Arch of TitusArch of Titus AD 81

So far we have studied: Portraiture

Patrician carrying bustsPhilip the ArabianCommodus

Now this is:Relief Sculpture

But first...a list of But first...a list of EmperorsEmperorsJulio-Claudian dynastyJulio-Claudian dynasty

Augustus 27BC- AD14Augustus 27BC- AD14 Tiberius AD14 - 37Tiberius AD14 - 37 Caligula AD37 – 41Caligula AD37 – 41 Claudius AD 41- 54Claudius AD 41- 54 Nero AD54- 68Nero AD54- 68

Year of 4 emperors Year of 4 emperors (AD 68 –AD69)(AD 68 –AD69) GalbaGalba OthoOtho VitelliusVitellius

Flavian DynastyFlavian Dynasty Vespasian AD69-79Vespasian AD69-79 Titus AD79-81Titus AD79-81 Domitian AD 81-96Domitian AD 81-96

Trajanic DynastyTrajanic Dynasty Nerva AD96-98Nerva AD96-98 Trajan AD98-117Trajan AD98-117 Hadrian AD117-138Hadrian AD117-138Antonine DynastyAntonine Dynasty Antoninus Pius AD138-161Antoninus Pius AD138-161 Marcus Aurelius AD161- 180Marcus Aurelius AD161- 180 Lucis Verus AD161-169Lucis Verus AD161-169 Commodus AD177-192Commodus AD177-192

Severan dynastySeveran dynasty (11 emperors)(11 emperors)

Emperors during the height Emperors during the height of crisis AD 235-268of crisis AD 235-268

Philip the ArabianPhilip the Arabian Many others (constant Many others (constant

change)change)

Constantine AD 337-307Constantine AD 337-307

Reliefs from the Arch of Titus Reliefs from the Arch of Titus workbook p.44workbook p.44

Location: Location: On the Via Sacra (Sacred Way) in RomeOn the Via Sacra (Sacred Way) in Rome

Architectural type: Architectural type: ArchArch

Inscription: Inscription: Find notes on p.44/45 Paul ArtusFind notes on p.44/45 Paul Artus

Purpose: Purpose: Constructed to commemorate Titus’ defeat Constructed to commemorate Titus’ defeat of the Jews and destruction of Jerusalem and its of the Jews and destruction of Jerusalem and its temple in AD 70, as well as his deificationtemple in AD 70, as well as his deification

Dates of construction: Dates of construction: Find in Paul ArtusFind in Paul Artus

Construction materials: Construction materials: Pentallic marblePentallic marble

Dimensions: Dimensions: 15m15m high & 12m widehigh & 12m wide

Arch of Titus workbook p.47Arch of Titus workbook p.47

Who built this arch? Who built this arch? Domitian (Titus’ Domitian (Titus’ brother and successor)brother and successor)

What were the dates of Titus’ reign? What were the dates of Titus’ reign? Look up on the list of Emperors that Look up on the list of Emperors that you have glued in the back of your you have glued in the back of your workbookworkbook

Reliefs from the Arch of Titus Reliefs from the Arch of Titus workbook p.46workbook p.46

Glue in the two panels (given to you Glue in the two panels (given to you on the handout)on the handout)

Annotate them using the notes from Annotate them using the notes from Paul Artus p.47/48 45/46Paul Artus p.47/48 45/46

North panelNorth panel

Arch of Titus workbook p.47Arch of Titus workbook p.47

North panelNorth panel

The content of this panel is Titus’ The content of this panel is Titus’ triumphant procession upon his triumphant procession upon his return to Rome after defeating the return to Rome after defeating the Jews at Jerusalem. He sits at the back Jews at Jerusalem. He sits at the back of a quadriga (4 horse chariot) as the of a quadriga (4 horse chariot) as the triumphant general.triumphant general.

Arch of Titus workbook p.47Arch of Titus workbook p.47

North panelNorth panelComment on the style and features of this Comment on the style and features of this

panel:panel:There is a sense of movement shown as the There is a sense of movement shown as the

depth of the relief varies – it is very deeply depth of the relief varies – it is very deeply carved in the centre and low relief on carved in the centre and low relief on either side, as if the procession is swinging either side, as if the procession is swinging around a corner. Titus is made to be the around a corner. Titus is made to be the dominant image by being placed high dominant image by being placed high above the other objects.above the other objects.

Here humans and gods (divinities) walk side Here humans and gods (divinities) walk side by side.by side.

The South panel

Arch of Titus workbook p.47Arch of Titus workbook p.47

South PanelSouth Panel

The content of this panel also the The content of this panel also the procession of Titus’ success at procession of Titus’ success at Jerusalem. Here his soldier’s carry Jerusalem. Here his soldier’s carry spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem to show of their success as they to show of their success as they return to Rome through the return to Rome through the triumphal gate.triumphal gate.

Arch of Titus workbook p.47Arch of Titus workbook p.47

South panelSouth panelComment on the style and features of this Comment on the style and features of this

panel:panel:There is a sense of movement conveyed by There is a sense of movement conveyed by

soldiers overlapping to show the busy soldiers overlapping to show the busy procession. Their knees are bent to show procession. Their knees are bent to show the weight of the spoils which emphasises the weight of the spoils which emphasises the victory. Heads bobbing up and down the victory. Heads bobbing up and down irregularly giving liveliness and depth. This irregularly giving liveliness and depth. This is also high relief in the centre and low on is also high relief in the centre and low on the sides to convey the idea of the the sides to convey the idea of the procession coming towards the viewer then procession coming towards the viewer then away. The dominant image is the menorah away. The dominant image is the menorah above the heads of the soldiers.above the heads of the soldiers.

Arch of Titus Workbook p.47Arch of Titus Workbook p.47

List two ways that this Arch reflects List two ways that this Arch reflects Imperial PropagandaImperial Propaganda

1.1.

2.2.

See page 46/48 paul Artus

Arch of Titus workbook p.48Arch of Titus workbook p.48

1. 1. 2. 2. 3.3.4. Composite/inscription/coffers/vault/ gilded/ 4. Composite/inscription/coffers/vault/ gilded/

chariot (quadriga)chariot (quadriga)5.5.6.Titus/higher/Victory/Genius of Roman 6.Titus/higher/Victory/Genius of Roman

people/semi-nudepeople/semi-nude7.7.8.8.9. background/ blue/ gold/ overlapping /spoils9. background/ blue/ gold/ overlapping /spoils

New termsNew terms

columnscolumns

See page 79See page 79 Of your Of your

workbookworkbook

Types of column capitals

B

C

A

D Guess the column capital!

Types of columns

Fluted

Unfluted

Label the columns

What type of columns are What type of columns are these, Fluted or unfluted?these, Fluted or unfluted?

Are they free-standing or Are they free-standing or joined to the wall?joined to the wall?

What is a word we use for What is a word we use for people who are joined people who are joined together? (particularly together? (particularly before being joined in before being joined in marriage?)marriage?)

What type of columns What type of columns are these, Fluted or are these, Fluted or unfluted?unfluted?

Are they free-standing Are they free-standing or joined to the wall or joined to the wall (engaged)?(engaged)?

What types of columns does the arch of Titus have?Fluted/unfluted? engaged/freestanding?

What types of columns Capitals does the arch of Titus have?

Workbook p. 49Workbook p. 49 West

North

East

South

vault

Pylon/pier

Pylon/pier

attic

entablature

inscription

Engagedcomposite columns

Exterior columnsAre unfluted

Interior columns are fluted

Relief of Apotheosis (Titus on an eagle)

Use Paul Artus p.46/44 to Use Paul Artus p.46/44 to annotate the diagram with annotate the diagram with the detail of the archthe detail of the arch

keystone

coffering

Apotheosis of Titus

This scene is placed on the centre of the Coffered vault, over the main passage. Depicts Titus being carried heavenward on The back of a large eagle. This Represents his apotheosis (becomingA god). This also confirms that theArch was made after his death.

Glue on to p.44 of your workbook and write the notes

“It is elegant in its simplicity. A single gateway stands crowned byAn entablature and attic storey.”

The architrave is supported by aProjecting key stone, which has beenCarved into a scroll. The scroll is decorated on One side of the monument with the figureOf Roma & on the other with the figure of Fortuna.

Add to page 49Add to page 49 of your workbook

The triumph is The triumph is recorded on a pair recorded on a pair of relief panels that of relief panels that decorate the decorate the interior walls of the interior walls of the arch. arch.

Each is a Each is a continuous continuous narrative which narrative which represents a represents a section of the section of the events from the events from the triumphal parade of triumphal parade of AD71AD71

Vocab list – put on p.47 in top Vocab list – put on p.47 in top right cornerright corner

Vocab:Vocab: Pylons – 2 outside pillars of an archPylons – 2 outside pillars of an arch Vault – circular central part of an archVault – circular central part of an arch Posthumous – after deathPosthumous – after death Fasces – bundles of birch rods surrounding an axeFasces – bundles of birch rods surrounding an axe Lictors – attendants of the emperorLictors – attendants of the emperor Genius - spirit/soul of a group of peopleGenius - spirit/soul of a group of people Keystone Keystone (highlight in your glossary)(highlight in your glossary) Spandrels Spandrels (highlight in your glossary)(highlight in your glossary) Apotheosis – becoming a godApotheosis – becoming a god

The South panel Glue into p.46And annotate usingPaul Artus

North panelNorth panelThe South panel Glue into p.46And annotate usingPaul Artus

Emperor Titus depicted at rear of parade as Emperor Titus depicted at rear of parade as Triumphator Triumphator (Triumphant general). (Triumphant general).

He is led through the city by personifications of the virtues He is led through the city by personifications of the virtues most admired by Romans.\most admired by Romans.\

The north panel – add to The north panel – add to p.46p.46

The south panel. …Add to p.46The south panel. …Add to p.46

The soldiers wear only tunics and laurel The soldiers wear only tunics and laurel wreaths because it was tradition that wreaths because it was tradition that before entering Rome, they had to leave before entering Rome, they had to leave their weapons outside the city walls.their weapons outside the city walls.

The most prominent feature of this relief The most prominent feature of this relief is the men holding the menorah, so much is the men holding the menorah, so much attention to detail, that they use pillows attention to detail, that they use pillows on their shoulders to help ease the on their shoulders to help ease the burdenburden

*Interesting facts – add to page 45 of your workbook

Its current appearance is the result of much Its current appearance is the result of much restoration during the 19restoration during the 19thth century. century.

The arch had once been incorporated into a medieval The arch had once been incorporated into a medieval fortress as part of its defences and a chamber was fortress as part of its defences and a chamber was built into the vault of the arch – the large holes that built into the vault of the arch – the large holes that held its support beams are still in the reliefs of the held its support beams are still in the reliefs of the central passagecentral passage

Inscription was once in bronze, the latin phrase Inscription was once in bronze, the latin phrase “Senatus Populusque Romanus” or ‘SPQR’ translates “Senatus Populusque Romanus” or ‘SPQR’ translates to ‘the senate and people of Rome’, is a common to ‘the senate and people of Rome’, is a common feature of Roman monuments.feature of Roman monuments.

Top of the arch once had a bronze statue of a Top of the arch once had a bronze statue of a quadriga on itquadriga on it

Homework!

Complete the previousExam questions in Paul Artus