 1



32

Plates 6: Area 2 cremations, F175, 27, 198 & 252.

Plate 5: Area 2 pre-excavation.



33





34

Plate 10: Area 2 post-excavation.




35

Plate 12: Cremation, F366 during excavation.




36

Plate 14: Area 3.




37

Plate 16: Area 6, cremation pits F85, 86 & 87.

Plate 15: Area 4.



38

Plate 17: Area 7, Fulacht Fiadh.



39

Appe

ndix

1: S

tratig

raph

ic In

dex

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

1 2 3 4 57

6C

ut

0.45

m x

1.0

m x

0.2

2mSu

b-re

ctan

gula

r in

plan

, mod

erat

e br

eak

of sl

ope-

top

in W

, sha

rp e

lsew

here

.Sid

es: m

oder

ate

in E

&

W, a

lmos

t ver

tical

in N

& S

.Une

ven

base

, dee

per

in w

est e

nd.

76

8C

ut o

f pit

0.65

m x

0.7

0m x

0.4

5mSq

uare

on

surf

ace,

circ

ular

at b

ase.

Sid

es: v

ertic

al

in N

& W

, slig

htly

con

cave

in in

E &

S to

war

ds

base

. Mai

nly

flat b

ase.

Pott

ery

31So

il 62

69

Cut

of l

inea

r fea

ture

2.00

m x

0.6

5m x

0.0

5mIr

regu

lar l

inea

r in

plan

, rou

nded

cor

ners

, var

ies i

n w

idth

and

dep

th th

roug

hout

leng

th, s

harp

bre

ak

fo sl

ope-

top,

stee

p sid

ed.

10 115

12C

ut o

f pos

thol

e0.

52m

x 0

.33m

Sub-

circ

ular

in p

lan,

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe-to

p: sh

arp

N,

W, S

.Tru

ncat

ed in

E b

y c3

84. S

ides

: alm

ost v

erti-

cal.

Flat

bas

e.

514

Cut

of f

urro

w1.

7m x

0.4

m x

0.1

mLi

near

, gra

dual

side

s. Fl

at b

ase.

515

Cut

of p

osth

ole

0.47

m x

0.4

1m x

0.4

2mSu

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n, v

ertic

al si

des,

conc

ave

base

, ta

pers

to a

poi

nt. O

rient

atio

n N

W-S

E.5

16Ir

regu

lar c

ut0.

8m x

0.5

m x

0.2

2mIr

regu

lar i

n pl

an. B

reak

of s

lope

-top:

shar

p in

W,

mod

erat

e E

& S

. Sid

es: A

lmos

t ver

tical

in N

W &

E.

Irre

gula

r bas

e.

517

Cut

of p

ossib

le p

it0.

4m x

0.4

4m x

0.1

8mC

ircul

ar in

pla

n. S

ides

slop

e ge

ntly

to b

ase.

5

18C

ut o

f pos

sible

pit

0.4m

x0.

35m

x 0

.17m

Circ

ular

in p

lan.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe: s

harp

top

and

base

. Sid

es sl

ope

to b

ase.



40

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

519

Cut

of p

it1.

02m

x 0

.96m

x0.

19m

Circ

ular

in p

lan.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe: g

radu

al to

p an

d ba

se. S

ides

mod

erat

e slo

pe to

bas

e. F

lat b

ase.

520

Cut

of s

hallo

w p

it0.

2m x

0.1

8m x

0.0

6mC

ircul

ar in

pla

n, m

oder

ate

sides

, con

cave

bas

e.1

21C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.67

m x

0.6

1m x

0.1

6mSu

b-re

ctan

gula

r in

plan

, sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

, m

oder

ate

sides

, une

ven

base

. Cut

s sta

keho

le c

.110

. T

his f

eatu

re c

uts i

nto

c.189

.1

22C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.50

m x

0.5

1m x

0.2

0mSu

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n, st

eep

sided

, con

cave

bas

e.Po

tter

y 38

Cha

rcoa

l 71

23C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.52

m x

0.4

6m x

0.2

2m

Sub

oval

in p

lan,

trun

cate

d in

E b

yC.1

03, s

harp

br

eak

of to

p-slo

pe e

lsew

here

, con

cave

side

s, ro

und

base

.

Soil

1

B

one

3

Bon

e 8

Bo

ne 1

0

Cha

rcoa

l 61

24C

ut o

f sm

all p

it1.

0m x

0.8

2m x

0.1

3m

Sub-

oval

in p

lan.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe-to

p: sh

arp

in S

E

W, g

radu

al in

N, u

neve

n ba

se.

2 - T

J End

a25

Cut

of C

rem

atio

n0.

62m

x 0

.38m

x 0

.14m

Su

b re

ctan

gula

r, st

eep

sided

, eve

n st

oney

bas

e.2

- TJ E

nda

26C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.44

m x

0.5

2m x

0.2

5m

Sub

circ

ular

, ste

ep si

ded,

eve

n ba

se.

2 - T

J End

a27

Cut

of P

osth

ole

0.35

m x

0.4

5m x

0.2

4mSu

b ov

al, s

teep

side

d, g

radu

al in

E, c

onca

ve b

ase.

2 - A

islin

g28

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

44m

x 0

.42m

x 0

.09m

Circ

ular

in p

lan.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe: g

radu

al a

t top

and

ba

se. S

ides

: slo

ping

and

con

cave

. Sha

llow.

Bone

47

292

- TJ E

nda

30C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.24

m x

0.2

4m x

0.2

4mSu

b ci

rcul

ar, s

teep

side

d in

S g

radu

al in

N, e

ven

base

.2

- Lou

ise31

Cut

of p

ossib

le

crem

atio

n pi

t0.

51m

x 0

.54m

x 0

.29m

Sub-

oval

in p

lan,

Bre

ak o

f top

-slo

pe sh

arp.

Sid

es:

unev

en, s

tone

s in

N, c

onca

ve in

W. B

reak

slop

e-ba

se g

entle

, bas

e fla

t and

ston

ey.

2 - T

J End

a32

Cut

of C

rem

atio

n0.

4m x

0.4

m x

0.0

8mC

ircul

ar, s

hallo

w, c

onca

ve si

des,

base

alm

ost f

lat.

2 - T

J End

a33

Cut

of C

rem

atio

n0.

69m

x 0

.6m

x 0

.13m

Sub

rect

angu

lar,

stee

p sid

ed in

SW

, gra

dual

in E

, un

even

bas

e.34

2 - A

islin

g35

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

65m

x 0

.69m

x 0

.26m

Sub-

circ

ular

in p

lan.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe: s

harp

at t

op

and

base

. Ste

ep si

ded,

flat

bas

e.C

harc

oal 4

7

2 - T

J End

a36

Cut

of C

rem

atio

n0.

78m

x 0

.7m

x 0

.38m

Su

b re

ctan

gula

r, st

eep

sided

in a

ll bu

t E, e

ven

ston

ey b

ase.



41

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

2 - L

ouise

37C

ut o

f pit

0.5m

x 0

.49m

x 0

.1m

Sub-

circ

ular

shap

ed sh

allo

w p

it. B

reak

of s

lope

ge

ntle

at t

op a

nd b

ase.

Slo

ping

side

s.Une

ven

ston

y ba

se.

2 - D

arra

gh38

Cut

of s

hallo

w p

it0.

38m

x 0

.56m

x 0

.11m

Sub-

circ

ular

in p

lan,

roun

ded

corn

ers,

alm

ost

vert

ical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

top-

slope

, bre

ak o

f slo

p-ba

se sh

arp

in N

,E,S

, mod

erat

e in

W.ro

cks i

n sit

u at

bas

e.39

2 - D

arra

gh40

Cut

of p

ost

0.57

m x

0.5

4m x

0.3

1mH

exag

onal

in p

lan,

roun

ded

corn

ers,

alm

ost v

erti-

cal s

ides

, und

ercu

t on

NW

side

, con

cave

bas

e,

orie

ntat

ion

WN

W-E

SE.

Pott

ery

6C

harc

oal 6

Soil

20

2 - D

arra

gh41

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

4m x

0.4

3m x

0.15

mC

ircul

ar in

pla

n, ro

unde

d co

rner

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

to

p-slo

pe, a

lmos

t ver

tical

side

s, m

oder

ate

brea

k of

slo

pe-b

ase,

con

cave

bas

e.

Cha

rcoa

l 12

422

- Dar

ragh

43C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.52

m x

0.5

5m x

0.1

1mR

ough

ly c

ircul

ar in

pla

n. F

eatu

re tr

unca

ted

in

Sout

h b

y fie

ld d

rain

(cut

c43

). Br

eak

of to

p-slo

pe:

N sh

arp,

E&

W m

oder

ate,

trun

cate

d in

S. S

ides

: N

ver

tical

, mod

erat

e el

sew

here

. Bas

e: sl

ight

ly

conc

ave.

2 - D

arra

gh44

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

26m

x 0

.29m

x 0

.08m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

roun

ded

corn

ers,

mod

erat

e br

eak

of to

p-slo

pe, s

ides

45

degr

ees t

o ve

rtic

al, g

radu

al

brea

k of

slop

e-ba

se, c

onca

ve b

ase.

2 - L

ouise

45C

ut o

f pit

0.5m

x 0

.42m

x 0

.2m

Sub-

circ

ular

shap

ed sh

allo

w p

it. B

reak

of s

lope

to

p W

S E

shar

p, g

entle

in N

. Sid

es: c

onca

ve in

W

, slo

pe g

ently

to b

ase

in N

S E

. Sid

es li

nes w

ith

ston

es. P

ossib

le e

vide

nce

of st

akeh

ole.

Pott

ery

8Bo

ne 2

4

Cha

rcoa

l 16

2 - L

ouise

46C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.87

m x

0.6

6m x

0.2

8mSu

b-ov

al in

pla

n. B

reak

of t

op-s

lope

shar

p on

W

E SE

. Sid

es: g

entle

slop

ein

s SW

, ste

ep in

SE

NW

W

N. l

arge

rock

s in

N. B

reak

of s

lope

bas

e sh

arp

exce

pt in

S &

SW

. Bas

e un

even

and

ston

ey.

Pott

ery

7C

harc

oal 1

3

Bone

21

So

il 22

2 - L

ouise

47C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.45

m x

0.6

m x

0.2

8mSu

b-ov

al in

pla

n. B

reak

of t

op-s

lope

shar

p in

N

& E

, gen

tle in

W &

SE.

Sid

es: s

tepp

ed in

NN

W,

vert

ical

in N

& N

NE,

E &

W si

des s

lope

gen

tly.

Base

une

ven

and

ston

ey, s

lope

s to

NE.

Pott

ery

12C

harc

oal 2

8



42

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

2 - L

ouise

48C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.44

m x

0.4

2m x

0.15

mC

ircul

ar in

pla

n. B

reak

slop

e to

p: sh

arp

in N

& S

, ge

ntle

SE

& N

E. S

ides

: irr

egul

ar in

SE,

con

cave

in

N &

S. B

ase

slope

s to

NW

.

Pott

ery

20C

harc

oal 3

6

Bone

45

2 - D

arra

gh49

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n0.

49m

x 0

.58m

x 0

.07m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

roun

ded

corn

ers,

mod

erat

e br

eak

of to

p-slo

pe, t

aper

ed si

des,

conc

ave

brea

k of

slop

e-ba

se, f

lat b

ase,

orie

ntat

ion

N-S

. Tru

ncat

ed b

y cu

t c2

87.

Bone

37

So

il 36

2 - T

J End

a50

Cut

of C

rem

atio

n0.

43m

x 0

.4m

x 0

.19m

Sub

rect

angu

lar,g

radu

al si

des,

conc

ave

base

.2

- Aisl

ing

51C

ut o

f cr

emat

ion

pit

0.58

m x

0.5

6m x

0.2

9mC

ircul

ar in

pla

n, ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of sl

ope:

sh

arp

at to

p, g

radu

al a

t bas

e. S

ides

: ste

ep in

NW

&

SE.

Fea

ture

cut

s c25

2, c

223,

c188

, and

is c

ut b

y c2

68.

2 - A

islin

g52

Cut

of

crem

atio

n pi

t0.

56m

x 0

.52m

x 0

.23m

Irre

gula

r circ

ular

in p

lan.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe: s

harp

at

top,

mod

erat

e at

bas

e. S

ides

: ste

ep, t

aper

ed to

war

d ba

se. U

neve

n ba

se.

2 - A

islin

g53

Cut

of p

ossib

le

crem

atio

n pi

t0.

47m

x 0

.53m

x 0

.23m

Sub-

circ

ular

in p

lan.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe: s

harp

at t

op,

mod

erat

e at

bas

e. S

teep

side

d, fl

at b

ase.

2 -

Loui

se54

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

46m

x 0

.56m

x 0

.2m

Circ

ular

in p

lan.

Bre

ak sl

ope

top:

shar

p in

N,

gent

le e

lsew

here

. Sid

es: u

neve

n in

N &

E, g

entle

in

S. B

ase

slope

s to

S.

Cha

rcoa

l 10

Bo

ne 1

7

2 - D

arra

gh55

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n0.

56m

x 0

.51m

x 0

.2m

Rou

ghly

circ

ular

in p

lan,

roun

ded

corn

ers,

shar

p br

eak

of to

p-slo

pe, s

ides

alm

ost v

ertic

al, c

onca

ve

brea

k of

slop

e-ba

se, f

lat b

ase.

Orie

ntat

ion

W-E

2

- Aisl

ing

56C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.59

m x

0.5

3m x

0.2

mO

val i

n pl

an. S

ides

: ste

ep-c

onca

ve m

ore

grad

ual

in S

E.

Cha

rcoa

l 37

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66



43

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 743

7575

Shal

low

cut

1.

1m x

1.2

m x

0.1

3mC

ircul

ar in

pla

n, g

radu

al sl

opin

g sid

es, u

neve

n co

ncav

e ba

se.

376

76D

epos

it0.

70m

x 0

.30m

x 0

.17m

Dar

k br

own

loos

e sa

ndy

clay

. 3

7777

Cut

of s

mal

l pit

0.36

m x

0.3

0m x

0.1

6mSu

b ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n. S

ides

: mod

-er

ate

in N

, alm

ost v

ertic

al in

W,

conc

ave

base

.3

7878

Cut

of p

osth

ole

0.25

m x

0.3

2m x

0.1

7mC

ircul

ar in

pla

n, si

des m

oder

ate

in N

,NE,

NW

,E, v

ertic

al in

S.

Con

cave

bas

e.3

7979

Cut

of l

arge

pit

4.00

m x

2.1

m x

0.3

6mC

ircul

ar in

S w

ith li

near

ext

en-

sion

to N

. Circ

ular

sect

ion

has

mod

erat

e slo

ping

side

s, lin

ear e

x-te

nsio

n ha

s une

ven

and

irreg

ular

sid

es. O

rient

atio

n N

-S)

380

80C

ut o

f pos

thol

e0.

32m

x 0

.29m

x 0

.22m

Sub-

circ

ular

, ste

ep si

ded,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

flat

bas

e.81 82 83 84

685

Cut

of p

ossib

le

crem

atio

n0.

46m

x 0

.46m

x 0

.16m

Circ

ular

shal

low

pit,

gra

dual

slop

ing

sides

.Po

tter

y 36

Bone

58

686

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n0.

44m

x 0

.43m

x 0

.16m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

alm

ost v

ertic

al si

des,

sligh

tly

conc

ave

in S

. Sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e, st

ones

em

bedd

ed b

ase.

Bone

59

687

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n0.

55m

x 0

.48m

x 0

.10m

Sub-

circ

ular

, sha

rp b

reak

of t

op sl

ope,

une

ven

ston

ey b

ase.

Pott

ery

30Bo

ne 6

0



44

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

688

Cre

mat

ion

depo

sit

(no

cut)

0.30

m x

0.4

2m x

0.0

3m

Dar

k bl

acki

sh b

row

n sil

ty c

lay,

loos

e co

mpa

ctio

n,

char

coal

flec

ks a

nd b

urnt

bon

e in

clus

ions

. Pos

sibly

dr

ag fr

om n

earb

y cr

emat

ions

.

Bone

61

189

Cut

of L

inea

r Fe

atur

e5.

20m

x 1

.60m

x 0

.20m

Line

ar in

pla

n, ro

unde

d in

N, g

entle

slop

ing

sides

, un

even

bas

e.Po

tter

y 35

90 91to

psoi

l 3

92C

ut o

f pos

thol

e0.

60m

x 0

.38m

x 0

.45

Ova

l in

plan

, ver

tical

side

s, sli

ghtly

con

cave

to-

war

d ba

se. F

lat b

ase.

393

Cut

of p

osth

ole

0.59

m x

0.5

0m x

0.4

5mO

val i

n pl

an, v

ertic

al ro

ugh

grav

el si

des,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, fla

t bas

e, o

rient

atio

n N

W-S

E.2

- Aisl

ing

94C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.58

m x

0.4

7m x

0.15

mO

val i

n pl

an. S

ides

: ste

ep-c

onca

ve m

ore

grad

ual i

n N

E. F

lat b

ase.

951

96C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.80

m x

0.5

6m x

0.2

9mSu

b ov

al in

pla

n. B

reak

of t

op-s

lope

: gen

tle N

&

NN

E, sh

arp

else

whe

re, s

teep

side

d. F

lat b

ase.

Bone

13

197

Cut

of R

ing

Ditc

h0.

91m

x 0

.91m

x 0

.23m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

ver

tical

sid

es, f

lat b

ase.

Soil

9

C

harc

oal 5

98 99 100

110

1Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c23

)0.

46m

x 0

.52m

x 0

.18m

Blac

kish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y, fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal

chun

ks, f

requ

ent b

one

piec

es. C

ut C

.23.

Lar

ge

limes

tone

cur

ved

ston

e. S

et o

n to

p of

prim

ary

crem

atio

n fil

l C.1

01

Soil

1

B

one

3

Bon

e 8

Bo

ne 1

0

Cha

rcoa

l 61

103

Cut

of C

rem

atio

n0.

35m

x 0

.25m

x 0

.13m

Trun

cate

d in

E b

y C

.23.

Sem

i circ

ular

in p

lan,

Br

eak

of sl

ope-

top:

shar

p in

S W

E. S

ides

mod

erat

e to

shar

p, fl

at b

ase.

Sam

ple

1,2,

5,6

C

harc

oal 3

110

5Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c103

)0.

30m

x 0

.25m

x 0

.15m

D

ark

blac

kish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y. In

clus

ions

: fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal c

hunk

s, fr

eque

nt b

urnt

bon

e,

occa

siona

l bur

nt st

one.

Sam

ple

1,2

C

harc

oal 3

110

6Fi

ll of

pit

(Cut

c24

) 0.

25m

x 0

.26m

x 0

.03m

Gre

y, fir

m c

ompa

ctio

n, >

70%

cha

rcoa

l inc

lusio

ns.



45

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

110

7/10

8Fi

ll (C

ut c

24)

0.70

m x

0.8

1m

Ligh

t bro

wn,

loos

e co

mpa

ctio

n, sa

ndy

clay

, cha

r-co

al fl

ecks

, peb

bles

. c10

8 is

a la

rge

ston

e fo

und

in

c107

.

Cha

rcoa

l 2

110

9Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c 2

1)0.

67m

x 0

.61m

x 0

.16m

Mid

-dar

k bl

ack

silty

cla

y. In

clus

ions

: fre

quen

t bu

rnt b

one

and

char

coal

, pot

tery

sher

d.Po

tter

y 1

Soil

7

Cha

rcoa

l 41

110

Cut

of S

take

hole

0.11

m x

0.1

8m x

0.15

mSu

b-ov

al in

pla

n, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e-to

p, u

neve

n ba

se.

111

1Fi

ll of

Sta

keho

le

(Cut

c110

)0.

17m

x 0

.17m

x 0

.15m

Mid

-dar

k br

own

com

pact

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks a

nd b

urnt

bon

e.1

113

Fill

of R

ing

Ditc

h (C

ut c

97)

0.92

m x

0.9

2m x

0.2

2mLi

ght b

row

n, fi

rm c

ompa

ctio

n, o

ccas

iona

l lar

ge

ston

es.

Soil

9

C

harc

oal 4

111

4Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c22

)0.

50m

x 0

.50m

x 0

.20m

Mid

bla

ck lo

ose

silty

cla

y, m

oder

ate-

freq

uent

ch

arco

al fl

ecks

, mod

erat

e am

ount

bur

nt b

one,

2

pott

ery

sher

ds.

Pott

ery

38C

harc

oal 7

111

5Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c116

)0.

50m

x 0

.50m

x 0

.25m

Mid

-dar

k bl

ack

silty

cla

y. In

clus

ions

: fre

quen

t ch

arco

al, o

ccas

iona

l bur

nt b

one.

Find

2Bo

ne 1

1

111

6C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.50

m x

0.5

0m x

0.2

5mC

ircul

ar in

pla

n, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e-to

p, g

radu

al

sides

, con

cave

bas

e.1

117

Fill

of L

inea

r Fea

ture

(C

ut c

118)

0.70

m x

0.3

0m x

0.0

5m

Mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal.

111

8C

ut o

f Lin

ear

Feat

ure

0.70

m x

0.3

0m x

0.0

5m

Line

ar in

pla

n, g

entle

slop

ing

sides

, con

cave

bas

e.

111

9U

pper

fill

of C

rem

a-tio

n

(C

ut c

96)

0.90

m x

0.8

5m x

0.15

m

Mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion,

mod

erat

e ch

arco

al a

nd b

urnt

bon

e in

clus

ions

, occ

asio

nal

ston

es.

Bone

13

112

0Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c96

)0.

50m

x 0

.47m

x 0

.14m

Dar

k gr

eyish

bro

wn,

loos

e co

mpa

ctio

n, m

oder

-at

e - f

requ

ent i

nclu

sions

of b

urnt

bon

e, o

ccas

iona

l ch

arco

al fl

ecks

.

Bone

13

112

1St

akeh

ole

0.13

m x

0.1

3m x

0.1

2mG

rey

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal.

Circ

ular

in

plan

, ver

tical

side

s, co

ncav

e ba

se.

Cha

rcoa

l 8

112

4St

akeh

ole

0.12

m x

0.1

2m x

0.1

4mM

id b

lack

silty

cla

y. C

ircul

ar in

pla

n, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e-to

p, si

des s

harp

, ta

pere

d to

war

d ba

se.

112

5C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.48

m x

0.3

6m x

0.0

8mSu

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n, tr

unca

ted

by c

21 in

E, s

ides

m

oder

ate

to st

eep,

une

ven

base

.Bo

ne 1

5



46

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

112

6Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c125

)0.

40m

x 0

.40m

x 0

.09m

M

id g

reyi

sh b

row

n sil

ty c

lay,

loos

e co

mpa

ctio

n.

Incl

usio

ns: m

oder

ate

burn

t bon

e ch

unks

, occ

asio

n-al

cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

Bone

15

112

7St

akeh

ole

0.11

m x

0.0

9m x

0.0

5mBl

acki

sh b

row

n sil

ty c

lay,

char

coal

stai

ned.

Circ

u-la

r in

plan

, ver

tical

side

s tap

er to

u-s

hape

d ba

se.

112

8St

akeh

ole

0.11

m x

0.1

3m x

0.1

8mM

id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay.

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

side

s ver

tical

, ta

pere

d to

war

d ba

se.

112

9St

akeh

ole

0.12

m x

0.1

4m x

0.15

mM

id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay.

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

side

s sha

rp,

tape

red

tow

ard

base

.1

130

Stak

ehol

e0.

12m

x 0

.10m

x 0

.12m

Mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y. C

ircul

ar in

pla

n, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e-to

p, si

des v

ertic

al,

tape

red

tow

ard

base

.1

131

Stak

ehol

e0.

11m

x 0

.12m

x 0

.14m

Mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y. C

ircul

ar in

pla

n, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e-to

p, si

des t

aper

ed to

war

d ba

se, u

-sha

ped

base

.1

132

Spre

ad4.

2m x

0.0

6mG

rey

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal.

113

3St

akeh

ole

0.10

m x

0.0

9m x

0.15

mM

id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay.

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

side

s tap

red

tow

ard

base

.1

134

Stak

ehol

e0.

09m

x 0

.09m

x 0

.12m

Mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y. C

ircul

ar in

pla

n, st

eep

sided

, ta

pred

tow

ard

base

in N

E.1

135

Stak

ehol

e 0.

11m

x 0

.09m

x 0

.12m

Mid

gre

yish

bro

wn,

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

s. O

val i

n pl

an, v

ertic

al si

des,

roun

ded

base

.1

136

Stak

ehol

e0.

90m

x 0

.90m

x 0

.14m

M

id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay.

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

stee

p sid

ed,

tapr

ed to

war

d ba

se.

113

7Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c138

)0.

43m

x 0

.59m

0.1

1mM

id b

lack

bro

wn

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion.

In-

clus

ions

: mod

erat

e bu

rnt b

one,

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal

fleck

s, po

tter

y pi

eces

.

Pott

ery

4Bo

ne 1

6

Cha

rcoa

l 9

113

8C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.43

m x

0.5

5m x

0.1

1mSu

b re

ctan

gula

r in

plan

, circ

ular

bas

e, c

onca

ve

sides

, fla

t bas

e.

Pott

ery

4Bo

ne 1

6

Cha

rcoa

l 91

139

Fill

of L

inea

r Fea

ture

(C

ut c

89)

5.20

m x

1.6

0m x

0.2

0mD

ark

brow

n sil

ty c

lay,

occa

siona

l cha

rcoa

l,

2 - L

ouise

140

Fill

of p

ossib

le c

re-

mat

ion

(Cut

c31

)0.

46m

x 0

.54m

x 0

.29m

Mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion,

occ

asio

nal

incl

usio

ns o

f sm

all s

ub-a

ngul

ar st

ones

.2

- Lou

ise14

1Fi

ll of

pos

sible

cre

-m

atio

n (C

ut c

31)

0.23

m x

0.3

7m x

0.1

mD

ark

blac

kish

bro

wn,

cha

rcoa

l sta

ined

, silt

y cl

ay,

loos

e co

mpa

ctio

n. In

clus

ions

: cha

rcoa

l fle

cks,

very

oc

casio

nal b

one

fleck

s. 14

2



47

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

2 - D

arra

gh14

3Fi

ll of

fiel

d dr

ain

(Cut

c144

)0.

46m

x 2

.6m

(with

in

grid

) x 0

.08m

Mid

gre

yish

bro

wn,

med

ium

com

pact

ion,

sand

y cl

ay, f

requ

ent i

nclu

sions

of m

ediu

m st

ones

.2

- Dar

ragh

144

Cut

of f

ield

dra

in

0.46

m x

1.

4m(E

xcav

ated

) x

0.08

m

Line

ar in

pla

n, o

rient

atio

n W

SW-E

NE,

side

s al

mos

t ver

tical

on

S, m

ore

grad

ual o

n N

, bas

e fla

t.T

his f

eatu

re tr

unca

tes f

ill c1

45 &

cut

c43

.2

- Dar

ragh

145

Fill

of p

ossib

le c

re-

mat

ion

pit (

Cut

c43

)0.

52m

x 0

.55m

x 0

.11m

Blac

k sil

ty c

lay.

loos

e co

mpa

ctio

n, fr

eque

nt in

clu-

sions

of c

harc

oal f

leck

s and

cre

mat

ed b

one

piec

es.

Feat

ure

trun

cate

d by

fiel

d dr

ain

cut c

43.

2 - D

arra

gh14

6Fi

ll of

pos

sible

cre

-m

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

44)

0.26

m x

0.2

9m x

0.0

8mD

ark

brow

nish

bla

ck si

lty c

lay,

perc

enta

ge o

f cre

-m

ated

bon

e fr

agm

ents

not

icea

ble

thro

ugho

ut fi

ll.2

- Aisl

ing

147

Fill

of p

ossib

le c

re-

mat

ion

pit (

Cut

c52

)0.

56m

x 0

.52m

x 0

.23m

Blac

k sil

ty c

lay,

soft

, loo

se c

ompa

ctio

n. In

clu-

sions

: occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal,

freq

uent

smal

l-med

ium

st

ones

. 2

- TJ E

nda

148

Fill

of P

osth

ole

(Cut

c1

49)

0.4m

x 0

.55m

x 0

.21m

Blac

k fr

iabl

e sil

ty c

lay,

char

coal

rich

, cre

mat

ed

bone

.C

harc

oal 1

1

2 - T

J End

a14

9C

ut o

f Pos

thol

e0.

4m x

0.5

5m x

0.2

1mSu

b re

ctan

gula

r, st

eep

sided

, con

cave

bas

e.2

- TJ E

nda

150

Fill

of C

rem

atio

n (C

ut c1

51)

0.5m

x 0

.5m

x 0

.2m

Mid

bla

ck lo

ose

silty

cla

y, Bu

rnt b

one,

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks.

2 - T

J End

a15

1C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.5m

x 0

.5m

x 0

.2m

Sub

circ

ular

, ste

ep si

ded,

step

ped

side

in W

, con

-ca

ve u

neve

n ba

se.

2 - T

J End

a15

2C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.41

m x

0.4

m x

0.15

mSu

b ov

al, s

teep

side

d, m

oder

ate

in W

, con

cave

ba

se.

2 - L

ouise

153

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

54)

0.5m

x 0

.6m

x 0

.32m

Mid

bla

ck b

row

n sil

ty c

lay,

loos

e co

mpa

ctio

n.

Incl

usio

ns: o

ccas

iona

l lar

ge b

urnt

bon

e pi

eces

and

fle

cks,

occa

siona

l lar

ge st

ones

.

Cha

rcoa

l 10

Bo

ne 1

7

2 - T

J End

a15

4Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c152

)0.

41m

x 0

.4m

x 0

.15m

Mid

bla

ck, l

oose

silty

cla

y, bu

rnt b

one

incl

usio

ns.

Bone

18

2 - T

J End

a15

5Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c50

)0.

43m

x 0

.4m

x 0

.19m

Mid

bla

ck fr

iabl

e sil

ty c

lay,

occa

siona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks,

v. oc

c. B

urnt

bon

e fle

cks.

2 - L

ouise

156

Fill

of p

it (C

ut c

37)

0.5m

x 0

.49m

x 0

.1m

Mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion,

regu

lar

incl

usio

ns o

f cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

2- D

arra

gh15

7Fi

ll of

pos

sible

pos

t (C

ut c

40)

0.57

m x

0.5

4m x

0.31

mPi

tch

blac

k sil

ty c

lay,

mod

erat

ely

com

pact

ed,

som

e tin

y pi

eces

of c

rem

ated

bon

e lo

cate

d ne

ar

surf

ace

of fi

ll.Fr

eque

nt in

clus

ions

cha

rcoa

l chu

nks

thro

ugho

ut fi

ll.

Pott

ery

6C

harc

oal 1

4

Soil

20



48

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

2 - A

islin

g15

8Fi

ll of

pos

sible

cre

-m

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

53)

0.47

m x

0.5

3m x

0.2

3mM

id b

row

nish

bla

ck, s

andy

cla

y, so

ft, l

oose

co

mpa

ctio

n. In

clus

ions

: occ

asio

nal b

urnt

bon

e,

freq

uent

ston

es.

2 - D

arra

gh15

9Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

pit

(Cut

c41

)0.

4m x

0.4

3m x

0.15

mBl

ack

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal p

iece

s, sm

all

frag

men

ts o

f cre

mat

ed b

one

conc

entr

ated

in o

ne

area

of f

ill.

Cha

rcoa

l 12

2 - R

oisin

160

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

5m x

0.5

5m x

0.3

1mSu

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e-to

p. S

ides

: sha

rp in

E &

N, g

radu

al in

W &

S.

Mod

erat

e br

eak

of sl

ope-

base

. Con

cave

bas

e.

Bone

19

2 - T

J End

a16

1Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c162

)0.

53m

x 0

.53m

x 0

.18m

Mid

bla

ck, l

oose

silty

cla

y, ch

arco

al fl

ecks

and

bu

rnt b

one

incl

usio

ns.

2 - T

J End

a16

2C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.53

m x

0.5

3m x

0.1

8mSu

b ov

al, s

teep

side

d, m

oder

ate

in N

, con

cave

ba

se.

2 - R

oisin

163

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c1

60)

0.5m

x 0

.55m

x 0

.31m

Dar

k bl

ack,

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion,

>10

%

burn

t bon

e in

clus

ions

, som

e ch

arco

al fl

ecks

.Bo

ne 1

9

2 - A

islin

g16

4Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

pit

(Cut

c33

3)0.

44m

x 0

.38m

x 0

.14m

Mid

bro

wni

sh b

lack

, loo

se, s

andy

cla

y. In

clus

ions

: oc

casio

nal f

leck

s of b

urnt

bon

e, fr

eque

nt st

ones

.2

- Lou

ise16

5Fi

ll of

pos

sible

cre

-m

atio

n (C

ut c1

65)

0.64

m x

0.6

3m x

0.2

4mD

ark

blac

kish

bro

wn,

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion.

In

clus

ions

: mod

erat

e am

ount

cha

rcoa

l chu

nks,

oc-

casio

nal b

urnt

bon

e, o

ccas

iona

l pot

tery

sher

ds.

Pott

ery

7C

harc

oal 1

3

Bone

21

So

il 22

2 - T

J End

a16

6Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c167

)0.

64m

x 0

.58m

x 0

.32m

Dar

k bl

ack,

occ

asio

nal o

rang

e m

ottli

ng, l

oose

silty

cl

ay, m

oder

ate

char

coal

flec

ks a

nd b

urnt

bon

e. ~

20

pott

ery

sher

ds..

Bone

23

C

harc

oal 1

5

2 - T

J End

a16

7C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.64

m x

0.5

8m x

0.3

2mSu

b re

ctan

gula

r, st

eep

sided

, une

ven

base

.2

- TJ E

nda

168

Fill

of C

rem

atio

n (C

ut c1

69)

0.34

m x

0.3

4m x

0.2

1mD

ark

blac

k, l

oose

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal

fleck

s and

bur

nt b

one.

2 - T

J End

a16

9C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.34

m x

0.3

4m x

0.2

1mSu

b re

ctan

gula

r, st

eep

sided

, une

ven

base

.2

- Dar

ragh

170

Fill

(Cut

c40

)0.

27m

x 0

.05m

x 0

.07m

Gre

yish

bro

wn

mod

erat

ely

com

pact

ed sa

ndy

clay

, in

clus

ions

of o

ccas

iona

l sm

all s

tone

s.2

- Aisl

ing

171

Cut

of p

ossib

le

crem

atio

n pi

t0.

64m

x 0

.55m

x 0

.17m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slop

e:

shar

p at

top,

gra

dual

at b

ase.

Sid

es: s

teep

E, s

lop-

ing

W. U

neve

n st

ony

base

.2

- Aisl

ing

172

Fill

of p

ossib

le

crem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut

c171

)

0.64

m x

0.5

5m x

0.1

7mBl

ack

silty

cla

y, co

mpa

ct. I

nclu

sions

: occ

asio

nal

burn

t bon

e.

173



49

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

2 - D

arra

gh17

4Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

pit

(Cut

c175

)0.

43m

x 0

.5m

x 0

.29m

Blac

k sil

ty c

lay

cont

aini

ng fr

eque

nt a

mou

nts o

f bo

ne.

Bone

27

Cha

rcoa

l 19

2 - D

arra

gh17

5C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.43

m x

0.5

m x

0.2

9mSu

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n, ro

unde

d co

rner

s, ve

rtic

al

sides

, slig

htly

und

ercu

t at n

orth

end

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

is sh

arp

at to

p an

d m

oder

atel

y co

ncav

e at

bas

e.

Flat

bas

e.

Bone

27

Cha

rcoa

l 19

2 - R

oisin

176

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c1

77)

0.54

m x

0.5

6m x

0.2

5mD

ark

brow

n, si

lt, lo

ose

com

pact

ion,

incl

usio

ns o

f bu

rnt b

one,

cha

rcoa

l, st

ones

.C

harc

oal 1

7

Bone

25

2 - R

oisin

177

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

54m

x 0

.56m

x 0

.25m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top.

Sid

es

: sha

rp N

S E

, mor

e gr

adua

l in

W. F

lat b

ase

with

st

ones

.

Cha

rcoa

l 17

Bo

ne 2

5

2 - D

arra

gh17

8Fi

ll of

shal

low

pit

(Cut

c38

)0.

38m

x 0

.56m

x 0

.11m

Blac

k sil

ty c

lay

with

som

e m

ottle

d to

psoi

l nea

r su

rfac

e, o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l pie

ces.

2 - L

ouise

179

Fill

of p

ossib

le c

re-

mat

ion

(Cut

c45

)0.

48m

x 0

.41m

x 0

.2m

Mid

bla

ckish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion.

In

clus

ions

: one

pot

tery

sher

d, o

ccas

iona

l bur

nt

bone

flec

ks, m

oder

ate

amou

nt o

f cha

rcoa

l chu

nks.

Pott

ery

8C

harc

oal 1

6

Bone

24

2 - T

J End

a18

0Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c181

)0.

6m x

0.5

m x

0.4

mBl

ack

loos

e sil

ty c

lay,

occa

siona

l-mod

erat

e cr

e-m

ated

bon

e an

d ch

arco

al fl

ecks

.Bo

ne 2

0

Cha

rcoa

l 18

2 - T

J End

a18

1C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.6m

x 0

.5m

x 0

.4m

Sub

oval

, ste

ep si

ded,

con

cave

bas

e.2

- TJ E

nda

182

Cut

of C

rem

atio

n0.

35m

x 0

.35m

x 0

.18m

Sub

circ

ular

, ste

ep si

ded,

gra

dual

in N

& S

, un-

even

bas

e.2

- TJ E

nda

183

Fill

of C

rem

atio

n (C

ut c1

82)

0.35

m x

0.3

5m x

0.1

8mBr

own-

blac

k m

oder

ate

silty

cla

y, so

me

char

coal

fle

cks.

2 - A

islin

g18

4C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.44

m x

0.3

7m x

0.2

2mSu

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n. B

reak

of s

lope

-top:

shar

p,

Brea

k of

slop

e-ba

se: g

radu

al E

, sha

rp e

lsew

here

.C

harc

oal 2

0

2 - R

oisin

185

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c1

86)

0.45

m x

0.4

m x

0.2

mBl

ack

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion,

incl

usio

ns o

f oc

casio

nal b

one

and

char

coal

pie

ces.

2 - R

oisin

186

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

45m

x 0

.4m

x 0

.2m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

side

s slo

pe g

radu

ally

to a

flat

bas

e em

bedd

ed w

ith st

ones

.2

- Aisl

ing

187

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c1

88)

0.36

m x

0.4

1m x

0.15

mBl

ack

char

coal

-ric

h sil

t, m

oder

atel

y co

mpa

ct,

incl

usio

ns o

f cha

rcoa

l fle

cks a

nd b

urnt

bon

e fr

ag-

men

ts. T

runc

ated

in E

by

c51

2 - A

islin

g18

8C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.36

m x

0.4

1m x

0.15

mSu

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n. B

reak

of s

lope

: sha

rp a

t top

, ro

unde

d at

bas

e. F

lat b

ase.

Tru

ncat

ed in

E b

y c5

1.2

- Aisl

ing

189

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c1

84)

0.44

m x

0.3

7m x

0.2

2mBl

ack

sand

y cl

ay, s

oft,

occa

siona

l sto

nes,

freq

uent

ch

arco

al..

Cha

rcoa

l 20



50

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

2 - T

J End

a19

0Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c191

)0.

33m

x 0

.33m

x 0

.12m

Brow

n-bl

ack

mod

erat

e sil

ty c

lay,

som

e ch

arco

al

chun

ks a

nd o

ccas

iona

l bur

nt b

one.

2 - T

J End

a19

1C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.33

m x

0.3

3m x

0.1

2mSu

b ov

al, s

teep

side

d, g

radu

al in

E, e

ven

base

.2

- Lou

ise19

2Pa

ckin

g fil

l of p

os-

sible

cre

mat

ions

(Cut

c4

5 &

c46

)

0.6m

x 0

.58m

x 0

.3m

Mid

bro

wn

sand

y gr

avel

, loo

se c

ompa

ctio

n, o

c-ca

siona

l lar

ge a

nd sm

all s

tone

s inc

lude

d.

2 -R

oisin

193

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c1

94)

0.31

m x

0.3

6m x

0.1

mBl

ack

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion.

Incl

usio

ns: p

eb-

bles

, fre

quen

t bon

e an

d ch

arco

al p

iece

s.C

harc

oal 2

1

Bone

28

2 - R

oisin

194

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

31m

x 0

.36m

x 0

.1m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

shal

low,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

sid

es sl

ope

grad

ually

to a

flat

bas

e.C

harc

oal 2

1

Bone

28

2 - T

J End

a19

5Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c196

)0.

35m

x 0

.41m

x 0

.08m

Mid

bla

ck, l

oose

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal a

mou

nt

burn

t bon

e fr

agm

ents

and

cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

4 Po

t-te

ry p

iece

s

Find

9

2 - T

J End

a19

6C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.35

m x

0.4

1m x

0.0

8mSu

b ci

rcul

ar, s

hallo

w, c

onca

ve.

2 - A

islin

g19

7Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

pit

(Cut

c198

)0.

46m

x 0

.4m

x 0

.18m

Blac

k ch

arco

al-r

ich

silt,

loos

e co

mpa

ctio

n, in

clu-

sions

of c

harc

oal c

hunk

s and

occ

asio

nal b

urnt

bo

ne fr

agm

ents

.

Cha

rcoa

l 22

2 - A

islin

g19

8C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.46

m x

0.4

m x

0.1

8mO

val i

n pl

an. B

reak

of s

lope

: sha

rp a

t top

, gra

dual

at

bas

e. S

ides

W g

radu

al, s

teep

else

whe

re. F

lat

base

, orie

ntat

ed E

-W.

Cha

rcoa

l 22

2 - A

islin

g19

9Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

pit

(Cut

c20

0)0.

49m

x 0

.42m

x 0

.09m

Blac

k sa

ndy

clay

, loo

se, o

ccas

iona

l sto

nes.

2 - A

islin

g20

0C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.49

m x

0.4

2m x

0.0

9mO

val i

n pl

an. B

reak

of s

lope

: sha

rp a

t top

, gra

dual

at

bas

e. S

ides

S g

radu

al, s

teep

else

whe

re. L

arge

flat

st

one

lines

bas

e.2

- TJ E

nda

201

Fill

of C

rem

atio

n (C

ut c

202)

0.61

m x

0.5

4m x

0.0

8mBr

own-

blac

k lo

ose

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal

and

bone

frag

men

ts.

2 - T

J End

a20

2C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.61

m x

0.5

4m x

0.0

8mSu

b ov

al, s

hallo

w, c

onca

ve.

2 - R

oisin

203

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

204)

0.42

m x

0.4

1m x

0.2

4mBl

ack

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion.

Incl

usio

ns:

freq

uent

cha

rcoa

l pie

ces,

occa

siona

l bur

nt b

one,

oc

casio

nal l

arge

ston

es.

Cha

rcoa

l 23

Bo

ne 2

9

2 - R

oisin

204

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

42m

x 0

.41m

x 0

.24m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

side

s gr

adua

l, fla

t sto

ney

base

.C

harc

oal 2

3

Bone

29

320

5C

ut o

f pit

0.47

m x

0.4

0m x

0.3

0m

Ova

l in

plan

, sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

-top,

side

s ste

ep-

grad

ual n

ear b

ase,

ston

ey u

neve

n ba

se, t

aper

ed

tow

ard

cent

re.



51

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

320

6Fi

ll of

pit

(Cut

c20

5)0.

47m

x 0

.40m

x 0

.30m

G

rey

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

. Inc

lusio

ns: f

requ

ent

smal

l-med

ium

ston

es, o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks

& b

urnt

bon

e.3

207

Cut

of p

ossib

le

post

hole

0.20

m x

0.3

0m x

0.0

5 m

Sub

rect

angu

lar.

Side

s: ve

rtic

al, p

rotr

udin

g la

rge

ston

es. S

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe-b

ase.

Bas

e or

ient

ated

N

E-SW

.3

208

Fill

of p

ossib

le p

ost-

hole

(Cut

c20

7)0.

20m

x 0

.30m

x 0

.05

mG

rey

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

. Inc

lusio

ns: f

requ

ent s

mal

l st

ones

, ver

y oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

s & b

urnt

bo

ne.

320

9Fi

ll of

pos

thol

e (C

ut

c210

)0.

30m

x 0

.25m

x 0

.18m

Brow

nish

gre

y sa

ndy

clay

, sm

all s

tone

s and

som

e ch

arco

al fl

ecks

incl

uded

.3

210

Cut

of p

osth

ole

0.30

m x

0.2

5m x

0.1

8mO

val i

n pl

an, s

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe-to

p, v

ertic

al

sides

, irr

egul

ar st

oney

bas

e.21

121

22

- TJ E

nda

213

Fill

of C

rem

atio

n (C

ut c

33)

0.69

m x

0.6

m x

0.1

3mM

id b

lack

, firm

silty

cla

y, m

oder

ate

amou

nt b

urnt

bo

ne fr

agm

ents

, mod

erat

e ch

arco

al fl

ecks

. 17

pot-

tery

sher

ds.

Find

10

Cha

rcoa

l 25

321

4Fi

ll of

larg

e pi

t (C

ut

c79)

4.00

m x

2.1

0m x

0.2

8mM

id-b

row

n sil

ty c

lay,

occa

siona

l fle

cks o

f cha

r-co

alna

d sm

all s

tone

s.3

215

Fill

of la

rge

pit (

Cut

c7

9)4.

00m

x 2

.10m

x 0

.25m

Dar

k br

own

loos

e sil

ty c

lay,

occa

siona

l sto

nes a

nd

char

coal

flec

ks.

321

6Fi

ll of

larg

e pi

t (C

ut

c79)

1.40

m x

0.2

5m x

0.0

6mBl

ack

loos

e sil

t, ch

arco

al ri

ch, f

requ

ent b

urnt

st

one,

at b

ase

of c7

9.2

- Lou

ise21

7C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.4m

x 0

.34m

x 0

.15m

Sub-

circ

ular

in p

lan,

gen

tle sl

opin

g sid

es, b

ase

ston

ey a

nd u

neve

n.

Pott

ery

11Bo

ne 3

0

2 - L

ouise

218

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

217)

0.45

m x

0.3

4m x

0.1

4mM

id b

lack

ish b

row

n sil

ty c

lay,

loos

e co

mpa

ctio

n.

Incl

usio

ns: f

requ

ent c

harc

oal f

leck

s, oc

ca-

siona

l pot

tery

sher

ds, o

ccas

iona

l tin

y bu

rnt b

one

frag

men

ts.

Pott

ery

11Bo

ne 3

0

2 - L

ouise

219

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

47)

0.6m

x 0

.64m

x 0

.29m

Dar

k bl

acki

sh b

row

n, si

lty c

lay,

loos

e co

mpa

ctio

n.

Incl

usio

ns: f

requ

ent c

harc

oal c

hunk

s, oc

casio

nal

burn

t bon

e, P

otte

ry sh

erds

.

Pote

ry 1

2C

harc

oal 2

8

2 - T

J End

a22

0Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c36

)0.

78m

x 0

.7m

x 0

.38m

Br

own-

blac

k m

oder

ate

silty

cla

y, so

me

char

coal

an

d bo

ne fr

agm

ents

.Bo

ne 3

1

Cha

rcoa

l 25



52

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

322

1Sp

read

(no

cut)

0.37

m x

(tru

ncat

ed) x

0.

04m

Brow

n sa

ndy

clay

, fre

quen

t sm

all s

tone

s, bo

ne

frag

men

ts &

cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

Trun

cate

d by

pos

-sib

le fu

rrow

.3

222

Fill

of sm

all p

it (C

ut

c77)

0.38

m x

0.2

8m x

0.1

3mM

id b

row

n w

ith re

d pa

tche

s. Lo

ose

silty

cla

y.

2 - A

islin

g22

3C

ut o

f pos

sible

cr

emat

ion

pit

0.68

m x

0.7

3m x

0.2

8mSu

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n.Br

eak

of sl

ope:

shar

p at

top

and

base

.Tru

ncat

ed in

W b

y c5

1.Bo

ne 3

3

2 - A

islin

g22

4Fi

ll of

pos

sible

cr

emat

ion

pit (

Cut

c2

23)

0.68

m x

0.7

3m x

0.2

8mBl

ack

soft

sand

y cl

ay, o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l, fr

eque

nt

bone

.Bo

ne 3

3

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

2 - T

J End

a24

5Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c24

6)0.

3m x

0.3

m x

0.1

4mM

id b

lack

, firm

silty

cla

y, m

oder

ate

amou

nt b

urnt

bo

ne fr

agm

ents

, mod

erat

e ch

arco

al fl

ecks

. Pot

tery

sh

erd.

2 - T

J End

a24

6C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.3m

x 0

.3m

x 0

.14m

Irre

gula

r in

plan

, ste

ep si

ded,

une

ven

base

.



53

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

2 - T

J End

a24

7Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c24

8)0.

35m

x 0

.35m

x 0

.2m

Mid

bla

ck, f

irm si

lty c

lay,

mod

erat

e am

ount

bur

nt

bone

frag

men

ts, m

oder

ate

char

coal

flec

ks.

2 - T

J End

a24

8C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.35

m x

0.3

5m x

0.2

mSu

b ci

rcul

ar, s

teep

side

d, u

neve

n co

ncav

e ba

se.

2 - R

oisin

249

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

250)

0.6m

x 0

.73m

x 0

.38m

Blac

k sil

ty c

lay,

>70%

silt,

stro

ng c

ompa

ctio

n,

incl

usio

ns o

f bur

nt b

one

and

freq

uent

cha

rcoa

l pi

eces

thro

ugho

ut fi

ll.

Cha

rcoa

l 26

Bo

ne 3

2

2 - R

oisin

250

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

6m x

0.7

3m x

0.3

8mIr

regu

lar c

ircul

ar p

it, li

ned

by la

rge

ston

es in

N &

N

W. S

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe-to

p, v

ertic

al si

des s

lope

to

bas

e in

NW

.

Cha

rcoa

l 26

Bo

ne 3

2

2 - A

islin

g25

1Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

pit

(Cut

c25

2)0.

48m

x 0

.49m

x 0

.26m

Blac

k so

ft sa

ndy

clay

, fre

quen

t cha

rcoa

l and

bon

e.C

harc

oal 2

7

Bone

34

2 - A

islin

g25

2C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.48

m x

0.4

9m x

0.2

6mSu

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n, st

eep

sided

, slig

htly

con

cave

. U

neve

n ba

se. T

runc

ated

by

c51

in N

W.

Cha

rcoa

l 27

Bo

ne 3

42

- TJ E

nda

253

Fill

of P

osth

ole

(Cut

c2

7)0.

35m

x 0

.45m

x 0

.24m

Dar

k bl

ue/b

lack

, loo

se si

lty c

lay,

occa

siona

l cha

r-co

al fl

ecks

.3

254

Fill

of p

osth

ole

(Cut

c2

55)

0.38

m x

0.2

7m x

0.3

0mBr

own

grey

sand

y cl

ay, f

requ

ent s

mal

l-med

ium

st

ones

, bon

e fr

agm

ents

& c

harc

oal f

leck

s.3

255

Cut

of p

osth

ole

0.38

m x

0.2

7m x

0.3

0m

D-s

hape

in p

lan,

Sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

-top,

ver

tical

sid

es, e

ven

base

orie

ntat

ed N

-S.

325

6Fi

ll of

pos

thol

e (C

ut

c78)

0.25

m x

0.3

2m x

0.1

7mR

ed o

rang

e sil

ty sa

nd, o

ccas

iona

l bur

nt b

one.

325

7Fi

ll of

pos

thol

e (C

ut

c258

)0.

38m

x 0

.26m

x 0

.27m

G

rey

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

, gra

vel c

onte

nt, o

ccas

iona

l ch

arco

al fl

ecks

, occ

asio

nal l

arge

ston

es.

325

8C

ut o

f pos

thol

e0.

38m

x 0

.26m

x 0

.27m

Ir

regu

lar o

val i

n pl

an, b

reak

of s

lope

-top

shar

p,

vert

ical

side

s, fla

t bas

e.2

- Lou

ise25

9C

ut o

f pos

sible

cr

emat

ion

pit

0.3m

x 0

.55m

x 0

.11

Ova

l in

plan

, sha

llow,

side

s une

ven,

bas

e st

oney

an

d slo

pes t

o E.

Pott

ery

13C

harc

oal 2

9

2 - L

ouise

260

Fill

of p

ossib

le c

re-

mat

ion

(Cut

c25

9)0.

41m

x 0

.6m

x 0

.11m

Dar

k bl

acki

sh b

row

n, si

lty c

lay,

loos

e co

mpa

ctio

n.

Incl

usio

ns: f

requ

ent c

harc

oal c

hunk

s, oc

casio

nal

burn

t bon

e fle

cks,

one

pott

ery

sher

d, o

ccas

iona

l pe

bble

s.

Pott

ery

13C

harc

oal 2

9

2 - R

oisin

261

Fill

of sh

allo

w p

it (C

ut c

262

)0.

42m

x 0

.46m

x 0

.2m

Blac

k sil

ty c

lay,

very

com

pact

. Inc

lusio

ns: c

harc

oal

chun

ks, l

arge

ston

es.

Cha

rcoa

l 30

2 - R

oisin

262

Cut

of s

hallo

w p

it0.

42m

x 0

.46m

x 0

.2m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

shal

low,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

sid

es sl

ope

grad

ually

to b

ase.

Irre

gula

r bre

ak o

f slo

pe-b

ase.

Cha

rcoa

l 30



54

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

2 - T

J End

a26

3Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c30

)0.

24m

x 0

.24m

x 0

.24m

Mid

bla

ck, l

oose

silty

cla

y, m

oder

ate

amou

nt b

urnt

bo

ne fr

agm

ents

, cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

Bone

39

2 - T

J End

a26

4Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c26

5)0.

5m x

0.5

m x

0.1

7mM

id b

lack

/bro

wn,

mod

erat

e sil

ty c

lay,

mod

erat

e am

ount

bur

nt b

one

frag

men

ts a

nd c

harc

oal f

leck

s.Bo

ne 3

8

Cha

rcoa

l 31

2 - T

J End

a26

5C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.5m

x 0

.5m

x 0

.17m

Sub

circ

ular

, gra

dual

side

s, co

ncav

e ba

se.

2 - A

islin

g26

6Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

pit

(Cut

c51

)0.

58m

x 0

.56m

x 0

.29m

Blac

k lo

ose

sand

y cl

ay. O

ccas

iona

l-fre

quen

t inc

lu-

sions

of b

one

and

char

coal

.2

- Aisl

ing

267

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

268)

0.44

m x

0.6

1m x

0.1

1mBl

ack

loos

e sa

ndy

clay

. Fre

quen

t inc

lusio

ns o

f bon

e fle

cks a

nd c

harc

oal.

2 - A

islin

g26

8C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.44

m x

0.5

8m x

0.1

1mO

val i

n pl

an, s

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe-to

p. S

ides

:g

radu

al in

SE,

stee

p-co

ncav

e in

SW

, W &

NE.

U

neve

n ba

se. T

his f

eatu

re c

uts c

51 to

N.

2 - D

arra

gh26

9Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

pit

(Cut

c49

)0.

49m

x 0

.58m

x 0

.07m

Blac

k sa

ndy

clay

, mod

erat

e co

mpa

ctio

n, in

clus

ions

>7

0% b

urnt

bon

e pi

eces

.Tru

ncat

ed b

y cu

t c28

7.Bo

ne 3

7

Soil

36

2 - D

arra

gh27

0Fi

ll of

pit

(pos

sible

cr

emat

ion)

Cut

c27

10.

4m x

0.4

8m x

0.1

6mBl

ack

sand

y cl

ay, m

oder

ate

com

pact

ion,

incl

u-sio

ns: o

ccas

iona

l sto

nes,

piec

es o

f cre

mat

ed b

one

near

bas

e.2

- Dar

ragh

271

Cut

of p

it (p

ossib

le

crem

atio

n)0.

4m x

0.4

8m x

0.1

6mSu

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n, ro

unde

d co

rner

s, Br

eak

of

top-

slope

: sha

rp in

N, m

oder

ate

else

whe

re. S

ides

: ve

rtic

al in

N, t

aper

ed e

lsew

here

. Con

cave

bas

e,

orie

ntat

ion

NW

-SE.

327

2C

ut o

f pos

sible

po

stho

le0.

26m

x 0

.28m

x 0

.32m

Ova

l in

plan

. Sid

es: v

ertic

al in

N &

W, m

oder

ate

in E

& S

. Con

cave

bas

e.

327

3Fi

ll of

pos

sible

pos

t-ho

le (C

ut c

272)

0.28

m x

0.2

8m x

0.3

2mD

ark

brow

n sa

ndy

silt.

Occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal.

2 -R

oisin

274

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

275)

0.4m

x 0

.48m

x 0

.38m

Bl

ack

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion.

Incl

usio

ns: o

c-ca

siona

l bur

nt b

one,

mod

erat

e am

ount

of c

harc

oal

chun

ks.

Cha

rcoa

l 32

Bo

ne 4

0

2 -R

oisin

275

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

4m x

0.4

8m x

0.3

8m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top.

Sid

es :

grad

ual i

n E,

stee

p el

sew

here

, tap

ered

to b

ase.

Cha

rcoa

l 32

Bo

ne 4

0

2 - T

J End

a27

6Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c27

7)0.

72m

x 0

.5m

0.2

4mM

id b

lack

, mod

erat

e sil

ty c

lay,

occa

siona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks,

som

e bu

rnt b

one.

2 - T

J End

a27

7C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.72

m x

0.5

m 0

.24m

Irre

gula

r in

plan

, sid

es st

eep

in N

, gra

dual

else

-w

here

, une

ven

base

.3

278

Fill

of p

osth

ole

(Cut

c8

0)0.

32m

x 0

.29m

x 0

.22m

Gre

y br

own

sand

y cl

ay, g

rave

l con

tent

, occ

asio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks, o

ccas

iona

l lar

ge st

ones

.



55

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

279

2 - L

ouise

280

Cut

of p

ossib

le p

it/po

st0.

19m

x 0

.2m

x 0

.1m

Ova

l in

plan

, gen

tle b

reak

of t

op sl

ope,

side

s un-

even

, u-s

hape

d ba

se.

2 - L

ouise

281

Fill

of p

ossib

le p

it/po

st (C

ut c

280)

0.24

m x

0.3

4m x

0.1

1mM

id b

lack

ish b

row

n, si

lty c

lay.

Freq

uent

incl

usio

ns

of c

harc

oal f

leck

s.2

- Lou

ise28

2C

ut o

f pos

sible

pit

0.28

m x

0.3

m x

0.1

2mSu

b-ov

al in

pla

n, sh

allo

w, g

entle

slop

ing

sides

, st

oney

bas

e.2

- Lou

ise28

3Fi

ll of

pos

sible

pit

(Cut

c28

2)0.

36m

x 0

.4m

x 0

.1m

Mid

bla

ckish

bro

wn,

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

io,

freq

uent

incl

usio

ns o

f cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

328

4C

ut o

f pos

sible

pit

0.40

m x

0.4

6m x

0.1

9m

Ova

l in

plan

, slig

htly

con

cave

side

s, ro

unde

d ba

se.

328

5Fi

ll of

pos

sible

pit

(Cut

c28

4)0.

40m

x 0

.46m

x 0

.19m

D

ark

brow

n lo

ose

silty

cla

y, ~1

0% m

id si

zed

ston

ed in

NE.

2 - D

arra

gh28

6Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

pit

(Cut

c28

7)0.

71m

x 0

.66m

x 0

.21m

Blac

k sa

ndy

clay

, mod

erat

e co

mpa

ctio

n. In

clu-

sions

: mod

erat

e am

ount

of b

urnt

bon

e, c

harc

oal,

pott

ery

piec

es.

Pott

ery

17Bo

ne 4

2

C

harc

oal 3

5

2 - D

arra

gh28

7C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.71

m x

0.6

6m x

0.2

1mSu

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n, ro

unde

d co

rner

s, B

reak

of

top-

slop

e: m

oder

ate

E &

SE,

shar

p el

sew

here

. Si

des:

45 d

egre

es E

& S

E, a

lmos

t ver

tical

else

-w

here

. Fla

t bas

e, o

rient

atio

n N

E-SW

. Tru

ncat

es

Cut

c49

.

Pott

ery

17

2 - R

oisin

288

Fill

of p

it (C

ut c

289)

0.55

m x

0.5

m x

0.15

mBl

ack

silty

cla

y, >8

0% si

lt, lo

ose

com

pact

ion,

in

clus

ions

of c

harc

oal c

hunk

s. C

harc

oal 3

3

2 -R

oisin

289

Cut

of p

it0.

55m

x 0

.5m

x 0

.15m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

side

s gr

adua

l. C

harc

oal 3

3

2 - T

J End

a29

0Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c32

)0.

4m x

0.4

m x

0.0

8mM

id b

lack

, loo

se si

lty c

lay,

occa

siona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks,

som

e bu

rnt b

one,

1 p

otte

ry sh

erd.

Find

15

Bone

41

2 - T

J End

a29

1C

ut o

f Fur

row

2m x

0.6

m x

0.1

mLi

near

in p

lan,

con

cave

in se

ctio

n, o

rient

ated

E-

W.

2 - L

ouise

292

Cut

of p

ossib

le

crem

atio

n pi

t0.

2m x

0.1

8m x

0.1

7C

ircul

ar in

pla

n, g

entle

bre

ak o

f slo

pe-to

p, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se, u

-sha

ped

base

. Po

tter

y 16

Cha

rcoa

l 34

2 - L

ouise

293

Fill

of p

ossib

le c

re-

mat

ion

(Cut

c29

2)0.

26m

x 0

.16m

x 0

.15m

Mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion.

Incl

u-sio

ns: o

ccas

iona

l bur

nt b

one

fleck

s, oc

casio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks, o

ne p

otte

ry sh

erd.

Pott

ery

16C

harc

oal 3

4

2 - L

ouise

294

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

25m

x 0

.3m

x 0

.12m

Ova

l in

plan

, tru

ncat

ed b

y c2

91(fu

rrow

) in

N &

E,

bre

ak sl

ope-

top

shar

p, si

des v

ertic

al, S

W si

de

sligh

tly c

onca

ve, f

lat b

ase.



56

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

2 - L

ouise

295

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

294)

0.25

m x

0.2

6m x

0.0

8mD

ark

blac

kish

bro

wn,

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion.

In

clus

ions

: fre

quen

t cha

rcoa

l fle

cks,

occa

siona

l bu

rnt b

one

fleck

s, tw

o po

tter

y sh

erds

. Tru

ncat

ed

by c

291.

Pott

ery

18

2 - T

J End

a29

6Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c29

7)0.

3m x

0.3

4m x

0.1

1mM

id b

row

n, m

oder

ate

silty

cla

y, m

oder

ate

amou

nt

burn

t bon

e fr

agm

ents

, cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

Bone

44

2 - T

J End

a29

7C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.3m

x 0

.34m

x 0

.11m

Sub

rect

angu

lar,

sides

shar

p in

E a

nd S

, sid

es

grad

ual i

n N

and

W, u

neve

n co

ncav

e ba

se.

2 -R

oisin

298

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

.299

)0.

32m

x 0

.3m

x 0

.15m

Bl

ack

silty

cla

y, >8

0% si

lt, lo

ose

com

pact

ion,

in

clus

ions

of b

urnt

bon

e an

d bu

rnt s

tone

.Bo

ne 4

3

2 -R

oisin

299

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

32m

x 0

.3m

x 0

.15m

C

ircul

ar in

pla

n, sh

allo

w. B

reak

of s

lope

-top:

shar

p in

W, g

radu

al e

lsew

here

. Bo

ne 4

3

2 - D

arra

gh30

0Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c55

)0.

56m

x 0

.51m

x 0

.2m

Blac

k sa

ndy

clay

, mod

erat

e co

mpa

ctio

n. In

clu-

sions

: bu

rnt b

one,

cha

rcoa

l, la

rge

pott

ery

piec

es.

Pott

ery

19

330

1Fi

ll of

pos

thol

e (C

ut

c303

)0.

40m

x 0

.47m

x 0

.30m

Br

own

grey

sand

y cl

ay, g

rave

l con

tent

, fre

quen

t la

rge

ston

es, o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

330

2Fi

ll of

pos

thol

e (C

ut

c303

)0.

17m

x 0

.17m

x 0

.20m

Brow

nish

yel

low

sand

, mot

tled

blac

k pa

tche

s. Fl

ecks

of c

harc

oal.

At B

ase

of c

303,

ben

eath

c30

1.3

304

Cut

of p

osth

ole

0.40

m x

0.4

7m x

0.5

0m

Slig

htly

irre

gula

r circ

le, s

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe-to

p,

vert

ical

side

s, sm

all h

ollo

w in

oth

erw

ise fl

at b

ase.

330

5Fi

ll of

shal

low

cut

(C

ut c7

5)1.

1m x

0.8

0m x

0.0

8mD

ark

grey

-bla

ck lo

ose

sand

y cl

ay, o

ccas

iona

l cha

r-co

al fl

ecks

, v. o

ccas

iona

l bur

nt b

one.

2 - D

arra

gh30

6Fi

ll of

shal

low

cut

(C

ut c7

5)1.

1m x

0.6

5m x

0.1

2mR

edish

bro

wn,

loos

e sil

ty c

lay,

v. oc

casio

nal c

har-

coal

flec

ks a

nd b

urnt

ston

e.2

- Dar

ragh

307

Cut

of s

hallo

w p

it0.

4m x

0.3

m x

0.0

8mC

ircul

ar in

pla

n, ro

unde

d co

rner

s, m

oder

ate

brea

k of

top-

slope

, sid

es 4

5 de

gree

s to

vert

ical

, con

cave

br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, fla

t bas

e.2

- Aisl

ing

308

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

56)

0.64

m x

0.5

9m x

0.2

2mM

id b

row

nish

bla

ck, s

andy

cla

y, so

ft, t

ight

com

-pa

ctio

n. In

clus

ions

: occ

asio

nal s

tone

s, fr

eque

nt

char

coal

.

Cha

rcoa

l 37

2 - R

oisin

309

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

.310

)0.

67m

x 0

.65m

x 0

.35m

Bl

ack

silty

cla

y, >8

0% si

lt, lo

ose

com

pact

ion.

In

clus

ions

: lar

ge a

mou

nt o

f bu

rnt b

one,

cha

rcoa

l an

d bu

rnt s

tone

.

Cha

rcoa

l 38

Bo

ne 4

6

2 - R

oisin

310

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

.310

)0.

67m

x 0

.65m

x 0

.35m

C

ircul

ar in

pla

n, d

eep,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

st

eep

sides

, tap

ered

to b

ase.

Sto

nes i

n ba

se.

Cha

rcoa

l 38

Bo

ne 4

6



57

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

2 - L

ouise

311

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

48)

0.43

m x

0.3

6m x

0.1

2mD

ark

blac

kish

bro

wn,

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion.

In

clus

ions

: mod

erat

e ch

arco

al fl

ecks

, occ

asio

nal

char

coal

chu

nks,

mod

erat

e oc

cura

nce

burn

t bon

e,

one

pott

ery

sher

d.2

- Dar

ragh

312

Fill

of p

it (C

ut c

313)

0.24

m x

0.2

7m x

0.1

3mBl

ack

sand

y cl

ay, m

oder

ate

com

pact

ion,

som

e ch

arco

al in

clus

ions

.2

- Dar

ragh

313

Cut

of p

it0.

24m

x 0

.27m

x 0

.13m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

roun

ded

corn

ers,

shar

p br

eak

of

top-

slope

, sid

es a

lmos

t ver

tical

, u-s

hape

d ba

se.

2 - T

J End

a31

4Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c31

5)0.

46m

x 0

.55m

x 0

.35m

Brow

n m

oder

ate

silty

cla

y, m

oder

ate

amou

nt b

urnt

bo

ne fr

agm

ents

and

cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

3 po

tter

y sh

erds

.

Find

25

2 - T

J End

a31

5C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.46

m x

0.5

5m x

0.3

5mSu

b ov

al, s

teep

side

d, c

onca

ve b

ase.

2 - T

J End

a31

6Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c31

7)0.

47m

x 0

.5m

x 0

.31m

Mid

bla

ck, l

oose

silty

cla

y, m

oder

ate

amou

nt b

urnt

bo

ne fr

agm

ents

and

cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

Find

24

Cha

rcoa

l 42

2 - T

J End

a31

7C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.47

m x

0.5

m x

0.3

1mSu

b re

ctan

gula

r, st

eep

sided

, une

ven

base

.2

- TJ E

nda

318

Fill

of C

rem

atio

n (C

ut c

319)

0.55

m x

0.4

m x

0.2

6mM

id b

lack

, loo

se si

lty c

lay,

occa

siona

l am

ount

bu

rnt b

one

frag

men

ts a

nd c

harc

oal f

leck

s.2

- TJ E

nda

319

Cut

of C

rem

atio

n0.

55m

x 0

.4m

x 0

.26m

Sub

oval

, ste

ep si

ded,

con

cave

bas

e. L

arge

ston

es in

N

of b

ase.

332

0Fi

ll of

pos

thol

e (C

ut

c92)

0.60

m x

0.3

8m x

0.4

5D

ark

brow

n sil

ty c

lay,

4 la

rge

ston

es w

ithin

fill.

332

1Fi

ll of

pos

thol

e (C

ut

c93)

0.35

m x

0.4

5m x

0.4

5mD

ark

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

, occ

asio

nal f

leck

s of c

har-

coal

, lar

ge b

urnt

ston

es.

332

2St

one

pack

ing

of

post

(Cut

c78)

n/a

Ston

es a

rran

ged

in S

of p

osth

ole,

pro

babl

e pa

ckin

g st

ones

for p

ost.

Cov

ered

by

c256

.32

332

432

532

632

732

832

933

033

133

2



58

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

2 - A

islin

g33

3C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.44

m x

0.3

8m x

0.1

4mO

val i

n pl

an. S

ides

:gra

dual

. Une

ven

ston

y ba

se.

2 - A

islin

g33

4Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

pit

(Cut

c28

)0.

44m

x 0

.42m

x 0

.11m

Blac

k so

ft sa

ndy

clay

, fre

quen

t bur

nt b

one.

Bone

47

2 - A

islin

g33

5Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

pit

(Cut

c94

)0.

67m

x 0

.53m

x 0

.16m

Blac

k lo

ose

sand

y cl

ay. F

requ

ent i

nclu

sions

of

burn

t bon

e an

d m

oder

ate

amou

nts o

f cha

rcoa

l.2

- Aisl

ing

336

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

337)

0.53

m x

0.4

9m x

0.1

7mBl

ack

loos

e sa

ndy

clay

. Fre

quen

t inc

lusio

ns o

f bu

rnt b

one

and

char

coal

.C

harc

oal 4

0

Bone

49

2 - A

islin

g33

7C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.49

m x

0.4

8m x

0.15

mO

val i

n pl

an. B

reak

of s

lope

: sha

rp a

t top

and

ba

se. S

teep

side

d. F

lat b

ase.

Cha

rcoa

l 40

Bo

ne 4

92

- Roi

sin33

8Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

pit

(Cut

c.3

39)

0.5m

x 0

.5m

x 0

.2m

Bl

ack

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion.

Incl

usio

ns:

burn

t bon

e, ~

5%

cha

rcoa

l and

bur

nt st

one.

Cha

rcoa

l 39

Bo

ne 4

82

- Roi

sin33

9C

ut o

f cre

mat

ion

pit

0.5m

x 0

.5m

x 0

.2m

C

ircul

ar in

pla

n, d

eep,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

st

eep

sided

with

ston

es e

mbe

dded

, tap

ered

to b

ase.

G

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

-bas

e. B

ase

slope

s E-W

.

Cha

rcoa

l 39

Bo

ne 4

8

2 - T

J End

a34

0Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c34

1)0.

34m

x 0

.34m

x 0

.12m

Mid

bla

ck, l

oose

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal a

mou

nt

burn

t bon

e fr

agm

ents

and

cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

2 - T

J End

a34

1C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.34

m x

0.3

4m x

0.1

2mSu

b ov

al, s

hallo

w, c

onca

ve b

ase.

Lar

ge st

ones

in

base

.2

- TJ E

nda

342

Fill

of C

rem

atio

n (C

ut c

343)

0.56

m x

0.5

6m x

0.3

5mM

id b

lack

, firm

silty

cla

y, m

oder

ate

amou

nt b

urnt

bo

ne fr

agm

ents

and

cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

Find

22

Bone

50

C

harc

oal 4

12

- TJ E

nda

343

Cut

of C

rem

atio

n0.

56m

x 0

.56m

x 0

.35m

Sub

circ

ular

, ver

tical

side

s, fla

t bas

e. C

ut b

y c3

48

& c

291,

cut

s c34

1.2

- TJ E

nda

344

Fill

of C

rem

atio

n (C

ut c

345)

0.6m

x 0

.6m

x 0

.14m

Mid

bla

ck, l

oose

silty

cla

y, m

oder

ate

amou

nt b

urnt

bo

ne fr

agm

ents

.2

- TJ E

nda

345

Cut

of C

rem

atio

n0.

6m x

0.6

m x

0.1

4mC

ircul

ar in

pla

n, g

radu

al si

des,

conc

ave

base

. Cut

by

N-S

furr

ow c

291.

Cut

s c34

3 to

E.

2 - R

oisin

346

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

347)

0.53

m x

0.4

m x

0.2

mBl

ack

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion.

Incl

usio

ns:

smal

l fra

gmen

ts b

urnt

bon

e, fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal

thro

ugho

ut, s

tone

s and

peb

bles

.Tru

ncat

ed b

y c3

49

in N

.

Cha

rcoa

l 44

Bo

ne 5

1

2 - R

oisin

347

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

53m

x 0

.4m

x 0

.2m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

side

s slo

pe to

bas

e.Tru

ncat

ed b

y c3

49 in

N. G

radu

al

brea

k of

slop

e-ba

se. U

neve

n ba

se sl

ope

to N

.

Cha

rcoa

l 44

Bo

ne 5

1

2 - R

oisin

348

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

349)

0.23

m x

0.5

m x

16m

Blac

k v.

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion.

Incl

usio

ns: n

o su

bsta

ntia

l bon

e, c

harc

oal d

isper

sed

thro

ugho

ut.

Trun

cate

s cut

c34

7 &

cut

c35

1.

Cha

rcoa

l 45



59

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

2 - R

oisin

349

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

15m

x 0

.5m

x 0

.16m

Irre

gula

r circ

ular

pit.

Sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

-top.

Si

des:

E &

W ta

per t

owar

d ba

se, d

efin

ed b

y la

rge

ston

es in

nat

ural

, tru

ncat

es c

347

& c

351

to N

&

S.

Cha

rcoa

l 45

2 - R

oisin

350

Fill

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t (C

ut c

351)

0.37

m x

0.4

3m x

0.2

5mBl

ack

silty

cla

y, lo

ose

com

pact

ion.

Incl

usio

ns:

very

occ

asio

nal b

urnt

bon

e, c

harc

oal d

isper

sed

thro

ugho

ut.

Bone

52

2 - R

oisin

351

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

37m

x 0

.43m

x 0

.25m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

side

s ta-

per t

o ba

se.G

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

-bas

e. T

runc

ated

by

c34

9 in

S.

Bone

52

2 - T

J End

a35

2C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.5m

x 0

.53m

x 0

.27m

Sub

oval

, ste

ep si

ded,

eve

n ba

se. L

arge

ston

es in

ba

se.

2 - T

J End

a35

3Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c35

2)0.

5m x

0.5

3m x

0.2

7mM

id b

lack

, loo

se si

lty c

lay,

occa

siona

l am

ount

bu

rnt b

one

and

char

coal

frag

men

ts.

2 - A

islin

g35

4Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

pit

(Cut

c35

)0.

65m

x 0

.69m

x 0

.26m

Blac

k lo

ose

sand

y cl

ay. F

requ

ent i

nclu

sions

of b

one

and

char

coal

.C

harc

oal 4

7

2 - A

islin

g35

5Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

pit

(Cut

c35

6)0.

47m

x 0

.54m

x 0

.18m

Blac

k lo

ose

sand

y cl

ay. F

requ

ent i

nclu

sions

of

burn

t bon

e an

d ch

arco

al.

Cha

rcoa

l 46

Bo

ne 5

32

- Aisl

ing

356

Cut

of c

rem

atio

n pi

t0.

44m

x 0

.48m

x 0

.16m

Circ

ular

in p

lan.

Sid

es: v

ertic

al, s

hallo

w in

W.

Thi

s fea

ture

cut

s c35

in W

.C

harc

oal 4

6

Bone

53

2 - T

J End

a35

7Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c25

)0.

62m

x 0

.38m

x 0

.14m

M

id b

lack

, loo

se si

lty c

lay,

mod

erat

e am

ount

bur

nt

bone

frag

men

ts.

Bone

54

2 - T

J End

a35

8Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c35

9)0.

47m

x 0

.46m

x 0

.09m

Mid

bla

ck, l

oose

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal a

mou

nt

burn

t bon

e an

d ch

arco

al fr

agm

ents

.2

- TJ E

nda

359

Cut

of C

rem

atio

n0.

47m

x 0

.46m

x 0

.09m

Irre

gula

r circ

le, m

oder

ate

slopi

ng si

des i

nter

rupt

ed

by so

me

larg

e st

ones

. Une

ven

base

.2

- TJ E

nda

360

Fill

of C

rem

atio

n (C

ut c

26)

0.44

m x

0.5

2m x

0.2

5m

Mid

bro

wn

blac

k, m

oder

ate

com

pact

ion

silty

cla

y.

536

036

0Fi

ll of

pos

thol

e (C

ut c1

5)0.

47m

x 0

.41m

x 0

.42m

Blac

kish

mot

tled

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

, mod

erat

e co

mpa

ctio

n, fr

e-qu

ent s

mal

l-med

ium

ston

es.

536

136

1Fi

ll of

irre

gula

r cut

c16

0.8m

x 0

.5m

x 0

.22m

Dar

k gr

eyish

bla

ck si

lty c

lay.

Fre-

quen

t cha

rcoa

l fle

cks,

occa

siona

l bu

rnt s

tone

,

Bone

63

362

363



60

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

536

4Fi

ll of

pit

(Cut

c19)

1.02

m x

0.9

6m x

0.19

mG

reyi

sh b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

, mod

erat

e co

mpa

ctio

n,

smal

l-med

ium

ston

es.

2 - T

J End

a36

5Fi

ll of

Cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c36

6)0.

44m

x 0

.48m

x 0

.14m

Blac

k lo

ose

silty

cla

y, ch

arco

al ri

ch, c

rem

ated

bo

ne.

Find

27

Fin

d 28

Cha

rcoa

l 49

Bo

ne 5

6

Bone

57

2 - T

J End

a36

6C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.44

m x

0.4

8m x

0.1

4mC

ircul

ar, c

onca

ve si

des a

lmos

t ver

tical

, bas

e al

mos

t fla

t.Fi

nd 2

7

F

ind

28C

harc

oal 4

9

Bone

56

Bo

ne 5

75

367

Fill

of S

hallo

w C

ut

(c20

)0.

2m x

0.1

8m x

0.0

6mD

ark

grey

ish b

lack

silty

cla

y. In

clus

ions

of c

harc

oal

fleck

s and

bur

nt st

one.

536

8Fi

ll of

pit

(Cut

c36

9)0.

43m

x 0

.43m

x 0

.11m

Mid

-gre

y sil

ty c

lay,

freq

uent

unb

urnt

ston

es

incl

uded

.5

369

Cut

of p

it0.

43m

x 0

.43m

x 0

.11m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

shal

low,

gen

tle sl

opin

g sid

es, f

lat

base

.5

370

Fill

of p

ossib

le st

ake-

hole

(Cut

c37

1)0.

13m

x 0

.08m

x 0

.16m

Mid

-bro

wn

silty

cla

y, v.

occa

siona

l sm

all s

tone

s.

537

1C

ut o

f pos

sible

st

akeh

ole

0.13

m x

0.0

8m x

0.1

6mO

val i

n pl

an, a

lmos

t v-s

hape

d in

pro

file.

327

537

3C

ut o

f sha

llow

pit

1.2m

x 0

.59m

x 0

.13m

Line

ar in

pla

n. S

ides

: ver

tical

in W

, gra

dual

-mod

-er

ate

else

whe

re.

537

4Fi

ll of

pit

(Cut

c37

4)0.

35m

x 0

.22m

x 0

.12m

Mid

-gre

y sil

ty c

lay,

occa

siona

l unb

urnt

ston

es

incl

uded

.5

375

Cut

of p

it0.

35m

x 0

.22m

x 0

.12m

Ova

l in

plan

, sha

llow,

ver

tical

side

s, un

even

bas

e,

orie

ntat

ed S

E-N

W2

- TJ E

nda

376

Fill

of C

rem

atio

n (C

ut c

377)

0.4m

x 0

.45m

x 0

.27m

Dar

k bl

ack

silty

cla

y, m

oder

ate

com

pact

ion,

mod

-er

ate

amou

nt b

urnt

bon

e an

d ch

arco

al fr

agm

ents

.Fi

nd 2

6C

harc

oal 4

8

2 - T

J End

a37

7C

ut o

f Cre

mat

ion

0.4m

x 0

.45m

x 0

.27m

Sub

rect

angu

lar,

stee

p sid

ed, c

onca

ve b

ase.

137

8C

ut o

f pit

0.55

m x

0.5

6m x

0.2

mO

val i

n pl

an. S

ides

: ver

tical

in W

N, s

tepp

ed in

E

S. C

onca

ve b

ase.

137

9Fi

ll of

pit

(Cut

c37

9)

0.55

m x

0.5

6m x

0.2

mM

id-li

ght b

row

n lo

ose

silty

cla

y.5

380

Fill

of p

ossib

le st

ake-

hole

(Cut

c38

1)0.

14m

x 0

.18m

x 0

.13m

Mid

-gre

yish

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay, f

irm c

ompa

ctio

n.

538

1C

ut o

f pos

sible

st

akeh

ole

0.14

m x

0.1

8m x

0.1

3mSu

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n, a

lmos

t ver

tical

side

s S, v

erti-

cal i

n E

& W

, und

ercu

t in

N. F

lat b

ase

slope

s S-N

.



61

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

538

2Fi

ll of

furr

ow (C

ut

c14)

1.7m

x 0

.4m

x 0

.1m

Mid

bro

wni

sh b

lack

sand

y cl

ay, m

oder

ate

com

pac-

tion,

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l-med

ium

ston

es.

538

3Fi

ll of

furr

ow (C

ut

c384

)2.

54m

x 0

.29m

x 0

.1m

Mid

-dar

k br

own

sand

y cl

ay, m

odre

ate

com

pac-

tion,

incl

usio

ns o

f sto

nes a

nd c

harc

oal f

leck

s. T

his

feat

ure

trun

cate

s c12

.5

384

Cut

of f

urro

w2.

54m

x 0

.29m

x 0

.1m

Line

ar, a

lmos

t ver

tical

side

s, u-

shap

ed b

ase.

Orie

n-ta

tion

NW

-SE.

Thi

s fea

ture

trun

cate

s c12

.5

385

Fill

of p

osth

ole

(Cut

c1

2)0.

52m

x 0

.33m

Trun

cate

d in

E.G

rey-

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

, sto

ney

fill.

Larg

e ro

ck a

t bas

e.5

386

Fill

of sh

allo

w p

it (c

373)

1.2m

x 0

.59m

x 0

.13m

Blac

k sa

ndy

clay

, mod

erat

e co

mpa

ctio

n, o

ccas

iona

l sm

all s

tone

s.5

387

Fill

of p

ossib

le P

it (C

ut c1

7)0.

4m x

0.4

4m x

0.1

8mBr

own

loos

e sa

ndy

silt.

Incl

usio

ns o

f cha

rcoa

l fle

cks,

bone

and

>5%

peb

bles

.5

388

Fill

of p

ossib

le P

it (C

ut c1

8)0.

4m x

0.35

m x

0.1

7mVe

ry d

ark

brow

n sa

ndy

silt.

Incl

usio

ns: f

leck

s of

bone

, cha

rcoa

l, sm

all p

ebbl

es.

638

9Fi

ll of

pos

sible

cre

-m

atio

n (C

ut c

85)

0.46

m x

0.4

6m x

0.1

6mBl

ack

loos

e sa

ndy

clay

. Fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l, sm

all

pebb

les.

Pott

ery

36Bo

ne 5

8

639

0Fi

ll of

line

ar fe

atur

e (C

ut c

9)2.

00m

x 0

.75m

x 0

.15m

Brow

n-gr

ey c

lay,

trac

es o

f san

d. In

clus

ions

: bur

nt

bone

flec

ks. S

tone

s med

ium

to la

rge

(som

e bu

rnt),

ch

arco

al fl

ecks

, med

639

1Fi

ll of

pos

sible

pos

t-ho

le (C

ut c

392)

0.24

m x

0.2

1m x

0.15

mG

reyi

sh b

row

n m

ottle

d sa

ndy

clay

. Inc

lusio

ns:

burn

t sto

ne, c

harc

oal a

nd b

urnt

bon

e fle

cks.

639

2C

ut o

f pos

sible

po

stho

le0.

24m

x 0

.21m

x 0

.15m

Circ

ular

in p

lan.

Sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

top

and

base

, ver

tical

side

s, fla

t bas

e.

639

3Fi

ll of

pit

(Cut

c8)

0.65

m x

0.7

0m x

0.4

5mD

ark

grey

at s

urfa

ce, l

ight

er g

reyi

sh b

row

n un

-de

rnea

th. S

ilty

clay

, bec

omes

sand

y to

war

d ba

se.

Incl

usio

ns: c

harc

oal,

pebb

les,

pott

ery

frag

men

ts.

Pott

ery

31So

il 62

639

4Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c87

)0.

51m

x 0

.60m

x 0

.12m

Mid

bla

ck b

row

n sil

ty c

lay.

Incl

usio

ns: f

requ

ent

char

coal

flec

ks, m

oder

ate

pott

ery

sher

ds, o

cca-

siona

l bur

nt b

one

(> 0

.3m

)

Pott

ery

30Bo

ne 6

0

639

5Fi

ll of

cre

mat

ion

(Cut

c86

)0.

43m

x 0

.37m

x 0

.18m

Blac

k lo

ose

sand

y sil

t.Fre

quen

t bon

e.Bo

ne 5

9

639

6C

rem

atio

n de

posit

(n

o cu

t)0.

20m

x 0

.30m

x 0

.03m

Mid

bla

ck b

row

n sil

ty c

lay.

Incl

usio

ns: m

oder

ate

amou

nt c

harc

oal,

occa

siona

l bur

nt b

one,

occ

a-sio

nal p

ebbl

es..



62

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

639

7Fi

ll of

shal

low

pit

(Cut

c39

8)0.

80m

x 0

.75m

x 0

.20m

Pink

ish b

row

n sa

ndy

silt,

fleck

s of c

harc

oal,

smal

l bo

ne fr

agm

ents

, peb

bles

.6

398

Cut

of s

hallo

w p

it0.

77m

x 0

.77m

x 0

.20m

Circ

ular

shal

low

pit,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

ve

rtic

al si

des,

unev

en b

ase.

639

9Fi

ll of

larg

e pi

t (C

ut

c400

)1.

40m

x 0

.90m

x 0

.19m

M

id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay.

Incl

usio

ns: o

ccas

iona

l cha

r-co

al, m

oder

ate

smal

l sto

nes,

one

pott

ery

sher

d.Po

tter

y 33

640

0C

ut o

f lar

ge p

it1.

50m

x 0

.90m

x 0

.20m

Ova

l in

plan

, Bre

ak o

f slo

pe-to

p: sh

arp

all s

ides

ex

cept

NN

E. S

ides

: sto

ney

and

slope

gen

tly to

un

even

ston

ey b

ase.

Pott

ery

33

740

1O

rang

y fil

l (C

ut c

6)

0.45

m x

0.8

m x

0.2

mO

rang

e lo

ose

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal s

mal

l sto

nes.

Hea

t affe

cted

.So

il 64

740

2D

ark

grey

fill

(Cut

c6

)0.

6m x

0.4

5m x

0.1

8mD

ark

grey

loos

e sil

ty c

lay,

occa

siona

l peb

bles

, oc-

casio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

s.So

il 65

2 - A

islin

g40

3Fi

ll of

Ditc

h (C

ut

c404

)1m

x 0

.42m

Mid

-dar

k br

own

loos

e sil

ty c

lay,

occa

siona

l cha

r-co

al fl

ecks

, 2

- Aisl

ing

404

Cut

of D

itch

1m x

0.4

2mLi

near

, ste

ep si

des,

conc

ave

base

, orie

ntat

ed N

-S.

Sect

ion

840

5Fu

lach

t mat

eria

l6.

0m x

5.0

m x

0.3

0m

Blac

k lo

ose

silty

cla

y an

d bu

rnt s

tone

mix

ture

. Fr

eque

nt b

urnt

sand

ston

e, o

ccas

iona

l bur

nt li

me-

ston

e, fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal f

leck

s.

Soil

66

750

2Fu

lach

t mat

eria

l 0.

7m x

?m x

0.1

mD

ark

brow

nish

gre

y, lo

ose,

v. si

lty c

lay,

freq

uent

bu

rnt a

nd a

ngul

ar st

ones

.7

503

Fula

cht m

ater

ial

(Cut

c50

4)6.

2m x

0.5

8m x

0.2

mBl

ack

char

coal

-ric

h sil

ty c

lay,

freq

uent

bur

nt st

one

and

char

coal

.7

504

Cut

of p

it0.

65m

x 0

.58m

x 0

.18m

Circ

ular

shal

low

pit,

ver

tical

side

s, un

even

bas

e.

Fille

d w

ith fu

lach

t mat

eria

l (fil

l c50

3)



63

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

750

5C

ut o

f rec

tang

ular

pi

t1.

2m x

1.6

m x

0.2

mSu

b-re

ctan

gula

r in

plan

, alm

ost v

ertic

al si

des,

2 st

akeh

oles

cut

into

eas

tern

qua

dran

t.7

506

Cut

of r

ecta

ngul

ar

pit

1.6m

x 0

.95m

x 0

.3m

Subr

ecta

ngul

ar in

pla

n, sl

ight

ly c

onca

ve si

des,

flat

base

.7

507

Fill

of p

it (C

ut 5

08)

0.35

m x

0.3

m x

0.0

3m

Gre

y-bl

ack,

loos

e pe

aty

clay

, fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l, oc

casio

nal s

mal

l sto

nes.

750

8C

ut o

f pit

0.35

m x

0.3

m x

0.0

3m

Circ

ular

shal

low

pit,

ver

tical

side

s, un

even

bas

e.

750

9Fi

ll of

stak

ehol

es

(Cut

c51

0 &

c51

1)0.

15m

x 0

.13m

x 0

.16m

Gre

y, lo

ose

silty

cla

y, fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l, oc

casio

nal

smal

l sto

nes.

Fills

two

stak

ehol

es.

751

0St

akeh

ole

Cut

0.12

m x

0.1

2m x

0.2

4m

Circ

ular

, ver

tical

side

s,tap

er to

war

d ba

se.

751

1St

akeh

ole

Cut

0.12

m x

0.1

2m x

0.1

7m

Circ

ular

, ver

tical

side

s,tap

er to

war

d ba

se.

751

2C

ut o

f Squ

are

pit

1.52

m x

1.5

4m x

0.2

6m

Sub

rect

angu

lar i

n pl

an, c

onca

ve si

des,

irreg

ular

ba

se.

751

3Fi

ll of

pit

(Cut

512

)1.

52m

x 1

.54m

x 0

.26m

Pe

aty

blac

k cl

ay, 5

0% sm

all s

tone

s.7

514

Fill

of p

it (C

ut c

506)

1.6m

x 1

.95m

x 0

.2m

D

ark

grey

, loo

se, s

ilty

clay

, occ

. lar

ge st

ones

.7

515

Fill

of p

it (C

ut c

516)

0.42

m x

0.4

2m x

0.1

3mYe

llow

loos

e sa

ndy

clay

, occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

s.7

516

Cut

of p

it0.

42m

x 0

.42m

x 0

.13m

Circ

ular

, ver

tical

side

s, fla

t bas

e.7

517

Cut

of s

mal

l pit

0.39

m x

0.5

1m x

0.1

6mO

val i

n pl

an, s

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe-to

p. V

ertic

al

sides

, mod

erat

e lo

wer

dow

n. C

onca

ve b

ase.

Orie

n-ta

ted

E-W

. 7

518

Fill

of sm

all p

it (C

ut

519)

0.37

m x

0.3

8m x

0.1

9mM

id-g

rey

silty

cla

y, fir

m c

ompa

ctio

n, fr

eque

nt

burn

t sto

ne a

nd o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

751

9C

ut o

f sm

all p

it0.

37m

x 0

.38m

x 0

.19m

Sub-

circ

ular

in p

lan.

Sid

es: c

onca

ve S

, alm

ost

vert

ical

else

whe

re, B

reak

of s

lope

-bas

e: sh

arp

in S

&

SE,

mod

erat

e in

N &

NW

. Bas

e slo

pes E

-W.

452

0Fi

ll of

pit

(C

ut

c521

)1.

8m x

1.2

5m x

0.4

4mM

id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay,

mod

erat

e ch

arco

al c

hunk

s, oc

casio

nal b

urnt

bon

e.So

il 10

9

C

harc

oal 1

01

Bone

102

452

1C

ut o

f pit

0.6m

x 1

.7m

x 0

.58m

Ova

l in

plan

, con

cave

side

s, un

even

bas

e slo

pes t

o S.

Soil

109

Cha

rcoa

l 101

Bo

ne 1

02

452

4St

akeh

ole

0.14

m x

0.15

m x

0.1

2mM

id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay,

incl

usio

ns o

f cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

Ova

l in

plan

, ver

tical

side

s tap

ered

to u

-sha

ped

base

.



64

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

452

5St

akeh

ole

0.09

m x

0.0

9m x

0.1

2mM

id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay.

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

gen

tle si

des

tape

red

to u

-sha

ped

base

.4

526

Stak

ehol

e0.

06m

x 0

.06m

x 0

.12m

Mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y, in

clus

ions

of c

harc

oal f

leck

s. O

val i

n pl

an, v

ertic

al si

des t

aper

ed to

u-s

hape

d ba

se.

452

7St

akeh

ole

0.09

m x

0.0

7m x

0.1

2mD

ark

brow

n sil

ty c

lay,

occa

siona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

Ova

l in

plan

, ver

tical

side

s tap

ered

to u

-sha

ped

base

.4

528

Fill

of li

near

feat

ure

(C

ut c

532)

1.75

m x

0.6

5m x

0.3

6mBr

own,

loos

e co

mpa

ctio

n, sa

ndy

clay

, fre

quen

t ch

arco

al.

Cha

rcoa

l 103

452

9Fi

ll (C

ut c

533)

0.08

m x

0.4

7m x

0.0

5mBl

ack

loos

e sa

ndy

clay

, fre

quen

t inc

lusio

ns o

f ch

arco

al.

Pott

ery

101

453

0Fi

ll of

pit

0.25

m x

0.3

0m x

0.1

2mM

id b

lack

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal b

urnt

bon

e an

d ch

arco

al.

453

1C

ut o

f pit

0.88

m x

1.5

8m x

0.1

9mSu

b tr

iang

ular

in p

lan.

Sid

es: s

harp

in N

, mor

e gr

adua

l else

whe

re. U

neve

n st

oney

bas

e.4

532

Cut

of l

inea

r fea

ture

1.75

m x

0.6

5m x

0.3

6mLi

near

in p

lan,

side

s tap

er to

war

d ba

se.

Cha

rcoa

l 103

453

3C

ut

0.34

m x

0.1

8m x

0.2

2mSu

b ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n, st

eep

sided

,une

ven

base

. 4

534

Fill

of p

it (C

ut c

531)

0.88

m x

1.5

8m x

0.1

9mLi

ght b

row

n lo

ose

sand

y cl

ay, m

oder

ate

occu

ranc

e of

smal

l sto

nes.

453

5Fi

ll (C

ut c

533)

0.74

m x

1.1

8m x

0.1

7mM

id b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

, occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

s.St

one

102

453

6Fi

ll (C

ut c

543)

1.2m

x 0

.7m

x 0

.24m

Mid

bro

wni

sh o

rang

e sil

ty c

lay,

loos

e, o

ccas

iona

l ch

arco

al, s

mal

l sto

nes.

Cha

rcoa

l 105

453

7Fi

ll of

pit

(Cut

c53

8)0.

50m

x 0

.55m

x 0

.25m

Brow

n lo

ose

soft

sand

y cl

ay, i

nclu

sions

of c

harc

oal

and

burn

t sto

nes.

453

8C

ut o

f pit

0.50

m x

0.5

5m x

0.2

5mC

ircul

ar in

pla

n, si

des t

aper

tow

ard

base

, fla

t bas

e.53

94

540

Dep

osit

(Cut

c54

9)1.

14m

x 1

.11m

x 0

.26m

Mid

bla

ck lo

ose

sand

y cl

ay, f

requ

ent c

harc

oal a

nd

occa

siona

lsmal

l sto

nes.

Cha

rcoa

l 10

64

541

Stak

ehol

e0.

14m

x 0

.17m

x 0

.21m

Mid

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay, l

oose

. Circ

ular

in p

lan,

ve

rtic

al si

des,

v-ba

se.

542

454

3C

ut o

f pit

1.2m

x 0

.7m

x 0

.24m

Ova

l in

plan

, gra

dual

step

ped

sides

, une

ven

base

.C

harc

oal 1

054

544

Fill

of P

it (C

ut c

545)

0.40

m x

0.2

6m x

0.1

8mBr

own

loos

e so

ft sa

ndy

clay

. Inc

lusio

ns: f

requ

ent

char

coal

and

peb

bles

.C

harc

oal

104



65

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

454

5C

ut o

f pit

0.23

m x

0.3

8m x

0.1

6mSu

b re

ctan

gula

r in

plan

, sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

top

and

base

, mod

erat

e slo

ping

side

s. Fl

at b

ase.

Cha

rcoa

l 10

44

546

Cut

of p

it0.

41m

x 0

.44m

x 0

.22m

Circ

ular

in p

lan,

stee

p sid

ed. G

radu

al b

reak

of

slope

bas

e, ro

unde

d ba

se.

454

7Sp

read

1.64

m x

0.7

0m

Brow

n lo

ose

soft

silty

sand

, no

appa

rent

cut

.4

548

Post

hole

0.21

m x

0.2

0m x

0.1

4mM

id b

row

n lo

ose

sand

y cl

ay, o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l. C

ircul

ar in

pla

n, st

eep

sided

, u-s

hape

d ba

se.

454

9C

ut

1.14

m x

1.1

1m x

0.4

3mC

ircul

ar in

pla

n, st

eep

sided

. Pos

sible

tree

bow

l.C

harc

oal

106

455

0D

epos

it (C

ut c

549)

1.14

m x

1.1

1m x

0.2

0mM

id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay,

mod

erat

e co

mpa

ctio

n.55

14

552

455

3D

epos

it (C

ut c

554)

0.38

m x

0.2

6m x

0.0

5m

Dar

k br

own-

blac

k sil

ty sa

nd, o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

455

4C

ut O

f Sha

llow

pit

0.38

m x

0.2

6m x

0.0

5m

Sub-

circ

ular

, sha

llow,

gra

dual

ly sl

opin

g sid

es,

inpe

rcep

tible

bas

e.55

555

64

557

Fill

of p

it (C

ut c

558)

0.08

m x

0.6

m x

0.3

4m

Mid

-bro

wn

with

bla

ck m

ottli

ng, s

ilty

clay

, occ

. C

harc

oal f

leck

s.4

558

Cut

of p

it0.

08m

x 0

.6m

x 0

.34m

Su

b-ci

rcul

ar, s

harp

slop

ing

sides

, con

cave

bas

e.4

559

Fill

(Cut

c56

0)0.

7m x

0.4

m x

0.1

3mLi

ght b

row

n lo

ose

silty

cla

y, m

oder

ate

occu

ranc

e of

cha

rcoa

l.4

560

Cut

0.7m

x 0

.4m

x 0

.13m

Obl

ong

in p

lan,

gra

dual

slop

ed si

des,

conc

ave

base

, E-W

orie

ntat

ion.

456

1Fi

ll (C

ut c

562)

0.48

m x

0.3

6m x

0.1

8m

Brow

n sa

ndy

silt,

loos

e, o

cc. C

harc

oal.

456

2C

ut0.

48m

x 0

.36m

x 0

.18m

C

ircul

ar, g

ently

tape

red

sides

, une

ven

base

.56

34

564

Cut

of p

it0.

9m x

1.0

3m x

0.2

3m

Sub

oval

in p

lan,

stee

p sid

ed, f

lat b

ase.

456

5D

epos

it0.

8m x

0.9

m x

0.1

3mBr

own-

blac

k, lo

ose

silty

cla

y, oc

c. C

harc

oal.

456

6D

epos

it0.

9m x

1.0

3m x

0.1

mBr

own,

loos

e sil

ty c

lay,

occ.

Sm

all s

tone

s.4

567

Dep

osit

(Cut

c56

8)0.

95m

x 0

.56m

x 0

.3m

D

ark

brow

n, lo

ose

sand

y sil

t, so

me

char

coal

and

bu

rnt b

one,

smal

l peb

bles

.C

harc

oal

107

B

one

108



66

Are

aF.

No.

Typ

eD

imen

sion

sD

escr

ipti

onFi

nds

Sam

ple

456

8C

ut

0.95

m x

0.5

6m x

0.3

m

Circ

ular

in p

lan.

Sid

es ta

per t

o ba

se, u

neve

n ba

se.

Cha

rcoa

l 10

7

Bon

e 10

84

569

Fill

(C

ut c

571)

0.85

m x

0.2

3mM

id b

lack

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal.

457

0Fi

ll (

Cut

c57

1)0.

40m

x 0

.70m

Mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal.

457

1C

ut o

f pit

0.85

m x

0.4

5mC

ircul

ar in

pla

n. S

ides

: gra

dual

in S

, sha

rp e

lse-

whe

re. C

onca

ve b

ase.

457

2Fi

ll (

Cut

c57

3)2.

0m x

1.4

5m x

0.2

5mD

ark

grey

sand

y cl

ay, l

arge

ston

es.

457

3C

ut o

f pit

2.0m

x 1

.45m

x 0

.25m

Sub

rect

angu

lar i

n pl

an, s

teep

side

d, fl

at b

ase,

457

4Fi

ll of

pit

(C

ut

c575

)0.

60m

x 0

.50m

x 0

.12m

Ligh

t gre

y sil

ty c

lay,

occa

siona

l sm

all s

tone

s.

457

5C

ut o

f pit

0.60

m x

0.5

0m x

0.1

2mO

val i

n pl

an, g

radu

al si

des,

conc

ave

base

.

Area I

RING-DITCH 106

107 379

24 378

113 132

97

Cremations and stake-holes

101

119 23

120 114 105 109

134 121 131 96 22 103 21

139

127 89

126 137 129 133 136 130 128 124 123 122 135 110

125 138

isolated cremation and stake-holes

115

116

117

118



67

Appendix 2: Stratigraphic Matrix

AREA II

TOPSOIL

SUBSOIL

TOPSOIL

SUBSOIL

TOPSOIL

SUBSOIL



68

AREA

II

TO

PSO

IL

SUBS

OIL

TO

PSO

IL

S

UBS

OIL



69

area 3

northern section

Topsoil

278 214 257 254 209 206 208

215

80 216 258 255 210 205 207

79

subsoil

MIDDLE SECTION

TOPSOIL

320 321

92 93

SUBSOIL

SOUTHERN SECTION

TOPSOIL

304 256

305 222 322 273 285

75 76 77 78 272 284

SUBSOIL



70

AR

EA I

V

t

ops

oil

522

52

3

524

5

25

52

7

526

530

53

9

5

40

557

572

52

0

5

28

53

4

552

550

542

544

548

55

8

56

1

565

5

67

5

36

573

52

1

5

32

53

1

5

49

541

5

46

545

559

562

5

66

56

8

54

3

569

5

35

574

560

564

570

52

9

5

75

571

53

3

SUB

SOIL



71

AREA

V

TO

PSO

IL

SU

BSO

IL



72

AREA

VI

TOPS

OIL

SU

BSO

IL



73

area 7. fulacht fiacht

502

503

507 504 513 509 514 515 517 518 401

508 512 506 516 519 402

510 511 6

505



74



75

Appe

ndix

3: F

inds

Reg

ister

Find

No.

Feat

ure

No.

Are

aD

escr

ipti

onD

ate

Init

ials

Not

es

110

9I

Base

sher

d +

4 po

t she

rds

10/1

6/20

03T

JOC

211

5I

1 pi

ece

of b

urnt

flin

t10

/16/

2003

TJO

C3

114

I2

sher

ds o

f pot

10/1

6/20

03T

JOC

413

6I

Smal

l pie

ces o

f pot

(5)

10/2

0/20

03LN

615

7II

Smal

l pie

ce o

f pot

tery

10/2

2/20

03D

M7

165

II46

sher

ds o

f pot

tery

10/2

3/20

03LN

f.46

817

9II

1 po

tter

y sh

erd

10/2

3/20

03LN

f.45

919

5II

1 to

4 p

otte

ry sh

erds

10/2

3/20

03T

JOC

1021

3II

1 to

17

pott

ery

sher

ds10

/23/

2003

TJO

C11

218

II1

to 2

2 po

tter

y sh

erds

10/2

3/20

03LN

1221

9II

1 to

4 p

otte

ry sh

erds

10/2

3/20

03LN

1326

0II

Pott

ery

sher

d10

/28/

2003

LN14

166

II1

to 2

0 po

tter

y sh

erds

10/2

8/20

03T

JOC

1529

0II

Pott

ery

sher

d10

/29/

2003

TJO

C16

293

IIPo

tter

y sh

erd

1728

6II

1 to

21

pott

ery

sher

ds (2

box

es)

10/2

9/20

03D

M18

294

II2

pott

ery

sher

ds10

/29/

2003

LN19

300

II1

to 2

2 po

tter

y sh

erds

(5 b

oxes

)10

/29/

2003

DM

Cut

No.

55

2031

1II

1 po

tter

y sh

erd

10/2

9/20

03LN

2124

5II

Pott

ery

10/2

9/20

03T

JOC

2234

2II

4 po

tter

y sh

erds

10/3

1/20

03T

JOC

2334

0II

5 po

tter

y sh

erds

10/3

1/20

0324

316

II6

pott

ery

sher

ds10

/31/

2003

2531

4II

3 po

tter

y sh

erds

10/3

1/20

0326

376

II5

pott

ery

sher

ds11

/5/2

003

from

cre

m.d

epos

it27

365/

366

II7

pott

ery

sher

ds11

/5/2

003

from

full

crem

atio

n po

t28

IIC

apsto

ne11

/5/2

003

from

cre

mat

ion

pit N

o.36

645

,5 c

m x

6,5

cm

x 4

0 cm

2979

III

Very

smal

l pie

ce o

f pos

t med

ieva

l pot

tery

11/5

/200

3fr

om k

eyho

le sh

ape

cut N

o.79

3039

4V

IPo

tter

y sh

erds

(03E

1717

:394

:28)

11/7

/200

3fr

om fi

ll 39

3



76

Find

No.

Feat

ure

No.

Are

aD

escr

ipti

onD

ate

Init

ials

Not

es

318

VI

Pott

ery

sher

ds

11/7

/200

332

398

VI

Enig

mat

ic st

one

11/7

/200

3fr

m p

it 39

5, fi

ll 39

733

399

VI

1 po

tter

y sh

erd

11/7

/200

334

24I

Ova

l sha

pe la

rge

stone

50,5

cm

x 6

,5 c

m x

35

cm35

89I

Pott

ery

11/1

1/20

0336

85V

IPo

tter

y11

/11/

2003

3757

IIPo

tter

y11

/11/

2003

3822

IPo

tter

y11

/11/

2003

3991

Find

s 353

8,10

0: fr

om M

onito

ring

by F

. H

urle

y40

91Fl

or H

urle

y fo

und

2 ru

bbin

g sto

nes i

n th

is ar

ea b

ut th

ey c

an’t

be a

ssig

ned

to a

pa

rtic

ular

feat

ure

100

VII

Flin

t scr

aper

, wor

n 10

/15/

2003

NO

C

101

529

IVPo

tter

y sh

erd

11/1

1/20

03T

JOC

102

535

IVPo

ssib

le ru

bbin

g sto

ne11

/11/

2003

TJO

C



77

Appendix 4: Plant Remains

IntroductionTen samples from Kilbane were sieved for plant remains using sieves with meshes of 1mm, 500µm and 250µm. The samples were scanned using a binocular microscope under x10 to x40 magnifications. Five samples produced plant remains other than charcoal which were identified using reference to comparative collections and identification manuals. Wherever possible the plant remains were identified to species but intermediate terms such as Atriplex patula/prostrata and Triticum sp. were also used.

SamplesOne sample was taken from a cremation pit, F. 28, in Area 2. The plant remains recovered from F.28 included seeds of knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare), common or spear-leaved orache (Atriplex patula/prostrata), sorrel (Rumex acetosa) and cereal chaff including straw fragments, culm nodes and a bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) rachis internode. A sample was also taken from F.366, a pot containing a cremation in Area 2. The fill of the pot produced a seed of cleavers (Galium aparine) and a fragment of straw. A third sample from Area 2 came from the fill of a possible posthole, F.40. This sample contained seeds of common/spear-leaved orache and cleavers as well as straw fragments and culm nodes.

One sample came from Area 4 from F.520, the fill of a pit. This sample contained a frag-ment of hazelnut shell (Corylus avellana), four barley grains (Hordeum sp.) and one wheat grain (Triticum sp.).

One sample was also taken from F.405, fulacht fiadh material in Area 8. One wheat grain was recovered from the sample.

DiscussionPlants such as knotgrass, orache and cleavers all grow on disturbed and fertile ground. They are widespread arable weeds today and are commonly found in prehistoric plant assemblages. Sorrel is a grassland plant which may have grown as an arable weed in the past. Weed seeds, straw, chaff and culm nodes are by-products of crop processing. After harvesting cereals, the weeds, straw and chaff are separated from the cereal grains by a process of threshing, win-nowing and sieving. The presence of weed seeds, a wheat rachis internode, straw fragments and culm nodes in the two samples from cremation pits at Kilbane, F.28 and F.366, and from a posthole in Area 2, F.40, suggests that the plant remains represent crop processing waste. A Late Bronze Age/Iron Age flat cemetery and crematoria at Ballyvelly, Tralee (98E0240) produced similar plant remains to those from Area 2, Kilbane. At Ballyvelly, the majority of the plant remains were arable weeds and were interpreted as possibly being used as tinder for



78

the cremations (Brewer unpublished). It seems likely that at Kilbane too, the waste from crop processing was being used as tinder and/or fuel for the cremations.

A wheat grain, barley grain and hazelnut shell fragment were recovered from a pit in Area 4. Both wheat and barley have been cultivated in Ireland from the Neolithic. Both were com-mon at Bronze Age sites in the vicinity of Tralee, with barley being slightly more plentiful. Hazelnut shells are common in plant remains assemblages from sites of all periods.

The sample from the fulacht fiadh in Area 8 contained only one wheat grain. Excavations of fulachta fiadh by Eachtra Archaeological Projects in Kerry and Waterford all produced lit-tle or no plant remains.

ConclusionThe plant remains recovered from Area 2 at Kilbane appear to represent material used as tin-der or fuel used during the cremation process. Few plant remains from Area 4 and Area 8.



79

Kilb

ane

03E1

717

Fill

of p

oss

post

hol

eFi

ll of

pot

Cre

mat

ion

pit

Fula

cht

Pit

Feat

ure

no.

157

366

2840

552

0Sa

mpl

e no

.20

2747

6610

9Ta

xaC

oryl

acea

eC

oryl

us a

vella

na1

frag

men

tH

azel

Poly

gona

ceae

Poly

gonu

m a

vicu

lare

1K

notg

rass

Rum

ex a

ceto

sa1

Doc

ks

Che

opod

iace

aeAt

riple

x pa

tula

/pro

stra

ta3

1C

omm

on/ S

pear

leav

ed o

rach

e

Rub

iace

aeG

aliu

m a

parin

e1

1C

leav

ers

Gra

min

eae

Hor

deum

sp. (

grai

n)4

Barle

yTr

iticu

m sp

. (gr

ain)

11

Whe

atTr

iticu

m a

estiv

um (r

achi

s int

erno

de)

1Br

ead

whe

atSt

raw

frag

men

ts11

4C

ulm

nod

es3

2St

em fr

agm

ent

1



80

Appendix 5: Charcoal Report

IntroductionFifty-two charcoal samples were recovered by hand at Kilbane for identification. The samples were first allowed to dry and were then examined under a binocular microscope at x10 to x 40 magnifications. The identifications were made using Schweingruber’s Microscopic Wood Anatomy (1978). Where the charcoal could not be identified to genus level broad categories such as ring porous and diffuse porous were used. The charcoal was weighed prior to iden-tification and then the identified fraction was weighed. The number of fragments for each species was counted. Quantification of charcoal is difficult because it is impossible to tell if five fragments have come from five different branches or one branch.

ContextsThe majority of the charcoal samples came from the fills of cremation pits. A small number of samples came from pits that did not contain cremations. These were C107, C261 and C545. Two samples were taken from stakeholes; C121 and C130. One sample came from the fill of the ring ditch, C113. One sample, C540 was the fill of a possible tree bole.

Species

Hazel/Alder Coll/Fearnóg

It is not usually possible to distinguish between the charred remains of Hazel (Corylus avel-lana) and Alder (Alnus glutinus) as the microscopic features that enable distinction between the two species are often destroyed during the charring process. Hazel/Alder was the most abundant wood charcoal from the site as it was present in samples from thirty-five contexts.

Hazel is locally abundant today in woods, scrub, rocky places and hedges. It is a small tree or shrub that grows to a height of about six metres. It often grows with Ash or in the understorey of old oak woods. It was frequently coppiced in the past and its wood is tough and flexible. The sticks from coppiced trees are long and straight and may be used for mak-ing baskets, hoops for barrels and hurdles (Hickie 2002, 56). An Early Medieval text Bretha Comaithchesa lists hazel as one of the nobles of the wood, valued for its nuts and rods (Kelly 1998, 380). Hazel nut shells are commonly found on archaeological sites of all periods. There is abundant folklore surrounding the Hazel and it also appears frequently in mythology (Mac Coitir 2003).

Alder is abundant today along river banks and at lake shores and damp woods. It grows up to 20m high and thrives on infertile soils. The wood is resistant to decay under water and so is used for making piles. It is also used for furniture and turning. In the past it was also used for making shields and bows. Two Bronze Age wooden shields made of Alder were found in bogs at Cloonlara, Co. Mayo and Annandale, Co. Leitrim. The Annadale shield



81

was radiocarbon dated to around 1200 BC (Waddell 1998, 240). Alder vessels have also been found, dating to the Late Bronze Age; at Lough Eskaragh, Co. Tyrone and Altanagh, Co. Tyrone. (ibid. 264). In folklore the Alder is generally considered to be an unlucky tree. It was considered a tree of war and death both because it was used to make shields and because the wood turns from white to blood red when cut (Mac Coitir 2003, 34).

Ash Fuinseóg

Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is the second most abundant species at the site after Hazel/Alder and it is present in samples from fifteen contexts. Ash is a tall tree, which grows up to forty-five metres in height and lives to about 200 years. It is the last tree to come into leaf in spring and the first to lose its leaves in autumn (Hickie 2002, 44). It grows best on deep, moist lime-rich soils and needs lots of light to grow well (ibid; Wyse-Jackson 1994, 63). Today it grows abundantly in hedges, woods and rocky places. Its timber is light-weight and flexible but very tough. It is an opportunist tree which springs up when trees have been cleared or fields abandoned (Mitchell 1986, 120). It has been used for making carts, furniture, oars, hurleys and spears. It also makes a good fuel and will burn even when green. The fruits may be eaten if picked when young and pickled and the leaves may be used as fodder. A Bronze Age set-tlement site at Clonfinlough, Co. Offaly produced evidence of coppiced Ash (Waddell 1998, 213). Ash trees appear frequently in Irish folklore and mythology. Ash was often associated with healing in folklore and is often found growing at holy wells (Mac Coitir 2003, 122).

Willow/Poplar Saileach/Crann Creathneach

The genus Salix sp. and Populus sp. cannot be differentiated easily from their charred remains. There are many species of willow (Salix sp.) native to Ireland. The aspen (Populus tremula) is a native species and another poplar (Populus nigra) is possibly native. Two sam-ples from Kilbane produced charcoal of the Willow/Poplar type making it the third most common species at the site. One of these samples, C540, Willow/Poplar produced a greater number of fragments and outweighed the other two species present, Hazel/Alder and Ash.

Willows grow in damp habitats such as river banks, lake shores and bog. The twigs and branches are very flexible and so they are very useful for fencing and basket-making. In Irish folklore it was considered good luck to bring a willow rod with you on a journey and wil-low rods were also put round churns to help make good butter (Mac Coitir 2003, 40). Wil-low was considered one of the ‘commoners of the wood’ and is mentioned in often in Early Medieval texts in relation to house-building and there are also references to animals being restrained by a willow with (Kelly 1998, 384).

Oak Dair

Several fragments were found in a sample from one context; C113 in Area 1. Two species of oak are native to Ireland Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) and Pendunculate Oak (Q. robur).



82

Sessile Oak is the more common of the two and grows on acid soils and in mountain districts. Pendunculate Oak grows mainly in the lowlands and on richer soils. Oak is the largest and, together with the yew, the longest-living native tree in Ireland. They grow up to 40 metres in height and may live for over 1,000 years. Its timber has been used for construction, ship building, charcoal, barrels and furniture. Its bark was used for tanning leather. Oak was ranked as one of the Nobles of the Wood for ‘its acorns and its dignity’ (Mac Coitir 2003, 14).

DiscussionThe charred wood remains from Kilbane were dominated by hazel/alder and ash with lesser amounts of willow/poplar, oak and other species. Many of the charcoal fragments were from twigs or small branches which would be consistent with the wood being collected as fire-wood. Some of the fragments were unidentifiable due to being in poor condition but overall the charcoal was in fairly good condition.

BibliographyHickie, D. 2002 Native Trees and Forests of Ireland. Gill and Macmillan.

Kelly, F. 1997 Early Irish Farming. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Mac Coitir N. 2003 Irish Trees: Myth, Legend and Folklore. Collins.

Schweingruber, F. 1978 Microscopic Wood Anatomy. Swiss Federal Institute of Forestry Research.

Waddell, J. 1998 The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland. Wordwell.



83

Are

a2

21

11

Are

a A

rea

22

Con

text

no.

3556

101

102

105

107

113

114

121

130

Con

text

no.

Con

text

no.

149

153

Cut

no.

2310

324

9722

Cut

no.

4154

Sam

ple

no.

4737

61

34

57

89

Sam

ple

no.

Sam

ple

no.

1110

Wei

ght

5g8g

140g

21g

20g

150g

<1g

<1g

7g<1

gW

eigh

tW

eigh

t11

0g7g

cf Q

uerc

us sp

.7

Oak

cf Q

uerc

us sp

.cf

Fra

xinu

s sp.

59

Ash

cf F

raxi

nus s

p.6

6cf

Ros

a sp

.R

ose

cf R

osa

sp.

Rin

g po

rous

21

11

Rin

g po

rous

Rin

g po

rous

cf C

oryl

us/B

etul

a sp

.4

37

101

1H

azel

/Ald

ercf

Cor

ylus

/Bet

ula

sp.

cf S

alix

/Pop

ulus

sp.

Will

ow/P

opla

rcf

Sal

ix/P

opul

us sp

.cf

Pru

nus s

p.Sl

oe/C

herr

y et

ccf

Pru

nus s

p.D

iffus

e po

rous

1D

iffus

e po

rous

Diff

use

poro

us

Uni

dent

ifiab

le6

27

Uni

dent

ifiab

leU

nide

ntifi

able

5

Suita

ble

for C

14N

NY

YY

YN

NY

ams

Suita

ble

for C

14N

N



84

Appendix 6: Cremated Human Remains

Catryn Power

SummaryA total weight of 4247g of cremated human bone was examined. At Kilbane the practice of cremation was a long held funeral tradition. These people believed in life after death and made respectful provision for their deceased loved ones to speed them to the next world. Parts of two funerary urns were used as vessels to hold the cremated remains of people, which were then deposited in pits. The remains of fifty four cremated people were identified; of these four were juveniles, and four were teenagers. Social stratification was part of the burial custom. The sex of three males was established. Pathologies conditions were seen in four people. A genetic anatomical variation was recorded in one adult.

The choice of cremation as the chief burial riteThe philosophies of human thought are everywhere the same: the very nature of things that people do, their similar experiences, or the same religious needs of making sense of the world, which they then convey in ideas and customs. Worldwide disposing of the dead is generally dealt with by reverence and custom, and belief in an existence after death. The method of disposing of the dead varies according to the cultural group and of course, the environment. Throughout human existence Inhumation was always probably the most widespread man-ner. The custom of cremating the dead also dates back to very early times; it was a common funerary rite in prehistoric times, and is well documented. Cremation involves the burning of the corpse in a fire called a pyre, and subsequently the cremation was buried or dispersed at an appropriate place.

In the past some cultures considered fire to be a purifying virtue, refining the body for the hereafter and it was believed that a fiery dissolution was the natural transfer from life to death. Fire was also considered to be the master principle in the composition of life, so too it was natural to cease in fire. The Indian Brachmans, among others, thought that to end their days in fire was the noblest way to depart this world. Others did not want their enemies ex-huming and desecrating their buried bodies, hence cremation was a functional resolution.

In prehistoric Europe cremation was popular. So too In many of the mission Indians of California cremation was universal. The corpse was burned upon a funeral pyre immediately after death, together with the personal property, by a man specially appointed to that duty; the bones afterwards were gathered up and buried or otherwise preserved. An annual mourn-ing ceremony was held, to which all the neighbouring peoples were invited. On this occasion large quantities of property were burned as sacrifice to the spirits of the dead, or given away to the visitors; an effigy of the deceased was burned upon the pyre, and the performance, which lasted through several days and nights, concluded with a weird night dance around



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the blazing pile, during which an eagle or other great bird, passed from one to another of the circling dance priests, was slowly pressed to death in their arms, while in songs they implored its spirit to carry their messages to their friends in the other world.

History reveals no trace of the custom of cremation among the Jewish people, except in extraordinary circumstances of war and pestilence. It was likewise unknown, in practice at least, to the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians; or to the inhabitants of Asia Minor -- the Carians, Lydians, and Phrygians. The Greeks and Romans varied in their practice ac-cording to their views of the after life; those who believed in a future existence analogous to the present buried their dead, even leaving food in the tomb, or burial location, for the nourishment and enjoyment of the departed. On the other hand, others held the opinion that on the decay of the body life was continued in the shade or image, practiced cremation, the more expeditiously to speed the dead to the land of shadows. Owing in great part to the rapid progress of Christianity by the fifth century AD, the practice of cremation had entirely ceased among the Greeks and Romans.

The Christians never burned their dead. In times of persecution many risked their lives to recover the bodies of martyrs for the holy rites of Christian burial. The pagans, to destroy faith in the resurrection of the body, often cast the corpses of martyred Christians into the flames, fondly believing that they rendered impossible the resurrection of the body.

Thus, for one of a variety of reasons many societies strictly rejected the practice of crema-tion, just as the Christian Church has opposed it from the beginning as a custom, which has been used chiefly by the enemies of the Christian Faith; it was also considered undignified that the human body, once the living temple of God, should finally be subjected to a treat-ment that is judged as inhuman. The Egyptians were afraid of fire, not as a deity, but as a devouring element, mercilessly consuming their bodies, and leaving too little of them; and therefore by embalming, and deposition in dry earths the body could endure forever.

The Babylonians, according to Herodotus, embalmed their dead, and the Persians pun-ished capitally those who attempted cremation, special regulations being followed for the purification of the fire so desecrated. Some societies including, North American Indian tribes allowed the bodies to decay upon scaffolds, after which the bones were gathered up and de-posited with ceremony in the common tribal grave or repository. The Choctaw scraped the flesh from the bones, which were then wrapped in a bundle, and placed in a box within the dwelling. Tree, scaffold, and cave burial were common on the plains and in the mountains, while cremation was the rule in the arid regions. The tradition of placing food near the grave for the spirit during the passage to the other world was common. Slashing of the body, cutting off of the hair, general neglect of the person, and ceremonial wailing, morning and evening, sometimes for weeks, were also parts of North American aboriginal funeral customs.

Human religious ritual is probably one of the most basic of all human activities, and still it is one of the most difficult to identify archaeologically. The traditional procedures of the ritual associated with the cremation at Kilbane are a mystery, apart from the actual cremation process itself.



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Another custom, that of watching by the dead (the wake), is thought to be pagan in ori-gin. The Christians adopted it and chanted psalms to Christianize it. In medieval times, the monastic orders appointed relays of monks to succeed one another looking over the corpse so that it should never be left without prayer. So too in prehistoric times the burning corpse may have had to be watched for a certain number of hours and perhaps the very fragmented cremated bones, as seen at Kilbane, is evidence of continual presence at the pyre, by regular stoking the hot fires which would also serve to keep the fire burning.

The cremation procedures at kilbane.At Kilbane the occurrence of well-cremated bone shows that the practice of cremation was a long held tradition in this area. The cremated remains from Kilbane are of a sufficient size to make identification into bone type possible for a large percentage of the deposits. It was also possible to acquire other types of information such as numbers of individuals, general ages for these subjects and identification of sex for a number of people. Pathology was also evident.

The process of cremation is one of dehydration, and oxidation of the organic compo-nents of the body. Dehydration of the bone assists in its liability to fragment. Shrinkage and deformation of the bone also takes place. Most fragments are Kilbane are white in colour, indicating that during the firing process temperatures rose above 800 degrees C. A small number of fragments are blue, coal black or grey. This coloration occurs during the routine firing process of a well-fired body, when the affected bones are exposed to less time at the higher temperatures than the white bone; this may have resulted in areas of the body covered by greater amounts of soft tissue or when this bone was at the periphery of the funeral pyre. In many of the contexts at Kilbane some of the bones are blue/black in colour. Other factors which are responsible for this bone discoloration during cremation, include the age and struc-ture of the cremated individual. The white colour of the well-fired bones would also indicate that bones had shrunk by twenty five per cent of their original size during incineration, when temperatures reached 700 degrees C. The bones at this stage would also be very fragmentary and small.

Transverse fracture lines are evident on many of the bone fragments from Kilbane, as well as irregular lengthwise splitting and warping of bone; these are typical characteristics of bone, which is burned when covered with flesh; during burning the bone explodes along the lines of least resistance.

The total weight of bone in these assemblages at Kilbane is 4247g. The greatest weight of bone (836g) is evident in Context 120, Area 1 while the smallest weight (1g) is seen in Con-text 174, Area 2, and in Context 356, Area 2. As the average weight of a modern adult crema-tion varies between 1600g-3600g then between a maximum of 16.50kg and a minimum of 7.1kg is missing from the burial deposits in total, if forty seven individuals of mature age are represented; this missing weight does not include the small amounts of bone representing the younger juveniles, aged under ten years. Few bones represent the three youngest individuals,



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this is due to the fact that their smaller and more fragile bones probably vanished during the firing process; this is typical in a routine cremation where the corpse of an infant may com-pletely disappear.

There are a number of factors, which could be responsible for this loss: post burial loss due to the disturbance of the burials, differential burial where the cremations are deposited in a few burial locations. The amount of cremated bone, which is missing is large and it would have seemed unlikely to have lost such an amount after the burning and before the burial, in particular since so much care and reverence was taken in the funerary ritual at Kilbane, evidenced in the thoroughness of the cremation process, the deposition of burials in the nu-merous pits and the inclusion of one burial within a hand crafted pot. The entire corpse was probably burned because in all deposits, even the smallest in weight, all or large parts of the skeletal elements are represented in each burial deposit ruling out differential burning of the corpse(s) and hence the absence of some of the skeleton.

The most likely scenario is that the missing bone was placed as part of the ritual for the deceased in another location; archaeologically no such burial deposits containing a mix of such large amounts of cremated bone has been uncovered for the bronze age period. One pos-sibility is that the missing cremated remains were placed in the nearby river or lake, to a de-ity. Even concerning the mixed cremated deposits excavated at the passage tomb at Knowth (and examined by the author), there were large amounts of cremated bone missing, and here too, deposits may have been placed in the Boyne river to the goddess associated with the river. These would have scattered easily in the water or sunk into the silts at the river bottom.

The largest fragment of bone is 6.6cm, for a femoral shaft, located in Context 269, Area 2 while the smallest size are the numerous minute specks of bone in most deposits. The average size of fragments in each Area is 2cm. The smallest fragment in each deposit is a mere speck of bone; numerous examples of these occur. As well as incineration, fragmentation would also result from regular stoking of the bones while on the funeral pyre. Other causes include car-rying the hot and brittle bones from the pyre to the burial place, and the eventual excavation and removal of the fragile bones.

Each burial deposit contains a wide range of the anatomical parts of the skeleton, though not necessarily all of the skeletal elements. All parts of the body of the adult skeleton are rep-resented in many of the deposits though sometimes only small portions; these parts include the skull, spine, shoulders, rib cage, arms, hips and legs; this indicates that a complete corpse was burned during the cremation process, and a range of elements placed within the burial pit, whether parts chosen intentionally or fortuitously can not be established.

The funerary urnThe cremated contents of the funerary urn (F366, Bone 27 & F365, Bone 57) were excavated in three layers, in order to determine if there was a specific order in which the bones had



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been placed in the urn, whether it be related to parts of the one individual, or a number of individuals, either human or faunal etc.

Basal layer within pot.

This layer consisted of 2-3cm in depth of cremated bone deposit; it is the first layer of cre-mated bone, which was placed into the urn. The remains consist of a large part of the right pelvis (hip), small fragments of lumbar and sacral vertebrae, small fragments of the lower limb bones around the knee joints, a wisdom tooth and a fragment of base of the skull. The bone in this deposit is very friable, although cremated it has the appearance of unburnt bone (white cortex with cream-coloured cancellous bone); the bone may not have been cremated for as many hours as typical cremated bone, perhaps simply because it was rained upon. Other cremated deposits, which were found within pots and which the author has examined, do not have the appearance of that from Kilbane.

Middle layer within pot

This cremated bone layer is 2cm in thickness. This bone has similar preservation qualities to that in the basal layer. The remains consist of parts of a mandible, a tooth, some ribs, an arm bone, a hand bone, the thigh and shin bones.

Upper layer within pot

This layer of cremated bone is 3cm thick. This bone has similar preservation qualities to that in the other layers. These bone fragments consist of the following: a cranial fragment, some ribs, hand bones, some thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, lower limbs, and some foot bones.

Miscellaneous bones from within the pot.

These bone fragments are friable and of similar preservation qualities to that in the other lay-ers within the pot. The remains consist of part of the face, the mandible, some teeth, some ribs, arm, some vertebrae and sacrum fragments, the ventral parts of the hips, parts of the lower limbs, and foot bones.

Summary

The cremated bone from the funerary vessel (F366, Bone 27 & F365, Bone 57) is representa-tive of the remains of one individual, who was aged in the mid to late teens; the remains which were deposited outside the pot (F365, Bone 56) also consisted of those of an individual aged in the late teens, and it could well be the same person who was placed within and around the pot, or there may be two persons involved; the remains of a neonate were found also in the deposit outside the pot (F365, Bone 56). It was not possible to determine the sex of the older individual, and if it were the parent or brother or grandmother etc of the new born infant.



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It would appear from the deposition of the cremated bones within the funerary vessel that one of the largest bones from the skeleton (the pelvis) was placed into the vessel first prob-ably because it was large and simply an easy bone to collect first from the funeral pyre, where the corpse lay on the ground in its correct anatomical position. More of the lower half of the body (from the hip to the shins) was at the same time placed first in the funerary vessel. The rest of the large limb bones (lower and upper limbs) were next placed in the vessel. Finally the smaller fragments that were left all over the pyre and those of the upper body were finally collected and placed in the funerary vessel, which was placed near the recently cremated person. The remains outside the pot (Context 365, Bone 56) consisted of small bones such as those of the hands and feet, as well as a large part of the dentition; this is also indicative of the small bones being the last leftover fragments to be collected and perhaps scattered around the funerary vessel.

The pyre site could have been located near the burial place or at a considerable distance; the cremation within the ceramic vessel would have been sufficiently heavy to think that the distance which the vessel was carried was short; however carrying such a heavy vessel would not have been considerable if done for a ritualistic, cultural or familial reason; nevertheless since the bones (when cooled or warm) were hand picked from the pyre and carried to the funerary urn, it indicates that no intermediary vessel (ceramic, basket etc) was used to bring the bones from the pyre to the urn. Some ceremony probably took place at the bone collec-tion time ie. chanting, dancing etc.

Reconstructing the kilbane demographyThe presence of a cemetery of this size in the Bronze Age indicates that great reverence and dignity was given to the deceased as well as the belief in an after life. Social stratification was part of society in some form as mature individuals were primarily buried separately, and all juveniles evident were buried with a mature person, perhaps to be taken care of on their journey into the hereafter. Accordingly, there is evidence of differential burial for adults/adolescents and juveniles.

There does not appear to be any relationship between the location of the burial deposits and the demography (age, sex, disease etc) of those buried within the pits. Juveniles are buried with mature individuals. Pottery was associated with two burial pits: Context 126, Area 1 and Context 365, Area 2; perhaps special people though more likely all persons were placed in funerary vessels and they have not survived in the ground due to environmental condi-tions. The pottery sherds, which have survived are poorly preserved.

The number of pits with cremated bone deposits totalled fifty three. The pit, which con-tained the funerary vessel may have yielded one or two individuals aged in the mid to late teens, and a neonate, while three other deposits held two individuals, an adult and a juvenile (under the age of fourteen years). If each burial pit (fifty one) represents a token deposit, whether large or small, of a deceased person, then the total number of individuals in this



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cemetery group is fifty four individuals (including the juveniles). Adolescents identified in two burial pits (Context 342, Area 2 & Context 344, Area 2) do not seem to share their burial location with any other individual. The adolescent, aged ten to fourteen, does share a burial pit (Context 114, Area 1); this might suggest that when one had reached puberty, then one was sufficiently mature, and had reached womanhood/manhood, to possess a burial pit for oneself, and was able to make their way into the after life on their own. Most societies had an initiation process for the transition to puberty, and as it was recognised in life so too it probably had significance in death and the next world.

In total there are eight individuals aged under twenty: five in the teens, two aged between seven and ten and one newborn infant.

If one uses the minimum number of diagnostic bones to determine the number of people in this demographic group, then using the numbers of odontoid processes of the cervical vertebrae (one in each skeleton), there would only be six persons from Kilbane represented. From the numbers of petrous portions (two in each person) of the temporal bone, a number of between eight to twelve individuals are present. This would indicate that each cremated corpse was spread among different burial pits. However, this hypothesis could be ruled out because most pits, even those with small amounts of cremated bone, contains skeletal parts from a wide range of skeletal elements.

The lack of sexually diagnostic bone remains meant that only three individuals could be sexed: Context 115, Area 1; Context 126, Area 1; Context 136, Area 1; these were sexed us-ing the following diagnostic criteria: the temporal bone, the nuchal crest of the occipital, and the pronounced superciliary ridge of the frontal bone. These individuals are probably male; the male skeleton has more obvious diagnostic criteria for sex identification than the female, depending on the part of the skeleton involved. Hence there is a slight bias in male identifica-tion at Kilbane.

Although the cremated remains are very fragmented one anatomical variation and four subjects with pathological conditions were identified. The anatomical variation is evident in Context 86, Area 6 and is called a Wormian Bone, and occurs on the occipital bone. This type of extra bone is referred to as an ossicle or sutural bone and is most commonly interposed between the lambdoid suture (between the parietal and occipital bones), though its occur-rence on other sutures is known. These irregular ossicles have a tendency to be symmetrical on the two sides of the skull. They vary in size from a pinhead to the size of an occipital bone. Wormian bones may be a dominant genetic trait.

Degenerative joint disease is the most common of all joint diseases. A major factor in its development is ‘wear and tear’, as well as its progression due to ageing. The spine is the most severely affected. The early stages of degenerative changes consist of degeneration of the articular cartilage followed by compensatory bone proliferation. This proliferation of bone is referred to as osteophytosis, or bony lipping, and forms along the joint margins. Osteoar-thritis refers to loss of bone substance and is evident as porosis of the bone, sometimes with eburnation and underlying cystic activity. Osteophytosis is evident in three individuals: Con-



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text 344, Area 2; Context 120, Area 1 and Context 136, Area 1. It occurs on the finger of one adolescent, on the spines of two adults and one of these latter individuals also

has the condition on the elbow. This degenerative disease may have been caused by wear and tear during life, from daily chores and numerous strains resulting from these tasks. The individuals may have had physically demanding work, perhaps doing manual labour. The degenerative joint disease would have resulted in considerable pain, probably for some years prior to death. However there are other aetiological factors, which could have been respon-sible for this disease including trauma, acquired joint disease, as well as other inflammatory, metabolic and congenital conditions. It seems likely that the teenager with osteophytosis on the finger suffered from some physical trauma, resulting in the condition, and may have suf-fered from this when doing a chore or when involved in some other physical activity. In one male the condition affects an elbow joint as well as the spine; again trauma or routine chores may have resulted in this condition in two areas of the skeleton. In the third person with the condition at least two vertebrae (included one lumbar) are affected; one of these vertebrae also ahs osteoarthritis in the form of porosis.

Herniated discs resulting in Schmorl’s nodes are evident (Context 269, Area 2) on the back of one person aged in their twenties. Their presence would indicate the occurrence of severe strains to the mid thoracic spine, perhaps from a wrench to the back. This cavity or disc herniation results from expansion of the nucleus pulposus, the partially liquid central portion of the intervertebral disc. They result from degenerative disc disease, from trauma from such activities as a fall from a height, heavy lifting, trauma during physical exercises.

Non-specific infection affected the man in Context 126, Area 1; the shafts of the femur and tibia displayed . This inflammation of the periosteum is most often caused by infection or trauma (a blow to the leg perhaps), though it is not possible to determine which of the two is responsible in this case.

AcknowledgementsThanks are due to Fiona Greene, MA for assistance in typing some of this report.

____________Catryn PowerPhysical Anthropologist7th October 2005



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Inventory of cremated bone from kilbane

CONTEXT 120: Area 1

Bone: 13Weight: 836g. Colour: whiteLargest: 5cm (shaft of tibia). Average Size of Fragments: 2cmNumber of Individuals: One mature adult

232g: three hundred and twenty three fragments of skull: temporal, parietal, occipital, fron-tal, sphenoid, nasal bones; the margin of the left and right (two fragments) orbits; the left temperomandibular fossa; the right condylar process; the right coracoid process; eight other fragments of the mandibular body include the gonial angle, and two fragments containing three sockets on each fragment; and fragments containing one right resorbed molar, and one left resorbed molar; five fragments of two petrous portions of temporal (right and left); two mandibular molars – two roots and fused; five other tooth fragments (at least a minimum of two single-rooted teeth and one possible maxillary premolar).

22g: eleven upper limb fragments, and twelve ulnar and radial shaft fragments.

31g: sixty one rib fragments representing four left and five right (one with a head); the gle-noid fossa of the left scapula; seven shaft fragments of the humerus and two fragments of the trochlea of the distal joint and a possible head fragment; three fragments of the iliac crest of the pelvis.

Lower limbs: 130g: 30 fragments of lower limb; four fragments of fibula shaft; fifteen femoral shaft fragments including three of the distal articulation (condyles) and three femoral head fragments; forty four tibial fragments including that of the shaft and the articulations and tuberosity.

Three hundred and eighty five fragments of unidentifiable long bone (164g)

45g: one hundred and fifty five vertebral fragments, mostly minute: a minimum of three cervical, two thoracic, four lumbar and one sacral: parts of the bodies of three cervical (also left part of a body,) one superior left articular process, two cervical transverse (left) processes with superior and inferior facets; five thoracic articular processes; two inferior articular left processes, and one right; one spinous process and part of the body with mild osteophytes on the inferior surface of an upper thoracic;



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Two transverse processes, five inferior articular processes, and one articular process of lumbar vertebrae; severe osteophytes and porosis are evident on two lumbar articular facets.The fifth segment of the sacrum.

56g : fifty four fragments of hand/foot bones: four proximal hand phalanges (two/three fin-gers); one proximal hand phalanx; the base of a second metacarpal (left); the head of a meta-carpal; the bases of the first metacarpal (left and right); the proximal and distal phalanges of the thumb (left); the right proximal phalanx (thumb); the distal phalanx of the small finger, right; the shafts of seventeen metacarpals/metatarsals; one medial phalanx of the hand; the right lunate and triquetral carpals of the hand; two middle and one distal phalanges of the foot; the base of the first metatarsal and two other metatarsals; nine shafts of phalanges of the hand/foot; the head of a metacarpal/metatarsal; the head of a metatarsal; the left navicular, three cuneiforms and two possible fragment of the talus.

75g: eighty-five articular facets from foot/hand bones and other joint surfaces, though many remain unidentifiable.

Unidentifiable bone: 66g

CONTEXT 153: Area 2

Bone 13Weight: 50g. Colour: white.Largest fragment: 6cm (femur). Average size: 2.5cm.Number of Individuals: one mature adult and one child, aged four to eight years

23g: Skull including parietals, frontal, and a possible fragment of the mental protuberance of the mandible.Four fragments of rib (including one head), representing at least two ribs. One vertebral fragment; One possible fragment of the ischium or public bone.

11g: forty fragments of lower limb long bones.

15g: the posterior surface of the distal end of the femoral shaft (6cm), and five other frag-ments of femur. Six unidentifiable articulation/joint surfaces: one of these probably belongs to a child aged between four to eight years, possibly a humerus or femur.



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3g: twenty six unidentifiable fragments

CONTEXT 154: Area 2

Bone: 18Weight: 5g. Colour: white and charcoal stained (marrow cavities are black)Average size: 1-2cm (cranial).Minimum Number of Individuals: one mature adult.

Nine fragments, including two cranial and one possible scapular fragment.Five long bone fragments, probably metacarpal/metatarsal shaft fragments.One fragment of rib.

CONTEXT 115: Area 1

Bone 11Weight: 4g. Largest fragment: 3.7cm (skull). Average size: 2cm.Minimum Number of Individuals: one mature adult male.

Six cranial fragments, probably male as the occipital bone with the nuchal crest of the exter-nal protuberance is very pronounced.Twenty long bone fragments.Seventeen minute unidentifiable fragments.

CONTEXT 16: Area 5

Bone 63 (Disturbed pit).Weight: 5g. Colour: white. Average size: 2cm.Minimum Number of Individuals: one mature adult.

Two cranial fragments. One large odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra, and a fragment of the body of a cervical vertebra (fifth to seventh).One fragment of the shaft of a fibula.One fragment of the shaft of a radius.

CONTEXT 114: Area 1



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Bone: 12Weight: 90gm. Colour: white.Largest fragment: 5.7cm. Average size: 1-2cmMinimum Number of Individuals: one child aged between ten years to fourteen years, and one mature adult.

10g: twenty eight cranial fragments probably belonging to a child; one socket of a maxilla (possibly a child); adult skull include the following: one fragment of right petrous portion of temporal bone; other fragments of temporal bones and parietals.One fragment of the axillary border of a scapula. One rib fragment.4g: four fragments of the humeral shaft. One left pubic bone fragment.20gm: sixteen fragments of lower limb (tibia and femur).6gm: small fragments of articular/joint surfaces

The condylar surface of the proximal end (unfused) of a tibia, and the unfused condyles of the articular surface of the femur, both probably belonging to a child aged between ten years to fourteen years.

40gm of unidentifiable fragments.

CONTEXT 86: Area 6

Bone 59Weight: 250g. Colour: white.Largest fragment: 5.2cm (tibial shaft). Average size of fragments: 2cmMinimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Seventy three skull fragments – seventy of the cranium and two mandibular, including the temporal, frontal, occipital, four fragments of orbits (the right: supraorbital crest and two fragments of the left; a fragment of the mandibular body and the right of ramus containing the coronoid and condylar processes;Skull: including mandible, one orbit, and two teeth: the root of a maxillary molar, and the root of a single rooted tooth (lower incisor).One possible wormian bone on the occipital.

A fragment of the distal radial shaft. Two fragments of the proximal shaft of the left ulna. The axillary border of a scapula and the acromion of the left scapula; two shaft fragments of the clavicle. Twenty seven rib fragments.



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Hand: the distal phalanx of a middle finger, the shaft of a metacarpal, fragments of two carpals, eleven fragments of shafts of metacarpals and phalanges, and two shafts proximal phalanges.

Twenty one fragments of vertebrae, three fragments from bodies, six of articular processes (a minimum of one lumbar, and one thoracic), and one spinous process. Seven fragments of the ilium of the pelvis, three of these are from the crest.

Seven fragments of femoral shaft (including fragments containing the linea aspera); six tibial fragments: four (two of one fragment) of the shaft including three of the anterior crest and two fragments of condyles from the proximal end; two fragments of fibula shaft.One fragment of the heal of the calcaneous of the foot.

40g: unidentifiable fragments, including several tiny fragments of articular ends (probably from facets on vertebrae or extremities).One hundred and one unidentifiable long bones

CONTEXT 88: Area 4

Bone 61Weight: 6g. Colour: white.Largest fragment: 2.25cm. Average size of fragments: 1cm.Minimum number of individuals: 1.

Eighteen cranial fragments, including a possible maxillary fragment with one socket of a tooth, and the tip of a petrous portion of a temporal bone.Four rib fragments and six long bone fragments.

Fifty six unidentifiable fragments.

CONTEXT 101 and CONTEXT 105: Area 1

Sample Number 3Mixed sample from both contexts.Weight: 20g. Colour: whiteLargest fragment: 4cm. Average size of fragments: 2cm

Forty five cranial fragments, including an orbit, and frontal, and parietal fragments.



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Two fragments of rib shaft. One fragment of the distal articulation of the humerus (troch-lea). The shaft of the proximal phalanx of the hand. Two articular fragments, possibly two carpals

One fragment fibula shaft and one shaft of a medial phalanx of the foot.Thirteen long bone fragments.Twenty six unidentifiable fragments

CONTEXT 101: Area 1

Bone: 10Weight: 100g. Colour: white/brown/black./blueAverage size of fragments: 2cm. Largest fragment: 3.9cm (left temporal) and part of petrous portion.Minimum number of individuals: 1.

50g: one hundred thirty seven cranial fragments: fragments of parietal and left temporal, the supraorbital crest of left orbit, and fragments of the nasal, sphenoid, and frontal; one root of a molar tooth in two fragments.

One fragment of the body of a vertebra. Six rib fragments. Shaft fragments of the distal radi-us. Two ulnar shafts fragments: the proximal of one and the midshaft of the right ulna. One joint surface of the proximal ulna. Articular surfaces from four small joints such as extremi-ties, and six of hand bones. Three long bones of extremities; four hand phalange fragments.The articular surface of the femoral condyle. The proximal articulation of the condyle of a tibia. One shaft fragment from each of the following: femur and the fibula. Ten fragments of the tibial shaft. The basal parts (second or third toe, and the fourth or fifth) of two meta-tarsals. The talus containing the articular surface for calcaneous, and the articular surface of a tarsal of the foot. Blue specks discoloration on foot bones.

Two articular/joint surfaces 10g: sixty long bones fragments. 10g: minute unidentifiable fragments.

CONTEXT 105: Area 1

Bone: 4Weight:150g. Colour: white/some buff./blue.

Largest bone fragment: 4.2cm. Average size of fragment: 1-2cm.



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Minimum number of individuals: 1.

50g: cranial fragments including the parietal and occipital fragments (tinged blue), a possible right petrous portion of the temporal bone, a fragment of a maxillary socket. Nine shaft fragments of the ulna or radius. A fragment of the distal articulation (trochlea) of a humerus, and a humeral head. A clavicular shaft.Seven rib fragments. The body of a cervical vertebra (possibly a cervical third to cervical sixth). Two Inferior articular processes of cervical vertebrae, one from a left.

Two fragments of the proximal shaft of the femur. Three tibial shaft fragments.SIxteen long bone fragments from extremities.

Six fragments of articular/joint facets.43g: seventy two fragments of unidentifiable long bone fragments. 25g of unidentifiable fragments.

CONTEXT 109: Area 1

Bone: 1(also sherd of pottery)Largest bone fragment: 3cm (temporal bone). Average size of fragments: 2g.Weight: 38g. Colour: whiteMinimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

20g: twenty eight cranial fragments including two parietal, three frontal, two fragments of petrous portion of the left temporal, two other temporal fragments three occipital fragments; two mandibular body fragments including the left body containing two sockets, and one tooth root, possibly a mandibular canine.

Three rib shaft fragments including the sternal end of the left rib. The acromion of a scapula (possibly left). The articulating surface, possibly the head of a humerus. A possible shaft of a metacarpal of the hand. A fragment of the rim of the acetabulum of the pelvis.

Two articulation/joint surfaces: one of the proximal end of the fibula or of the distal end of the radius.Eleven long bone fragments.Twenty six unidentifiable fragments.



99

CONTEXT 126: Area 1

Bone 15Largest bone: 2cm. Average size of fragments: 2cm.Weight: 450g. Colour: whiteMinimum number of individuals: two: one mature adult, possibly male, and one child aged 7-10 years.

60g: one hundred and ninety six cranial fragments: five are temporal, three parietal, four frontal and two occipital; the right orbit; three fragments from the prominent nuchal crest of the occipital. Six alveolar sockets from both halves of the mandible.

11g: the head of a humerus and a fragment of the shaft. A fragment of the olecranon of the proximal end of an ulna and a fragment of the distal shaft. One possible shaft of a metacarpal and a fragment of a medial hand phalanx. 38g: twenty-six rib fragments representing at least two left and one right. 5g: a minimum of one cervical and two thoracic vertebrae: the second cervical vertebra, a fragment of a spinous process, three transverse processes from the thoracic vertebrae, three fragments from the vertebral body, two thoracic articular facets.

5g: fragment of the ilium of the pelvis. A possible right patella.

185g: thirty five femoral shaft fragment from the left and right elements. Eighteen fragments of the tibial shaft, including the tuberosity of an anterior fragment. Non-specific infection is evident in the from of striated bone on femoral and tibial fragments.

1g: the left pubic bone of a child aged circa eight to ten years; the transverse process of a ver-tebra and part of a sacral body of a child aged seven to ten years.

72g: two hundred and eighty seven unidentifiable long bone fragments.60g: forty eight articular surface fragments; one hundred and twenty three unidentifiable bone fragments.

CONTEXT 136

Bone 16Weight: 400g. Colour : white/greyLargest bone fragment: 2cm (femur). Average size of fragment: 1-2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult male.



100

195g: two hundred and seventeen fragments from the cranium including large parts of the temporal, frontal, parietal bones, the orbits, malars and one fragment from the chin of a man-dible; a fragment of a superciliary ridge on the frontal bone is prominent and suggestive of a male; six fragments of the mandible including one of the condylar process, one of the right body, one of the right mandible containing the three sockets and one of the left mandibular body containing the mandibular left first five teeth (from the central incisor through to the second premolar); a fragment of the crown, of a tooth; the root of a possible mandibular mo-lar; three maxillary fragments containing tooth sockets, one of these contains the following: the left maxillary incisors and the left canine.10g: a minimum number of two cervical and one thoracic vertebrae: the body of the second cervical vertebra containing the odontoid process; one fragment from a cervical vertebra; the left half of the body of a central thoracic vertebra; the body of the hyoid bone. 50g: one possible clavicular shaft fragment; the glenoid fossa and a fragment of the spine of the right scapula; a fragment of the acromion of the scapula; four other fragments from the scapula including one of the axillary border. 60g: a fragment of the posterior surface of the distal shaft of the right humerus, containing the olecranon depression; parts of the trochlea of the humerii; the mid shaft of the right ulna; the distal end of the left ulna containing the head and styloid process; one fragment from the shaft of a radius; two proximal hand phalanges; eleven rib fragments including two heads from left ribs and one from a right rib. 10g: eight articular processes from thoracic vertebrae and the spinous process of an upper thoracic vertebra. Seven other vertebral fragments including those from two bodies; four articular processes from lumbar vertebrae; parts of five sacral bodies, including the bodies of the fifth and two others.One fragment of the iliac crest, one fragment of the ischium, three pubic bone fragments and one from an acetabulum; seventeen fragments from articular/joint surfaces such as hand/ foot, and shoulder/hip joints.65g: two fragments of the posterior surface of the right femoral shaft containing the linea as-pera, and a fragment also of the left femur. Three fragments from one piece of bone from the posterior surface of the mid shaft of the left femur; seventeen other fragments of the femur; the anterior surface of the shaft of the tibia containing the tuberosity. Six fragments from the tibial shaft including one from the anterior surface of the midshaft.20g: hands/feet: two fragments from the head of a talus, including one from the right. The heads of two metatarsals and the shafts of five. A middle of the foot; four shaft fragments from metacarpals/metatarsals.

110g: one hundred and ninety seven fragments from unidentifiable long bones.50g: three hundred and eighty seven fragments of unidentifiable bone.

Pathology.



101

Mild osteophytosis is evident on the margin of the distal end of the left ulna.Mild osteohytes occur on the superior surface of the body of the second cervical vertebra containing the odontoid process, on the margin of the inferior surface of the body of a cervi-cal vertebra; on the surface of the body of the central thoracic vertebra and on the superior surface of the first sacral body and on the posterior surface of a lower sacral body.

CONTEXT 163: Area 2

Bone 19Weight: 3g. Colour: white and some charcoal staining.Largest bone fragment: 1.8cm (large long bone). Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Fourteen bone fragments, including seven longbone (including two large long bone) fragments.

CONTEXT 165: Area 2

Bone 21Weight : 23g. Colour: white and some charcoal staining.Largest bone fragment: 5.1cm (anterior crest of the tibia)Average size of fragments: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Sixty-six fragments, including forty-six from long bones, most from the tibia, and five cranial (five probably fragments from piteous portion of temporal) fragments.



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CONTEXT 166: Area 2

Bone 23Weight: 31g. Colour: white.Largest bone fragment: 4.05cm (femur). Average size of fragment: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Fifty three bone fragments: thirteen cranial fragments including occipital and parietal; nine fragments of femur/tibia including: one femoral shaft (including the linear aspera) and two tibial shaft fragments.

Twenty unidentifiable long bone fragments.

CONTEXT 174: Area 2

Bone 27Weight: 1g. Colour: white.Largest bone fragment: 2cm. Minimum number of individuals: one.

Four long bone fragments and one large bone such as femur/tibia.

CONTEXT 177: Area 2

Bone 25Weight: 6g Colour: white/some charcoal staining.Largest bone fragment: 1.9cm (long bone). Average size of fragment:Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Twenty nine fragments including five skull fragments; fifteen longbone fragments; and one possible clavicle shaft.

Faunal (small animal) bones present.

CONTEXT 179: Area 2

Bone 24Weight: 2g. Colour: white with charcoal staining.Largest bone fragment: 1.5cm. Average size of fragments 1-2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.



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Thirty three tiny fragments including four cranial, seven long bone and two unidentifiable fragments.

CONTEXT 180: Area 2

Bone 26Weight: 11g. Colour: white and charcoal staining.Largest bone fragment:2.8cm (long bone). Average size of fragments:2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one.

Thirty fragments including forty cranial, one possible vertebral facet from the mid to lower thoracic vertebrae, and one fragment of a long bone (femur/tibia);six unidentifiable long bone fragments.

CONTEXT 193: Area 2

Bone 28Weight: 11g. Colour: white and charcoal stainingLargest bone fragment: 3.1cm (large long bone, probably femur).Average size of fragment: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Thirty five fragments, including nineteen from long bones, one is femoral fragment and one a possible tibial shaft; the rest are minute unidentifiable fragments.

CONTEXT 203: Area 2

Bone 29Weight: 5g. Colour: white with charcoal staining.Largest bone fragment: 2.6cm. Average size of fragment: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Seven fragments including four fragments of one part of a rib.



104

CONTEXT 218: Area 2

Bone: 30Weight: 5g. Colour: white with charcoal stainingLargest bone fragment: 1.2cm. Average size of fragment: 1cmMinimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Twenty one bone fragments including fourteen cranial and two long bone fragments.

CONTEXT 220: Area 2

?Weight: 4g Colour: white with some charcoal staining/blue/grey.Largest bone fragment: 1.4cm (fibula). Average size of fragment: 1cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Fourteen bone fragments including, two fibula fragments (from one piece, internally blue/grey, 1.4cm in length); and four lone bone fragments.

CONTEXT 223: Area 2

Bone 33Weight : 22g . Colour: white.Largest bone fragment: 3.14cm. Average size of fragment: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Fourteen bone fragments including twelve cranial, all probably from temporal and adjoining parts of the occipital bone (two definite occipital fragments), andTwo fragments of the left petrous portion of the temporal bone (large suggestive of a male), and five belonging to the two petrous portions; and two long bone fragments.

CONTEXT 249: Area 2

Bone 32Weight: 79g. Colour: white/grey, small amount of charcoal staining.Largest bone fragment: 4.3cm (fibula). Average size of fragments:2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.



105

Two hundred and forty six fragments, including thirty three skull fragments. Eight frag-ments of rib shaft. One fragment of shaft from the radius/ulna, and one possible distal shaft fragment from the radius. A possible fragment of a carpal (grey/blue).

The ilium of the pelvis, containing the sciatic notch. Six fragments of the fibular shaft. A possible right talus: the joint surface for the calcaneous.

One hundred and eighteen long bone fragments. Seventy six unidentifiable fragments.

CONTEXT 252: Area 2

Bone 34Weight: 4g. Colour: white, some with charcoal staining.Largest bone fragment: 2cm. Average size of fragment: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Seven fragments of bone including four of the cranium, and one of a long bone.

CONTEXT 263: Area 2

Bone 39Weight: 39g. Colour: white, and a few grey/blue.Largest bone fragment: 4.25cm (femur/tibia). Average size of fragments: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Sixty seven fragments: ten cranial fragments including three parietal. The odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra. One rib fragment. Long bone fragments include five femoral (two containing linear aspere); thirty nine include ten of large long bones (femur/tibia) and ten of small long bone;articular foot bone.Several unidentifiable specks of bone.



106

CONTEXT 264:

Bone 38Weight: 12g. Colour: white.Largest bone fragment: 2.9cm (long bone). Average size of fragments: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Two cranial fragments. Nineteen long bone fragments (including three of small long bones). One rib fragment.Several unidentifiable minute fragments.

CONTEXT 269: Area 2 (not on inventory list)

Soil Sample 36Weight: 260g (100g are long bone).Colour: white, and discoloured black/grey from the deposit from which it had been discovered.Largest bone fragment: 2cm. Average size of fragment: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one adult aged circa twenty years.

50g: thirty-three cranial fragments, of these twelve are temporal, five are parietal and two are occipital; one sphenoid fragment and one fragment from each petrous portion of the tempo-rals; two possible fragments from the mandibular body and a third fragment containing a tooth socket.

8g: a minimum of ten vertebrae, six cervical, two thoracic, one lumbar and one sacral: the anterior surface of the first cervical vertebra, containing the articulation for the odontoid process of the first cervical vertebra. Part of the body and left transverse process of a cervical vertebra. Parts of four bodies of cervical vertebrae. A spinous process of a cervical vertebra. A spinous process of one thoracic vertebra and one lumbar vertebra. Three inferior articular processes (including one thoracic and one lumbar). One central thoracic vertebra, possibly the eighth. Two possible arches of central thoracic vertebrae. Part of the superior surface of the first sacral body. Fifteen rib fragments (3g).

5g: two fragments from the distal end of the right humerus containing the trochlea, and six shaft fragments. Five fragments from the shaft of the radius or ulna. Fragments of three shafts from hand phalanges. The shafts of two metacarpals or metatarsals. The shaft of a distal phalanx of the hand from a second or third finger.7g: three phalanges from the hand or foot, and the head of a metacarpal or metatarsal.



107

One possible fragment from the pubic bone. Twelve fragments from the femoral shaft. Twelve fragments from the tibiae including one proximal articulation and one distal articulation. Six fibular fragments including the distal end containing the malleolus (possibly recently fused).

Nineteen fragments from articulation/ joint surfaces, most are small and probably belong to hand and foot bones (0.5g).Forty-five fragments of long bones from the lower limbs.Seventy-four unidentifiable long bone fragments.Thirty-two fragments of unidentifiable bone (10g).

Pathology.The possible eighth thoracic vertebra has Schmorl’s nodes on the superior and inferior sur-faces of the body.

CONTEXT 269: Area 2

Bone 37Weight: 127g. Colour: white/grey with charcoal staining.Largest bone fragment: 6.6cm (femur shaft). Average size of fragment:Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Eighty six bone fragments, including twenty three cranial: occipital, temporal, parietal, in-cluding the left glenoid fossa and right tubercle of the zygomatic arch, and a fragment of petrous portion of temporal bone. Nine fragments of rib. Three (small ulna/radius bones) long bone fragments.

The superior articular facet of a lumbar vertebra, and a second articular facet possible lumbar. A fragment of the wing of the sacrum. A fragment of the ilium of the right pelvis.

Twelve femoral fragments including the posterior surface of the shaft. An articular surface, the possible distal condyle of a femur. Five tibia fragments.Twenty nine unidentifiable long bones fragments.Three articular surfaces.

CONTEXT 274: Area 2

Bone 40Weight: 6g



108

Colour: white but stained black from charcoal around it.Largest bone fragment: 1.5cm. Average size of fragment: 1cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Fifteen fragments, including three cranial, ten long bone, and possibly of the humeral shaft. One fragment of a small long bone.

CONTEXT 286: Area 2

Bone 42

Weight: 15g. Colour: white.Largest bone fragment: 3.7cm (Cranial). Average size of fragments: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Eleven bone fragments including the right humeral fragment of distal shaft and olecranon fossa, and three other long bones; seven fragments of the parietal of the cranium; and two probable fragments of one rib shaft.

One unidentifiable fragment.

CONTEXT 290: Area 2

Bone 41Weight: 20g. Colour: white.Largest bone fragment: 2.38cm (cranial). Average size of fragment: 2g.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Twenty fragments, including two cranial fragments (one including one parietal), and four long bone fragments.

CONTEXT 296: Area 2

Bone 44Weight: 99g. Colour: white.Largest bone fragment: 3.2cm (long bone). Average size of fragment: 1.5cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Two hundred and twenty six fragments of bone including, thirty one cranial fragments; the spinous process of one vertebra; one possible humeral shaft; two radial heads; one fragment of the glenoid fossa of a scapula, and two fragments of scapular body. One possible fragment



109

of a pubic bone, one of the iliac crest, two wings of the sacrum and one sacral body. Three fragments of the femoral shaft.

Fifty four long bone fragments.Fifty six parts of articular surfaces (one possible carpal/tarsal).Seven unidentifiable fragments.

CONTEXT 298: Area 2

Bone 43Weight: 10g. Colour: white, stained with charcoal.Largest bone fragment: 2.7cm (occipital). Average size of fragment: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Eight cranial fragments, including three adjoining fragments (two occipital and one parietal), three other probable occipital fragments, and two other cranial fragments.

CONTEXT 310: Area 2

Bone 46Weight: 56g. Colour: white with charcoal stainingLargest bone fragment: 4.4cm (ischial fragment). Average size of fragment: 1.5 cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Eighty seven fragments including thirty two cranial: the temporal, occipital, and frontal; one possible fragment of the proximal shaft of the ulna and one fragment of the humeral shaft; one fragment of rib shaft; one charred articular/joint of a vertebra, probably thoracic.

The left ischia (tuberosity) of the pelvis, part of sciatic notch of the ilium and a second ilium, one of the acetabula; several other fragments of the pelves are probably present

Twenty four unidentifiable (small) long bone fragments.

CONTEXT 311: Area 2

Bone sample 45Weight: 32g. Colour: whiteLargest bone fragment: 2.75cm. Average size of fragments: 2cm.



110

Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

One hundred and seventy nine fragments including twenty four cranial fragments including two fragments of the petrous portion of the temporal bone; one root of a tooth.

One articular surface, probably a carpal of the hand; forty three long bone fragments. One metacarpal/metatarsal fragment; one ulnar shaft fragment. Several small long bones: meta-carpal/metatarsal and/or ulnar/radial.One hundred and ten unidentifiable minute specks of bone.

CONTEXT 337: Area 2

Bone 49Weight: 10g. Colour: whiteLargest bone fragment: 4.1cm (right ulna). Average size of fragment: 2cm. Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Twenty eight fragments of bone (and several minute), including seven long bone fragments probably from an ulna; an upper shaft fragment from the right ulna.

CONTEXT 339: Area 2

Bone 48Weight: 10g. Colour: white.Largest bone fragment: 2.4cm. Average size of fragment: 1cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Nineteen fragments of bone including one cranial fragment and eight long bone fragments.

CONTEXT 342: Area 2

Bone 50Weight: 11g. Colour: white with charcoal stainingLargest bone fragment: 3.6 cm (long bone).Average size of bone fragment: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one adolescent.



111

Eleven fragments, including seven cranial from the one piece of occipital bone; two frag-ments of one piece of distal shaft of the radius.

Possible adolescent (possible calcaneous foot bone or distal end femur); two unidentifiable fragments of calcaneous bone showing that the cancellous bone was not cremated, only charred.

CONTEXT 344: Area 2

Bone 55Weight: 50g. Colour: white/buff.Largest bone fragment: 3.1cm (long bone). Average size of fragments: Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Seventy nine fragments of bone, including one cranial fragment, one possible shaft of a clavi-cle; forty nine long bone fragments of all sizes and several fragments of tibia (at least eleven); six rib fragments; one carpal of the hand, probably the pisiform, one hand phalanx (distal), one base of a metacarpal/metatarsal.One distal articular surface.

One possible adolescent/child (aged ten to fifteen years) epiphysis from the distal end of the radius.

PathologyOne distal hand phalanx has mild osteophytosis at the base.

CONTEXT 347: Area 2

Bone 51Weight: 1g. Colour: white.Largest bone fragment: 2.1cm. Average size of fragment: 2.1cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

One possible shaft of a left ulna.

CONTEXT 356: Area 2

Bone 53



112

Weight: 1g. Colour: whiteLargest bone fragment: 5cm long bone. Average size of fragment: 2cmMinimum number of individuals: one.

Two unidentifiable bone fragments, with blue internal discoloration; not possible to deter-mine with certainty if these are human, could be faunal.

CONTEXT 357: Area 2

Bone 54Weight: 14g. Colour: White/buff with some charcoal staining.Largest bone fragment: 3cm. Average size of fragment: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Twenty nine bone fragments (including some specks), including nineteen long bone frag-ments, several may be from the one bone (distal shaft of the tibia). One small long bone (fibula/ulna/radius).

CONTEXT 365: Area 2

Bone 57. From inside PotWeight: 23g. Colour: white, and two blue fragments.Poor preservation, friable bone.Largest bone fragment: 2cm. Average size of fragment: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Twenty three fragments of bone, including the following: a possible fragment of the gladiolus of the sternum (breast bone); one head from a probable first metacarpal; the inferior right articular facet and an inferior right articular facet of the vertebra.

The proximal end of the right tibia containing the articular surfaces, the epiphseal surface is evident; a fragment of the distal articulation of a tibia and probably a second fragment of the same bone; a probable distal end of the articular surface of the femur.Sixteen unidentifiable fragments of bone.

CONTEXT 365: Area 2

Bone 56. From outside PotWeight: 349g.



113

Colour: some white but a large portion is black/blue and very friable.Largest bone fragment: 2cm. Average size of fragment: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one individual aged between sixteen and twenty years, and a neonate (time of birth).

Ninety six fragments of the cranium (some are discoloured black), including three parietal, four occipital, and eleven temporal, the auditory meatus (blue and white) and pertrous por-tions of both temporal bones (blue); the glenoid fossae of the temporal and the orbits; the nasal spine (65g); the root of a molar tooth; three fused roots of a third mandibular molar (wisdom tooth); two fragments of enamel including enamel probably from a wisdom tooth, which had remained unerupted and was probably cushioned in the alveolar bone of the jaw; two fragments of enamel probably from two maxillary molars (first/second); enamel and a root from a maxillary first or second molar; the left maxilla containing the sockets of the central incisor through to the second premolar; a fragment of the right mandible containing the angle of the jaw; the left mandible containing the sockets from the canine through to the first molar.

The axillary border of the scapula; the coracoid process of the left scapula. A fragment of the manubrium of the sternum; a fragment also of the gladiolus. Two articular facets of the thoracic vertebrae; one transverse process of a vertebra; three ver-tebral bodies (0.5g); a thoracic body, which is yellow in colour and displays a yellow colour; three fragments of the right humerus, including the distal end, the trochlea and part of the shaft; the head of the radius, which shows some partial epiphyseal fusion; the distal and proximal shaft of the left ulna (upper arm: 50g); an unfused distal phalanx of the first finger or thumb; the distal phalanx of the fifth finger; five medial phalanges including the base of one which remains unfused; two proximal phalanges (unfused base of one); six medial hand phalanges (two with unfused bases, black); one distal phalanx; sixty six rib fragments, repre-senting at least three right (black) ribs and three left (100g). One fragment of the ilium (0.1g); five femoral shaft fragments; one possible greater tro-chanter of the femur; four fragments of the posterior surface of the femur; one fragment of the posterior surface of the right femur; four fragments of the distal articulation and four of the proximal articulation (partially fused) of the tibia; four shaft fragments of the tibia and one of the tuberosity of the right tibia (tibia/femur: 41g); the styloid process of the proximal end of the fibula.

The navicular of the right foot and the head of the first metatarsal of the left foot; a fragment of the cuboid of the foot with an unfused epiphyseal plate; an internal cuneiform (black) (0.5g); one metacarpal/metatarsal.One hundred and forty seven unidentifiable long bone fragments (three of these display un-fused epiphyses).



114

Forty six articular surfaces, many are vertebrae (black, blue and grey) (22g).One hundred and thirty four unidentifiable bone fragments.

A fragment possibly of the right maxilla containing two dental crypts, of a neonate.

CONTEXT 366

Bone 27. Funerary UrnBasal layer within the potWeight: 58g. Colour: beige/cream (does not give the appearance of cremated bone; appearance as organic bone, but cortex is white).Largest bone fragment: 3cm. Average size: 2cm; very friable.


One fragment of the occipital bone of the cranium, at the lambda suture. Two fused roots of a third molar (wisdom tooth). One rib fragment. One unfused diaphysis (shaft) of the hu-merus. A blue fragment of the left superior articular process of the lumbar vertebra; a possible vertebral body fragment. One possible sacral body fragment; an articular process of the first sacral body.The possible right iliac crest of the ilium; a fragment of the right acetabulum at the surface of the os pubis, which is unfused and suggestive of an age probably in the late teens; a fragment of the sciatic notch; a fragment of the right ilium adjacent to the auricular surface; another possible iliac fragment; a fragment of the right ischium containing the tuberosity, which is unfused and suggestive of an age probably in the late teens.One fragment of the distal end of the femoral shaft and four condylar fragments; another shaft fragment. Two fragments of the distal articulation of the tibia.Numerous fragments of unidentifiable flakes of bone.

Middle layer (2cm) within the potWeight: 130g. Colour: white with some blue; very friable bone.Largest bone fragment: 2cm. Average size of fragment: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

One root of a molar tooth. The condyles of the mandible and the ramus of the right. Nine rib fragments. The proximal end of the shaft of the humerus. One possible metacarpal shaft of the hand.



115

The posterior surface of the distal shaft of the femur; two femoral midshaft fragments; an unfused distal shaft fragment (blue/white); the unfused diaphysis of the femur (blue/white). The epiphysis or possible proximal end of the tibia, partial fusion has taken place; the unfused distal end of a shaft (diaphysis) and the proximal end of a shaft of the tibia; another fragment of tibial shaft.Seventeen fragments from joint/articular surfaces.Twenty four fragments of unidentifiable long bone. One hundred and forty four fragments of unidentifiable bone.

Upper layer (3cm) within the potWeight: 110g. Colour: whiteLargest fragment: 3cm (the shaft of a tibia). Average size of fragment: 1cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Six fragments of the orbit of the cranium. One possible humeral shaft fragment; three shafts of metacarpals (one blue). Two rib fragments. The superior articular process of a lumbar vertebra; the articular processes of two vertebrae and one transverse process of a thoracic vertebra.

Two fragments of the femoral head; two fragments of the anterior surface of the distal shaft of the femur. A possible fragment of the proximal tibial articulation and the anterior surface of the shaft of the tibia. One head of a metacarpal/metatarsal.Fifty three long bone fragments.Ninety seven unidentifiable fragments (six are blue).

Miscellaneous bone fragments from full potWeight: 160g). Colour: white/grey; very friable.Largest bone fragment: 2cm. Average size: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult.

Twelve fragments of the nasal/maxillary bones; the petrous portion of the temporal bone. The two roots of a mandibular molar (blue); a fragment of the chin of the mandible containing the sockets of the incisors and canines; four alveolar sockets from the maxillae.A proximal shaft of the humerus. Four rib fragments. One fragment of a vertebral body (unfused) and two other body fragments; one transverse process of a vertebra; two fragments from the posterior surface of the sacrum.A fragment of the ilium containing a small portion of the sciatic notch; one fragment from the right pubic bone and one of the right acetabular portion of the ischium.The posterior surface of the distal shaft of the left femur and a second fragment of the femur; three fragments of possible unfused condyles (epiphyses) of the distal end of the femur (blue).



116

The distal articulation of the tibia. One medial phalanx of the foot; a fragment of the calcane-ous (blue). One shaft of a metacarpal/metatarsal; the unfused base of a metatarsal.

Five fragments of unfused shaft (femur/tibia). Thirty one fragments of long bone shafts. Thirty one fragments of articular/joint surfaces.One hundred ninety three unidentifiable blue fragments and twenty one white fragments.

CONTEXT 389: Area 6

Bone 58Weight: 29g. Colour: white.Largest bone fragment: 2cm. Average size of fragment: 2cm


Ninety four bone fragments, of these twenty eight are unidentifiable; thirty cranial, including parietal; the head of one medial phalanx of the hand, andone rib shaft fragment

Thirty four fragments of long bones, including three possible fragments of femur/tibia, and one possible fragment of lunar/radial shaft.

CONTEXT 394: Area 6

Bone 60Weight: 94g. Colour: white.Largest bone fragment: 3.2cm (long bone). Average size of fragments: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one mature adult. One hundred and three fragments of cranium, including the occipital, temporal, two small parts of the petrous portion of the temporal, one possible maxillary fragment containing one tooth socket.

At least one thoracic vertebra; four articular facets, including one lumbar and one inferior; one rib fragment; two articular fragments (probably carpals).

Sixty seven fragmented long bones.One hundred and three unidentifiable fragments (numerous minute specks).



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CONTEXT 520: Area 4

Bone 102Weight: 5g. Colour: white.Largest bone fragment: 2.4cm. Average size of fragment: 2cm.Minimum number of individuals: one.

Eight bone fragments, including seven possible scapula fragments (but could also be faunal).

CONTEXT 568: Area 4

Bone 108 Weight: 5g. Colour: white.Largest bone fragment: 1cm. Average size of fragment: 1cm.


One fragment of a small long bone is present.



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Appendix 7: Pottery Report

Eoin Grogan and Helen Roche

SummaryThere are 295 sherds of pottery and a further 75 fragments from the site1. The small assem-blage, coming from pits, postholes, and surface layers, is largely well preserved. Based on the featured sherds and fabric it is estimated that there are a minimum of 30 (Vessels 1-25, A) and not more than 35 vessels represented. These date to the Late Bronze Age.

DiscussionThis assemblage contains the remains of at least 30 (Nos 1-25, A-D) and not more than 35 separate vessels. This is a significant collection especially as the pots come largely as single examples from separate features. While there is some variation in the form, quality and pro-duction details, the assemblage is reasonably homogenous and, from a ceramic perspective, the material appears to be contemporary.

All of the pottery is from flat-bottomed vessels with unexpanded upright rims, gently rounded or upright profiles and simple rounded junctions with the base. Some variation is apparent. Vessels 1, 5 and 6 have gently rounded body and an upright to slightly concave lower profile. These are very similar to examples from Lough Gur, Co. Limerick, especially large pots from Sites C and D (see Ó Ríordáin 1954, figs 16-7, pl. 46a). The Kilbane pots vary considerably in size: No. 5 is slightly larger2 than the Lough Gur examples (over 22.5cm in diameter at the rim), while Nos 1 and 6 are medium sized.

Another type occurring at Kilbane is similar in general form but with a rounded lower body and a simple rounded foot; vessels of this type include Nos 6, 8B, 9-10, 14, 16-7. This is a reasonable common shape and examples occur at Lough Gur Circle L and Haughey’s Fort, Co. Armagh. Vessel 22 is the only example of type C with a pronounced splayed foot and a rounded lower body; a similar footed vessel occurs at Lough Eskragh, Co. Tyrone. More straight-sided pots, generally small to medium in size, also occur and Nos 7, 11-3 and 18 are of this type. Similar, but much larger, examples came from Athgarret, Co. Kildare, and Monknewtown, Co. Meath. Several sites in southeast Limerick, both domestic and funerary, have produced vessels of the Kilbane type (Gowen 1988); while these have been radiocarbon dated to the later part Middle Bronze Age this appears to have been the period when plain domestic pottery emerged as the dominant ceramic form (Grogan 2004). Small to medium sized ‘tub-shaped’ pots include Nos 24-5; these are not a common late Bronze Age type but 1 The excavation number 03E1717 is omitted throughout, only the context number followed by the find number is included.2 A very general scale is used here: over 20cm in diameter at the rim = large, 15-20cm = medium, less than 15cm = small.



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there is a large example from Clonfinlough, Co. Offaly (Fig. 2:E) and open flat bottomed bowls or basins come from Lough Gur Site C (Ó Ríordáin 1954, fig, 18.16-17) and Haugh-ey’s Fort (Mallory 1988, fig. 7).

There is a broad range of sizes amongst the Kilbane vessels (see Table 2). The largest, including Nos 5, 8B and 9, are over 22cm in maximum external diameter. There are 14 medium vessels (Nos 1, 3-4, A, B, 6, 12-4, 16-7, 20, 22-3) and another five that are small to medium in size (Nos 10-1, 15, 18-9). Five small pots (Nos 2, 7, C, 24-5) all appear to be less than 14cm in diameter. While it is probable that pot size reflects an element of differential function this is not apparent in the use histories of the Kilbane vessels all of which seem to have been used for cooking.

In general the pottery is in good condition. The Kilbane assemblage is made up of pot-tery derived ultimately from settlement contexts; all of the vessels represented display clear evidence, in the form of sooting or blackening, for domestic use. There is some surface wear from use: the most clear cut example is the glossy faceted wear, resulting from constant rub-bing possibly by a utensil used to stir the contents, along the inner face of the rim from Vessel 243.

Despite the widespread indication of use wear the majority of the sherds have sharp edges indicating that there is little post-depositional damage or abrasion. The large number of fragments – small pieces usually lacking at least one original surface – is principally due to the friable nature of the fabric of several vessels. This brittle texture, resulting from a lack of cohesion in the fabric, is in part due to the medium to high content of often very large limestone inclusions. It is a feature of a large percentage of Late Bronze Age pottery and, with the exception of a few vessels (particularly Nos 1, 3, 5, 20 and 22-5), is also a feature of this assemblage. The outer faces of several vessels (e.g. Nos 17, 19, 22 and 24) were apparently fin-ished by wetting the hand or fingertips and rubbing them over the surface; this action forms a thin wet paste or ‘slurry’ that helps to smoothen the vessel as well as mask the inclusions otherwise visible on the surface. Another, unusual, feature of the Kilbane pottery that seems to have affected its preservation is the use of a fine slip, made up of an inclusion-free clay paste 1-3mm thick, to finish the outer surface of some pots. In some cases, such as Vessels 5, 8A and 9, this has failed over part of the pot and the slip has fallen off exposing the core (Fig. 4). This may, in part, be due to the paste being too wet when applied but it seems that both of these vessels had been partly burnt and this may have differentially affected the slip.

The evidence overall suggest that some vessels were deposited intact, or soon after break-age, in sealed context that were not re-used. Reasonably substantial portions of Nos 5-7, 9-10 and 22 are present while Nos 1, 2, 8A, 11-2, 16 and 23-4 are also well represented. Of these it appears that the first group were probably deposited wholly or substantially intact while some, at least, of the second group may have been. The preserved parts of these vessels may reveal another piece of evidence: Nos 5-7, for example, lack any base- or base angle sherds and

3 The unusual wear pattern and the fact that this vessel, uniquely at Kilbane, has perforations and some simple decoration, may indicate a specialist function.



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it is probable that these were inverted; by contrast Nos 9-10 and 22 are represented principally by base- and lower bodysherds and may have been deposited in an upright position. If this hypothesis is correct then it is possible that there has been surface damage in Areas 2 and 6 that has truncated the pits and removed the upper or lower portions of several vessels.

Domestic or funerary?

During the Middle Bronze Age coarse domestic vessels, both inverted and upright, enter the burial record and by c. 1500-1200 BC had completely replaced cinerary urns (Grogan 2004). Regional examples include Cush 3, burial 6 (Ó Ríordáin 1940) and Lough Gur Circle P (Grogan and Eogan 1987), Co. Limerick, and Killoran within the Derryville-Lisheen com-plex, Co. Tipperary (Gowen et al. 2000; Stevens 1998a, Site 4). As discussed above it seems possible that some of the Kilbane pits contained intact pots in both upright and inverted positions.

Smaller groups of, or single, sherds were deposited in many of the other Kilbane pits. As noted above even this material is largely free of wear or abrasion following breakage. While this may represent straightforward domestic refuse the deposition of small numbers of sherds in burial pits is a feature of the Middle, and especially the Late, Bronze Age (Grogan 2004; Cooney and Grogan 1994). Burials of this type have come from the region at, for example, Mitchelstowndown North, Shanaclogh and Duntryleague, Co. Limerick (Gowen 1988; Gro-gan 1988), Ballyconneely, Co. Clare (Read 2000); and Killoran (Gowen et al. 2000; Stevens 1998b, Site 10).

The regional context

Lough Gur and its wider hinterland dominate the evidence for this region (Ó Ríordáin 1954; Grogan and Eogan 1987; Cleary 1995) but there are a few other sites that have extended the known distribution of Late Bronze Age pottery. These include the hillfort at Mooghaun and the lakeshore settlement at Knocknalappa, Co. Clare, Curraghatoor and Chancellorsland, Co. Tipperary, and Aughinish, Co. Limerick (Grogan forthcoming; Raftery 1942; Grogan et al. 1999; Doody 1987; 1995; 1996; Kelly 1974).

Although about 15,000 sherds of coarse pottery were recovered in various excavations on the Knockadoon peninsula it is difficult at present to make any very accurate estimates, other than for the more recently published sites (Grogan and Eogan 1987; Cleary 1995), about the minimum number of vessels or an assessment of the relative percentages of the various types represented. However, there are certainly no less than 193 vessels of coarse ware (Gro-gan forthcoming). Of these a large percentage, but certainly more than 60%, are plain and the majority of these are domestic pots of the Late Bronze Age (Grogan 2004; Cooney and Grogan 1994, 126-29). There is a limited range of rim forms including simple round and flat tops, as well as rims with a straight or slightly curved internal bevel; more sharply curved or stepped bevels also occur (Ó Ríordáin 1954, figs 16-9). The majority of vessels are bucket-



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shaped with a rim diameter smaller than the height; amongst these are all of the forms found at Kilbane. Other types found at Lough Gur include those with expanded flat-topped rims, incurving upper bodies and rims, and open bowl forms (Ó Ríordáin 1954, figs 18.16-17, 19.20, 22). Another type, not found at either Kilbane or Lough Gur, are vessels with short or elongated necks and an S-shaped profile represented at Mooghaun and Knocknalappa. Perforations beneath the rim, such as on Vessel 24, are a feature of some assemblages such as Lough Gur and Freestone Hill, Co. Kilkenny (e.g. Ó Ríordáin 1954, fig. 17.2; Raftery, B. 1969, fig. 32). In most cases these appear to have been inserted into the pottery before firing and seem to be too small, as well as too numerous and regularly spaced, to have been used for suspension. While the Kilbane 25 perforation is large enough for suspension there is no evidence for wear from a string or thong. It is possible that their function was either to ven-tilate food storage or cooking vessels, and/or to secure the lids to such vessels. Such a lid, of pottery or wood, would have been accommodated within the curved internal bevel of Vessel 25. In discussing this rim shape from other sites, including Rathgall, Co. Wicklow, Raftery (B. 1995, 154-55, fig. 76) noted the similarity to the rims of stave-built wooden vessels, such as the Iron Age examples from Corlea, Co. Longford; similar Late Bronze Age vessels came from Lough Eskragh, Co. Tyrone (see Waddell 1998, fig. 124:A5). Echoing Case (1961, 196) Raftery suggested that these might have been designed to support lids. It is possible that the necked vessels (see above) were also designed to hold lids.

Conclusions

The Kilbane site, and its ceramic assemblage, forms an important addition to our under-standing of the Late Bronze Age in North Munster. Two very significant settlement zones are already well identified in the region. The more extensive of these is in east central Lim-erick with a focus in the Lough Gur area but extending down into the Morningstar val-ley and eastwards into Tipperary. Significant ceramic assemblages have been studied from the Knockadoon peninsula (Ó Ríordáin 1954; Grogan and Eogan 1987; Cleary 1995), the Grange Stone Circle (Ó Ríordáin 1951; Roche 2004) and several occupation and burial sites in southeast Limerick (Gowen 1988). This zone extends into Tipperary and is represented by sites such as Curraghatoor, Chancellorsland, Ballyveelish and Lisheen (see Doody 2000; Gowen et al. 2000). To the northwest another significant settlement core has been identi-fied in county Clare and is represented by settlement sites at Mooghaun and Knocknalappa (Grogan forthcoming; Raftery, J. 1942; Grogan et al. 1999), and by a cremation pit cemetery at Ballyconneely (Read 2000). Kilbane neatly fills a void in the area between these zones and indicates significant funerary and settlement activity close to potential routeways across the lower Shannon linking the Clare and Limerick cores.



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CatalogueNumbers have been applied to well represented vessels while letters refer to small groups of sherds that may be from separate vessels.Numbers in square brackets (e.g. 109.[20, 12]) indicate that the sherds are conjoined.

Late Bronze Age vesselsThere 295 sherds of this pottery type (28 rimsherds, 199 bodysherds; 58 base- and base angle sherds; and 75 fragments).

Area 1

These features produced 32 sherds and 1 fragment from at least five vessels (Nos 1-4, A; Table 2).

Vessel 1. There are 11 sherds (3 rimsherds: 109.1, 9, 3(?); 6 bodysherds: 109.5, 6, 10-1, 17, 19; 1 base angle and 1 base sherd: 109.16, 15) from a small vessel. The flat-topped rim is upright as is the up-per body, while the lower body is slightly curved with a slightly concave profile immediately above the simple junction with the base. The vessel has a smooth but very irregular finish with inclusions appearing on, but rarely protruding through, the surface. The fabric is hard, compact and very well-fired, light cream to grey in colour throughout, with a hard biscuit-like texture. A moderate content of inclusions consists of crushed limestone generally 3 by 2mm but occasionally up to 5 by 3mm. Thickness: 8-9mm.Condition: generally unworn surfaces and clean edge breaks.This is a medium vessel 16.5cm in maximum external diameter at the rim, and 11cm at the base.From Feature 109

Vessel 2. There are 8 sherds (6 bodysherds: 109.1-2, 7-8, 12, 18; 2 base/base angle sherds: 109.[20, 14]) from a medium sized vessel. There is a simple angle junction between the gently rounded lower body and the base. The vessel has a smooth but very irregular finish with inclusions appearing on, but rarely protruding through, the surface. The fabric is hard and well-fired, light cream to grey in colour throughout. A moderate content of inclusions consist of crushed limestone generally 3 by 2mm but occasionally up to 5 by 3mm. Some of the sherds (109.1-2, 7, 12, 18) have been burnt. Thickness: 11mm.Condition: some surface wear and fire degradation and some worn edge breaks.This is a small vessel 13.5cm in diameter at the base. From Feature 109

Vessel 3. There are 5 sherds (5 lower bodysherds/ /base angle sherds: 22.[1, 2], 3-5; 1 fragment: 22.6) from the lower 5.5cm of the body, and the base, of a medium sized vessel. There is a simple angle junction between the gently rounded lower body and the base. The fabric is compact and well-fired, originally with a smooth but slightly uneven finish, with a buff to orange outer surface and core and



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a light-grey to grey inner face. A moderate content of inclusions consist mainly of crushed limestone but with occasional pieces of sandstone; the inclusions are generally 3 by 2mm but occasionally up to 7 by 5mm. Thickness: 13mm. Condition: some surface wear and occasional abrasion but with clean edge breaks.This is a medium vessel 16cm in diameter at the base. From Feature 22

Vessel 4. There are 3 sherds (3 lower bodysherds/ /base angle sherds: 114.1, [2, 3]) from the lower 5cm of the body, and the base, of a medium sized vessel. There is a simple angle junction between the gently rounded lower body and the base. The fabric is compact and well-fired, with a smooth but slightly uneven finish, and a buff to light-grey outer surface and core and a light-grey to grey inner face. A low to moderate content of inclusions consist mainly of crushed limestone generally 2 by 1mm but occasionally up to 4 by 2mm. Thickness: 11mm. Condition: generally unworn surfaces but occasionally worn edge breaks.This is a medium vessel c. 15cm in diameter at the base. From Feature 114

Vessel A. There are 3 bodysherds (136.2-4) from a vessel of compact fabric with a smooth but slightly uneven finish, buff to orange outer surface and core and a light-grey to cream inner face. A moderate content of inclusions consist mainly of crushed limestone; the inclusions are generally 3 by 2mm but occasionally up to 9 by 6mm. Thickness: 12mm.Condition: generally worn surfaces and worn edge breaks.This is a medium vessel 16cm in diameter at the base. From Feature 136

Vessel B. There are 2 bodysherds (89.[1-2]) from a upper part of a vessel of hard compact fabric with a smooth but uneven finish, light cream to grey in colour throughout. A moderate content of inclusions consist of crushed limestone generally 3 by 2mm but occasionally up to 5 by 3mm. Thickness: 8-9mm.Condition: unworn surfaces and clean edge breaks.These sherds are from No. 1 or a vessel very similar to it. From Feature 89

Area 2

These features produced 217 sherds and 67 fragments from at least 17 (Nos 5-21) and not more than 24 vessels (Table 2).

Vessel 5. There are 45 sherds (8 rimsherds: 166.[48, 19], [30, 31], 6, 33, 36, 43; 37 bodysherds: 166.1, 3-5, 7-11, 13-8, 20-7, 29, 32, 34-5, 37-9, 40-2, 44-7; 2 fragments: 166.2, 12) represent-ing a substantial part of the upper portion of a large vessel (there are no base or base angle sherds present). The unexpanded flat-topped rim is upright; the upper body is gently curved while the lower has a slightly concave profile.



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Although none of the base survives this type of vessel generally has a slight foot. There is considerable colour variation on the smooth outer surface (Fig. 4): the upper part of the pot is very dark grey to grey, part of the mid-body is light grey while the lower part, just above the base, is buff. There is sooting over most of the inner surface on the upper portion of the pot. There is a medium to high content of inclusions of both crushed and pebble limestone with occasional pieces of both calcite and quartzite; these are generally 3 by 2mm but occasion-ally up to 9 by 6mm. Thickness: 11-15mm.

There is a distinctive blackened stain across part of the upper vessel (Figs 4 and 5) that is a result of flaws during firing. Over a large portion of the upper part of the pot the external sur-face has broken away exposing the core. The outer surface was applied as a fine paste or slip; this appears to have been either too thin or too wet and during firing the bond between it and the core was weakened. The inner surface was not as well-finished and inclusions protrude over part of it, especially towards the base. Extensive sooting on the inner surface indicates that the vessel was successfully used for cooking and the collapse of the outer surface may be post-depositional. The sharp edge breaks suggest that the vessel was intact when deposited.Condition: generally good with unworn surfaces and sharp edge breaks. However, over a large area the outer surface has broken away exposing the core.

This is a large vessel 22.5cm in maximum external diameter at the rim. On the basis of comparisons with very similar vessels from Lough Gur, Sites C and D, this vessel would have been c. 24cm high with a slight, unexpanded, foot (see Ó Ríordáin 1954, figs 16-7, pl. 46a). From Feature 166

Vessel 6. There are 24 sherds (3 rim/upper bodysherds: 286.6, 12, 3; 18 bodysherds: 286.1, 4, 7-11, 13-5, 17, 19, 20, 22-6; 3 lower body sherds: 286.2, 16, 18; 1 fragment: 286.21) repre-senting a medium sized vessel with an unexpanded round-topped rim, a gently rounded up-per body and an upright to slightly concave lower body. Most of the sherds are from the upper part of the pot. There are 3 sherds from immediately above the junction with the base but no base- or base angle sherds are present. Compact, slightly friable, fabric with, where preserved, a smooth but uneven finish. This is black to cream grey in colour throughout with some sooting along the rim and upper external surface. Medium to high content of mainly crushed limestone generally 3 by 2mm but occasionally up to 9 by 6mm. Thickness: 11-16mm.Condition: generally good with unworn surfaces and sharp edge breaks. However, there is severe wear to the outer surface of some sherds (286.1, 2, 9) from the lower body.From a medium sized vessel. From Feature 286 Vessel 7. There are 21 sherds (3 rimsherds: 300.26, 40, 45; 14 bodysherds: 300.5, 20, 22-3, 27, 29, 33-4, 37, 39, 44, 47-9; 4 base angle/ basesherds: 300.9, 11, 16, 19; 16 fragments: 300.21, 24, 35, 38, 41, 43, 50 (10)) representing a small to medium jar-like vessel with an unexpanded flat-topped rim and a generally upright profile. The friable fabric is grey to dark grey in colour throughout except around the base where there is some orange buff. There is a high content



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of mainly crushed limestone generally 3 by 2mm but occasionally up to 7 by 5mm. Thick-ness: 11mm.Condition: generally unworn surfaces and sharp edge breaks. However, there is severe wear to the outer surface of some sherds (300. 9, 33, 40, 45) exposing the core.From a small vessel with a base diameter of c. 12cm. From Feature 300

Rimsherd (300.1) is an unexpanded upright slightly pointed rim of hard compact fabric with smooth surfaces. Compact smooth fabric with a medium content of crushed limestone gener-ally 3 by 2mm but occasionally up to 4 by 3mm. Thickness: 11mm.Condition: good.Possibly from vessel 7 or 8A/B. From Feature 300

Vessel 8A. There are 8 sherds (1 rimsherd: 300.4; 7 bodysherds: 300.7, 10, 13, 17, 25, 28, 32) from the upper part of a large vessel. There is an upright unexpanded round-topped rim with a distinct waist consisting of a narrow irregular horizontal constriction (Fig. 6 right); this ap-pears to be a poorly executed junction between the upper and lower parts of the body which may have been made separately and then joined together. While the outer surface, which may have been applied to mask this conjunction, is missing it is also possible that the groove was formed by tightening a string or cord around the pot to secure the joint - effectively separat-ing the vessel into a ‘neck’ and body (300.13, 17). The compact but friable fabric is grey to orange buff in colour. The high content of limestone inclusions are generally 3 by 2mm but occasionally up to 8 by 6mm. Thickness: 11mm.Condition: generally worn surfaces with the core exposed but with sharp edge breaks.From a large vessel with a diameter of c. 18cm at the ‘waist’. From Feature 300

Vessel 8B. There are 5 sherds (4 bodysherds: 300.2, 6, 12, 18; 1 basesherd: 300.8; 3 fragments: 300.15, 31, 46) from the base and lower portion of a large vessel, possibly No. 8A. The com-pact but friable fabric is grey to orange buff in colour. The high content of limestone inclu-sions are generally 3 by 2mm but occasionally up to 8 by 6mm. Thickness: 17mm.Condition: generally worn surfaces with the core exposed but with sharp edge breaks.From a large vessel with a diameter of 24cm+ close to the base. From Feature 300

Other sherds. There are four bodysherds (300.3, 30, 36, 42) of hard compact fabric from a vessel or vessels not represented above. Low content of crushed limestone inclusions generally 3 by 2mm but occasionally up to 4 by 3mm. Thickness: 8-10mm.Condition: generally unworn surfaces and sharp edge breaks.From a small vessel. From Feature 300

Fig. 6 Vessel 9 (left, 213.1-2, 12, 19) showing the core exposed as a result of the ‘failure’ of the outer surface; Vessel 8A (right, 300.13) with the ‘constriction’ indicated.



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Vessel 9. There are 19 sherds (13 bodysherds: 213.[1, 2, 12, 19], [9, 17], 8, 13-4, 16, 20-2; 2 base angle sherds: 213.3, 11; 4 basesherds: 213.5-6, 15, 18) from the base and lower portion of a large vessel. There is a simple rounded angle with the foot. The compact but friable fabric is cream-grey to grey to buff in colour. The high content of mainly crushed limestone inclusions average 4 by 3mm but occasionally up to 10 by 8mm. Thickness: 12mm.Condition: the external surface has largely failed (Fig. 6 left; see discussion, and Vessel 5) exposing the core but the sherds have mainly fresh edge breaks. Both the inner and outer surfaces (where the latter survives: 213.8, 13, 16) are smooth but irregular.From a large vessel with a body diameter of 24cm+. There are two very heavily burnt stones with the vessel (213.4, 7). From Feature 213 (cremation 33)

213.10 Lower body- or possibly basesherd from a large heavy vessel, probably not No. 9. Thickness: 17mm. From Feature 213 (cremation 33)

Vessel 10. There are 25 sherds (17 bodysherds: 165.20, 22, 24, 28-9 (large c. 6 x 5cm), 1, 5-6, 8, 10-2, 14-5, 19, 21, 27 (small 3 x 2cm); 5 base angle sherds: 165.9, 17, 23, 26, 34; 3 basesherds: 165.13, 25, 30; 10 fragments: 165.2-4, 7, 16, 18, 31-3, 35) from the base and lower portion of a medium vessel. There is a simple rounded angle with the foot. The compact but friable fabric is cream-grey to grey to dark grey in colour. The external surface is gener-ally smooth but uneven with inclusions visible but not protruding. The inner face is worn or abraded. The medium to high content of mainly crushed limestone inclusions average 4 by 3mm but are occasionally up to 8 by 6mm. Thickness: 10-14mm.Condition: some wear/ abrasion to inner surface, some edges worn. From Feature 165

Vessel 11. There are 7 sherds (6 bodysherds: 218.2-3, 5-6, 8-9; 1 base angle sherds: 218.7; 14 fragments: 218.1, 4, 10-11 (12)) from a small to medium sized vessel with a generally upright profile and a simple junction between the body and the base. This is of compact friable fabric cream-grey externally and with a grey core and inner face. The medium content of mainly crushed limestone inclusions average 3 by 2mm but are occasionally up to 8 by 6mm; these occur on, and protrude through, the outer surface. Thickness: 9.5-11.5mm.Condition: some wear/ abrasion to both surfaces, some edges worn. From Feature 218

Vessel 12 There are 11 sherds (1 rimsherd: 245.11; 10 bodysherds: 245.1-7, 9-10, 13; 7 frag-ments: 245.8, 12, 14 (5)) from a small to medium sized vessel with a generally upright profile and an unexpanded round-topped rim. This is of compact very friable fabric with cream-grey to buff surfaces and a dark grey core. The high content of mainly crushed limestone inclu-sions average 3 by 2mm but are occasionally up to 15 by 10mm; these occur on, and protrude



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through, the outer surface. Where preserved the surfaces are generally smooth but uneven. Thickness: 11mm.Condition: some wear/ abrasion to both surfaces, some edges worn. From Feature 245

Vessel 13 There are 5 sherds (2 bodysherds: 316.2-3; 3 base angle sherds: 316.1, 4, 5a; 1 fragment: 316.5b) from a medium sized vessel with a generally upright profile and a simple rounded foot. This is of compact friable fabric with cream-grey outer surface and core and a dark grey interior. The medium content of mainly crushed limestone inclusions average 3 by 2mm but are occasionally up to 10 by 10mm. Where preserved the surfaces are generally smooth and the outer face was finished with a fine slip. Thickness: 8-11mm.Condition: generally good with some wear, sharp edges. From Feature 316

Vessel 14 There are 3 sherds (1 rimsherd: 340.2; 2 bodysherds: 340.1, 3) from a medium sized vessel with a generally upright profile and an unexpanded round-topped rim. This is of compact friable fabric with grey to grey-buff surfaces and a dark grey core. The high content of mainly crushed limestone inclusions average 3 by 2mm but are occasionally up to 10 by 10mm. Where preserved the surfaces are generally smooth with inclusions visible but not generally protruding. Thickness: 11mm.Condition: generally good with some wear, sharp edges.340.[4, 5], 6 are 3 basesherds possibly from Vessel 14. Only the flat under surface is preserved. From Feature 340

Vessel 15 There are 4 sherds (2 rimsherd: 195.[1, 3]; 2 basesherds: 195.2, 4) from a small to medium sized vessel with a generally upright profile and an unexpanded, slightly inward sloping, flat-topped rim. This is of hard compact fabric cream-buff throughout. The medium content of mainly crushed limestone inclusions average 4 by 3mm but are occasionally up to 8 by 7mm. Where preserved the surfaces are generally smooth with inclusions visible but not generally protruding and some pitting where these have been removed. Thickness: 13mm.Condition: externally good with some wear, inner surface not preserved, sharp edges. From Feature 195

Vessel 16 There are 7 bodysherds (219.2-8; 1 fragment: 219.1) from a medium sized vessel of smooth compact fabric cream to grey externally with a grey core and inner face. The outer face was finished with a fine slip. The medium content of mainly crushed limestone inclusions average 3 by 2mm but are occasionally up to 13 by 6mm. Thickness: 10-13mm.Condition: good with some wear, sharp edges. From Feature 129

Vessel 17 There are 4 sherds (3 bodysherds: 342.2, 3, 5; 1 base angle sherd: 342.1; 1 fragment: 342.4) from a medium sized vessel with a simple rounded foot. This is of compact fabric or-



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ange-buff throughout. The outer face may have been finished with a fine slurry. The medium content of crushed limestone and sandstone inclusions average 3 by 2mm but are occasionally up to 9 by 6mm. Where preserved the surfaces are generally smooth with inclusions visible but not generally protruding. Thickness: 12-13mm.Condition: good with some wear, sharp edges. From Feature 342

Vessel 18 There are 4 sherds (2 rimsherds: 366.1, 4; 2 bodysherds: 366.5,7; 4 fragments: 366.2-3, 8, 8) from a small to medium sized vessel with a flat rim. There is a low rounded ridge or cordon 2cm below the rim on the inside: this does not extend for the entire circum-ference. The compact fabric is cream-buff externally with a grey-brown inner face and core. The inner face is very smooth and even with small pit marks where inclusions have been removed prior to firing. The low content of crushed limestone inclusions average 2 by 1mm but are occasionally up to 8 by 4mm. Where preserved the outer surface is generally smooth with inclusions visible but not generally protruding. Thickness: 10mm.Condition: good with some external wear, sharp edges. From Feature 366

Vessel 19 There are 2 sherds (1 rimsherd: 314.2; 1 bodysherd: 314.1) from a small to medium sized vessel with an unexpanded upright rounded rim. The compact fabric is cream-grey throughout. Where well preserved (on the bodysherd) the outer surface is very smooth and has been finished with a fine paste or slurry. The medium content of crushed limestone inclu-sions average 3 by 2mm but are occasionally up to 8 by 4mm. Thickness: 12mm.Condition: good with some external wear, sharp edges. From Feature 314

Vessel 20 There are 5 bodysherds (376.1-5) from a small to medium sized vessel. The com-pact fabric is cream-brown externally with a grey inner face and core. The inner face is very smooth and even with small pit marks where inclusions have been removed prior to firing. The medium content of crushed limestone inclusions average 3 by 2mm but are occasionally up to 9 by 6mm. The outer surface is generally smooth, but uneven, and inclusions are not visible. Thickness: 8-9mm.Condition: good with some wear, sharp edges. From Feature 376

Vessel 21 There are 3 bodysherds (57.1, 2, 5; 2 fragments: 57.3-4) from a medium to large ves-sel. The compact fabric is orange to buff throughout. Both surfaces are smooth and inclusions are not generally visible on the outer face. The medium content of crushed limestone inclu-sions average 3 by 2mm but are occasionally up to 9 by 6mm. Thickness: 13-14mm.Condition: good with some wear, sharp edges. From Feature 57



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Other sherds

A further 5 bodysherds, 1 base angle sherd and 5 fragments came from several other features. While not identifiably from any of the pots already described there is insufficient evidence to assign separate vessel numbers to them.

Feature Find Sherd Thickness Inclusions/size

Colour

294 18 3 fragments ? L/ 3 by 2mm grey-brown Smooth interior179 8 1 body, near base 10mm L/ ≤ 5 by

3mmorange-buff Smooth exterior

293 16 1 body 11mm L/ ≤ 5 by 3mm

grey Smooth exterior

290 15 1 body 11mm L/ ≤ 5 by 3mm

cream-buff Smooth interior

157 6 1 body 10mm L/ ≤ 7 by 5mm

cream-buff Smooth interior

311 2 1 body 10mm L/ ≤ 3 by 3mm

Dark grey Smooth surfaces

260 13 1 base angle, 1 fragment

10mm L/ ≤ 7 by 5mm

Grey-brown Smooth surfaces

529 101 1 fragment 10mm + L/ ≤ 5 by 3mm

orange-buff Smooth interior, blackened

Table 1. Single sherds and fragments from separate features in Area 2 and Area 4 (529).

Area 6These features produced 46 sherds and 6 fragments from at least four (Nos 22-25) and not more than 5 vessels (Table 2).

Vessel 22. There are 20 sherds (5 lower body-/base angle sherds: 394.[2, 10], 3, 7, 9; 5; 5 base-sherds: 394.4-5, 18, 21, 32; 10 lower bodysherds: 394.12-3, 15-6, 19-20, 23, 27-8, 31) repre-senting a substantial part of the lower portion of a medium sized vessel with a distinctive out splayed foot expanding sharply out into the body. The surfaces are smooth and there is clear evidence for a fine slurry exterior finish. Compact fabric that is light grey to cream-buff ex-ternally and grey-brown internally. The medium content of inclusions consists of limestone, with occasional pieces of sandstone and calcite generally 3 by 2mm. Thickness: 13mm near base thinning to 11mm.Condition: some surface wear but generally clean edge breaks.This is a medium vessel with a narrow base (c. 15cm in diameter) expanding to at least 16cm in the body. From Feature 394

Vessel 23. There are 11 sherds (4 lower body-/base angle sherds: 394.6, [11, 17], 24; 4 base-sherds: 394.[1, 8], 24, 29; 1 lower bodysherd: 394.22; 2 fragments: 394.14, 30) representing part of the lower portion of a medium sized vessel with a simple foot that expands sharply



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into the body. The surfaces are smooth. Compact fabric that is grey to cream-buff externally and grey to light grey-brown internally. The medium content of limestone inclusions are gen-erally 3 by 2mm but up to 4 by 3mm. Thickness: 12mm.Condition: some surface wear but generally clean edge breaks.This is a large vessel; the base has been made from a single plate (c. 13cm in diameter) to which the body was added through coil building. The base expands to at least 16cm in the body. From Feature 394 Vessel 24. There are 8 sherds (1 rim-bodysherd: 393.[7 ,16]; 6 bodysherds: 393.1, 3-5, 9, 15; 1 fragment: 393.10) representing part of the upper portion of a small tub-like vessel. The slightly pointed rim has irregular inner and outer facets; the inner face is clearly worn from constant rubbing during usage. Originally the rim may have had a more rounded profile. Compact, but friable fabric with buff-grey to cream buff to orange surfaces and a grey core. The outer surface close to the rim is worn but the lower body has a very smooth texture with evidence for a fine slurry finish. While smooth the surface is irregular. The inclusions are of crushed limestone with some sandstone generally 2 by 1mm but occasionally up to 9 by 6mm. There is a distinctive coil break on bodysherds 393.3-5.Decoration A deep V sectioned score 1.5mm + long occurs on the outer face 15mm below the rim; this is more lightly continued as an irregular horizontal line. Adjacent to the score is a perforation (8mm in diameter in the outer face narrowing to 4mm on the inner) that has been bored from the outside through the wet clay prior to firing leaving a distinctive lip on the inner face. There are very light slightly off-vertical scores on the body (393.4-5) and a single light stab mark; all of these are irregular and appear to have been applied with a broken or jagged edge, possibly a bird bone. Condition: some slight surface wear but generally clean edge breaks.Possibly from a wide shallow vessel. From Feature 393

Vessel 25. There are 5 sherds (2 rimsherds: 393.14, 17; 3 bodysherds: 393.2, 11, 13) from a vessel with an upright profile, a narrow flat-topped rim with a sharply curved inner bevel. There is distinctive blackening along the bevel. Compact, but friable fabric with orange-buff surfaces and a grey core. Although slightly worn the surfaces were smooth but slightly irregu-lar especially externally close to the rim. The inclusions are of crushed and smooth limestone with some sandstone generally 4 by 2mm but occasionally up to 6 by 4mm.Condition: some slight surface wear but generally clean edge breaks.Possibly from a vessel similar to, but smaller than, No. 24. From Feature 393

399.1 is a bodysherd of compact friable fabric with a worn cream-buff exterior and a smooth dark grey inner surface and core. There is a medium content of crushed limestone inclusions averaging 2 by 5mm.From Feature 399



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85.1 is a worn bodysherd of compact friable fabric with a cream-buff exterior and a dark grey inner surface and core. There is a medium content of crushed limestone inclusions averaging 2 by 5mm.From Feature 85

Kilbane Pottery Table

Vess

el

Are

a

Con

text

Find

No.

No.

of s

herd

s

Rim

Body

Base

/ bas

e an

gle

Frag

s

Fabr

ic G

roup

Rim

type

Incl

usio

ns

Vess

el si

ze

Vess

el si

ze

1 1 109 1 11 3 6 2 0 2 Unex. FT L M 16.5R2 1 109 1 8 0 6 2 0 3 - L S 13.5B3 1 22 38 5 0 4 1 1 3 - L s M 16.0B4 1 114 3 3 0 1 2 0 3 - L M 15.0BA 1 136 4 3 0 3 0 0 3 - L M 16.0BB 1 89 35 2 0 2 0 0 3 - L MTotal 32 3 22 7 15 2 166 14 45 8 37 0 2 3 Unex. FT L c q L 22.5R6 2 286 17 24 2 22 0 1 3 Unex. RT L M7 2 300 19 21 3 14 4 16 3 Unex. FT L S 12.0B8A 2 300 19 8 1 7 0 0 3 Unex. RT L L 18 Bo8B 2 300 19 5 0 4 1 3 3 - L L 24 Bo300.1 2 300 19 1 1 0 0 0 3 Unex. PT LC 2 300 19 4 0 4 0 0 3 - L S9 2 213 (33) 10 19 0 13 6 0 3 - L L 24 BoD213.10 2 213 10 1 0 0 1 0 3 - L L10 2 165 7 25 0 17 8 10 3 - L S/M11 2 218 11 7 0 6 1 14 3 - L S/M12 2 245 21 11 1 10 0 7 3 Unex. RT L M13 2 316 24 5 0 2 3 1 3 - L M14 2 340 23 6 1 2 3 0 3 Unex. RT L M15 2 195 9 4 2 0 2 0 3 Unex. FT L S/M16 2 219 12 7 0 7 0 1 3 - L M17 2 342 22 4 0 3 1 1 3 - L S M18 2 366 27 4 2 2 0 4 2 Unex. FT L S/M19 2 314 25 2 1 1 0 0 3 Unex. RT L S/M20 2 376 26 5 0 5 0 0 3 - L M21 2 57 37 3 0 3 0 3 3 - L M/L

2 Various 6 0 5 1 4 3 - LTotal 2 217 22 164 31 67

4 529 101 0 0 0 0 1 3 - L22 6 394 30 20 0 10 10 0 3 - L s c M 16 Bo23 6 394 30 11 0 1 10 2 3 - L M 16 Bo24 6 393 31 8 1 7 0 1 3 P L s S



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25 6 393 31 5 2 3 0 0 3 Int cur B L s S24/25 6 393 31 - 0 0 0 3 3 -Other 6 399 33 1 0 1 0 0 3 -

6 85 36 1 0 1 0 0 3 -Total 6 46 3 13 20 6

Unex. FT: Unexpanded flat rim Unex. RT: Unexpanded round rim Unex. PT: Unexpanded pointed rim

L Limestone S Sandstone C Calcite Q Quartzite Upper case = majority inclusions

S small M medium L large B base measurement R rim Bo body

Table 2. Vessels and separate pottery groups from Kilbane.

ReferencesCase, H. 1961 Irish Neolithic Pottery: Distribution and Sequence, Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society 9, 174- 233.

Cleary, R. 1995 Later Bronze Age Settlement and Prehistoric Burials, Lough Gur, Co. Limerick, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 95C, 1-92.

Cooney, G. and Grogan, E. 1994 Irish Prehistory. a social perspective, Wordwell, Dublin.

Doody, M. 1987 Late Bronze Age Huts at Curraghatoor, Co. Tipperary. In R. Cleary, M. Hurley and E. Twohig (eds) Archaeological Excavations on the Cork-Dublin Gas Pipeline, 36-42. Cork Archaeological Studies 1, Cork.

Doody, M. 1995 Ballyhoura Hills Project. Interim Report, Discovery Programme Reports 2, 12-44, Discovery Programme/Royal Irish Academy.

Doody, M. 1996 Ballyhoura Hills Project. Interim Report, Discovery Programme Reports 3, 15-25, Discovery Programme/Royal Irish Academy.

Doody, M. 2000 Bronze Age houses in Ireland, in A. Desmond et al. (eds) New agendas in Irish prehistory. Papers in commemoration of Liz Anderson, 135-59, Wordwell, Bray.

Gowen, M. 1988 Three Irish Gas Pipelines: New Archaeological Evidence in Munster, Dublin.

Gowen, M., Casparie, W., Caseldine, C., Geary, B., Hatton, J., Stuijts, I., Reilly, E., Owens, B., Murray, C., Stevens,

P., Ó Néill, J. and Cross, S. 2000 Wetland and landscape archaeology in County Tipperary: The Lisheen Archaeological Project, Margaret Gowen and Company Ltd., Dublin.

Grogan, E. 1988 The pipeline sites and the prehistory of the Limerick area, in M. Gowen Three Irish Gas



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Pipelines: New Archaeological Evidence in Munster, 148-57, Wordwell, Dublin.

Grogan, E. 2004 Middle Bronze Age burial traditions in Ireland. In H. Roche, E. Grogan, J. Bradley, J. Coles and B. Raftery (eds) From Megaliths to Metals. Essays in Honour of George Eogan, 61-71. Oxbow, Oxford.

Grogan, E. forthcoming The later prehistoric landscape of southeast Clare. Discovery Programme Monographs 3. Wordwell, Dublin.

Grogan, E. and Eogan, G. 1987 Lough Gur excavations by Seán P. Ó Ríordáin: further Neolithic and Beaker habitations on Knockadoon, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 87C, 299-506.

Grogan, E., O’Sullivan, A., O’Carroll F. and Hagen, I. 1999 Knocknalappa, Co. Clare: a reappraisal, Discovery Programme Reports 6, 111-123, The Discovery Programme/Royal Irish Academy, Dublin.

Kelly, E. 1974 Aughinish Island, Excavations 1974, 20-21. Belfast.

Mallory, J. 1988 Trial Excavations at Haughey’s Fort, Emania 4, 5-20.

Moloney, A. Jennings, D., Keane, M. and McDermott, C. 1993 Excavations at Clonfinlough County Offaly, Irish Archaeological Wetland Unit Transactions 2, Office of Public Works/University College Dublin, Dublin.

Ó Ríordáin, S.P. 1940 Excavations at Cush, Co Limerick, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 45C, 83-181.

Ó Ríordáin, S.P. 1951 Lough Gur excavations: The Great Stone Circle (B) in Grange townland, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 54C, 37-74.

Ó Ríordáin, S.P. 1954 Lough Gur Excavations: Neolithic and Bronze Age Houses on Knockadoon, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 56C, 297-459.

Raftery, B. 1969 Freestone Hill, Co. Kilkenny: an Iron Age hillfort and Bronze Age cairn, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 68C, 1-108.

Raftery, B. 1995 The Conundrum of Irish Iron Age Pottery, 149-156. In B. Raftery (ed.) Sites and Sights of the Iron Age. Oxbow Monograph 56, Oxford.

Raftery, J. 1942 Knocknalappa crannóg, Co. Clare. North Munster Antiquarian Journal 3, 53-72.



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Read, C. 2000 Neolithic/Bronze Age cemetery site at Ballyconneely, Co. Clare, Archaeology Ireland 54, 28-9.

Roche, H. 2004 The Dating of the Embanked Stone Circle at Grange, Co. Limerick. In H. Roche, E. Grogan, J. Bradley, J. Coles and B. Raftery (eds) From Megaliths to Metals. Essays in Honour of George Eogan, 109-16. Oxbow, Oxford.

Sleeman, M. and Cleary, R. 1987 Pottery from Athgarret, Co. Kildare, 43-44, in R. Cleary, M. Hurley and E. Twohig (eds), Archaeological Excavations on the Cork-Dublin Gas Pipeline, Cork Archaeological Studies 1, Cork.

Stevens, P. 1998a Killoran 4, Co. Tipperary, in I. Bennett (ed.), Excavations 1997, 173, Wordwell, Dublin.

Stevens, P. 1998b Killoran 10, Co. Tipperary, in I. Bennett (ed.), Excavations 1997, 174-5, Wordwell, Dublin.

Sweetman, P. D. 1976 An earthen enclosure at Monknewtown, Slane, Co. Meath, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 76, 25-73.

Waddell, J. 1998 The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland, Galway University Press, Galway.



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Fig. 12 Conjectural representation of the types of vessels from Kilbane.

Fig. 13 Comparative pottery from Irish Late Bronze Age sites. A1/A2: Lough Gur Site C (Ó Ríordáin 1954, fi g. 16), B1, B3: Haughey’s Fort, Co. Armagh (Mallory 1988, fi g. 7), B2: Lough Gur Circle L (Grogan and Eogan 1987, fi g. 51), C: Lough Eskragh, Co. Tyrone (Waddell 1998, fi g. 124), E: Clonfi nlough, Co. Off aly (Maloney et al. 1993, fi g. 50), E1: Ballynatona, Co. Limerick (Gowen 1988, fi g. 53). (Th e letters refer to Fig. 1).



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Fig. 14 Comparative pottery from Irish Late Bronze Age sites. D1: Athgarret, Co. Kildare (Sleeman and Cleary 1987, fi g. 4.2), D2: Monknewtown, Co. Meath (Sweetman 1976, fi g. 5), D3/D4: Raheen, Co. Limerick (Gowen 1988, fi g. 43), D5/D6: Dun-tryleague, Co. Limerick (Gowen 1988, fi g. 35). (Th e letters refer to Fig. 1).



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Appendix 8 Conservation report

Funeral urn remains, Kilbane, Castletroy, Limerick. 03E1717:F366:27

Adrian Kennedy MICHAWI

Conservator

Following inspection of the possible LBA funerary urn and cremated bone from Kilbane, Co. Limerick, my observations are that the structure of the vessel no longer remains due to decay over time. However, we are fortunate that at least one large shard remains within the mass of surrounding soil and that it is likely that other shards remain hidden within the soil also. Th e entire rim and base appear to be missing and hopefully some rim shards may be recovered from the surrounding soil should conservation work be carried out. Th e existing shard is in a very grave state of decay and liable to crumble apart at any moment. Th is is be-cause it is very damp and is almost as soft as the supporting soil itself. Th e cremated bones are also badly decayed and are in an ash-like state in many cases.

In their present condition, very little information can be gleaned from the remains. Con-servation measures will be necessary in order to strengthen remaining structural evidence so that the remaining pieces may be safely handled and stored over time. Th e primary objective of the conservation measures should be to recover as much of the structural and archaeological evidence as possible, followed by stabilisation of the remains to prevent further destruction.

Th e mass in which this vessel was sent for conservation assessment is now altered in order to allow for inspection. However, all shard fragments remain in their original positions as found.

Archaeological Report - Kilbane, Castletroy, Co. Limerick (Ireland)

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