Arabic Letters and Diacritics
Transcript of Arabic Letters and Diacritics
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Arabic Letters and DiacriticsA guide to basic Arabic Reading
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Section 1
Learning Alphabet
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Arabic Alphabet Letters
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أalif
بbaa2
تtaa2
ثthaa2
جjeem
ح7aa2
خkhaa2
كkaaf
لlaam
مmeem
نnoon
هhaa2
وwaaw
يyaa2
دdaal
ذdhaal
رraa2
زzaay
سseen
شsheen
صssaad
ضddaad
طttaa2
ظdhaa2
ع3ayn
غghayn
فfaa2
قqaaf
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Letter Shapes and Examples
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alif - hamza and damma
أ ستاذأ
‘ustaadh
teacher
alif - hamza
أناأ
‘ana
I (myself)
alif
ابنا
ebn
son
alif - hamza and kasra
إلىإ
‘ila
to/towardsalif - madda
آلةآ
aalah
machine
Forms of
‘alif
champolu.com/arabic
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ا
رنبأ
arnab
rabbit
رأف
fa2r
mouse
مرأةا
emra2ah
woman
سان
naas
people
Forms of
‘alif
At the beginning of the word or separatelyAt the middle or the end of the word
ـا
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لاForms of
‘alif
When the letter laam comes before alif, it forms the shape called laam-
alif
This applies also to different forms of alif
-لأ -لإ لآ
ملاك
kalaam
speech/words
At the middle or the end of the word
مالا
laama
Llama
At the beginning of the word or separately
ـلا
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Forms of
‘alif
A letter with the same sound of alif is called alif-layyenah
It always comes at the end of words
ىموسيقى
mooseeqaa
music
ىمستشف
mostashfaa
hospital
ـى
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Forms of
‘alif
ا
أ
إ
آ
ـا
ـلا ـىىلا
ـأ
ـإ
ـآ
alif
alif +
hamzah
laam
alif
alif +
hamzah +
kasrah
alif +
maddah
alif
layyinah
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بـ
يببط
tabeeb
doctor
طةب
battah
duck
بسب
sabab
reason
Forms of
baa2
بAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـبـبـ
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پـاپأورو
uruppa
Europe
اريسپ
paris
Paris
Forms of
baa2
-ب پ
A rare letter: paa’ (baa’ with three dots under, borrowed from Persian)
It is sometimes used in writing foreign words with the /p/ sound
ـپـ
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تـ
ىتم
mataa
when?
اكسيت
taksee
taxi
تبن
bint
girl
Forms of
taa2
تAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـتـتـ
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ـةةورد
wardah
flower
ةكلم
kalimah
word
Forms of
taa2
-ت ـةThe letter taa’ marbootah is a form of taa’ that comes at the end of words
It can be pronounced as /h/ if there is a pause after it, otherwise /t/
ةIf the letter before it has a different middle shapeIf the letter before it has no different middle shape
سلام
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ثـ
يرثك
katheer
much
عبانث
thu3abaan
snake
ثمثل
muthallath
triangle
Forms of
thaa2
ثAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـثـثـ
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baa2ـب ـبـ بـ ب
thaa2ـث ـثـ ثـ ث
taa2ـت ـتـ تـ ت
ـة ة taa2 marbootah
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جـ
رةجش
shajarah
tree
ميلج
jameel
beautiful
جثل
thalj
ice/snow
Forms of
jeem
جAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـجـجـ
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حـ
رحب
ba7r
sea
لمح
7olm
dream
حبل
bala7
dates
Forms of
7aa2
حAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـحـحـ
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خـ
رةخص
sakhrah
rock
بيرخ
khabeer
expert
ختاري
tareekh
history
Forms of
khaa2
خAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـخـخـ
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jeemـج ـجـ جـ ج
khaa2ـخ ـخـ خـ خ
7aa2ـح ـحـ حـ ح
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د
يردم
modeer
manager
ائرةد
daa2irah
circle
Forms of
daal
دAt the beginning of the wordAt the middle or end of the word
ـد
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ذ
ذيذل
ladheedh
delicious
كيذ
dhakeyy
intelligent
Forms of
dhaal
ذAt the beginning of the wordAt the middle or end of the word
ـذ
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ر
يمرك
kareem
generous
جلر
rajul
man
Forms of
raa2
رAt the beginning of the wordAt the middle or end of the word
ـر
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ز
اعزن
nezaa3
conflict
يتونز
zaytoon
olive
Forms of
zaay
زAt the beginning of the wordAt the middle or end of the word
ـز
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daalـد د
zaayـز ز
dhaalـذ ذ
raa2ـر ر
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سـ
لسع
3asal
honey
عيدس
sa3eed
happy
سأم
ams
yesterday
Forms of
seen
سAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـسـسـ
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شـ
كلةشم
mushkilah
problem
كرا ش
shukran
thanks
شوح
wa7sh
monster
Forms of
sheen
شAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـشـشـ
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صـ
لصب
basal
onion
ديقص
sadeeq
friend
صشخ
shakhs
person
Forms of
ssaad
صAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـصـصـ
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ضـ
اءضف
fadaa2
space
وءض
daw2
light
ضبي
bayd
eggs
Forms of
ddaad
ضAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـضـضـ
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seenـس ـسـ سـ س
ddaadـض ـضـ ضـ ض
sheenـش ـشـ شـ ش
ssaadـص ـصـ صـ ص
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طـ
لطب
batal
hero
ريقط
tareeq
road
طفق
faqat
only
Forms of
ttaa2
طAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـطـطـ
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ظـ
يمظع
3adheem
great
ريفظ
dhareef
funny
ظح
hadh
luck
Forms of
dhaa2
ظAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـظـظـ
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عـ
لوماتعم
ma3loomaat
information
ينع
3ayn
eye
عواس
waase3
wide
Forms of
3ayn
عAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـعـعـ
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غـ
ةغل
lughah
language
نيغ
ghaneyy
rich
غصم
samgh
glue
Forms of
ghayn
غAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـغـغـ
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ttaa2ـط ـطـ طـ ط
ghaynـغ ـغـ غـ غ
dhaa2ـظ ـظـ ظـ ظ
3aynـع ـعـ عـ ع
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فـ
ينةفس
safeenah
ship
ريقف
fareeq
team
فعن
3unf
violence
Forms of
faa2
فAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـفـفـ
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قـ
طةقن
noqtah
point/dot
ريبق
qareeb
near
قضي
dayyeq
narrow/tight
Forms of
qaaf
قAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـقـقـ
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كـ
تبكم
maktab
office/desk
سولك
kasool
lazy
كسم
samak
fish
Forms of
kaaf
كAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـكـكـ
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لـ
حلم
mel7
salt
عبةل
lo3abah
toy/game
لعم
3amal
work
Forms of
laam
لAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـلـلـ
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faa2ـف ـفـ فـ ف
laamـل ـلـ لـ ل
qaafـق ـقـ قـ ق
kaafـك ـكـ كـ ك
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مـ
ونملي
laymoon
lemon
كانم
makaan
place
مأل
alam
pain
Forms of
meem
مAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـمـمـ
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نـ
ىنمب
mabnaa
building
حنن
nahnu
we
نلب
laban
milk
Forms of
noon
نAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـنـنـ
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هـ
لهس
sahl
easy
ناه
hunaa
here
هوج
wajh
face
Forms of
haa2
هAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـهـهـ
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meemـم ـمـ مـ م
noonـن ـنـ نـ ن
haa2ـه ـهـ هـ ه
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و
وعف
3afw
forgiveness
لدو
walad
boy
Forms of
waaw
وAt the beginning of the wordAt the middle or end of the word
ـو
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يـ
ديج
jayyed
good
ومي
yawm
day
ينق
naqeyy
pure
Forms of
yaa2
يAt the beginning of the wordAt the end of the word At the middle of the word
ـيـيـ
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ةءقرا
qiraa2ah
reading
ءصحرا
sahraa2
desert
Forms of
hamzah ءAt the middleAt the end
Hamza is a glottal stop (similar to the sound in uh-oh)
ء
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سؤب
bo2s
misery
ئشي
shay2
thing
Forms of
hamzah ءWith waawWith yaa2
It can be combined with alif, waaw or yaa2
أ
رأف
fa2r
mouse
With alif
ئؤ
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رانئف
fe2raan
mice
ئسي
sayye2
bad
Forms of
hamzah ءAt the end At the middle
ـئئ
With yaa2, it is sometimes called “hamzah 3ala nabrah”
ـئـ
Separately
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waawـو و
yaa2ـي ـيـ يـ ي
hamzahـئـ ئ ؤ ـئء
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Section 2
Learning Diacritics
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Arabic diacritics (short vowels)-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
ل ك أ
akal
He ate
ل ك أ
akl
Food
Even with the same letters, words can be pronounced
differently, because of diacritics/short vowels
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Arabic diacritics (short vowels)-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
ـ بـ بـ بفتحة
fat-hah
short “a” vowel
ـ بكسرة
kasrah
short “e” or “i”
vowel
ة ضم
dammah
short “o” or “u”
vowel
سكون
sukoon
no vowel
The main Arabic diacritics are short vowels, which are optionally written on letters.
They include also sokoon, meaning no vowel, which is less frequently used.
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-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
shaddah
ش دة
ـ بـ بـب
shaddah with fat-
hah
shaddah with
kasrah
shaddah with
dammah
Shaddah is the doubling of the sound of any letter
It can be combined with either fat-hah, kasrah, or dammah
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Letters with
diacritics
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-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
alif - أ
س دأ
asad
lion
ةإ ب ر
2ebrah
needle
ت اذأ س
ustaadh
teacher
يأ ر
ra2y
opinion
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ل دب
balad
country
ن تب
bint
girl
جب ر
burj
tower
لب ق
qabl
before
اربص
sabbaar
cactus
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
baa2 - ب
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ةت م ج ر
tarjamah
translation
ارت ر ك
tekraar
repetition
فاحت
toffaa7
apples
لت ق
qatl
murder
ةتف اح
fattaa7ah
opener
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
taa2 - ت
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ل جث
thalj
ice/snow
ق ةث
thiqah
confidence
ع ب انث
tho3abaan
snake
لث م
methl
such as
الثم
maththaal
sculptor
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
thaa2 - ث
![Page 60: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
ي شج
jaysh
army
انج ير
jeeraan
neighbors
رج ز
jozor
islands
نج س
sejn
prison
انجس
sajjaan
warden
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
jeem - ج
![Page 61: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
فح ر
7arf
letter
اي ةح م
7imaayah
protection
بح
7ubb
love
يرح ت ر
ta7reer
liberation
الحن
na77aal
beekeeper
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
7aa2 - ح
![Page 62: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
وفخ ر
kharoof
sheep
ةخ ب ر
khebrah
experience
طةخ
khottah
plan
ب ارخ أ
akhbaar
news
د نخ م
modakhkhen
smoker
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
khaa2 - خ
![Page 63: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
م د
damm
blood
ف اعد
difaa3
defense
ن ي اد
dunya
world
س ةد م ر
madrasah
school
ةدم
moddah
period
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
daal - د
![Page 64: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
ي ذ ك
dhakee
intelligent
اعذ ر
dheraa3
arm
ب اب ةذ
dhobaabah
fly
رذ ع
3udhr
excuse
ابذك
kadhdhaab
lier
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
dhaal - ذ
![Page 65: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
د ر
radd
response
ةر ي اض
reyaadah
sport
ار بم
robbamaa
perhaps
نر ق
qarn
century/horn
ةرم
marrah
once
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
raa2 - ر
![Page 66: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
اف ةز ر
zaraafah
giraffe
ر ز
zerr
button
ب دز
zobd
butter
نز و
wazn
weight
ةزإو
ewazzah
goose
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
zaay - ز
![Page 67: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
د س
sadd
dam
ر س
sirr
secret
م س
summ
poison
ل مس م
muslim
muslim
س خ
khass
lettuce
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
seen - س
![Page 68: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
رش ه
shahr
month
اد ةش ه
shihaadah
certificate
را ش ك
shukran
thanks
ل ةش م ك
moshkilah
problem
ش ق
qashsh
hay
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
sheen - ش
![Page 69: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
تص م
samt
silence
اف ةص ر
siraafahmoney
exchange
ع وب ةص
so3oobah
difficulty
لص أ
asl
origin
ص ل
less
thief
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
ssaad - ص
![Page 70: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
يب ةض ر
dareebah
tax
ي اف ةض
diyaafah
hospitality
ف د عض
dufdaa3
frog
مض ه
hadm
digestion
ةضف
feddah
silver
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
ddaad - ض
![Page 71: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
يقط ر
tareeq
road
ب اع ةط
tebaa3ah
printing
قط ر
turuq
roads
نط ق
qotn
cotton
ةطب
battah
duck
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
ttaa2 - ط
![Page 72: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
يفظ ر
dhareef
funny
ل ظ
dhill
shadow
ل مظ
dhulm
injustice
رظ ح
hadhr
prohibition
ظ ح
hadhdh
luck
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
dhaa2 - ظ
![Page 73: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
يع اد
3aadee
normal
ق ةع لا
3ilaaqah
relationship
ن فع
3unf
violence
دع ب
ba3d
after
العف
fa33aal
effective
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
3ayn - ع
![Page 74: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
يبغ ر
ghareeb
strange
ش غ
gheshsh
cheating
نغ ص
ghosn
branch
ورغ م ر
maghroor
arrogant
ص رغم
mosaghghar
miniature
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
ghayn - غ
![Page 75: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
ن ف
fann
art
ةف ر ك
fikrah
idea
ت انف س
fustaan
dress
لف ق
qifl
lock
اففش
shaffaaf
transparent
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
faa2 - ف
![Page 76: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
يبق ر
qareeb
near
دق ر
qird
monkey
ب ل ةق
qublah
kiss
لق ع
3aql
brain
ع دقم
mu3aqqad
complicated
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
qaaf - ق
![Page 77: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
يمك ر
kareem
generous
ت اب ةك
kitaabah
writing
وبك
koob
cup
ت بك م
maktab
office/desk
ركس
sokkar
sugar
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
kaaf - ك
![Page 78: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
ب نل
laban
milk
س انل
lisaan
tongue
ع ب ةل
lo3abah
game
ع بل م
mal3ab
playground
م ل م
mumill
boring
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
laam - ل
![Page 79: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
يضم ر
mareed
sick
آةم ر
mir2aah
mirror
بم ن اس
munaasib
suitable
نم أ
amn
security
ه م م
muhimm
important
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
meem - م
![Page 80: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
ةن يح ص
nasee7ah
advice
ي انن س
nesyaan
forgetting
ق ودن
noqood
money
أ تن
anta
you (m)
اءنب
bannaa2
builder
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
noon - ن
![Page 81: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
ئه اد
haade2
calm
ي ه
hiya
she
ن اه
hunaa
here
له س
sahl
easy
ؤ له م
mo2ahhel
qualification
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
haa2 - ه
![Page 82: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
د ةو ر
wardah
flower
ك ال ةو
wikaalah
agency
ص ولو
wusool
arrival
دو م ر
mawred
resource
ةوق
quwwah
strength
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
waaw - و
![Page 83: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
د ي
yadd
hand
ني
yinn
Yenn
س ري
yusr
ease
في س
sayf
sword
دي س
sayyid
master
-الحركات التشكيل
harakaat - tashkeel
yaa2 - ي
![Page 84: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Bonus Lecture:
Tanween
![Page 85: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
ـ ـ ـ دا أس
asadan
د أس
asadun
د أس
asadin
Tanween التنوين
When an /n/ sound is added at
the end of the word
أ س د
asad
lion
![Page 86: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
ب كله ذا
haadha kalbun
This is a dog
ت د ج ا ك ل بو
wajadtu kalaban
I found a dog
ب ت ع ل ع ب ك ل م
la’ebtu ma3a kalbin
I played with a dog
Tanween with dammah ـApplies by default, for words in subject
position or separate
Tanween with fat-hah ـApplies to words that are in the object
position
Tanween with kasrah ـApplies to words that are after positions
or similar
Tanween depends on the
grammatical position of the word
![Page 87: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Many common
expressions have tanween
ا ش ك ر
shukran
Thanks
ا ع ف و
3afwan
You’re welcome
س ن ا ح
7asanan
ok
أه لا
ahlan
Hello
يب ا ق ر
qareeban
soon
ب ح ر ا م
mar7aban
Welcome
![Page 88: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Words ending with taa’ marbootah
are pronounced with regular taa’
with tanween
ة ب ط
battatan
ة ب ط
battatun
ة ب ط
battatin
ةب ط
battah
duck
![Page 89: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Section 3
Main Prefixes and
Suffixes
![Page 90: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
الـ(al-) alif laam
The prefix alif laam (al-) represents the definite article in Arabic
It is attached to the beginning of indefinite nouns
ك ل ب
kalb
a dog
ك ل بال
al-kalb
the dog
![Page 91: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
الـ(al-) alif laam
An adjective of a word with al- must also start with al-
ك ب يرك ل ب
kalb kabeer
a big dog
ك ب يرالك ل بال
al-kalb al-kabeer
The big dog
![Page 92: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
وwaaw
The letter waaw is attached to the beginning of a word to mean “and”
It can also be attached to the first word in a sentence to express continuation
لوك ل ب م ج
kalb wa-jamal
a dog and a camel
لالوك ل بال م ج
al-kalb wal-jamal
the dog and the camel
![Page 93: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
-ة ـةtaa’ marbootah
The letter taa’ marbootah can be attached to the end of words to indicate a feminine noun
س د ر م
modarress
teacher (m)
س د ر ةم
modarressah
teacher (f)
![Page 94: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
-ة ـةtaa’ marbootah
The letter taa’ marbootah can also be attached to adjectives to make feminine
يم ك ر
kareem
generous (m)
يم ةك ر
kareemah
generous (f)
![Page 95: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Sounding it out
![Page 96: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
ل ة م ج
ةل م ج
jumlah = sentence
ج م ل ة
ju m la h
![Page 97: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
ع ن ى م
ىن ع م
ma3naa = meaning
م ع ن ى
ma 3 na aa
![Page 98: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
ق ة لا ع
ةق ال ع
3ilaaqah = relationship
ع ل ا ق
3i la aa qa
ة
h
![Page 99: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
ب ية الع ر
ةيب ر ع لا
al-3arabiyyah = Arabic
ا ل ع ر
a l 3a ra
ب
bi
ي ة
hyya
![Page 100: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
ت از م م
زات م م
mumtaaz = excellent
م م ت ا
mu m ta aa
ز
z
![Page 101: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
جورج
جروج
joorj = George
ج و ر ج
j oo r j
![Page 102: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
كوريا
ايروك
kooryaa = Korea
ك و ر ي
k oo r y
ا
aa
![Page 103: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
ديسمبر
ربمسيد
dysmbr = December
د ي س م
d y s m
ب
b
ر
r
![Page 104: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
End of Course
Materials
![Page 105: Arabic Letters and Diacritics](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051315/627a5e71a276274d09760b09/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
أʾalif
بbāʾ/baa2
تtāʾ/taa2
ثthāʾ/thaa2
جjīm/jeem
حḥāʾ/7aa2
خkhāʾ/khaa2
كkāf/kaaf
لlām/laam
مmīm/meem
نnūn/noon
هhāʾ/haa2
وwāw/waaw
يyāʾ/yaa2
دdāl/daal
ذdhāl/dhaal
رrāʾ/raa2
زzāy/zaay
سsīn/seen
شshīn/sheen
صṣād/ssaad
ضḍād/ddaad
طṭāʾ/ttaa2
ظẓāʾ/dhaa2
عʿayn/3ayn
غghayn
فfāʾ/faa2
قqāf/qaaf