ArcGIS2_3.0_Lecture1

8/13/2019 ArcGIS2_3.0_Lecture1

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Copyright 20002003 ESRI

All rights reserved.

Course version 3.0. Revised February 2003.

Printed in the United States of America.

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Copyright 20002003 ESRI

C O N T E N T S

1 IntroductionWelcome 1-2Lesson overview 1-3

Logistics 1-4

Teaching methods 1-5

Course overview 1-6

Course objectives 1-7

ArcGIS overview 1-8

GIS in the enterprise 1-9

Learning paths 1-10

Software support resources 1-11Exercise typographic conventions 1-12

Exercise 1 overview 1-13

Exercise 1: Install the class database

2 Working with ArcCatalogLesson overview 2-2

ArcGIS products 2-3

ArcGIS extensions 2-4

Working with geographic data 2-5

Storing geographic data 2-6

ArcGIS spatial data formats 2-7

The geodatabase overview 2-8

Using ArcCatalog 2-9

Adding tables from existing sources 2-10

Setting viewable data 2-11

Managing file types visible in ArcCatalog 2-12

Contents options 2-13

Tables options 2-14

Raster options 2-15

Searching for data 2-16


Exercise 2: Working with data in ArcCatalog


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ii Copyright 20002003 ESRI

Introduction to ArcGIS II (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8) Contents

3 Working with layers and map symbologyLesson overview 3-2

Setting Data View options 3-3Setting Layout View options 3-4

Setting Table of Contents (TOC) options 3-5

Creating quantitative displays 3-6

Choosing a classification method 3-7

Using natural breaks 3-8

Using quantile and equal interval 3-9

Using standard deviation 3-10

Excluding features from a classification 3-11

Normalizing your data 3-12

Graduated and proportional symbols 3-13Showing quantity with dot density 3-14

Displaying multiple attributes 3-15

Symbology 3-16

Stylesheets 3-17

Using the Style Manager 3-18

Creating custom symbols 3-19

Creating custom lines and markers 3-20

Using the Advanced Drawing Options 3-21

Ways to create a map 3-22

Building templates 3-23

Changing templates 3-24

Exporting a map 3-25


Exercise 3: Working with layers and layouts

4 Working with labels and annotationLesson overview 4-2

Labeling options 4-3

Point placement 4-4

Line placement 4-5Label visibility 4-6

Labeling with an expression 4-7

Labeling features differently 4-8

Setting reference scale 4-9

Creating annotation 4-10


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Copyright 20002003 ESRI iii

Contents

Storing annotation 4-11

Overflow window 4-12


Exercise 4: Creating labels and annotation

5 Displaying locations from tabular dataLesson overview 5-2

What is geocoding? 5-3

The geocoding process 5-4

Creating a geocoding service in ArcCatalog 5-5

Field mapping to geocoding style 5-6

Geocoding services properties 5-7

Adding a geocoding service in ArcMap 5-9Geocoding a table 5-10

Unmatched records 5-11

New fields in the output point feature class 5-12

Finding an address with the Find tool 5-13

Adding XY data in ArcMap 5-14


Exercise 5: Geocoding address locations

6Modifying the ArcGIS interface

Lesson overview 6-2

Why modify the interface? 6-3

Saving and accessing your customizations 6-4

Introducing the Customize dialog 6-5

Instructors demo 6-6


Exercise 6: Modifying the ArcGIS interface

7

Designing a GIS database

Lesson overview 7-2The database design procedure 7-3

Assessing needs 7-4

Conceptual and logical design 7-5

Determining the data storage format 7-6

Why the geodatabase? 7-7


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iv Copyright 20002003 ESRI

Introduction to ArcGIS II (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8) Contents

Physical design 7-8

Database schema 7-9

Choosing a database projection 7-10

The UTM projection series 7-11

Automation plan 7-12

Pilot project 7-13

Exercise 7A - B overview 7-14

Exercise 7A: Organizing a GIS database

Exercise 7B: Explore the REGIS database

Lesson overview 7-15

Metadata: Documenting your data 7-16

Types of metadata 7-17

Viewing metadata 7-18

Editing metadata documentation 7-19Setting metadata properties 7-20

Metadata import and export 7-21

Exercise 7C overview 7-22

Exercise 7C: Exploring the REGIS project metadata in ArcCatalog

8 Automating dataLesson overview 8-2

Many spatial data automation options 8-3

Creating new data 8-4

Georeferencing your data 8-5

Spatial reference 8-6

Coordinate domain 8-7

Creating new data 8-8

Creating a new feature class in ArcCatalog 8-9

Defining feature class properties 8-10

Setting the spatial reference 8-11

Creating feature datasets (FDS) 8-12

Digitizing in ArcMap 8-13

Exercise 8A overview 8-14

Exercise 8A: Digitizing data in ArcMapLesson overview 8-15

Converting digital data 8-16

Building a database from existing data sources 8-17

Importing data into the geodatabase 8-18

ArcCatalog Simple Data Loader 8-19


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Copyright 20002003 ESRI v

Contents

Transferring data from GPS 8-20

Importing data from the Internet 8-21

Defining or changing projection 8-22

Exercise 8B overview 8-23

Exercise 8B: Bringing existing data to the geodatabase

9 Setting geodatabase validation rulesLesson overview 9-2

Introducing subtypes and domains 9-3

Anatomy of a subtype 9-4

Setting subtypes 9-5

Editing with subtypes 9-6

Domains 9-7Anatomy of a domain 9-8

Setting domains 9-9

Editing coded value domains 9-10

Range domains in ArcMap 9-11


Exercise 9A: Attribute validation

Lesson overview 9-13

Topology 9-14

Topology manages spatial integrity 9-15

Working with geodatabase topology 9-16

Creating a topology 9-17

Cluster Tolerance 9-18

Ranks 9-19

Topology rules 9-20

Three states of a topology 9-21

Validating a topology 9-22

Topology errors and their management 9-23

The Error Inspector 9-24

The Fix Topology Error tool 9-25

Exercise 9B overview 9-26

Exercise 9B: Spatial validation

10 Editing spatial and attribute dataLesson overview 10-2

Editing security 10-3


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Copyright 20002003 ESRI vii

Contents

12 Spatial analysis functionsLesson overview 12-2

Dissolving features 12-3Aggregating spatial data 12-4

Clipping features 12-5

The GeoProcessing Wizard 12-6

Spatial analysis functions 12-7

Buffering 12-8

The Buffer Wizard 12-9

Overlay analysis and geoprocessing overview 12-10

Overlay analysis functions 12-11

Union 12-12

Intersect 12-13Spatial join 12-14

The analytical process 12-15

Deciding on project data 12-16

Analysis options 12-17

Review analysis tools 12-18


Exercise 12A: Conducting a pilot study

Exercise 12B - C overview 12-20

Exercise 12B: Conducting a pilot study (independent)

Exercise 12C: Making a map


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Introduction to ArcGIS for ArcView and ArcInfo IIModuleTitle

Introduction

Welcome 1-2Lesson overview 1-3

Logistics 1-4Teaching methods 1-5

Course overview 1-6Course objectives 1-7ArcGIS overview 1-8

GIS in the enterprise 1-9Learning paths 1-10

Software support resources 1-11Exercise typographic conventions 1-12



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Introduction to ArcGIS II (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8) 1-1Introduction

Copyright 20002003 ESRI. All rights reserved. Introduction to ArcGIS II (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Introduction to ArcGIS II(for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8,

and ArcInfo 8)


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1-2Introduction to ArcGIS II (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)Copyright 20002003 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Welcome

Introduction toArcGIS II

Instructor introduction

Name and educationalbackground

GIS experience

Student introductions

Name

Organization

Role in organization

GIS experience

Goals and expectationsfor this class

Welcome

Welcome to Introduction to ArcGIS II (for ArcView, ArcEditor and ArcInfo).

Instructor

The instructors introduction will include the following information:

Name Educational background

Geographic Information System (GIS) experience

ESRI experience

Teaching experience

Students

Students should introduce themselves by providing the information below:

Name and organization

Computer operating system experience and software experience

GIS and cartographic experience

Reasons for taking this course

Prerequisites

This course builds on basic skills learned in Introduction to ArcGIS I.


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Logistics

Daily schedule

Start

Lunch

Finish

Facilities

Refreshments and break area

Restrooms

Telephones and messages

Student ID badges

Parking

Feedback

Logistics

Please note the following information.

Daily schedule

Under normal conditions, the class will begin each morning at 8:30 a.m. and continue until

5:00 p.m. There will be at least one break in the morning and one in the afternoon. Lunchtime is generally one hour.

Facilities

Your instructor will provide information regarding the facilities.

Feedback

Your feedback is used to improve ESRI's courses. At the end of the week, please evaluate

the following:

Instructor

Course materials

Teaching facilities

Overall course


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Teaching methods

Books

Lecture Exercise and review questions

CDs

Course data

Online course evaluation

http://classeval.esri.com

Course Identification Number: _______________

Software evaluation

Email enhancement requests to product teams

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Teaching methods

This course teaches the basics of the ArcGIS desktop applications by using specialized training

materials and methods developed by ESRIs GIS professionals.

Research indicates that every student is slightly different in their learning styles. To maximize

your learning experience, a variety of teaching methods are used: instructor-led lectures and

discussions, demonstrations, computer exercises, and review questions.

Class materials

You will be provided with both lecture and exercise materials. These are yours to take home

after the class is completed, so feel free to write your own notes on them as needed. Most

students find these materials to be a valuable resource long after the class is over. You also get

a CD of all the data necessary to use for the exercises.

Evaluation

You will evaluate the course using the Internet. The URL is listed above, and your instructor

will give the course identification number.

Should you have any suggestion for software enhancements, please use the e-mail addresses

provided above to speed up the delivery of your contribution to our software developers.


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Course overview Day one

GIS review and ArcCatalog options

Cartography with ArcGIS

Displaying tabular locations

Customizing the interface

Day two

Designing a GIS database

Automating data

Setting geodatabase validation rules

Day three

Editing spatial and attribute data

Spatial adjustment Spatial analysis and final project

Day 2

Day 3

Day 1

Course overview

Day one will focus on a variety of ArcGIS tools. You will examine ArcCatalog tools for

managing data and explore different options in ArcMap for symbolizing and labeling data.

You will learn to geocode address information and other methods for displaying tabular data in

ArcMap. You will also learn to customize the ArcGIS interface, add and delete tools, and

create custom toolbars.Day two and three, you will work through a GIS project from the initial design phase of the

project database to solving spatial problems. You will examine different methods for creating

data, editing spatial and attribute data, and analytical techniques.


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1-8Introduction to ArcGIS II (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)Copyright 20002003 ESRI. A ll rights reserved.

ArcGIS overview

ArcInfoArcGIS Server

ArcIMS

Personalgeodatabase

ArcSDERDBMSserver

Webserver

Enterprisegeodatabase

ArcMap

ArcCatalog

ArcToolbox

ImageCoverage Grid

Shapefile TIN CAD

Webbrowser

Workstation

ArcObjects

ArcEditor

ArcView

Extensions

Data

ArcGISis the name used to identify ESRIs flagship family of GIS products. ArcGIS includes

client software, server software, and data components. ArcGIS itself is not a GIS application;

rather, it is a system of software products, each servicing a specific need.

Software products and applications

When someone purchases an ArcGIS system, they license software products which include

one or more software applications. Understanding the difference between products andapplications is important in understanding how ArcGIS is structured, and how the topics

covered in this training class relate to the system as a whole.

For example, one group may license the ArcView software product, which includes the

ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and ArcToolbox applications. Another group may license the ArcEditor

software product, which includes the same three applications. After installing their respective

products, both groups would find icons for the ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and ArcToolbox

applications in their Start menus; neither would find an ArcView or ArcEditor icon. But upon

running the applications, the ArcEditor group would find more button and menu choices than

the ArcView group.

In another example, a group who licenses the ArcSDE software product may install and use

the ArcSDE, ArcSDE CAD Client, and ArcSDE for Coverages applications.


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GIS in the enterprise

Internet-basedmap viewing

Desktop-basedmap viewing

General analysisand visualization

Data editingand maintenance

Advanced modelingand analysis

Web browser

ArcReader

ArcView 8 & ArcView 3

ArcEditor & ArcPad

ArcInfo

ArcSDE& ArcIMS

Exten

sions

Developerinterface

Data managementand distribution

Number of users

The graphic above illustrates the number of users in an enterprise environment performing

various GIS tasks with ESRI software.

Internet-based map viewing

Internet-based mapping, enabled by ArcIMS, can share GIS information with traditionally

non-GIS users. Using a standard Web browser, people on an intranet or the Internet can

display live maps for simple viewing or more sophisticated analysis.Desktop-based map viewing

The free ArcReader application enables people to view pre-configured maps published with

the ArcReader Publisher extension to ArcMap. Browse data using an ArcMap-like graphic

interface while referencing live file, ArcSDE, and ArcIMS data sources.

ArcView 8 and ArcView 3

Two ArcView products provide more substantial GIS functionality, including data analysis

and advanced cartographic display. ArcView 8, part of the ArcGIS Desktop family, includes

the ArcCatalog, ArcMap, and ArcToolbox applications, as well as many optional extensions

for specialized tasks such as raster processing, 3D modeling, and network analysis. ArcView

3, its predecessor built on a different software architecture, offers much of the same

functionality, including extensions. A large, experienced user community and millions of linesof customized code continue to make ArcView 3 a popular choice for GIS professionals.


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Depending on which ESRI software your organization has licensed, your skills, and your

plans for upcoming projects, you may benefit from additional training on advanced topics, on

specialized software, or on background topics to refine your understanding of GIS and related

technologies. The diagram above illustrates the position of this training course in the ESRI

Education Solutions curriculum, along with its most closely-related companion courses.

Courses identified with the symbol occur in a classroom with an instructor. TheW

symbol indicates Web-based courses available on the ESRI Virtual Campus at

http://campus.esri.com.

Detailed information about instructor-led and Web-based coursesincluding a list of topics

covered, intended audience, duration, schedules, and pricingis available in the ESRI Course

Catalog. You can access this catalog on the Web at: http://www.esri.com/training/index.html.

From this main training page, follow theESRI Instructor-led Training link, then click the link

for the newest course catalog. On the ESRI Training Web site, you can also find information

about new courses that have been developed since the course catalog was printed.

Web-based courses offer convenience and savings. Also, many ESRI Virtual Campus courses

include a free lesson, called a module. You can create a free account and begin training with

these free modules within minutes at http://campus.esri.com.


Learning paths

Database Design / Development

GeodatabaseDesign

Concepts

i

Proficiency

LearningArcGIS II:

Presentinginformation

WIntroduction to

ArcGIS IIi

Foundation

LearningArcGIS I

WIntroduction to

ArcGIS Ii

Creating,Editing, andManaging

Geodatabases

W

BuildingGeodatabases

I

i

ExtensionsCustomization /Programming

Introduction toVisual Basic

for ESRIsoftware

W

Introduction toProgramming

ArcObjectswith VBA

i

(more)

(more)

(more)

Wi


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Exercise typographic conventions

Descriptive

textAction

Note

Warning

Question with hint

Controlname

Keyboardinput

Before you begin your first exercise, you need to recognize the typographic conventions your

exercise course book will use.

Descriptive text

This text can provide an overview of the next sequence of actions, a review of actions just

completed, or an interpretation of output on your computer monitor. Descriptive text may

introduce what is about to happen with phrases like Next, create a new map in ArcMap, butproceed to the actual instruction, indicated by the checkbox symbol, before interacting with

your computer.

Action

Actions are taskslike starting an application, clicking a button, or typing a commandthat

you must perform during your exercise. The square checkbox symbol indicates an action; act

only on instructions that are prefaced by the checkbox symbol.

To help keep your place while you work, you can mark the checkbox symbol in your exercise

course book to indicate which tasks you have completed. This is especially useful when

shifting your attention between your book and your computer monitor.

Note

Paragraphs prefaced with Note:provide inconsequential information, such as an optional wayto perform an action or platform-specific syntax for a script.


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Exercise 1 overview

Load class database

Execute the Setup program on the class CD-ROM

Your destination folder is C:\Student

The class database

All the data and documents necessary for the exercises in this class are stored on the class

CD-ROM included with your class materials.

Load this data on to your personal computer for your use during class:

Insert the CD-ROM into your CD drive.Use Windows explorer to navigate to the CD drive.

Double-click setup.exe in the CD contents.

The install program will prompt you through the installation of the class database.

Confirm that your destination folder for copying the data is to your c:\student folder.


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Lesson 1 review

1. ArcGIS is comprised of three software products that increase in their level of functionality

from ________________ to ______________ to ______________.

2. All of the ArcGIS software packages include what three applications?

_______________________ ________________________ _______________________


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Working with

ArcCatalogLesson overview 2-2ArcGIS products 2-3

ArcGIS extensions 2-4Working with geographic data 2-5

Storing geographic data 2-6ArcGIS spatial data formats 2-7The geodatabase overview 2-8

Using ArcCatalog 2-9Adding tables from existingsources 2-10Setting viewable data 2-11

Managing file types visible inArcCatalog 2-12Contents options 2-13

Tables options 2-14Raster options 2-15

Searching for data 2-16Exercise 2 overview 2-17


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Working withArcCatalog


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Lesson overview

ArcGIS and other ESRI software products

GIS data overview

Managing data in ArcCatalog

Overview

This course uses a number of different teaching methods, learning activities, and GIS-related

discussions to teach you how to be a skilled GIS user. The following pages provide an

overview of some of the material covered in this course.


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ArcGIS products

Scalable desktop applications

All support data

ArcViewArcView

ArcEditorArcEditor

ArcInfoArcInfo

ArcGIS extensionsArcGIS extensions

CreationCreation ManagementManagement AnalysisAnalysis StorageStorage

ArcGIS overview

ArcGIS is a comprehensive, integrated, scalable system designed to meet the needs of a wide

range of GIS users. ArcGIS software includes ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo.

Depending on your organization's requirements, you can employ one or a combination of the

ArcGIS components across your network. With ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo, you can

view databases managed or served by ArcSDE or ArcIMS. Only ArcEditor and ArcInfoprovide tools for editing ArcSDE databases.


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ArcGIS extensions

Extensions that plug into the new applications

3D Analyst

ArcPress

ArcScan

Geostatistical Analyst

Publisher

Spatial Analyst

StreetMap

Survey Analyst

Tracking Analyst

ArcGIS extensions

There are a number of software extensions that work in conjunction with ArcView, ArcEditor

and ArcInfo. These extensions have been created for specific types of applications and

analysis. Most extensions are a separate and additional purchase that supplement your current

ArcGIS application.

3D Analyst is used for creating, analyzing, and displaying surface data. ArcPress is a

PostScript-based Raster Image Processor (RIP) that prints and exports maps. ArcScan is a

powerful tool set for importing, correcting, editing, plotting, and exporting scanned raster

images. Geostatistical Analyst will allow you to use kriging and other advanced mathematical

methods used in the analysis of spatial properties. Publisher allows you to save maps for

distribution and sharing with others. Publisher converts ArcMap map documents (.mxd) into

the published map format (.pmf) used with ArcReader. Spatial Analyst was created for

complex analysis with raster data and to perform integrated vector-raster analysis. StreetMap

is an extension product that supports nationwide address geocoding and street map display.

Survey Analyst manages survey data and represents survey measurements and observations on

a map. Tracking analyst is an extension for mapping objects that move or change status

through time.

To load an ArcGIS extension for use in ArcMap, click Extensions from the Tools menu and

select the extension or extensions you want to use. Each extension will have a specific toolbar

for your use. To activate the toolbar, right-click on the ArcMap interface and select the

extensions toolbar from the context menu.


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Working with geographic data

Drawing, querying, analyzingDrawing, querying, analyzing

GeometryGeometry AttributesAttributes

ValidationValidation

Components of geographic data

There are three general components to geographic information:

Geometry represents the geographic features associated with real-world locations.

Geographic features are abstracted into points, lines, or areas.

Attributes provide descriptive characteristics of the geographic features.

Validation means that geographic features can be made to allow certain types of editing,

display, or analysis, depending on circumstances that the user defines. Feature validation

is most easily implemented in the geodatabase.


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Storing geographic data

Two common data structures: Vector and Raster

Use the Spatial Analyst extension for raster analysis

Real worldReal world Vector(points, lines,and polygons)

Vector

(points, lines,and polygons)

Raster(grid cells)

Raster

(grid cells)

Spatial data structures

In general, there are two structures into which you can abstract the real-world: vector and

raster.

Vector structures

In a vector data model, each point is recorded as a single x,y coordinate. Lines arerecorded as a series of x,y coordinate pairs. Areas are recorded as a series of x,y coordinate

pairs defining line segments that enclose an area; therefore, the term polygon, meaning

many-sided figure. Areas have a perimeter and lines have a length. Examples of vector

data are ArcInfo coverages and ArcView shapefiles.

ArcGIS is well suited for performing analysis with vector datasets. You can perform

standard GIS tasks such as feature display, manipulation, and analysis.

Raster structures

In the raster data model, the earth is treated as one continuous surface, and each location is

represented as a cell. Cell values are used to represent a geographic phenomenon. Cells are

organized into a matrix of rows and columns called a grid. Cell values are numbers, andcan represent discrete data such as land-use classes, or continuous data such as elevation

values.

The ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extension stores grid themes as directories in the ARC

GRID format. This format is the cell-based equivalent of an ArcInfo coverage. If you do

not have the Spatial Analyst extension, your grid themes will be treated as images and can

be used for display only.


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ArcGIS spatial data formats

Data types vary in format and complexity

Suited to model different characteristics

Coverage GeodatabaseShapefile

CADGrid Tin TableInternet Map

Service

Spatial data formats

The ArcGIS applications support a wide range of spatial data formats, allowing you a great

deal of flexibility in the data you may use. Each spatial storage format has strengths and

limitations, and you can choose the format that best suits your needs. Features stored together

with the same type of geometry: point, line, or polygon, are referred to as a feature class. In

addition to the same geometry types, a feature class uses the same attribute columns to describeall of its features, and all features share the same spatial reference. Depending on the storage

format, feature classes with spatial relationships between them may be grouped together in a

feature dataset. This class focuses mainly on the vector data formats of shapefiles, coverages,

and geodatabases for modeling spatial features.


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The geodatabase overview

Feature classes

Contain points, lines, or polygons

Feature datasets

Contain spatially related FCs

Attribute validationSubtypesDomains

Relationship classes

Spatial validation

TopologyGeometric network

Attribute validationSubtypesDomains

Relationship classes

Spatial validationTopology

Geometric network

ScalabilityPersonal GDB

(.mdb)

Enterprise GDB(ArcSDE +RDBMS)

ScalabilityPersonal GDB

(.mdb)

Enterprise GDB

(ArcSDE +RDBMS)

Geodatabase

GDBGDB

FCFC

FDSFDS

FCFC

FCFC

Validation means that geographic features can be made to allow certain types of editing,

display, or analysis, depending on circumstances that the user defines. Feature behavior is most

easily implemented in the geodatabase. In the geodatabase, you can set two types of

validations: Spatial and attribute.

Spatial validation

Spatial validation can be used in two ways: Topology or Geometric Networks. Both of

these spatial validation types require a feature dataset where dedicated feature classes

participate in either the Topology rules or the Geometric Network rules. A single feature

class cannot participate in both. Both of these spatial validation are available in ArcEditor

and ArcInfo

Attribute validation

Attribute validation are of three types: Subtypes, Domains, and Relationship classes. These

types of validations are necessarily used with tabular data. Both of these validations are

required for maintaining data integrity and efficiency during management, display, and

editing operations on the geodatabase.

Feature classes

Feature classes can be placed in a geodatabase either as standalone or under a feature

dataset. Feature classes can contain either points, lines, or polygons.

Feature datasets

Feature datasets are important for maintaining feature classes that are topologically related.

Both topology and relationship classes can only be created in a feature dataset.


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Provides a uniform view of all your data

Define or modify table and feature class definitions

Manage data: Copy, Rename, Delete

Using ArcCatalog

Using ArcCatalog

ArcCatalog is the application where you can assemble connections to all the data you need to

use. When you select a connection, you can access the data to which it is linked to, whether it is

located on a local disk or a database on the network. Together, your connections create a

catalog of geographic data sources.

You can browse your data holdings in three different ways in ArcCatalog using three differenttabs: the Contents tab, the Preview tab, and the Metadata tab. The Contents tab shows what a

selected itemperhaps a folder or database filecontains. The Preview tab will give a

preview of the selected items geographic or tabular data. The Metadata tab will show the

metadata for a selected item.

Within ArcCatalog you can move, copy, rename, and delete geographic data, and create,

manage, and edit associated metadata. You can also perform some modifications to the data,

such as adding fields to tables, defining subtypes, domains, and table relationships.


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Adding tables from existing sources

Direct access for Info, dBASE, and comma delimited text

files

Accessing remote data

OLE DB connection

Accessing existing databases

You may access existing Info, dBASE or comma delimited text files simply by connecting to

the folder that holds them. To access tabular data in other formats, you can use Object Linking

and Embedding Database (OLE DB) providers. ArcCatalog communicates through an OLE DB

provider which then communicates with a different database. This standard lets you work with

data from any database in the Catalog in the same way. Looking in an OLE DB connection inthe Catalog, you will see a list of tables in the database. Microsofts OLE DB providers come

with ArcCatalog. They let you access Jet (Microsoft Access), SQL Server, and Oracle

databases. Another provider communicates with Open Database Communication (ODBC)

drivers.


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Setting viewable data

Turn all data types

on or off

Setting viewable data

You can control what appears in the Catalog tree of ArcCatalog. This can be done by clicking

the Tools menu and selecting Options. Within the Options window and in the General tab, you

have the choice of deciding which data types to turn on or off. Turning a data type off will

result in the data type to not to be listed in the Catalog tree of ArcCatalog. In other words, to

ArcCatalog, the data type becomes invisible, unreadable, or both.


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Managing file types visible in ArcCatalog

Add AML macros, text files, or other file types

3

4

1

2

5

Managing file types visible in ArcCatalog

By default, not all file types are set to be displayed in the Catalog tree of ArcCatalog. Only the

most common types of data are visible in ArcCatalog.

In order to enable other file types to be listed in the Catalog tree of ArcCatalog, click the Tools

menu, and select Options. Within the Options window, click the File Types tab, then select

New Type. In the File Type window, type the file extension of the data type that you want toadd (e.g., AML), in the input field. Then complete the Description of Type (e.g., Arc Macro

Language for AML) input parameter and click OK. This will add the information about this file

type in the Options menu, such that when you exit the menu, all available .aml files that are

contained in the database will be listed in the Catalog tree.

You can repeat this procedure for other file types, such as text files (.txt), exchange files (.e00),

and so on.


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Contents options

Display more metadata in

contents view

Standard columnsStandard columns

Metadata columnsMetadata columns

Contents options

When you start using ArcCatalog, you will see two columns in Details view that show the

Name and Type of each item. You can add columns that show additional properties or

information stored in the item's metadata. When an individual item is selected in the Catalog

tree, the values that would appear for that item in all columns in Details view are listed in the

Contents tab. A column may not apply to all items.You can add your own property and metadata columns to the lists in the Options dialog box. To

do so, you must type the exact name of the property or metadata element into the Property text

box in the Add Standard Column or Add Metadata Column dialog box. The columns that are

included in these lists by default appear in the Caption and Property lists in the dialog boxes. If

you delete default columns, you can easily add them again later by choosing their caption or

name from either the Caption or Property dropdown lists.


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Tables options

Modify table appearance

Table behaviorColumn

selection color

Columnselection color

Text font,color, size

Text font,color, size

BehaviorBehavior

Tables options

You can change the appearance of tables in the Catalog to make it easier to read their values.

For example, you may want to change the size, color, and type of font used. To quickly pick

out which columns are selected, the background color of selected columns is set to the

highlight color. When you see an asterisk (*) next to a columns name, the values in that

column are indexed; indexes can improve the performance of queries. Use the Options dialogbox to change the font, highlight color, and index character used in Table view to suit your

preferences. These changes affect the way all tables appear in the Catalog.


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Raster options

For grids, images

Pyramids

Reduced resolution copiesfor fast display of largeraster images

Default band settingsDefault band settings

Pyramid calculationPyramid calculation

Image files to search forImage files to search for

Raster options

You can also control the way raster data is displayed in the Catalog tree and in the display area

of ArcCatalog. To access the raster data display properties, click the Tools menu, and click

Options. Within the Options window, click the Raster tab. This tab allows you to control the

display of both grids and images. You can set the Default RGB Band Combinations depending

on the number of bands you have in the source data. You can also assign which band will bedisplayed by any of the three standard Red, Green, and Blue guns. This combination will

dictate the type of false color imagery you are trying to set to help in interpreting the imagery

(especially for satellite images).

By default, for a three-band data source, band one will be assigned to the Red gun, band two

the Green gun, and band three the Blue gun. The default assignment for a data source with four

or more bands is: band four (near-infrared reflectance) to the Red gun, band three (red

reflectance) the Green gun, and band two (green reflectance) for the Blue gun.

Raster data requires a long time to display, especially if it is of high resolution. You can use the

Raster Layer Pyramid Calculation option (on the Raster tab) to display the images with reduced

resolution (i.e., you can generalize the raster data for faster displays).

You can also control which raster file formats will be listed in the Catalog tree of ArcCatalog

on the Raster tab.


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Searching for data

Search by

Name & Location

Geography

Date

Metadata

Results

Located in the catalog tree

Shortcuts point to the data

Can be used anywhere

data is used

Searching for data

You can use the Search tool in ArcCatalog to search for data meeting a specific criteria: name

and location, geography, date, or an entry in the metadata.

Once you click Find Now in the Search dialog box, shortcuts to those items that match the

search are added to a list in the Search Results folder in the Catalog tree. These shortcuts

provide a link to that matching item wherever it is stored. When a shortcut is selected in theCatalog tree, you can preview the items data and metadata in the appropriate tabs as if you

were exploring the contents of the item itself.

Once you have found the item that you want to use, you can right-click the shortcut and click

Go To Target to select the item itself in the Catalog tree. Alternatively, you can work with the

shortcut as if you were working with the item itself. You can drag-and-drop a shortcut onto a

map or an ArcToolbox tool. You can also double-click a shortcut to open the items Properties

dialog box.


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Lesson 2 review

1. ArcGIS extensions work with all three core software packages. TRUE / FALSE

2. Feature classes that are spatially related should be stored as stand-alone feature classes inside

the geodatabase. TRUE / FALSE

3. Grid data can only be viewed in ArcMap if you have the Spatial Analyst extension loaded.

TRUE / FALSE

4. Using the Search tool in ArcCatalog, you can search by ___________________,

____________________, ____________________ and ___________________.

5. ArcCatalog can only view spatial data types. TRUE / FALSE

6. How can you make a new file type (and its extension) visible in ArcCatalog?


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co

n

ten

ts


Working with layers

and map symbologyLesson overview 3-2Setting Data View options 3-3

Setting Layout View options 3-4Setting Table of Contents (TOC)options 3-5Creating quanti tative displays 3-6

Choosing a classification method 3-7Using natural breaks 3-8Using quantile and equal interval 3-9

Using standard deviation 3-10Excluding features from aclassification 3-11Normalizing your data 3-12Graduated and proportionalsymbols 3-13Showing quantity with dot density 3-14

Displaying multiple attributes 3-15Symbology 3-16

Stylesheets 3-17Using the Style Manager 3-18

Creating custom symbols 3-19Creating custom lines andmarkers 3-20Using the Advanced Drawing

Options 3-21Ways to create a map 3-22Building templates 3-23

Changing templates 3-24Exporting a map 3-25



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Introduction to ArcGIS II (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8) 3-1Working with layers and maps


Working with layersand map symbology


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Lesson overview

Setting ArcMap options

Creating quantitative displays

Working with styles

Creating new symbols

Advanced drawing options

Working with templates

Overview

This lesson discusses different options for displaying data and creating map products. You will

learn how to set the layer properties that control the display of data in ArcMap. You will

explore the softwares extensive resources of symbols, organized into styles, as well as options

to create your own custom symbols. Once your data has been properly displayed in ArcMap,

map templates can be used to quickly format your map layout.


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Setting Data View options

Control

What to do when window is resized

Setting ArcMap Options The Data View

The Data View options let you control how your map is displayed when the ArcMap display

window is resized. The default is for the display to be redrawn whenever the window is resized.

This ensures that the same area is displayed as before, but it also causes the scale of the display to

change.


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Setting Layout View options

Control

Appearance

Ruler units

Grid spacing

Snapping grid resolution

Setting ArcMap Options The Layout View

The Layout View options let you control design elements helpful in making quality maps, such

as the snapping elements, the resolution of the snapping grid, and the units of the rulers.

You can use rulers, guides, and grids to align map elements on the virtual page you use in

Layout View. The Layout View Options let you control how these design elements perform.

Rulers show the size of the page and map elements of the final printed map. Guides are straightlines that you use to align map elements on the page. A Grid is a series of reference point on

the layout page that you use to position map elements. You can choose to turn on or off

snapping to any or all of these alignment features.


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Setting Table of Contents (TOC) options

Control

Visibility

Display

Source

Selection

Display appearance

Font

Size

Patch

Size

Shape

Setting ArcMap Options The Table of Contents

You can adjust the look of the Table of Contents to suit your needs. For example, you might

change the text size and font so that it makes a greater visual impact or is easier to read. You

might also want to change the shape of the lines and patches that represent the features on a

map. The Table of Contents has two default tabs at the bottom: a Display tab and a Source tab.

The Display tab shows the drawing order of the layers and allows you to change the order. TheSource tab sorts layers by where they are stored on disk, it is also the tab you use if you want to

view any non-spatial tables you have added to your map (e.g., DBF or INFO). This is useful

during editing, when you edit all layers in a given folder or database. If you are not planning on

using your map for editing, you can hide the Source tab. You cannot change the drawing order

of layers from the Source tab. Additionally you have a Selection tab which you can activate in

the Table of Contents. This will allow for an alternative method of changing the selectable

layers while editing.


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Using natural breaks

Default method

Identifies breakpoints between values

Shows clusters or concentrations of values

Using natural breaks

Classes are based on natural clusters of data values. ArcMap identifies break lines by looking

for groupings and patterns inherent in the data. The features are divided into classes whose

boundaries are set where there are relative gaps in the data values.


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Using quantile and equal interval

QuantileQuantile

Equal intervalEqual interval

Each class contains thesame number of features

Each class contains thesame number of features

Divides values intoequal ranges

Divides values intoequal ranges

Using quantile and equal interval

In a quantile classification, each class contains an equal number of features. A quantile

classification is well suited to linearly distributed data. Because features are grouped by the

number in each class, the resulting map can be misleading. Similar features can be placed in

adjacent classes, or features with widely different values can be put in the same class. You can

minimize this distortion by increasing the number of classes.

The equal interval classification scheme divides the range of attribute values into equal-sized

subranges. For example, if features have attribute values ranging from 0 to 300 and you have

three classes, each class represents a range of 100 with class ranges of 0-100, 101-200, and 201-

300. This method emphasizes the amount of an attribute value relative to other values, for

example, to show that a store is part of the group of stores that made up the top one-third of all

sales. It is best applied to familiar data ranges such as percentages and temperature.


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Using standard deviation

Shows distribution above and below the mean

4

0

1

3

2

260 807 1,354 1,900 2,447

493 947 1,400 1,853 2,307

Mean = 1,173

-1 +1 +2 +3-2

Standard deviation = 453

Using standard deviation

This classification scheme shows you the amount a features attribute value varies from the mean.

ArcMap calculates the mean value and then generates class breaks by successively adding to it or

subtracting from it the standard deviation. A two-color ramp helps emphasize values above

(shown in blue) and below (shown in red) the mean.


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Normalizing your data

Divide one attribute by another to determine a ratio

Population density

Total sales by area

A

Normalizing your data

You may also want to normalize your data before you map it. When you normalize data, you

divide it by another attribute to come up with a ratio. Often, ratios are easier to understand than

the raw data values. For example, dividing total population by area yields the number of people

per unit area, or a density. Dividing a stores sales figure by the total sales for all stores yields a

percentage of sales at that store.


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Graduated and proportional symbols

GraduatedGraduated ProportionalProportional

Symbol size reflectsclass

Symbol size reflectsclass

Symbol size reflectsactual data value

Symbol size reflectsactual data value

Graduated and proportional symbols

When you draw features with graduated symbols, the quantitative values are grouped into classes.

Within a class, all features are drawn with the same symbol. Thus, you cannot discern the value

of individual features; you can only tell that its value is within a certain range. Proportional

symbols represent data values more precisely. The size of a proportional symbol reflects the

actual data value. For example, you might map earthquakes using proportional circles, where the

radius of the circle is based on the magnitude of the quake. The difficulty with proportional

symbols arises when you have too many values; the symbols may become indistinguishable.

Also, the symbols for high values can become so large as to obscure each other.


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Determine dot size and value

Good technique for areas of low and high concentrations

Showing quantity with dot density

Showing quantity with dot density

When creating a dot density map, you specify how many features each dot represents and how

big the dots are. You may need to try several combinations of amount and size to see which one

best shows the pattern. In general, you should select values that ensure the dots are not so close as

to form solid areas that obscure the patterns, or so far apart as to make the variations in density

hard to see.


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Stylesheets

Each style contains

Symbols

Map elements

Styles provide information on

Symbol properties

Labels specifications

Color schemes

Legend and scale bar characteristics

Coordinate reference systems

StylesStyles

Stylesheets

ArcMap starts with two default symbol styles: ESRI and a Window-generated symbol set saved

under your profile (in the example above the user is makram). To access the location of these

symbols, click the Tools pulldown menu > click Styles > click Style Manager. Available

symbol styles are displayed and you can select a style, navigate to their location, import new

styles, or create a new style.


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Using the Style Manager

Styles populate the palettes in ArcMap

Create a newstyleset

Using the Style Manager

Styles are managed by a Style Manager which can be accessed from the Tools menu in

ArcMap. Click Styles from the Tools menu, then select the Style Manager option.

The Style Manager dialog box appears. ArcMap starts with two default styles: ESRI style and

the username style (in the example above the user is tom). You can check which styles are

loaded by clicking the Styles button. Any other style you select from this list will be loaded foryour convenience in that ArcMap session. Notice the specialized styles for different

applications. This makes it easy for an ArcMap cartographer to comply with industry standards

of symbolization.

If the list of styles do not meet your needs, you can create your own styleset. This can be done

by picking the Create New option at the bottom of the style list.


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Creating custom symbols

Right-clickin display

area

Right-clickin display

area

Choose type of symbol or map elementChoose type of symbol or map element

Edit propertiesEdit properties

12

1

43

Creating custom symbols

You can use the Style Manager to create a new symbol from scratch or you can modify an

existing symbol.

To create a new custom symbol, right-click on any style in the Style Manager, and from the

context menu, select New. To modify an existing symbol, right-click on it in the Style Manager

and access its properties. Both actions will active the Symbol Property Editor that will allowyou to set the type of symbol, the color, style, size, and so forth, for each layer that will

comprise the symbol.


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Creating custom lines and markers

Line types

Simple, Cartographic, Hash, Marker

Any number of layers may be combined

Marker types

Simple, Arrows, TrueType fonts, Pictures

Use your company logo

Custom lines and markers

You may need to create your own custom symbols for a specific application. You can create

any custom symbol or map element type. These are examples of creating custom lines and

markers. As with any symbol, any number of layers may compose a symbol.

Line symbols are used to draw linear data such as transportation networks, water systems,

boundaries, zonings, and other connective networks. Lines are also used to outline otherfeatures such as polygons, points, and labels. As graphics, lines can be used as borders, leaders

for arrows and other annotation, and freehand drawing.

The four line types and are:

Simple: Fast-drawing, one-pixel lines with a predefined pattern; or solid, wide lines

Cartographic: Straight line template patterns and marker decorations

Hash: Hachure, template patterns, and marker decorations

Marker: Markers, template patterns, and other marker decorations

Marker symbols are used to draw point features, labels, and other map annotation. They can be

used in conjunction with other symbols to decorate line symbols and create fill patterns and textbackgrounds. As graphics, they can add special cartographic elements.

The four marker types are:

Simple: Fast-drawing set of basic glyph patterns with an optional mask

Character: A glyph from a TrueType font

Arrow: A glyph from a TrueType font

Picture: A single .bmp (Windows bitmap) or .emf (Windows enhanced metafile) graphic


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Using the Advanced Drawing Options

Control display of complex symbology

A

Using the Advanced Drawing Options

Right-click on the Data frame and use the Advanced Drawing Options to order the drawing

sequence of multilevel road networks with complex symbology. You can drag and reorder the

drawing sequence, join features drawn with the same multi-layered symbol, and merge features

drawn with a variety of multi-layered symbols.


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Ways to create a map

Create a map from scratchCreate a map from scratch

Modify an existing mapModify an existing map

Use a predefined map templateUse a predefined map template

Ways to create a map

There are three ways to create a map in ArcMap:

You can create a map from scratch.

You can use a user-defined map template and substitute the elements in it.

You can modify an existing map.


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Standardize map creation

Templates are just maps

Contain everything amap contains

Have an *.mxt extension

ArcGIS templates:Arcexe83\Bin\Templates

Add folders togroup templates

Personal templatesstored in users profile\Application Data\ArcMap\Templates\Normal.mxt

Building templates

Personal templatesPersonal templates

Building templates

A template is a kind of map document that provides a quick way to create a new map.

Templates can contain data, a custom interface, and a predefined layout that arranges map

elements, such as North arrows, scale bars, legends, and logos, on the virtual page. They are

especially useful when many maps with the same design need to be created. Templates can

contain scripts that you might have written on how to structure your layout or certain layers thatyou want to appear in all your maps. Map templates have an .mxt file extension.

You can store your template permanently under the templates folder in either

ArcGIS templates: Arcexe83\Bin\Templates (server install), or

For Windows NT: C:\Winnt\Profiles\\Application Data\Esri\ArcMap\Templates or

For Windows 2000: C:\Documents and Settings\\Application

Data\Esri\ArcMap\Templates

When you are storing a layout as a map document, make sure you store it with an *.mxd

extension.


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Changing templates

Apply different layout or customizations to your map

Choose a new template

Map Data Frames

1

4

3

2

Applying different template

You may have created your map from scratch or by choosing a template and then adding layers

to the map.

Later, if you want to change the layout, you can apply a new template. The Change Layout tool

on the Layout toolbar will allow you to choose another template to format your map.


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Exporting a map

Export to an image format

Exporting a map

Once you have created a map, you may want to export it from a map document to an image

file. The new image could then be inserted into another document (for example, Microsoft

Word or PowerPoint). Export a map by choosing Export Map from the File menu. You can

export maps as several types of image files. Some of these include EMF, BMP, EPS, PDF, and

JPEG. EMF (Enhanced Metafiles) are Windows native vector, or vector and raster graphics. They

are useful for embedding in Windows documents because they can be resized without

distortion.

BMP (bitmap) files are simple, native Windows raster images. They do not scale as well as

EMF files.

EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) files are primarily used for vector graphics and printing.

PDF (Portable Document Format) files are designed to be consistently viewable across

different platforms. They are commonly used for distributing documents on the Web.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) files are compressed image files. They are

commonly used for images on the Web because they are more compact than many other

file types.


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Exercise 3 overview

Change layer properties

Classify data

Make a definition query

Create and use styles

Create a layer file

Use a template to create a layout


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Lesson 3 review

1. Geodatabases, coverages, shapefiles, and ArcSDE layers do not store symbology.TRUE / FALSE

2. The attribute value that appears with a map tip is set by the primary display field.

TRUE / FALSE

3. It is not possible to change templates in ArcMap once the data has been added.

TRUE / FALSE

4. What file extension do map templates have? __________________

5. What happens when a definition query is created for a specific layer?

_________________________________________________________________________________

6. What three ways can you create a map with?

_________________________________________________________________________________

7. Templates are stored in what two locations?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

8. Where can you access more styles in ArcMap?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________


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Introduction to ArcGIS II (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8) 4-1Working with labels and annotation


Working with labelsand annotation


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Labeling options

Displayed on the fly

Stored as a property of the layer

LabelsLabels

AnnotationAnnotation

Stored as a feature

Stored separately from the source feature class

Graphics layer

Geodatabase

Labeling options

You have two feature labeling options on your map: labels or annotation.

Labels

A label is text that displays dynamically on your map document. When you zoom and pan

around your map, the labels re-display themselves with the best placement for the scale atwhich you are viewing the map. Label placement is based on the properties set up for the

layer. Because the labeling properties are a property of the layer, they will travel with the

layer whether it is stored in a map document or a layer file.

Annotation

Unlike labels, annotations can be treated individually regardless of where they are stored.

Labels let you set properties that affect the symbology and placement of all the labels on

your map, but you cannot change the properties for a single label. However, you can

manually change the properties for a single annotation. The annotation size also stays

constant relative to the other features on the map. For example, when you zoom out on a

feature, that feature will appear smaller on your screen. Because annotation is just another

type of feature, when you zoom in and out on annotation, it will act the same as the otherfeatures on your map. Labels, on the other hand, will always remain the same point size

regardless of your scale. Annotation can be stored as a graphic on the map or as a feature

in the geodatabase.


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Point placement

Placement options

Use predefined placement scheme

Place label on point

Hierarchy of angles

Rules for conflicts

Weights between labels and features

Predefined scheme

Label on point

Angles 45 and 225

Point placement

You have three options for placing labels for a point:

Use predefined placement scheme

A predefined scheme allows you to place the label in one of eight standard positions

around the point. Each position is given a number to indicate its priority: 0, 1, 2, or 3 (1

being the highest and 3 being the lowest). The software will try to place the label startingwith the highest priority position (1) and finish with the lowest priority (3). A position with

a value of 0 means that that position is off limits and no label will be placed at that

position.

Place label on point

Labeling on the point means that the label is centered on top of the point.

Hierarchy of angles

Labeling with specified angles allows you to specify a hierarchy of angles around a point

where labels will be placed. The angles start at 0, which is to the right of the point, and

continue in a counter-clockwise direction. Conflict detection rules are available for all the

label placement options.

Weights between labels and features

Weights can be set for the labels and features. Objects assigned a high weight will not be

obstructed and given priority above other objects in the same layer and other layers in the

display.

Buffer ratio

A buffer ratio is the amount of space reserved around the label. You can use the buffer

ratio to ensure labels are not placed too close to other labels or features.


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Label visibility

Scale ranges

Independent of layer

Labels are displayedbetween these scales

Labels are displayedbetween these scales

45,000

0

1:1 1:100,0001:75,0001:45,000

Label scale range

Feature scale range

Label visibility

By default, the visibility of labels is controlled by the visibility of the features in the layer.

If you zoom in on your map and a layer appears (i.e., the features in the layer appear), the

labels for that layer will appear as well.

Alternatively, you can choose to set a scale range for the labels independent of the features inthe layer. For example, imagine you are zooming in on a city. When you reach a scale of

1:24,000 the streets appear, but the labels do not. However, when you reach 1:12,000, the

labels for the streets appear.


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Labeling with an expression

Visual Basic Script or JavaScript

Simple concatenation

+ JavaScript

& Visual Basic Script

Logical expressions

Click Advanced

If...Then

New line

\n JavaScript

vbNewLine Visual Basic Script

[Name] & vbNewLine & [POPULATION][Name] & vbNewLine & [POPULATION]

Labeling with an expression

By default, labels consist of single field values. You can also label features with an expression

built using Visual Basic Script or JavaScript. You can use an expression to label with multiple

fields in a concatenated format, and further format those fields with descriptive text.

Concatenation is done using specific characters. For Java scripts, use the + sign for

concatenation and for Visual Basic scripts use the & sign for concatenation.

Logical expressions can also be used to set conditions for labeling the same features differently.

For example, you might label capital cities with their names and populations, but label all other

cities with just their names. Logical expressions can be syntaxed with If Then statements.

While concatenating you may want to stack the information that comes from the different

fields. This can be done as follows depending which programming language you are using.

\n JavaScript

Use \n for stacking when writing Java scripts for your logical expression.

vbNewLine Visual Basic Script

Use vbNewLine for stacking when writing Visual Basic scripts for your logical expression.

Note: Microsoft provides more detailed information and documentation on scripting languages

at http://msdn.microsoft.com/scripting.


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Labeling features differently

Label using advanced options

Classes are groups of features labeled the same way(e.g., larger cities displayed with larger text)

Can create multiple classes

SQL expression defines the features in a class

Labeling features differently

You can select the Label using advanced options from the Method input dropdown list in the

Layer properties dialog box and fill in the options. These options let you create groups of

features that are labeled differently with classes.

A class represents a group of features with the same labeling properties. The group of features

represented by a class is defined with a SQL expression. All the labeling properties discussedup to this point in the lesson also apply to a class.

With classes, you can change labeling properties for different groups of features. For example,

if you labeled capital cities with larger text than the other cities, you would have a class

representing the capitals and a class representing the other cities.

The group of features represented by a class is defined with a SQL expression. This option can

be accessed by clicking the SQL Query button.


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Setting reference scale

For a data frame

Text scales with the mapfeatures

Set reference scaleSet reference sc

ArcGIS2_3.0_Lecture1

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