ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

CLIMATIC DATAAPPLIED CLIMATOLOGY

(ARC 810)

Department of Architecture,Federal University of Technology,

Akure, Ondo State

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Climatic Data

1. Introduction2. Collecting the Data3. Dry bulb temperature4. Humidity5. The psychometric chart6. Vapour pressure7. Precipitation

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Climatic Data

8. Wind9. Sunshine10.Sky conditions11.Other phenomena12.Recording the data13.Variations in climate

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

1. Introduction

• This chapter specifies the Climatic data required for Architectural design and how they should be presented.

• The data include Dry bulb Temperature, Humidity, Vapour pressure, Precipitation, Wind, Sky conditions and other phenomena.

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

2. Collecting The Data

Points to be borne in mind during the collection of data are:

• Climatic data for one year is offered.• The unit of measurement should be

ascertained.• Where necessary, conversions should be

performed.

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

3. Dry Bulb Temperature

• Temperature readings are usually made in degrees Celsius(C) but sometimes in degrees Fahrenheit recorded with a minimum and maximum thermometer as well as a normal dry bulb thermometer.

• The soil-earth thermometer is used to measure the soil temperature.

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Plate x: Exterior of Stevenson’s screen Source: http://www.tsrye.fsnet.co.uk/stevensons.htm

3. Dry Bulb Temperature

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Plate x: Interior of Stevenson’s screen Source: http://www.tsrye.fsnet.co.uk/stevensons.htm

3. Dry Bulb Temperature

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Figure x: soil earth thermometer

3. Dry Bulb Temperature

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

4. Humidity

• The Humidity is usually measured with the wet-and-dry bulb hygrometer.

• A preferred instrument for the measurement of humidity is the hydrograph, which makes use of a revolving drum for the continuous recording of humidity levels.

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Figure x: Whirling Hygrometer

4. Humidity

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

5. Psychrometric Chart

• The psychrometric chart shows relationship between the dry bulb temperature, the wet bulb temperature and relative humidity or vapour pressure.

• The chart comprises of vertical lines representing dry bulb temperatures and curves for relative Humidity.

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

5. Psychrometric Chart

Plate x: sling psychrometer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrometer

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

5. Psychrometric Chart

Plate x: The interior of a Stevenson screen showing a motorized psychrometer.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrometer

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

5. Psychrometric Chart

Figure x: The psychrometric chart

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

6. Vapour Pressure

• The vapour pressure is defined as the partial pressure of water vapour present in the air.

• When the air is saturated, the vapour pressure (Pv) is equal to the pressure of saturated vapour at the same temperature (Pvs).

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

7. Precipitation

• Precipitation refers to rain, snow, hail, dew and frost and is measured daily.

• Rainfall is measured with gauges in millimeters per hour, day or month.

• Types of recording rain guage are natural siphon and tilting siphon guage.

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

7. Precipitation

Plate x: Natural siphon rainfall recorderSource: http://www.fairmonthweather.com

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

7. Precipitation

Plate x: Natural siphon rainfall recorder chamberSource: http://www.fairmonthweather.com

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

8. Wind

• The wind velocity is measured by a cup type or propeller anemometer.

• The wind direction is measured by a wind vane.

• It spins on a rod and points in the direction from which the wind comes.

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

8. Wind

Figure x: Diagrammatic representation of the wind vane

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Figure 3: Examples of wind roses

8. Wind

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

9. Sunshine

• A campbell stokes is a device used by meteorologists to record the actual duration of sunshine.

• It works by using the optically pure glass ball as a magnifying glass and burning a paper strip.

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Plate x: Campbell Stokes sunshine recorder

9. Sunshine

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

10. Sky Conditions

• The cloud cover refers to the presence or absence of clouds.

• The average monthly cloud cover is measured in percentages, eighths or tenths.

• The measurements are taken twice daily.

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

11. Other Phenomena

The following may also be obtained from meteorological stations:

• The number of days with thunder.• The number of days with frost.• The number of days with hail.• The duration and nature of earthquakes,

tornadoes, hurricanes and dust-storms.

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

12. Recording The Data

• Climate data are recorded in forms, usually climate data sheets or climatic charts.

• Climate data sheets are used for recording the basic climatic data needed by a designer.

• Climatic charts are used for the graphical presentations of climatic data.

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

12. Recording The Data

Figure 4: Climatic data sheet for Zaria

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Figure 4: Climatic chart for Zaria

12. Recording The Data

ARC 810: Building ClimatologyDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

13. Variations In Climate

Variations in climate are caused by: • Differences in altitude.• The coastal or inland nature of locations.• Nearness to urban centers.• Obstructions caused by ground cover and

topography.