Arabic AlphabetLearning the Arabic alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Arabic language

Below is a table showing the Arabic alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

End of the word

Middle of the word

Beginning of the word Sound Example

ا ا اـا اـا اا ʾ ā a as in father

ب ب بـب ــبـ ـبـ b b as in bed

ت ت تـت ــتـ ـتـ t t as in tent

ث ث ثـث ــثـ ـثـ ṯ th as in think

ج ج جـج ــجـ ـجـ j j as in jam

ح ح حـح ــحـ ـحـ ḥ Sharp h

خ خ خـخ ــخـ ـخـ ḫ (kh x) ch as in German Bach

د د دـد دـد دد d d as in deer

ذ ذ ذـذ ذـذ ذذ ḏ (dh eth) th as in there

ر ر رـر رـر رر r r as in run

ز ز زـز زـز زز z z as in zoo

سـسسس ــسـ ـسـ s s as in sit

End of the word

Middle of the word

Beginning of the word Sound Example

شـششش ــشـ ـشـ š (sh) sh as in shut

ص صـصص ــصـ ـصـ ṣ s as in sold

ض ضـضض ــضـ ـضـ ḍ d as in bulldozer

ط ط طـط ــطـ ـطـ ṭ t as in Tazmania

ظ ظ ظـظ ــظـ ـظـ ẓ th as in those

ع ع عـع ــعـ ـعـ ʿ a in agh when suprised

غ غ غـغ ــغـ ـغـ ġ (gh) r as in Paris

ف ف فـف ــفـ ـفـ f f as in free

ق ق قـق ــقـ ـقـ q q as in Qum

ك ك كـك ــكـ ـكـ k k as in king

ل ل لـل ــلـ ـلـ l l as in lift

م م مـم ــمـ ـمـ m m as in moon

ن ن نـن ــنـ ـنـ n n as in net

ه ه هـه ــهـ ـهـ h h as in house

و و وـو وـو وو w w as in wonder

ي ي يـي ــيـ ـيـ y y as in yellow

ء o as in oh

Top vowel lrm a Sounds like a in Alabama

Top vowel u Sounds like o in Open

Bottom Vowel lrm i Sounds like I in India

The Arabic alphabet is written from right to left It has no capital letters (Originally Eurpoean alphabet didnrsquot have capitals either the Roman alphabet from which we got ours existed out of what we now call capital letters the Capitalis Quadrata There was also a handwritten script derived from the

Capitalis Quadrata used by the roman soldiers and merchants Only during the Middle Ages under Charles the Great capitals where introduced)

The Arabic script is called a running script In Latin script there is the option to write the letters separate or attached to each other In Arabic however you are forced to write most of the letters attached and some not In Latin script when a word doesnrsquot fit on a line you split the word up into syllables and break it on that in Arabic that is not possible So instead of braking the word into syllables making the word smaller as to fit on a line they make the word bigger by extending the letter like so Ana aktub lak risalatan mamlursquoa bil-hhub I writeldquo أنا أكب لك رســـالة مملوء بالحــــــــــــــــــــــــــــبyou a letter ful of love Some Arabic letters are almost impossible to pronounce like the hh (a hot h as if you are cleaning a mirrors or like if you eat hot sambal and your throat is on fire) the 3 as if you burb or like in English ldquoI sayrdquo with a cracking voice and the q which is pronounced very deep in your throat with your huig The g is like our Dutch g in Scheveningen The glottal stop lik in English Co-operation or in Cockney borsquolle is also a letter in Arabic

The Arabic Alphabet VowelsName Character Explanation Pronunciation Example Transcription

Damma 5

Damma is an apostrophe-like shape written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation It represents a short vowel u (like the u in but)

u بت but

Wāw و

Wāw is the long vowel ū (like the oo in moon) It also represents the consonant w When Waw is used to represent the long vowel damma appears above the preceding consonant

ū بوت būt

Fatha 5

Fatha is a diagonal stroke written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation It represents a short vowel a (a little like the u in but a short ah sound)

a بت bat

Alif ا Alif is the long vowel ā (a long ahh sound as in English father) ā بات bāt

Kasra 5

Kasra is a diagonal stroke written below the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation It represents a short vowel i (like the i in English pit)

i ب ت bit

Ya ي

Ya is the long vowel ī (like the ee in English sheep) It also represents the consonant y When Ya is used to represent the long vowel kasra appears above the preceding consonant

ī ب يت bīt

Sukūn 5

Whenever a consonant does not have a vowel it receives a mark called a sukūn a small circle which represents the end of a closed syllable (CvC or CvvC) It sits above the letter which is not followed by a vowel

ت ب نiexcl bintu

Shadda (or tashdīd)

5

Shadda represents doubling (or gemination) of a consonant Where the same consonant occurs twice in a word with no vowel between instead of using consonant + sukūn + consonant the consonant is written only once and shadda is written above it

ثبcentت thabbata

English Pronouns Arabic PronounsPronouns ائ ر althamaaer - الiexclضcentمI aanaa - أناyou aant - أنiexclتhe و how - هshe heee - ه يwe ن nahn - نحiexclthey م hom - ه

me aanaa - أناyou aant - أنiexclتhim lah - لهher ا lahaa - لهus lanaa - لناthem م ه نiexcl menhom - م

my leee - ل يyour lakom - لكمhis lah - لهher ا lahaa - لهour lanaa - لنا

English Pronouns Arabic Pronounstheir men - م ن

mine نiexclجم manjam - مyours lak - لكhis lah - لهhers ا اصته khaasatahaa - خours lanaa - لناtheirs م lahom - لهAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic In Arabic the possessive is written attached and behind the noun possessed It is used both for the possessive and accusative only the first person differs yi for a noun and ni for a verb (accusative)هو ضربني بكتابي Huwa yaddrabuni bi kitabi he hits me with my book

List of Pronouns in ArabicBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Pronouns Arabic PronounsI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمyou speak ant tatakalam - انiexclت تتكلcentمhe speaks و يتكلcentم how eeatakalam - هshe speaks hea tatakalam - ه ى تتكلcentمwe speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclthey speak وiexclن م يتكلcentم hom eeatakalamown - ه

give me ط ن ي aateneee - أعiexclgive you يك ط aoteeeak - أعiexclgive him يه ط ateeeah - اعiexclgive her ا يه ط ateeeahaa - اعiexclgive us طيiexclنا ataeenaa - اعiexclgive them م يiexclه ط ateeehom - اعiexcl

my book ketaabeee - ك تاب ي

English Pronouns Arabic Pronounsyour book ketaabek - ك تاب كhis book ketaabah - ك تابهher book ا ketaabehaa - ك تاب هour book ketaabonaa - ك تابناtheir book م ketaabahom - ك تابه

Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns have a very important role in Arabic therefore they need very special attention

one1wahed | واحد

two2ethnan | اثنان

three3thalathah | ثلثة

four3arbaeh | أربعة

five5khamsah | خمسة

six6setah | ستة

seven7sabah | سبعة

eight8thamaneyah | ثمانية

nine9tesah | تسعة

ten10asharah | عشرة

Arabic PluralLearning the Arabic Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

In Arabic the formation of the plural is difficult since there are many patterns It is advised to learn the plural with the singular a good Arabic dictionary like the ldquoHans Wehr Arabic dictionary will include the plural or plurals (sometimes there are more) in each entry Examples are kitaab ndashkutub [book - books] walad ndash awlad [boy ndash boys] sayara ndash sayaraat [car ndash cars] radjul ndash rejaal [man ndash men] The last two are examples of the sound plural which for masculine adds un at the end and for feminine aat at the and (Note the ta marbuta has to be change to a normal open t)

Here are some examples

Plural ع مiexcl يiexclغة الiexclج seeeghah aljam - ص my book ketaabeee - ك تاب يmy books تب ي kotobeee - ك

our daughter abnatanaa - ابiexclنتناour daughters banaatenaa - بنات ناIm cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ana ashor bealborowdah - انsectى اشiexclwere cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ن نشiexcl nahn nashor bealborowdah - نحiexclhis chickens اجه dajaajah - دجtheir chicken م ه اج dajaajahom ndash دج

English Plural Arabic Plural

alligator ت وائ ي اح إ سiexcl س temsaah eestewaeee - ت مiexclalligators يiexclح tamaaseeeh - تماس bear dab - دبbears ببة debabah - د bird taaer - طائ رbirds ر toeeowr - طيوiexclbull ر thawr - ثوiexclbulls theeearaan - ث يرانcat qat - قطcats qatat - قططcow baqarah - بقرةcows aabqaar - أبiexclقارdeer aaeeel - أي sectلmany deer ن ل زiexcl alghezlaan - الiexclغ dog kalb - كلiexclبdogs ب kelaab - ك لdonkey مار hemaar - ح donkeys ير مiexcl hemeear - ح eagle ر nasr - نسiexcleagles ر وiexcl nosowr - نسelephant feeel - ف يiexclلelephants feeealah - ف يلةgiraffe zaraafah - زرافة

English Plural Arabic Plural

giraffes zaraafaat - زرافاتgoat ز maaez - ماع goats ز maaez - ماع horse hesaan - ح صانhorses ي sectل khoeeel - خlion د aasad - أسlions ود aaswad - أسiexclmonkey د qerd - ق رiexclmonkeys د وiexcl ر qorowd - قmouse faar - فأiexclرmice ران feraan - ف ئiexclrabbit نب aarnab - أرiexclrabbits aaraaneb - أران بsnake بان thobaan - ثعiexclsnakes اب يiexclن thaaabeeen - ثعtiger namer - نم رtigers namowr - نمshyورwolf theb - ذ ئiexclبwolves ئاب theaab - ذ

Arabic PrepositionsLearning the Arabic Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

Prepositions ر وiexclف الiexclج ر horowf aljar - حinside the house ز ل نiexcl ل الiexclم daakhel almanzel - داخ outside the car يcentارة ار ج الiexclسcent khaarej alsaeeaarah - خwith me maeee - مع يwithout him ن ه وiexcl bedowneh - ب د

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

under the table ت الiexclطcentاولة taht altaawlah - تحiexclafter tomorrow د د غ bad ghad - بعiexclbefore sunset روiexclب qabl alghorowb - قبiexclل الiexclغbut Im busy وiexclل غ walaken aanaa mashghowl - ولك ن أنا مشiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsabout وiexclل hawl - حabove fawq - فوiexclقacross بiexclر abr - عafter د bad - بعiexclagainst thed - ض دamong baeen - بيiexclنaround وiexclل hawl - حas ا kamaa - كمat feee - ف يbefore qabl - قبiexclلbehind waraa - وراءbelow aaqol men - أقل م نbeneath taht - تحiexclتbeside ان ب bejaaneb - ب جbetween baeen - بيiexclنbeyond waraa - وراءbut laken - لك نby men qabl - م ن قبiexclلdespite م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عdown فل aasfal - أسiexclduring ل khelaal - خ لexcept eelaa - إ لfor eelaa - إ لىfrom men - م نin feee - ف يinside daakhel - داخ ل

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsinto eelaa - إ لىnear qorb - قرiexclبnext altaaleee - الiexclتcentال يof men - م نon feee - ف يopposite عاك س moaakes - مout ار ج khaarej - خoutside ار ج khaarej - خover ل khelaal - خ لper lekol - ل كلplus zaaed - زائ دround لة وiexcl jawlah - جsince نiexclذ month - مthan men - م نthrough ل men khelaal - م ن خ لtill تcentى hataa - حto eelaa - إ لىtoward و nahw - نحiexclunder taht - تحiexclتunlike كiexclس لى ع alaa aks - عuntil تcentى hataa - حup fawq - فوiexclقvia طة bewaasetah - ب واس with ma - معwithin themn - ض مiexclنwithout وiexclن bedown - ب د

two words تيiexclن kalemataeen - كل مaccording to ب behasab - ب حسbecause of بب besabab - ب سclose to qareeebah men - قر يiexclبة م نdue to بب besabab - ب سexcept for ناء ت ثiexcl beastethnaa - ب اسiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsfar from يiexclد عن boaeed an - بعinside of daakhel - داخ لinstead of ل م ن badalaa men - بدnear to رiexclب م ن bealqorb men - ب الiexclقnext to qorb - قرiexclبoutside of ار ج khaarej - خprior to qabl - قبiexclل

three words ث كل مات thalaath kalemaat - ثلas far as ا ر مcent beqadar maa - ب قدas well as ل ك wakathalek - وكذin addition to ضافة إ لى bealeethaafah eelaa - ب الiexclin front of aamaam - أمامin spite of م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عon behalf of م beasm - ب اسiexclon top of fawq - فوiexclق

demonstratives ر وiexclف الiexclج ر ان يcentة ح ه borhaaneeeah horowf aljar - برiexclthis ا ذ hathaa - هthat aan - أنthese ء ؤل haolaa - هthose ء ؤل haolaa - ه

Arabic ArticlesLearning the Arabic Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Arabic Articlesarticles ت قال maqaalaat - مthe al - الa no equivalent in arabic - no equivalent in arabic

English Articles Arabic Articlesone waahed - واح دsome bath - بعiexclضfew qaleeel - قل يiexclل

the book alketaab - الiexclك تابthe books alkotob - الiexclكتبa book ketaab - ك تابone book ketaab waahed - ك تاب واح دsome books bath alkotob - بعiexclض الiexclكتبfew books لiexclيiexclل م ن الiexclكتب alqaleel men alkotob - الiexclق

In Arabic the definite article is ال al As for the indefinite article there is none An indefinite noun in Arabic is indicated by a declension or rather ldquonunationrdquo of the noun Each definite noun in Arabic has the definite article attached to it and ends on u a or I ال depending if it is a subject object ore possessive When the noun is indefinite the nouns end on respectively un an or in hence the name ldquonunationrdquo th n in Arabic is pronounced nun ن For example ر يدة رء الiexclج ل يقiexcl -Ar-rajalu yaqrarsquou al الرcentجdjaridata The man reads the newspaper بiexclزا ل خ مcentد يأكiexcl ح Muhammed jarsquoakulu gubzan - Muhamad eats مa bread

A very important rule in Arabic is المضاف والمضاف إليه Al-mudhaf wa-al-mudhaf ilaihu This is used to denote the passive like in the book of the man is translated as الرجل kitaab كتاب ar-radjuli According to the Arabic grammarians book is made definite by the man so it doesnrsquot need a definite article Also the man is declined with I the sign of the possessive If one wants to say the book of this man then this must be put at the end of the construction since nothing may break it كتاب الرجل هذه Book (of) the man this

Like English Arabic has one definite article the but it has no indefinite article ldquoardquo Instead the Arabs use a declension to indicate that a noun is indefinite For example the book is translated as Al-Kitabu

having al- in front (note the indefinite article is written attached to the noun it describes so is الكتابwa و meaning and) and ending on the vowel u indicates that the noun is indefinit

A book however is written as Kitabun كتاب where a n is added at the end of the vowel to indicate the noun is indefinite Arab grammarians call this nunnation

Sun Moon lettersThe l of the definite article al assimilates with the letter following it If the pronouncation of the letter following the l is pronounced in the same region of the l ie in front the l changes to the consonant following the l making this consonant effectively spoken twice when the consonant following the l is pronounced in the back then the pronunciation of the l is maintained The Arabs call this sun and moon

letters سمف الش ر HHarf(u)-asj-sjamsi and ح

ر قم ف ال ر The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following حit

Arabic VerbsLearning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

Arabic to has only 2 times the perfect and the imperfect but there is a difference in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They donrsquot ask themselves when did it finish or not) Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present but not necessarily so Here are some examples

English Verbs Arabic VerbsVerbs عال فiexcl alaafaal - الiexclPast almaatheee - الiexclماض يI spoke ثiexclت دcent tahadatht - تحI wrote ت بت kotebat - كI drove qodat - قدcentتI loved نiexclت أح ب kont aoheb - كI gave طيiexclت aataeet - أعiexclI smiled مت abtasamat - ابiexclتسI took ذت aakhathat - أخ

he spoke د sectث tohadeth - تحhe wrote koteb - كت بhe drove qaad - قادhe loved aheb - اح بhe gave qadem - قد مhe smiled abtasem - ابiexclتس مhe took akhath - اخذ

we spoke نا takalamnaa - تكلcentمiexclwe wrote katabnaa - كتبiexclناwe drove نا دiexcl qodnaa - ق

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

End of the word

Middle of the word

Beginning of the word Sound Example

شـششش ــشـ ـشـ š (sh) sh as in shut

ص صـصص ــصـ ـصـ ṣ s as in sold

ض ضـضض ــضـ ـضـ ḍ d as in bulldozer

ط ط طـط ــطـ ـطـ ṭ t as in Tazmania

ظ ظ ظـظ ــظـ ـظـ ẓ th as in those

ع ع عـع ــعـ ـعـ ʿ a in agh when suprised

غ غ غـغ ــغـ ـغـ ġ (gh) r as in Paris

ف ف فـف ــفـ ـفـ f f as in free

ق ق قـق ــقـ ـقـ q q as in Qum

ك ك كـك ــكـ ـكـ k k as in king

ل ل لـل ــلـ ـلـ l l as in lift

م م مـم ــمـ ـمـ m m as in moon

ن ن نـن ــنـ ـنـ n n as in net

ه ه هـه ــهـ ـهـ h h as in house

و و وـو وـو وو w w as in wonder

ي ي يـي ــيـ ـيـ y y as in yellow

ء o as in oh

Top vowel lrm a Sounds like a in Alabama

Top vowel u Sounds like o in Open

Bottom Vowel lrm i Sounds like I in India

The Arabic alphabet is written from right to left It has no capital letters (Originally Eurpoean alphabet didnrsquot have capitals either the Roman alphabet from which we got ours existed out of what we now call capital letters the Capitalis Quadrata There was also a handwritten script derived from the

Capitalis Quadrata used by the roman soldiers and merchants Only during the Middle Ages under Charles the Great capitals where introduced)

The Arabic script is called a running script In Latin script there is the option to write the letters separate or attached to each other In Arabic however you are forced to write most of the letters attached and some not In Latin script when a word doesnrsquot fit on a line you split the word up into syllables and break it on that in Arabic that is not possible So instead of braking the word into syllables making the word smaller as to fit on a line they make the word bigger by extending the letter like so Ana aktub lak risalatan mamlursquoa bil-hhub I writeldquo أنا أكب لك رســـالة مملوء بالحــــــــــــــــــــــــــــبyou a letter ful of love Some Arabic letters are almost impossible to pronounce like the hh (a hot h as if you are cleaning a mirrors or like if you eat hot sambal and your throat is on fire) the 3 as if you burb or like in English ldquoI sayrdquo with a cracking voice and the q which is pronounced very deep in your throat with your huig The g is like our Dutch g in Scheveningen The glottal stop lik in English Co-operation or in Cockney borsquolle is also a letter in Arabic

The Arabic Alphabet VowelsName Character Explanation Pronunciation Example Transcription

Damma 5

Damma is an apostrophe-like shape written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation It represents a short vowel u (like the u in but)

u بت but

Wāw و

Wāw is the long vowel ū (like the oo in moon) It also represents the consonant w When Waw is used to represent the long vowel damma appears above the preceding consonant

ū بوت būt

Fatha 5

Fatha is a diagonal stroke written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation It represents a short vowel a (a little like the u in but a short ah sound)

a بت bat

Alif ا Alif is the long vowel ā (a long ahh sound as in English father) ā بات bāt

Kasra 5

Kasra is a diagonal stroke written below the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation It represents a short vowel i (like the i in English pit)

i ب ت bit

Ya ي

Ya is the long vowel ī (like the ee in English sheep) It also represents the consonant y When Ya is used to represent the long vowel kasra appears above the preceding consonant

ī ب يت bīt

Sukūn 5

Whenever a consonant does not have a vowel it receives a mark called a sukūn a small circle which represents the end of a closed syllable (CvC or CvvC) It sits above the letter which is not followed by a vowel

ت ب نiexcl bintu

Shadda (or tashdīd)

5

Shadda represents doubling (or gemination) of a consonant Where the same consonant occurs twice in a word with no vowel between instead of using consonant + sukūn + consonant the consonant is written only once and shadda is written above it

ثبcentت thabbata

English Pronouns Arabic PronounsPronouns ائ ر althamaaer - الiexclضcentمI aanaa - أناyou aant - أنiexclتhe و how - هshe heee - ه يwe ن nahn - نحiexclthey م hom - ه

me aanaa - أناyou aant - أنiexclتhim lah - لهher ا lahaa - لهus lanaa - لناthem م ه نiexcl menhom - م

my leee - ل يyour lakom - لكمhis lah - لهher ا lahaa - لهour lanaa - لنا

English Pronouns Arabic Pronounstheir men - م ن

mine نiexclجم manjam - مyours lak - لكhis lah - لهhers ا اصته khaasatahaa - خours lanaa - لناtheirs م lahom - لهAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic In Arabic the possessive is written attached and behind the noun possessed It is used both for the possessive and accusative only the first person differs yi for a noun and ni for a verb (accusative)هو ضربني بكتابي Huwa yaddrabuni bi kitabi he hits me with my book

List of Pronouns in ArabicBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Pronouns Arabic PronounsI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمyou speak ant tatakalam - انiexclت تتكلcentمhe speaks و يتكلcentم how eeatakalam - هshe speaks hea tatakalam - ه ى تتكلcentمwe speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclthey speak وiexclن م يتكلcentم hom eeatakalamown - ه

give me ط ن ي aateneee - أعiexclgive you يك ط aoteeeak - أعiexclgive him يه ط ateeeah - اعiexclgive her ا يه ط ateeeahaa - اعiexclgive us طيiexclنا ataeenaa - اعiexclgive them م يiexclه ط ateeehom - اعiexcl

my book ketaabeee - ك تاب ي

English Pronouns Arabic Pronounsyour book ketaabek - ك تاب كhis book ketaabah - ك تابهher book ا ketaabehaa - ك تاب هour book ketaabonaa - ك تابناtheir book م ketaabahom - ك تابه

Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns have a very important role in Arabic therefore they need very special attention

one1wahed | واحد

two2ethnan | اثنان

three3thalathah | ثلثة

four3arbaeh | أربعة

five5khamsah | خمسة

six6setah | ستة

seven7sabah | سبعة

eight8thamaneyah | ثمانية

nine9tesah | تسعة

ten10asharah | عشرة

Arabic PluralLearning the Arabic Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

In Arabic the formation of the plural is difficult since there are many patterns It is advised to learn the plural with the singular a good Arabic dictionary like the ldquoHans Wehr Arabic dictionary will include the plural or plurals (sometimes there are more) in each entry Examples are kitaab ndashkutub [book - books] walad ndash awlad [boy ndash boys] sayara ndash sayaraat [car ndash cars] radjul ndash rejaal [man ndash men] The last two are examples of the sound plural which for masculine adds un at the end and for feminine aat at the and (Note the ta marbuta has to be change to a normal open t)

Here are some examples

Plural ع مiexcl يiexclغة الiexclج seeeghah aljam - ص my book ketaabeee - ك تاب يmy books تب ي kotobeee - ك

our daughter abnatanaa - ابiexclنتناour daughters banaatenaa - بنات ناIm cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ana ashor bealborowdah - انsectى اشiexclwere cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ن نشiexcl nahn nashor bealborowdah - نحiexclhis chickens اجه dajaajah - دجtheir chicken م ه اج dajaajahom ndash دج

English Plural Arabic Plural

alligator ت وائ ي اح إ سiexcl س temsaah eestewaeee - ت مiexclalligators يiexclح tamaaseeeh - تماس bear dab - دبbears ببة debabah - د bird taaer - طائ رbirds ر toeeowr - طيوiexclbull ر thawr - ثوiexclbulls theeearaan - ث يرانcat qat - قطcats qatat - قططcow baqarah - بقرةcows aabqaar - أبiexclقارdeer aaeeel - أي sectلmany deer ن ل زiexcl alghezlaan - الiexclغ dog kalb - كلiexclبdogs ب kelaab - ك لdonkey مار hemaar - ح donkeys ير مiexcl hemeear - ح eagle ر nasr - نسiexcleagles ر وiexcl nosowr - نسelephant feeel - ف يiexclلelephants feeealah - ف يلةgiraffe zaraafah - زرافة

English Plural Arabic Plural

giraffes zaraafaat - زرافاتgoat ز maaez - ماع goats ز maaez - ماع horse hesaan - ح صانhorses ي sectل khoeeel - خlion د aasad - أسlions ود aaswad - أسiexclmonkey د qerd - ق رiexclmonkeys د وiexcl ر qorowd - قmouse faar - فأiexclرmice ران feraan - ف ئiexclrabbit نب aarnab - أرiexclrabbits aaraaneb - أران بsnake بان thobaan - ثعiexclsnakes اب يiexclن thaaabeeen - ثعtiger namer - نم رtigers namowr - نمshyورwolf theb - ذ ئiexclبwolves ئاب theaab - ذ

Arabic PrepositionsLearning the Arabic Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

Prepositions ر وiexclف الiexclج ر horowf aljar - حinside the house ز ل نiexcl ل الiexclم daakhel almanzel - داخ outside the car يcentارة ار ج الiexclسcent khaarej alsaeeaarah - خwith me maeee - مع يwithout him ن ه وiexcl bedowneh - ب د

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

under the table ت الiexclطcentاولة taht altaawlah - تحiexclafter tomorrow د د غ bad ghad - بعiexclbefore sunset روiexclب qabl alghorowb - قبiexclل الiexclغbut Im busy وiexclل غ walaken aanaa mashghowl - ولك ن أنا مشiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsabout وiexclل hawl - حabove fawq - فوiexclقacross بiexclر abr - عafter د bad - بعiexclagainst thed - ض دamong baeen - بيiexclنaround وiexclل hawl - حas ا kamaa - كمat feee - ف يbefore qabl - قبiexclلbehind waraa - وراءbelow aaqol men - أقل م نbeneath taht - تحiexclتbeside ان ب bejaaneb - ب جbetween baeen - بيiexclنbeyond waraa - وراءbut laken - لك نby men qabl - م ن قبiexclلdespite م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عdown فل aasfal - أسiexclduring ل khelaal - خ لexcept eelaa - إ لfor eelaa - إ لىfrom men - م نin feee - ف يinside daakhel - داخ ل

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsinto eelaa - إ لىnear qorb - قرiexclبnext altaaleee - الiexclتcentال يof men - م نon feee - ف يopposite عاك س moaakes - مout ار ج khaarej - خoutside ار ج khaarej - خover ل khelaal - خ لper lekol - ل كلplus zaaed - زائ دround لة وiexcl jawlah - جsince نiexclذ month - مthan men - م نthrough ل men khelaal - م ن خ لtill تcentى hataa - حto eelaa - إ لىtoward و nahw - نحiexclunder taht - تحiexclتunlike كiexclس لى ع alaa aks - عuntil تcentى hataa - حup fawq - فوiexclقvia طة bewaasetah - ب واس with ma - معwithin themn - ض مiexclنwithout وiexclن bedown - ب د

two words تيiexclن kalemataeen - كل مaccording to ب behasab - ب حسbecause of بب besabab - ب سclose to qareeebah men - قر يiexclبة م نdue to بب besabab - ب سexcept for ناء ت ثiexcl beastethnaa - ب اسiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsfar from يiexclد عن boaeed an - بعinside of daakhel - داخ لinstead of ل م ن badalaa men - بدnear to رiexclب م ن bealqorb men - ب الiexclقnext to qorb - قرiexclبoutside of ار ج khaarej - خprior to qabl - قبiexclل

three words ث كل مات thalaath kalemaat - ثلas far as ا ر مcent beqadar maa - ب قدas well as ل ك wakathalek - وكذin addition to ضافة إ لى bealeethaafah eelaa - ب الiexclin front of aamaam - أمامin spite of م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عon behalf of م beasm - ب اسiexclon top of fawq - فوiexclق

demonstratives ر وiexclف الiexclج ر ان يcentة ح ه borhaaneeeah horowf aljar - برiexclthis ا ذ hathaa - هthat aan - أنthese ء ؤل haolaa - هthose ء ؤل haolaa - ه

Arabic ArticlesLearning the Arabic Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Arabic Articlesarticles ت قال maqaalaat - مthe al - الa no equivalent in arabic - no equivalent in arabic

English Articles Arabic Articlesone waahed - واح دsome bath - بعiexclضfew qaleeel - قل يiexclل

the book alketaab - الiexclك تابthe books alkotob - الiexclكتبa book ketaab - ك تابone book ketaab waahed - ك تاب واح دsome books bath alkotob - بعiexclض الiexclكتبfew books لiexclيiexclل م ن الiexclكتب alqaleel men alkotob - الiexclق

In Arabic the definite article is ال al As for the indefinite article there is none An indefinite noun in Arabic is indicated by a declension or rather ldquonunationrdquo of the noun Each definite noun in Arabic has the definite article attached to it and ends on u a or I ال depending if it is a subject object ore possessive When the noun is indefinite the nouns end on respectively un an or in hence the name ldquonunationrdquo th n in Arabic is pronounced nun ن For example ر يدة رء الiexclج ل يقiexcl -Ar-rajalu yaqrarsquou al الرcentجdjaridata The man reads the newspaper بiexclزا ل خ مcentد يأكiexcl ح Muhammed jarsquoakulu gubzan - Muhamad eats مa bread

A very important rule in Arabic is المضاف والمضاف إليه Al-mudhaf wa-al-mudhaf ilaihu This is used to denote the passive like in the book of the man is translated as الرجل kitaab كتاب ar-radjuli According to the Arabic grammarians book is made definite by the man so it doesnrsquot need a definite article Also the man is declined with I the sign of the possessive If one wants to say the book of this man then this must be put at the end of the construction since nothing may break it كتاب الرجل هذه Book (of) the man this

Like English Arabic has one definite article the but it has no indefinite article ldquoardquo Instead the Arabs use a declension to indicate that a noun is indefinite For example the book is translated as Al-Kitabu

having al- in front (note the indefinite article is written attached to the noun it describes so is الكتابwa و meaning and) and ending on the vowel u indicates that the noun is indefinit

A book however is written as Kitabun كتاب where a n is added at the end of the vowel to indicate the noun is indefinite Arab grammarians call this nunnation

Sun Moon lettersThe l of the definite article al assimilates with the letter following it If the pronouncation of the letter following the l is pronounced in the same region of the l ie in front the l changes to the consonant following the l making this consonant effectively spoken twice when the consonant following the l is pronounced in the back then the pronunciation of the l is maintained The Arabs call this sun and moon

letters سمف الش ر HHarf(u)-asj-sjamsi and ح

ر قم ف ال ر The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following حit

Arabic VerbsLearning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

Arabic to has only 2 times the perfect and the imperfect but there is a difference in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They donrsquot ask themselves when did it finish or not) Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present but not necessarily so Here are some examples

English Verbs Arabic VerbsVerbs عال فiexcl alaafaal - الiexclPast almaatheee - الiexclماض يI spoke ثiexclت دcent tahadatht - تحI wrote ت بت kotebat - كI drove qodat - قدcentتI loved نiexclت أح ب kont aoheb - كI gave طيiexclت aataeet - أعiexclI smiled مت abtasamat - ابiexclتسI took ذت aakhathat - أخ

he spoke د sectث tohadeth - تحhe wrote koteb - كت بhe drove qaad - قادhe loved aheb - اح بhe gave qadem - قد مhe smiled abtasem - ابiexclتس مhe took akhath - اخذ

we spoke نا takalamnaa - تكلcentمiexclwe wrote katabnaa - كتبiexclناwe drove نا دiexcl qodnaa - ق

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

Top vowel lrm a Sounds like a in Alabama

Top vowel u Sounds like o in Open

Bottom Vowel lrm i Sounds like I in India

The Arabic alphabet is written from right to left It has no capital letters (Originally Eurpoean alphabet didnrsquot have capitals either the Roman alphabet from which we got ours existed out of what we now call capital letters the Capitalis Quadrata There was also a handwritten script derived from the

Capitalis Quadrata used by the roman soldiers and merchants Only during the Middle Ages under Charles the Great capitals where introduced)

The Arabic script is called a running script In Latin script there is the option to write the letters separate or attached to each other In Arabic however you are forced to write most of the letters attached and some not In Latin script when a word doesnrsquot fit on a line you split the word up into syllables and break it on that in Arabic that is not possible So instead of braking the word into syllables making the word smaller as to fit on a line they make the word bigger by extending the letter like so Ana aktub lak risalatan mamlursquoa bil-hhub I writeldquo أنا أكب لك رســـالة مملوء بالحــــــــــــــــــــــــــــبyou a letter ful of love Some Arabic letters are almost impossible to pronounce like the hh (a hot h as if you are cleaning a mirrors or like if you eat hot sambal and your throat is on fire) the 3 as if you burb or like in English ldquoI sayrdquo with a cracking voice and the q which is pronounced very deep in your throat with your huig The g is like our Dutch g in Scheveningen The glottal stop lik in English Co-operation or in Cockney borsquolle is also a letter in Arabic

The Arabic Alphabet VowelsName Character Explanation Pronunciation Example Transcription

Damma 5

Damma is an apostrophe-like shape written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation It represents a short vowel u (like the u in but)

u بت but

Wāw و

Wāw is the long vowel ū (like the oo in moon) It also represents the consonant w When Waw is used to represent the long vowel damma appears above the preceding consonant

ū بوت būt

Fatha 5

Fatha is a diagonal stroke written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation It represents a short vowel a (a little like the u in but a short ah sound)

a بت bat

Alif ا Alif is the long vowel ā (a long ahh sound as in English father) ā بات bāt

Kasra 5

Kasra is a diagonal stroke written below the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation It represents a short vowel i (like the i in English pit)

i ب ت bit

Ya ي

Ya is the long vowel ī (like the ee in English sheep) It also represents the consonant y When Ya is used to represent the long vowel kasra appears above the preceding consonant

ī ب يت bīt

Sukūn 5

Whenever a consonant does not have a vowel it receives a mark called a sukūn a small circle which represents the end of a closed syllable (CvC or CvvC) It sits above the letter which is not followed by a vowel

ت ب نiexcl bintu

Shadda (or tashdīd)

5

Shadda represents doubling (or gemination) of a consonant Where the same consonant occurs twice in a word with no vowel between instead of using consonant + sukūn + consonant the consonant is written only once and shadda is written above it

ثبcentت thabbata

English Pronouns Arabic PronounsPronouns ائ ر althamaaer - الiexclضcentمI aanaa - أناyou aant - أنiexclتhe و how - هshe heee - ه يwe ن nahn - نحiexclthey م hom - ه

me aanaa - أناyou aant - أنiexclتhim lah - لهher ا lahaa - لهus lanaa - لناthem م ه نiexcl menhom - م

my leee - ل يyour lakom - لكمhis lah - لهher ا lahaa - لهour lanaa - لنا

English Pronouns Arabic Pronounstheir men - م ن

mine نiexclجم manjam - مyours lak - لكhis lah - لهhers ا اصته khaasatahaa - خours lanaa - لناtheirs م lahom - لهAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic In Arabic the possessive is written attached and behind the noun possessed It is used both for the possessive and accusative only the first person differs yi for a noun and ni for a verb (accusative)هو ضربني بكتابي Huwa yaddrabuni bi kitabi he hits me with my book

List of Pronouns in ArabicBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Pronouns Arabic PronounsI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمyou speak ant tatakalam - انiexclت تتكلcentمhe speaks و يتكلcentم how eeatakalam - هshe speaks hea tatakalam - ه ى تتكلcentمwe speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclthey speak وiexclن م يتكلcentم hom eeatakalamown - ه

give me ط ن ي aateneee - أعiexclgive you يك ط aoteeeak - أعiexclgive him يه ط ateeeah - اعiexclgive her ا يه ط ateeeahaa - اعiexclgive us طيiexclنا ataeenaa - اعiexclgive them م يiexclه ط ateeehom - اعiexcl

my book ketaabeee - ك تاب ي

English Pronouns Arabic Pronounsyour book ketaabek - ك تاب كhis book ketaabah - ك تابهher book ا ketaabehaa - ك تاب هour book ketaabonaa - ك تابناtheir book م ketaabahom - ك تابه

Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns have a very important role in Arabic therefore they need very special attention

one1wahed | واحد

two2ethnan | اثنان

three3thalathah | ثلثة

four3arbaeh | أربعة

five5khamsah | خمسة

six6setah | ستة

seven7sabah | سبعة

eight8thamaneyah | ثمانية

nine9tesah | تسعة

ten10asharah | عشرة

Arabic PluralLearning the Arabic Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

In Arabic the formation of the plural is difficult since there are many patterns It is advised to learn the plural with the singular a good Arabic dictionary like the ldquoHans Wehr Arabic dictionary will include the plural or plurals (sometimes there are more) in each entry Examples are kitaab ndashkutub [book - books] walad ndash awlad [boy ndash boys] sayara ndash sayaraat [car ndash cars] radjul ndash rejaal [man ndash men] The last two are examples of the sound plural which for masculine adds un at the end and for feminine aat at the and (Note the ta marbuta has to be change to a normal open t)

Here are some examples

Plural ع مiexcl يiexclغة الiexclج seeeghah aljam - ص my book ketaabeee - ك تاب يmy books تب ي kotobeee - ك

our daughter abnatanaa - ابiexclنتناour daughters banaatenaa - بنات ناIm cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ana ashor bealborowdah - انsectى اشiexclwere cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ن نشiexcl nahn nashor bealborowdah - نحiexclhis chickens اجه dajaajah - دجtheir chicken م ه اج dajaajahom ndash دج

English Plural Arabic Plural

alligator ت وائ ي اح إ سiexcl س temsaah eestewaeee - ت مiexclalligators يiexclح tamaaseeeh - تماس bear dab - دبbears ببة debabah - د bird taaer - طائ رbirds ر toeeowr - طيوiexclbull ر thawr - ثوiexclbulls theeearaan - ث يرانcat qat - قطcats qatat - قططcow baqarah - بقرةcows aabqaar - أبiexclقارdeer aaeeel - أي sectلmany deer ن ل زiexcl alghezlaan - الiexclغ dog kalb - كلiexclبdogs ب kelaab - ك لdonkey مار hemaar - ح donkeys ير مiexcl hemeear - ح eagle ر nasr - نسiexcleagles ر وiexcl nosowr - نسelephant feeel - ف يiexclلelephants feeealah - ف يلةgiraffe zaraafah - زرافة

English Plural Arabic Plural

giraffes zaraafaat - زرافاتgoat ز maaez - ماع goats ز maaez - ماع horse hesaan - ح صانhorses ي sectل khoeeel - خlion د aasad - أسlions ود aaswad - أسiexclmonkey د qerd - ق رiexclmonkeys د وiexcl ر qorowd - قmouse faar - فأiexclرmice ران feraan - ف ئiexclrabbit نب aarnab - أرiexclrabbits aaraaneb - أران بsnake بان thobaan - ثعiexclsnakes اب يiexclن thaaabeeen - ثعtiger namer - نم رtigers namowr - نمshyورwolf theb - ذ ئiexclبwolves ئاب theaab - ذ

Arabic PrepositionsLearning the Arabic Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

Prepositions ر وiexclف الiexclج ر horowf aljar - حinside the house ز ل نiexcl ل الiexclم daakhel almanzel - داخ outside the car يcentارة ار ج الiexclسcent khaarej alsaeeaarah - خwith me maeee - مع يwithout him ن ه وiexcl bedowneh - ب د

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

under the table ت الiexclطcentاولة taht altaawlah - تحiexclafter tomorrow د د غ bad ghad - بعiexclbefore sunset روiexclب qabl alghorowb - قبiexclل الiexclغbut Im busy وiexclل غ walaken aanaa mashghowl - ولك ن أنا مشiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsabout وiexclل hawl - حabove fawq - فوiexclقacross بiexclر abr - عafter د bad - بعiexclagainst thed - ض دamong baeen - بيiexclنaround وiexclل hawl - حas ا kamaa - كمat feee - ف يbefore qabl - قبiexclلbehind waraa - وراءbelow aaqol men - أقل م نbeneath taht - تحiexclتbeside ان ب bejaaneb - ب جbetween baeen - بيiexclنbeyond waraa - وراءbut laken - لك نby men qabl - م ن قبiexclلdespite م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عdown فل aasfal - أسiexclduring ل khelaal - خ لexcept eelaa - إ لfor eelaa - إ لىfrom men - م نin feee - ف يinside daakhel - داخ ل

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsinto eelaa - إ لىnear qorb - قرiexclبnext altaaleee - الiexclتcentال يof men - م نon feee - ف يopposite عاك س moaakes - مout ار ج khaarej - خoutside ار ج khaarej - خover ل khelaal - خ لper lekol - ل كلplus zaaed - زائ دround لة وiexcl jawlah - جsince نiexclذ month - مthan men - م نthrough ل men khelaal - م ن خ لtill تcentى hataa - حto eelaa - إ لىtoward و nahw - نحiexclunder taht - تحiexclتunlike كiexclس لى ع alaa aks - عuntil تcentى hataa - حup fawq - فوiexclقvia طة bewaasetah - ب واس with ma - معwithin themn - ض مiexclنwithout وiexclن bedown - ب د

two words تيiexclن kalemataeen - كل مaccording to ب behasab - ب حسbecause of بب besabab - ب سclose to qareeebah men - قر يiexclبة م نdue to بب besabab - ب سexcept for ناء ت ثiexcl beastethnaa - ب اسiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsfar from يiexclد عن boaeed an - بعinside of daakhel - داخ لinstead of ل م ن badalaa men - بدnear to رiexclب م ن bealqorb men - ب الiexclقnext to qorb - قرiexclبoutside of ار ج khaarej - خprior to qabl - قبiexclل

three words ث كل مات thalaath kalemaat - ثلas far as ا ر مcent beqadar maa - ب قدas well as ل ك wakathalek - وكذin addition to ضافة إ لى bealeethaafah eelaa - ب الiexclin front of aamaam - أمامin spite of م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عon behalf of م beasm - ب اسiexclon top of fawq - فوiexclق

demonstratives ر وiexclف الiexclج ر ان يcentة ح ه borhaaneeeah horowf aljar - برiexclthis ا ذ hathaa - هthat aan - أنthese ء ؤل haolaa - هthose ء ؤل haolaa - ه

Arabic ArticlesLearning the Arabic Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Arabic Articlesarticles ت قال maqaalaat - مthe al - الa no equivalent in arabic - no equivalent in arabic

English Articles Arabic Articlesone waahed - واح دsome bath - بعiexclضfew qaleeel - قل يiexclل

the book alketaab - الiexclك تابthe books alkotob - الiexclكتبa book ketaab - ك تابone book ketaab waahed - ك تاب واح دsome books bath alkotob - بعiexclض الiexclكتبfew books لiexclيiexclل م ن الiexclكتب alqaleel men alkotob - الiexclق

In Arabic the definite article is ال al As for the indefinite article there is none An indefinite noun in Arabic is indicated by a declension or rather ldquonunationrdquo of the noun Each definite noun in Arabic has the definite article attached to it and ends on u a or I ال depending if it is a subject object ore possessive When the noun is indefinite the nouns end on respectively un an or in hence the name ldquonunationrdquo th n in Arabic is pronounced nun ن For example ر يدة رء الiexclج ل يقiexcl -Ar-rajalu yaqrarsquou al الرcentجdjaridata The man reads the newspaper بiexclزا ل خ مcentد يأكiexcl ح Muhammed jarsquoakulu gubzan - Muhamad eats مa bread

A very important rule in Arabic is المضاف والمضاف إليه Al-mudhaf wa-al-mudhaf ilaihu This is used to denote the passive like in the book of the man is translated as الرجل kitaab كتاب ar-radjuli According to the Arabic grammarians book is made definite by the man so it doesnrsquot need a definite article Also the man is declined with I the sign of the possessive If one wants to say the book of this man then this must be put at the end of the construction since nothing may break it كتاب الرجل هذه Book (of) the man this

Like English Arabic has one definite article the but it has no indefinite article ldquoardquo Instead the Arabs use a declension to indicate that a noun is indefinite For example the book is translated as Al-Kitabu

having al- in front (note the indefinite article is written attached to the noun it describes so is الكتابwa و meaning and) and ending on the vowel u indicates that the noun is indefinit

A book however is written as Kitabun كتاب where a n is added at the end of the vowel to indicate the noun is indefinite Arab grammarians call this nunnation

Sun Moon lettersThe l of the definite article al assimilates with the letter following it If the pronouncation of the letter following the l is pronounced in the same region of the l ie in front the l changes to the consonant following the l making this consonant effectively spoken twice when the consonant following the l is pronounced in the back then the pronunciation of the l is maintained The Arabs call this sun and moon

letters سمف الش ر HHarf(u)-asj-sjamsi and ح

ر قم ف ال ر The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following حit

Arabic VerbsLearning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

Arabic to has only 2 times the perfect and the imperfect but there is a difference in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They donrsquot ask themselves when did it finish or not) Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present but not necessarily so Here are some examples

English Verbs Arabic VerbsVerbs عال فiexcl alaafaal - الiexclPast almaatheee - الiexclماض يI spoke ثiexclت دcent tahadatht - تحI wrote ت بت kotebat - كI drove qodat - قدcentتI loved نiexclت أح ب kont aoheb - كI gave طيiexclت aataeet - أعiexclI smiled مت abtasamat - ابiexclتسI took ذت aakhathat - أخ

he spoke د sectث tohadeth - تحhe wrote koteb - كت بhe drove qaad - قادhe loved aheb - اح بhe gave qadem - قد مhe smiled abtasem - ابiexclتس مhe took akhath - اخذ

we spoke نا takalamnaa - تكلcentمiexclwe wrote katabnaa - كتبiexclناwe drove نا دiexcl qodnaa - ق

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

Capitalis Quadrata used by the roman soldiers and merchants Only during the Middle Ages under Charles the Great capitals where introduced)

The Arabic script is called a running script In Latin script there is the option to write the letters separate or attached to each other In Arabic however you are forced to write most of the letters attached and some not In Latin script when a word doesnrsquot fit on a line you split the word up into syllables and break it on that in Arabic that is not possible So instead of braking the word into syllables making the word smaller as to fit on a line they make the word bigger by extending the letter like so Ana aktub lak risalatan mamlursquoa bil-hhub I writeldquo أنا أكب لك رســـالة مملوء بالحــــــــــــــــــــــــــــبyou a letter ful of love Some Arabic letters are almost impossible to pronounce like the hh (a hot h as if you are cleaning a mirrors or like if you eat hot sambal and your throat is on fire) the 3 as if you burb or like in English ldquoI sayrdquo with a cracking voice and the q which is pronounced very deep in your throat with your huig The g is like our Dutch g in Scheveningen The glottal stop lik in English Co-operation or in Cockney borsquolle is also a letter in Arabic

The Arabic Alphabet VowelsName Character Explanation Pronunciation Example Transcription

Damma 5

Damma is an apostrophe-like shape written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation It represents a short vowel u (like the u in but)

u بت but

Wāw و

Wāw is the long vowel ū (like the oo in moon) It also represents the consonant w When Waw is used to represent the long vowel damma appears above the preceding consonant

ū بوت būt

Fatha 5

Fatha is a diagonal stroke written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation It represents a short vowel a (a little like the u in but a short ah sound)

a بت bat

Alif ا Alif is the long vowel ā (a long ahh sound as in English father) ā بات bāt

Kasra 5

Kasra is a diagonal stroke written below the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation It represents a short vowel i (like the i in English pit)

i ب ت bit

Ya ي

Ya is the long vowel ī (like the ee in English sheep) It also represents the consonant y When Ya is used to represent the long vowel kasra appears above the preceding consonant

ī ب يت bīt

Sukūn 5

Whenever a consonant does not have a vowel it receives a mark called a sukūn a small circle which represents the end of a closed syllable (CvC or CvvC) It sits above the letter which is not followed by a vowel

ت ب نiexcl bintu

Shadda (or tashdīd)

5

Shadda represents doubling (or gemination) of a consonant Where the same consonant occurs twice in a word with no vowel between instead of using consonant + sukūn + consonant the consonant is written only once and shadda is written above it

ثبcentت thabbata

English Pronouns Arabic PronounsPronouns ائ ر althamaaer - الiexclضcentمI aanaa - أناyou aant - أنiexclتhe و how - هshe heee - ه يwe ن nahn - نحiexclthey م hom - ه

me aanaa - أناyou aant - أنiexclتhim lah - لهher ا lahaa - لهus lanaa - لناthem م ه نiexcl menhom - م

my leee - ل يyour lakom - لكمhis lah - لهher ا lahaa - لهour lanaa - لنا

English Pronouns Arabic Pronounstheir men - م ن

mine نiexclجم manjam - مyours lak - لكhis lah - لهhers ا اصته khaasatahaa - خours lanaa - لناtheirs م lahom - لهAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic In Arabic the possessive is written attached and behind the noun possessed It is used both for the possessive and accusative only the first person differs yi for a noun and ni for a verb (accusative)هو ضربني بكتابي Huwa yaddrabuni bi kitabi he hits me with my book

List of Pronouns in ArabicBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Pronouns Arabic PronounsI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمyou speak ant tatakalam - انiexclت تتكلcentمhe speaks و يتكلcentم how eeatakalam - هshe speaks hea tatakalam - ه ى تتكلcentمwe speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclthey speak وiexclن م يتكلcentم hom eeatakalamown - ه

give me ط ن ي aateneee - أعiexclgive you يك ط aoteeeak - أعiexclgive him يه ط ateeeah - اعiexclgive her ا يه ط ateeeahaa - اعiexclgive us طيiexclنا ataeenaa - اعiexclgive them م يiexclه ط ateeehom - اعiexcl

my book ketaabeee - ك تاب ي

English Pronouns Arabic Pronounsyour book ketaabek - ك تاب كhis book ketaabah - ك تابهher book ا ketaabehaa - ك تاب هour book ketaabonaa - ك تابناtheir book م ketaabahom - ك تابه

Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns have a very important role in Arabic therefore they need very special attention

one1wahed | واحد

two2ethnan | اثنان

three3thalathah | ثلثة

four3arbaeh | أربعة

five5khamsah | خمسة

six6setah | ستة

seven7sabah | سبعة

eight8thamaneyah | ثمانية

nine9tesah | تسعة

ten10asharah | عشرة

Arabic PluralLearning the Arabic Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

In Arabic the formation of the plural is difficult since there are many patterns It is advised to learn the plural with the singular a good Arabic dictionary like the ldquoHans Wehr Arabic dictionary will include the plural or plurals (sometimes there are more) in each entry Examples are kitaab ndashkutub [book - books] walad ndash awlad [boy ndash boys] sayara ndash sayaraat [car ndash cars] radjul ndash rejaal [man ndash men] The last two are examples of the sound plural which for masculine adds un at the end and for feminine aat at the and (Note the ta marbuta has to be change to a normal open t)

Here are some examples

Plural ع مiexcl يiexclغة الiexclج seeeghah aljam - ص my book ketaabeee - ك تاب يmy books تب ي kotobeee - ك

our daughter abnatanaa - ابiexclنتناour daughters banaatenaa - بنات ناIm cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ana ashor bealborowdah - انsectى اشiexclwere cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ن نشiexcl nahn nashor bealborowdah - نحiexclhis chickens اجه dajaajah - دجtheir chicken م ه اج dajaajahom ndash دج

English Plural Arabic Plural

alligator ت وائ ي اح إ سiexcl س temsaah eestewaeee - ت مiexclalligators يiexclح tamaaseeeh - تماس bear dab - دبbears ببة debabah - د bird taaer - طائ رbirds ر toeeowr - طيوiexclbull ر thawr - ثوiexclbulls theeearaan - ث يرانcat qat - قطcats qatat - قططcow baqarah - بقرةcows aabqaar - أبiexclقارdeer aaeeel - أي sectلmany deer ن ل زiexcl alghezlaan - الiexclغ dog kalb - كلiexclبdogs ب kelaab - ك لdonkey مار hemaar - ح donkeys ير مiexcl hemeear - ح eagle ر nasr - نسiexcleagles ر وiexcl nosowr - نسelephant feeel - ف يiexclلelephants feeealah - ف يلةgiraffe zaraafah - زرافة

English Plural Arabic Plural

giraffes zaraafaat - زرافاتgoat ز maaez - ماع goats ز maaez - ماع horse hesaan - ح صانhorses ي sectل khoeeel - خlion د aasad - أسlions ود aaswad - أسiexclmonkey د qerd - ق رiexclmonkeys د وiexcl ر qorowd - قmouse faar - فأiexclرmice ران feraan - ف ئiexclrabbit نب aarnab - أرiexclrabbits aaraaneb - أران بsnake بان thobaan - ثعiexclsnakes اب يiexclن thaaabeeen - ثعtiger namer - نم رtigers namowr - نمshyورwolf theb - ذ ئiexclبwolves ئاب theaab - ذ

Arabic PrepositionsLearning the Arabic Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

Prepositions ر وiexclف الiexclج ر horowf aljar - حinside the house ز ل نiexcl ل الiexclم daakhel almanzel - داخ outside the car يcentارة ار ج الiexclسcent khaarej alsaeeaarah - خwith me maeee - مع يwithout him ن ه وiexcl bedowneh - ب د

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

under the table ت الiexclطcentاولة taht altaawlah - تحiexclafter tomorrow د د غ bad ghad - بعiexclbefore sunset روiexclب qabl alghorowb - قبiexclل الiexclغbut Im busy وiexclل غ walaken aanaa mashghowl - ولك ن أنا مشiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsabout وiexclل hawl - حabove fawq - فوiexclقacross بiexclر abr - عafter د bad - بعiexclagainst thed - ض دamong baeen - بيiexclنaround وiexclل hawl - حas ا kamaa - كمat feee - ف يbefore qabl - قبiexclلbehind waraa - وراءbelow aaqol men - أقل م نbeneath taht - تحiexclتbeside ان ب bejaaneb - ب جbetween baeen - بيiexclنbeyond waraa - وراءbut laken - لك نby men qabl - م ن قبiexclلdespite م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عdown فل aasfal - أسiexclduring ل khelaal - خ لexcept eelaa - إ لfor eelaa - إ لىfrom men - م نin feee - ف يinside daakhel - داخ ل

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsinto eelaa - إ لىnear qorb - قرiexclبnext altaaleee - الiexclتcentال يof men - م نon feee - ف يopposite عاك س moaakes - مout ار ج khaarej - خoutside ار ج khaarej - خover ل khelaal - خ لper lekol - ل كلplus zaaed - زائ دround لة وiexcl jawlah - جsince نiexclذ month - مthan men - م نthrough ل men khelaal - م ن خ لtill تcentى hataa - حto eelaa - إ لىtoward و nahw - نحiexclunder taht - تحiexclتunlike كiexclس لى ع alaa aks - عuntil تcentى hataa - حup fawq - فوiexclقvia طة bewaasetah - ب واس with ma - معwithin themn - ض مiexclنwithout وiexclن bedown - ب د

two words تيiexclن kalemataeen - كل مaccording to ب behasab - ب حسbecause of بب besabab - ب سclose to qareeebah men - قر يiexclبة م نdue to بب besabab - ب سexcept for ناء ت ثiexcl beastethnaa - ب اسiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsfar from يiexclد عن boaeed an - بعinside of daakhel - داخ لinstead of ل م ن badalaa men - بدnear to رiexclب م ن bealqorb men - ب الiexclقnext to qorb - قرiexclبoutside of ار ج khaarej - خprior to qabl - قبiexclل

three words ث كل مات thalaath kalemaat - ثلas far as ا ر مcent beqadar maa - ب قدas well as ل ك wakathalek - وكذin addition to ضافة إ لى bealeethaafah eelaa - ب الiexclin front of aamaam - أمامin spite of م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عon behalf of م beasm - ب اسiexclon top of fawq - فوiexclق

demonstratives ر وiexclف الiexclج ر ان يcentة ح ه borhaaneeeah horowf aljar - برiexclthis ا ذ hathaa - هthat aan - أنthese ء ؤل haolaa - هthose ء ؤل haolaa - ه

Arabic ArticlesLearning the Arabic Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Arabic Articlesarticles ت قال maqaalaat - مthe al - الa no equivalent in arabic - no equivalent in arabic

English Articles Arabic Articlesone waahed - واح دsome bath - بعiexclضfew qaleeel - قل يiexclل

the book alketaab - الiexclك تابthe books alkotob - الiexclكتبa book ketaab - ك تابone book ketaab waahed - ك تاب واح دsome books bath alkotob - بعiexclض الiexclكتبfew books لiexclيiexclل م ن الiexclكتب alqaleel men alkotob - الiexclق

In Arabic the definite article is ال al As for the indefinite article there is none An indefinite noun in Arabic is indicated by a declension or rather ldquonunationrdquo of the noun Each definite noun in Arabic has the definite article attached to it and ends on u a or I ال depending if it is a subject object ore possessive When the noun is indefinite the nouns end on respectively un an or in hence the name ldquonunationrdquo th n in Arabic is pronounced nun ن For example ر يدة رء الiexclج ل يقiexcl -Ar-rajalu yaqrarsquou al الرcentجdjaridata The man reads the newspaper بiexclزا ل خ مcentد يأكiexcl ح Muhammed jarsquoakulu gubzan - Muhamad eats مa bread

A very important rule in Arabic is المضاف والمضاف إليه Al-mudhaf wa-al-mudhaf ilaihu This is used to denote the passive like in the book of the man is translated as الرجل kitaab كتاب ar-radjuli According to the Arabic grammarians book is made definite by the man so it doesnrsquot need a definite article Also the man is declined with I the sign of the possessive If one wants to say the book of this man then this must be put at the end of the construction since nothing may break it كتاب الرجل هذه Book (of) the man this

Like English Arabic has one definite article the but it has no indefinite article ldquoardquo Instead the Arabs use a declension to indicate that a noun is indefinite For example the book is translated as Al-Kitabu

having al- in front (note the indefinite article is written attached to the noun it describes so is الكتابwa و meaning and) and ending on the vowel u indicates that the noun is indefinit

A book however is written as Kitabun كتاب where a n is added at the end of the vowel to indicate the noun is indefinite Arab grammarians call this nunnation

Sun Moon lettersThe l of the definite article al assimilates with the letter following it If the pronouncation of the letter following the l is pronounced in the same region of the l ie in front the l changes to the consonant following the l making this consonant effectively spoken twice when the consonant following the l is pronounced in the back then the pronunciation of the l is maintained The Arabs call this sun and moon

letters سمف الش ر HHarf(u)-asj-sjamsi and ح

ر قم ف ال ر The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following حit

Arabic VerbsLearning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

Arabic to has only 2 times the perfect and the imperfect but there is a difference in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They donrsquot ask themselves when did it finish or not) Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present but not necessarily so Here are some examples

English Verbs Arabic VerbsVerbs عال فiexcl alaafaal - الiexclPast almaatheee - الiexclماض يI spoke ثiexclت دcent tahadatht - تحI wrote ت بت kotebat - كI drove qodat - قدcentتI loved نiexclت أح ب kont aoheb - كI gave طيiexclت aataeet - أعiexclI smiled مت abtasamat - ابiexclتسI took ذت aakhathat - أخ

he spoke د sectث tohadeth - تحhe wrote koteb - كت بhe drove qaad - قادhe loved aheb - اح بhe gave qadem - قد مhe smiled abtasem - ابiexclتس مhe took akhath - اخذ

we spoke نا takalamnaa - تكلcentمiexclwe wrote katabnaa - كتبiexclناwe drove نا دiexcl qodnaa - ق

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

Sukūn 5

Whenever a consonant does not have a vowel it receives a mark called a sukūn a small circle which represents the end of a closed syllable (CvC or CvvC) It sits above the letter which is not followed by a vowel

ت ب نiexcl bintu

Shadda (or tashdīd)

5

Shadda represents doubling (or gemination) of a consonant Where the same consonant occurs twice in a word with no vowel between instead of using consonant + sukūn + consonant the consonant is written only once and shadda is written above it

ثبcentت thabbata

English Pronouns Arabic PronounsPronouns ائ ر althamaaer - الiexclضcentمI aanaa - أناyou aant - أنiexclتhe و how - هshe heee - ه يwe ن nahn - نحiexclthey م hom - ه

me aanaa - أناyou aant - أنiexclتhim lah - لهher ا lahaa - لهus lanaa - لناthem م ه نiexcl menhom - م

my leee - ل يyour lakom - لكمhis lah - لهher ا lahaa - لهour lanaa - لنا

English Pronouns Arabic Pronounstheir men - م ن

mine نiexclجم manjam - مyours lak - لكhis lah - لهhers ا اصته khaasatahaa - خours lanaa - لناtheirs م lahom - لهAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic In Arabic the possessive is written attached and behind the noun possessed It is used both for the possessive and accusative only the first person differs yi for a noun and ni for a verb (accusative)هو ضربني بكتابي Huwa yaddrabuni bi kitabi he hits me with my book

List of Pronouns in ArabicBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Pronouns Arabic PronounsI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمyou speak ant tatakalam - انiexclت تتكلcentمhe speaks و يتكلcentم how eeatakalam - هshe speaks hea tatakalam - ه ى تتكلcentمwe speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclthey speak وiexclن م يتكلcentم hom eeatakalamown - ه

give me ط ن ي aateneee - أعiexclgive you يك ط aoteeeak - أعiexclgive him يه ط ateeeah - اعiexclgive her ا يه ط ateeeahaa - اعiexclgive us طيiexclنا ataeenaa - اعiexclgive them م يiexclه ط ateeehom - اعiexcl

my book ketaabeee - ك تاب ي

English Pronouns Arabic Pronounsyour book ketaabek - ك تاب كhis book ketaabah - ك تابهher book ا ketaabehaa - ك تاب هour book ketaabonaa - ك تابناtheir book م ketaabahom - ك تابه

Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns have a very important role in Arabic therefore they need very special attention

one1wahed | واحد

two2ethnan | اثنان

three3thalathah | ثلثة

four3arbaeh | أربعة

five5khamsah | خمسة

six6setah | ستة

seven7sabah | سبعة

eight8thamaneyah | ثمانية

nine9tesah | تسعة

ten10asharah | عشرة

Arabic PluralLearning the Arabic Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

In Arabic the formation of the plural is difficult since there are many patterns It is advised to learn the plural with the singular a good Arabic dictionary like the ldquoHans Wehr Arabic dictionary will include the plural or plurals (sometimes there are more) in each entry Examples are kitaab ndashkutub [book - books] walad ndash awlad [boy ndash boys] sayara ndash sayaraat [car ndash cars] radjul ndash rejaal [man ndash men] The last two are examples of the sound plural which for masculine adds un at the end and for feminine aat at the and (Note the ta marbuta has to be change to a normal open t)

Here are some examples

Plural ع مiexcl يiexclغة الiexclج seeeghah aljam - ص my book ketaabeee - ك تاب يmy books تب ي kotobeee - ك

our daughter abnatanaa - ابiexclنتناour daughters banaatenaa - بنات ناIm cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ana ashor bealborowdah - انsectى اشiexclwere cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ن نشiexcl nahn nashor bealborowdah - نحiexclhis chickens اجه dajaajah - دجtheir chicken م ه اج dajaajahom ndash دج

English Plural Arabic Plural

alligator ت وائ ي اح إ سiexcl س temsaah eestewaeee - ت مiexclalligators يiexclح tamaaseeeh - تماس bear dab - دبbears ببة debabah - د bird taaer - طائ رbirds ر toeeowr - طيوiexclbull ر thawr - ثوiexclbulls theeearaan - ث يرانcat qat - قطcats qatat - قططcow baqarah - بقرةcows aabqaar - أبiexclقارdeer aaeeel - أي sectلmany deer ن ل زiexcl alghezlaan - الiexclغ dog kalb - كلiexclبdogs ب kelaab - ك لdonkey مار hemaar - ح donkeys ير مiexcl hemeear - ح eagle ر nasr - نسiexcleagles ر وiexcl nosowr - نسelephant feeel - ف يiexclلelephants feeealah - ف يلةgiraffe zaraafah - زرافة

English Plural Arabic Plural

giraffes zaraafaat - زرافاتgoat ز maaez - ماع goats ز maaez - ماع horse hesaan - ح صانhorses ي sectل khoeeel - خlion د aasad - أسlions ود aaswad - أسiexclmonkey د qerd - ق رiexclmonkeys د وiexcl ر qorowd - قmouse faar - فأiexclرmice ران feraan - ف ئiexclrabbit نب aarnab - أرiexclrabbits aaraaneb - أران بsnake بان thobaan - ثعiexclsnakes اب يiexclن thaaabeeen - ثعtiger namer - نم رtigers namowr - نمshyورwolf theb - ذ ئiexclبwolves ئاب theaab - ذ

Arabic PrepositionsLearning the Arabic Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

Prepositions ر وiexclف الiexclج ر horowf aljar - حinside the house ز ل نiexcl ل الiexclم daakhel almanzel - داخ outside the car يcentارة ار ج الiexclسcent khaarej alsaeeaarah - خwith me maeee - مع يwithout him ن ه وiexcl bedowneh - ب د

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

under the table ت الiexclطcentاولة taht altaawlah - تحiexclafter tomorrow د د غ bad ghad - بعiexclbefore sunset روiexclب qabl alghorowb - قبiexclل الiexclغbut Im busy وiexclل غ walaken aanaa mashghowl - ولك ن أنا مشiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsabout وiexclل hawl - حabove fawq - فوiexclقacross بiexclر abr - عafter د bad - بعiexclagainst thed - ض دamong baeen - بيiexclنaround وiexclل hawl - حas ا kamaa - كمat feee - ف يbefore qabl - قبiexclلbehind waraa - وراءbelow aaqol men - أقل م نbeneath taht - تحiexclتbeside ان ب bejaaneb - ب جbetween baeen - بيiexclنbeyond waraa - وراءbut laken - لك نby men qabl - م ن قبiexclلdespite م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عdown فل aasfal - أسiexclduring ل khelaal - خ لexcept eelaa - إ لfor eelaa - إ لىfrom men - م نin feee - ف يinside daakhel - داخ ل

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsinto eelaa - إ لىnear qorb - قرiexclبnext altaaleee - الiexclتcentال يof men - م نon feee - ف يopposite عاك س moaakes - مout ار ج khaarej - خoutside ار ج khaarej - خover ل khelaal - خ لper lekol - ل كلplus zaaed - زائ دround لة وiexcl jawlah - جsince نiexclذ month - مthan men - م نthrough ل men khelaal - م ن خ لtill تcentى hataa - حto eelaa - إ لىtoward و nahw - نحiexclunder taht - تحiexclتunlike كiexclس لى ع alaa aks - عuntil تcentى hataa - حup fawq - فوiexclقvia طة bewaasetah - ب واس with ma - معwithin themn - ض مiexclنwithout وiexclن bedown - ب د

two words تيiexclن kalemataeen - كل مaccording to ب behasab - ب حسbecause of بب besabab - ب سclose to qareeebah men - قر يiexclبة م نdue to بب besabab - ب سexcept for ناء ت ثiexcl beastethnaa - ب اسiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsfar from يiexclد عن boaeed an - بعinside of daakhel - داخ لinstead of ل م ن badalaa men - بدnear to رiexclب م ن bealqorb men - ب الiexclقnext to qorb - قرiexclبoutside of ار ج khaarej - خprior to qabl - قبiexclل

three words ث كل مات thalaath kalemaat - ثلas far as ا ر مcent beqadar maa - ب قدas well as ل ك wakathalek - وكذin addition to ضافة إ لى bealeethaafah eelaa - ب الiexclin front of aamaam - أمامin spite of م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عon behalf of م beasm - ب اسiexclon top of fawq - فوiexclق

demonstratives ر وiexclف الiexclج ر ان يcentة ح ه borhaaneeeah horowf aljar - برiexclthis ا ذ hathaa - هthat aan - أنthese ء ؤل haolaa - هthose ء ؤل haolaa - ه

Arabic ArticlesLearning the Arabic Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Arabic Articlesarticles ت قال maqaalaat - مthe al - الa no equivalent in arabic - no equivalent in arabic

English Articles Arabic Articlesone waahed - واح دsome bath - بعiexclضfew qaleeel - قل يiexclل

the book alketaab - الiexclك تابthe books alkotob - الiexclكتبa book ketaab - ك تابone book ketaab waahed - ك تاب واح دsome books bath alkotob - بعiexclض الiexclكتبfew books لiexclيiexclل م ن الiexclكتب alqaleel men alkotob - الiexclق

In Arabic the definite article is ال al As for the indefinite article there is none An indefinite noun in Arabic is indicated by a declension or rather ldquonunationrdquo of the noun Each definite noun in Arabic has the definite article attached to it and ends on u a or I ال depending if it is a subject object ore possessive When the noun is indefinite the nouns end on respectively un an or in hence the name ldquonunationrdquo th n in Arabic is pronounced nun ن For example ر يدة رء الiexclج ل يقiexcl -Ar-rajalu yaqrarsquou al الرcentجdjaridata The man reads the newspaper بiexclزا ل خ مcentد يأكiexcl ح Muhammed jarsquoakulu gubzan - Muhamad eats مa bread

A very important rule in Arabic is المضاف والمضاف إليه Al-mudhaf wa-al-mudhaf ilaihu This is used to denote the passive like in the book of the man is translated as الرجل kitaab كتاب ar-radjuli According to the Arabic grammarians book is made definite by the man so it doesnrsquot need a definite article Also the man is declined with I the sign of the possessive If one wants to say the book of this man then this must be put at the end of the construction since nothing may break it كتاب الرجل هذه Book (of) the man this

Like English Arabic has one definite article the but it has no indefinite article ldquoardquo Instead the Arabs use a declension to indicate that a noun is indefinite For example the book is translated as Al-Kitabu

having al- in front (note the indefinite article is written attached to the noun it describes so is الكتابwa و meaning and) and ending on the vowel u indicates that the noun is indefinit

A book however is written as Kitabun كتاب where a n is added at the end of the vowel to indicate the noun is indefinite Arab grammarians call this nunnation

Sun Moon lettersThe l of the definite article al assimilates with the letter following it If the pronouncation of the letter following the l is pronounced in the same region of the l ie in front the l changes to the consonant following the l making this consonant effectively spoken twice when the consonant following the l is pronounced in the back then the pronunciation of the l is maintained The Arabs call this sun and moon

letters سمف الش ر HHarf(u)-asj-sjamsi and ح

ر قم ف ال ر The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following حit

Arabic VerbsLearning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

Arabic to has only 2 times the perfect and the imperfect but there is a difference in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They donrsquot ask themselves when did it finish or not) Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present but not necessarily so Here are some examples

English Verbs Arabic VerbsVerbs عال فiexcl alaafaal - الiexclPast almaatheee - الiexclماض يI spoke ثiexclت دcent tahadatht - تحI wrote ت بت kotebat - كI drove qodat - قدcentتI loved نiexclت أح ب kont aoheb - كI gave طيiexclت aataeet - أعiexclI smiled مت abtasamat - ابiexclتسI took ذت aakhathat - أخ

he spoke د sectث tohadeth - تحhe wrote koteb - كت بhe drove qaad - قادhe loved aheb - اح بhe gave qadem - قد مhe smiled abtasem - ابiexclتس مhe took akhath - اخذ

we spoke نا takalamnaa - تكلcentمiexclwe wrote katabnaa - كتبiexclناwe drove نا دiexcl qodnaa - ق

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

English Pronouns Arabic Pronounstheir men - م ن

mine نiexclجم manjam - مyours lak - لكhis lah - لهhers ا اصته khaasatahaa - خours lanaa - لناtheirs م lahom - لهAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic In Arabic the possessive is written attached and behind the noun possessed It is used both for the possessive and accusative only the first person differs yi for a noun and ni for a verb (accusative)هو ضربني بكتابي Huwa yaddrabuni bi kitabi he hits me with my book

List of Pronouns in ArabicBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Pronouns Arabic PronounsI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمyou speak ant tatakalam - انiexclت تتكلcentمhe speaks و يتكلcentم how eeatakalam - هshe speaks hea tatakalam - ه ى تتكلcentمwe speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclthey speak وiexclن م يتكلcentم hom eeatakalamown - ه

give me ط ن ي aateneee - أعiexclgive you يك ط aoteeeak - أعiexclgive him يه ط ateeeah - اعiexclgive her ا يه ط ateeeahaa - اعiexclgive us طيiexclنا ataeenaa - اعiexclgive them م يiexclه ط ateeehom - اعiexcl

my book ketaabeee - ك تاب ي

English Pronouns Arabic Pronounsyour book ketaabek - ك تاب كhis book ketaabah - ك تابهher book ا ketaabehaa - ك تاب هour book ketaabonaa - ك تابناtheir book م ketaabahom - ك تابه

Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns have a very important role in Arabic therefore they need very special attention

one1wahed | واحد

two2ethnan | اثنان

three3thalathah | ثلثة

four3arbaeh | أربعة

five5khamsah | خمسة

six6setah | ستة

seven7sabah | سبعة

eight8thamaneyah | ثمانية

nine9tesah | تسعة

ten10asharah | عشرة

Arabic PluralLearning the Arabic Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

In Arabic the formation of the plural is difficult since there are many patterns It is advised to learn the plural with the singular a good Arabic dictionary like the ldquoHans Wehr Arabic dictionary will include the plural or plurals (sometimes there are more) in each entry Examples are kitaab ndashkutub [book - books] walad ndash awlad [boy ndash boys] sayara ndash sayaraat [car ndash cars] radjul ndash rejaal [man ndash men] The last two are examples of the sound plural which for masculine adds un at the end and for feminine aat at the and (Note the ta marbuta has to be change to a normal open t)

Here are some examples

Plural ع مiexcl يiexclغة الiexclج seeeghah aljam - ص my book ketaabeee - ك تاب يmy books تب ي kotobeee - ك

our daughter abnatanaa - ابiexclنتناour daughters banaatenaa - بنات ناIm cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ana ashor bealborowdah - انsectى اشiexclwere cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ن نشiexcl nahn nashor bealborowdah - نحiexclhis chickens اجه dajaajah - دجtheir chicken م ه اج dajaajahom ndash دج

English Plural Arabic Plural

alligator ت وائ ي اح إ سiexcl س temsaah eestewaeee - ت مiexclalligators يiexclح tamaaseeeh - تماس bear dab - دبbears ببة debabah - د bird taaer - طائ رbirds ر toeeowr - طيوiexclbull ر thawr - ثوiexclbulls theeearaan - ث يرانcat qat - قطcats qatat - قططcow baqarah - بقرةcows aabqaar - أبiexclقارdeer aaeeel - أي sectلmany deer ن ل زiexcl alghezlaan - الiexclغ dog kalb - كلiexclبdogs ب kelaab - ك لdonkey مار hemaar - ح donkeys ير مiexcl hemeear - ح eagle ر nasr - نسiexcleagles ر وiexcl nosowr - نسelephant feeel - ف يiexclلelephants feeealah - ف يلةgiraffe zaraafah - زرافة

English Plural Arabic Plural

giraffes zaraafaat - زرافاتgoat ز maaez - ماع goats ز maaez - ماع horse hesaan - ح صانhorses ي sectل khoeeel - خlion د aasad - أسlions ود aaswad - أسiexclmonkey د qerd - ق رiexclmonkeys د وiexcl ر qorowd - قmouse faar - فأiexclرmice ران feraan - ف ئiexclrabbit نب aarnab - أرiexclrabbits aaraaneb - أران بsnake بان thobaan - ثعiexclsnakes اب يiexclن thaaabeeen - ثعtiger namer - نم رtigers namowr - نمshyورwolf theb - ذ ئiexclبwolves ئاب theaab - ذ

Arabic PrepositionsLearning the Arabic Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

Prepositions ر وiexclف الiexclج ر horowf aljar - حinside the house ز ل نiexcl ل الiexclم daakhel almanzel - داخ outside the car يcentارة ار ج الiexclسcent khaarej alsaeeaarah - خwith me maeee - مع يwithout him ن ه وiexcl bedowneh - ب د

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

under the table ت الiexclطcentاولة taht altaawlah - تحiexclafter tomorrow د د غ bad ghad - بعiexclbefore sunset روiexclب qabl alghorowb - قبiexclل الiexclغbut Im busy وiexclل غ walaken aanaa mashghowl - ولك ن أنا مشiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsabout وiexclل hawl - حabove fawq - فوiexclقacross بiexclر abr - عafter د bad - بعiexclagainst thed - ض دamong baeen - بيiexclنaround وiexclل hawl - حas ا kamaa - كمat feee - ف يbefore qabl - قبiexclلbehind waraa - وراءbelow aaqol men - أقل م نbeneath taht - تحiexclتbeside ان ب bejaaneb - ب جbetween baeen - بيiexclنbeyond waraa - وراءbut laken - لك نby men qabl - م ن قبiexclلdespite م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عdown فل aasfal - أسiexclduring ل khelaal - خ لexcept eelaa - إ لfor eelaa - إ لىfrom men - م نin feee - ف يinside daakhel - داخ ل

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsinto eelaa - إ لىnear qorb - قرiexclبnext altaaleee - الiexclتcentال يof men - م نon feee - ف يopposite عاك س moaakes - مout ار ج khaarej - خoutside ار ج khaarej - خover ل khelaal - خ لper lekol - ل كلplus zaaed - زائ دround لة وiexcl jawlah - جsince نiexclذ month - مthan men - م نthrough ل men khelaal - م ن خ لtill تcentى hataa - حto eelaa - إ لىtoward و nahw - نحiexclunder taht - تحiexclتunlike كiexclس لى ع alaa aks - عuntil تcentى hataa - حup fawq - فوiexclقvia طة bewaasetah - ب واس with ma - معwithin themn - ض مiexclنwithout وiexclن bedown - ب د

two words تيiexclن kalemataeen - كل مaccording to ب behasab - ب حسbecause of بب besabab - ب سclose to qareeebah men - قر يiexclبة م نdue to بب besabab - ب سexcept for ناء ت ثiexcl beastethnaa - ب اسiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsfar from يiexclد عن boaeed an - بعinside of daakhel - داخ لinstead of ل م ن badalaa men - بدnear to رiexclب م ن bealqorb men - ب الiexclقnext to qorb - قرiexclبoutside of ار ج khaarej - خprior to qabl - قبiexclل

three words ث كل مات thalaath kalemaat - ثلas far as ا ر مcent beqadar maa - ب قدas well as ل ك wakathalek - وكذin addition to ضافة إ لى bealeethaafah eelaa - ب الiexclin front of aamaam - أمامin spite of م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عon behalf of م beasm - ب اسiexclon top of fawq - فوiexclق

demonstratives ر وiexclف الiexclج ر ان يcentة ح ه borhaaneeeah horowf aljar - برiexclthis ا ذ hathaa - هthat aan - أنthese ء ؤل haolaa - هthose ء ؤل haolaa - ه

Arabic ArticlesLearning the Arabic Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Arabic Articlesarticles ت قال maqaalaat - مthe al - الa no equivalent in arabic - no equivalent in arabic

English Articles Arabic Articlesone waahed - واح دsome bath - بعiexclضfew qaleeel - قل يiexclل

the book alketaab - الiexclك تابthe books alkotob - الiexclكتبa book ketaab - ك تابone book ketaab waahed - ك تاب واح دsome books bath alkotob - بعiexclض الiexclكتبfew books لiexclيiexclل م ن الiexclكتب alqaleel men alkotob - الiexclق

In Arabic the definite article is ال al As for the indefinite article there is none An indefinite noun in Arabic is indicated by a declension or rather ldquonunationrdquo of the noun Each definite noun in Arabic has the definite article attached to it and ends on u a or I ال depending if it is a subject object ore possessive When the noun is indefinite the nouns end on respectively un an or in hence the name ldquonunationrdquo th n in Arabic is pronounced nun ن For example ر يدة رء الiexclج ل يقiexcl -Ar-rajalu yaqrarsquou al الرcentجdjaridata The man reads the newspaper بiexclزا ل خ مcentد يأكiexcl ح Muhammed jarsquoakulu gubzan - Muhamad eats مa bread

A very important rule in Arabic is المضاف والمضاف إليه Al-mudhaf wa-al-mudhaf ilaihu This is used to denote the passive like in the book of the man is translated as الرجل kitaab كتاب ar-radjuli According to the Arabic grammarians book is made definite by the man so it doesnrsquot need a definite article Also the man is declined with I the sign of the possessive If one wants to say the book of this man then this must be put at the end of the construction since nothing may break it كتاب الرجل هذه Book (of) the man this

Like English Arabic has one definite article the but it has no indefinite article ldquoardquo Instead the Arabs use a declension to indicate that a noun is indefinite For example the book is translated as Al-Kitabu

having al- in front (note the indefinite article is written attached to the noun it describes so is الكتابwa و meaning and) and ending on the vowel u indicates that the noun is indefinit

A book however is written as Kitabun كتاب where a n is added at the end of the vowel to indicate the noun is indefinite Arab grammarians call this nunnation

Sun Moon lettersThe l of the definite article al assimilates with the letter following it If the pronouncation of the letter following the l is pronounced in the same region of the l ie in front the l changes to the consonant following the l making this consonant effectively spoken twice when the consonant following the l is pronounced in the back then the pronunciation of the l is maintained The Arabs call this sun and moon

letters سمف الش ر HHarf(u)-asj-sjamsi and ح

ر قم ف ال ر The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following حit

Arabic VerbsLearning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

Arabic to has only 2 times the perfect and the imperfect but there is a difference in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They donrsquot ask themselves when did it finish or not) Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present but not necessarily so Here are some examples

English Verbs Arabic VerbsVerbs عال فiexcl alaafaal - الiexclPast almaatheee - الiexclماض يI spoke ثiexclت دcent tahadatht - تحI wrote ت بت kotebat - كI drove qodat - قدcentتI loved نiexclت أح ب kont aoheb - كI gave طيiexclت aataeet - أعiexclI smiled مت abtasamat - ابiexclتسI took ذت aakhathat - أخ

he spoke د sectث tohadeth - تحhe wrote koteb - كت بhe drove qaad - قادhe loved aheb - اح بhe gave qadem - قد مhe smiled abtasem - ابiexclتس مhe took akhath - اخذ

we spoke نا takalamnaa - تكلcentمiexclwe wrote katabnaa - كتبiexclناwe drove نا دiexcl qodnaa - ق

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

English Pronouns Arabic Pronounsyour book ketaabek - ك تاب كhis book ketaabah - ك تابهher book ا ketaabehaa - ك تاب هour book ketaabonaa - ك تابناtheir book م ketaabahom - ك تابه

Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns have a very important role in Arabic therefore they need very special attention

one1wahed | واحد

two2ethnan | اثنان

three3thalathah | ثلثة

four3arbaeh | أربعة

five5khamsah | خمسة

six6setah | ستة

seven7sabah | سبعة

eight8thamaneyah | ثمانية

nine9tesah | تسعة

ten10asharah | عشرة

Arabic PluralLearning the Arabic Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

In Arabic the formation of the plural is difficult since there are many patterns It is advised to learn the plural with the singular a good Arabic dictionary like the ldquoHans Wehr Arabic dictionary will include the plural or plurals (sometimes there are more) in each entry Examples are kitaab ndashkutub [book - books] walad ndash awlad [boy ndash boys] sayara ndash sayaraat [car ndash cars] radjul ndash rejaal [man ndash men] The last two are examples of the sound plural which for masculine adds un at the end and for feminine aat at the and (Note the ta marbuta has to be change to a normal open t)

Here are some examples

Plural ع مiexcl يiexclغة الiexclج seeeghah aljam - ص my book ketaabeee - ك تاب يmy books تب ي kotobeee - ك

our daughter abnatanaa - ابiexclنتناour daughters banaatenaa - بنات ناIm cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ana ashor bealborowdah - انsectى اشiexclwere cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ن نشiexcl nahn nashor bealborowdah - نحiexclhis chickens اجه dajaajah - دجtheir chicken م ه اج dajaajahom ndash دج

English Plural Arabic Plural

alligator ت وائ ي اح إ سiexcl س temsaah eestewaeee - ت مiexclalligators يiexclح tamaaseeeh - تماس bear dab - دبbears ببة debabah - د bird taaer - طائ رbirds ر toeeowr - طيوiexclbull ر thawr - ثوiexclbulls theeearaan - ث يرانcat qat - قطcats qatat - قططcow baqarah - بقرةcows aabqaar - أبiexclقارdeer aaeeel - أي sectلmany deer ن ل زiexcl alghezlaan - الiexclغ dog kalb - كلiexclبdogs ب kelaab - ك لdonkey مار hemaar - ح donkeys ير مiexcl hemeear - ح eagle ر nasr - نسiexcleagles ر وiexcl nosowr - نسelephant feeel - ف يiexclلelephants feeealah - ف يلةgiraffe zaraafah - زرافة

English Plural Arabic Plural

giraffes zaraafaat - زرافاتgoat ز maaez - ماع goats ز maaez - ماع horse hesaan - ح صانhorses ي sectل khoeeel - خlion د aasad - أسlions ود aaswad - أسiexclmonkey د qerd - ق رiexclmonkeys د وiexcl ر qorowd - قmouse faar - فأiexclرmice ران feraan - ف ئiexclrabbit نب aarnab - أرiexclrabbits aaraaneb - أران بsnake بان thobaan - ثعiexclsnakes اب يiexclن thaaabeeen - ثعtiger namer - نم رtigers namowr - نمshyورwolf theb - ذ ئiexclبwolves ئاب theaab - ذ

Arabic PrepositionsLearning the Arabic Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

Prepositions ر وiexclف الiexclج ر horowf aljar - حinside the house ز ل نiexcl ل الiexclم daakhel almanzel - داخ outside the car يcentارة ار ج الiexclسcent khaarej alsaeeaarah - خwith me maeee - مع يwithout him ن ه وiexcl bedowneh - ب د

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

under the table ت الiexclطcentاولة taht altaawlah - تحiexclafter tomorrow د د غ bad ghad - بعiexclbefore sunset روiexclب qabl alghorowb - قبiexclل الiexclغbut Im busy وiexclل غ walaken aanaa mashghowl - ولك ن أنا مشiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsabout وiexclل hawl - حabove fawq - فوiexclقacross بiexclر abr - عafter د bad - بعiexclagainst thed - ض دamong baeen - بيiexclنaround وiexclل hawl - حas ا kamaa - كمat feee - ف يbefore qabl - قبiexclلbehind waraa - وراءbelow aaqol men - أقل م نbeneath taht - تحiexclتbeside ان ب bejaaneb - ب جbetween baeen - بيiexclنbeyond waraa - وراءbut laken - لك نby men qabl - م ن قبiexclلdespite م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عdown فل aasfal - أسiexclduring ل khelaal - خ لexcept eelaa - إ لfor eelaa - إ لىfrom men - م نin feee - ف يinside daakhel - داخ ل

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsinto eelaa - إ لىnear qorb - قرiexclبnext altaaleee - الiexclتcentال يof men - م نon feee - ف يopposite عاك س moaakes - مout ار ج khaarej - خoutside ار ج khaarej - خover ل khelaal - خ لper lekol - ل كلplus zaaed - زائ دround لة وiexcl jawlah - جsince نiexclذ month - مthan men - م نthrough ل men khelaal - م ن خ لtill تcentى hataa - حto eelaa - إ لىtoward و nahw - نحiexclunder taht - تحiexclتunlike كiexclس لى ع alaa aks - عuntil تcentى hataa - حup fawq - فوiexclقvia طة bewaasetah - ب واس with ma - معwithin themn - ض مiexclنwithout وiexclن bedown - ب د

two words تيiexclن kalemataeen - كل مaccording to ب behasab - ب حسbecause of بب besabab - ب سclose to qareeebah men - قر يiexclبة م نdue to بب besabab - ب سexcept for ناء ت ثiexcl beastethnaa - ب اسiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsfar from يiexclد عن boaeed an - بعinside of daakhel - داخ لinstead of ل م ن badalaa men - بدnear to رiexclب م ن bealqorb men - ب الiexclقnext to qorb - قرiexclبoutside of ار ج khaarej - خprior to qabl - قبiexclل

three words ث كل مات thalaath kalemaat - ثلas far as ا ر مcent beqadar maa - ب قدas well as ل ك wakathalek - وكذin addition to ضافة إ لى bealeethaafah eelaa - ب الiexclin front of aamaam - أمامin spite of م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عon behalf of م beasm - ب اسiexclon top of fawq - فوiexclق

demonstratives ر وiexclف الiexclج ر ان يcentة ح ه borhaaneeeah horowf aljar - برiexclthis ا ذ hathaa - هthat aan - أنthese ء ؤل haolaa - هthose ء ؤل haolaa - ه

Arabic ArticlesLearning the Arabic Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Arabic Articlesarticles ت قال maqaalaat - مthe al - الa no equivalent in arabic - no equivalent in arabic

English Articles Arabic Articlesone waahed - واح دsome bath - بعiexclضfew qaleeel - قل يiexclل

the book alketaab - الiexclك تابthe books alkotob - الiexclكتبa book ketaab - ك تابone book ketaab waahed - ك تاب واح دsome books bath alkotob - بعiexclض الiexclكتبfew books لiexclيiexclل م ن الiexclكتب alqaleel men alkotob - الiexclق

In Arabic the definite article is ال al As for the indefinite article there is none An indefinite noun in Arabic is indicated by a declension or rather ldquonunationrdquo of the noun Each definite noun in Arabic has the definite article attached to it and ends on u a or I ال depending if it is a subject object ore possessive When the noun is indefinite the nouns end on respectively un an or in hence the name ldquonunationrdquo th n in Arabic is pronounced nun ن For example ر يدة رء الiexclج ل يقiexcl -Ar-rajalu yaqrarsquou al الرcentجdjaridata The man reads the newspaper بiexclزا ل خ مcentد يأكiexcl ح Muhammed jarsquoakulu gubzan - Muhamad eats مa bread

A very important rule in Arabic is المضاف والمضاف إليه Al-mudhaf wa-al-mudhaf ilaihu This is used to denote the passive like in the book of the man is translated as الرجل kitaab كتاب ar-radjuli According to the Arabic grammarians book is made definite by the man so it doesnrsquot need a definite article Also the man is declined with I the sign of the possessive If one wants to say the book of this man then this must be put at the end of the construction since nothing may break it كتاب الرجل هذه Book (of) the man this

Like English Arabic has one definite article the but it has no indefinite article ldquoardquo Instead the Arabs use a declension to indicate that a noun is indefinite For example the book is translated as Al-Kitabu

having al- in front (note the indefinite article is written attached to the noun it describes so is الكتابwa و meaning and) and ending on the vowel u indicates that the noun is indefinit

A book however is written as Kitabun كتاب where a n is added at the end of the vowel to indicate the noun is indefinite Arab grammarians call this nunnation

Sun Moon lettersThe l of the definite article al assimilates with the letter following it If the pronouncation of the letter following the l is pronounced in the same region of the l ie in front the l changes to the consonant following the l making this consonant effectively spoken twice when the consonant following the l is pronounced in the back then the pronunciation of the l is maintained The Arabs call this sun and moon

letters سمف الش ر HHarf(u)-asj-sjamsi and ح

ر قم ف ال ر The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following حit

Arabic VerbsLearning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

Arabic to has only 2 times the perfect and the imperfect but there is a difference in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They donrsquot ask themselves when did it finish or not) Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present but not necessarily so Here are some examples

English Verbs Arabic VerbsVerbs عال فiexcl alaafaal - الiexclPast almaatheee - الiexclماض يI spoke ثiexclت دcent tahadatht - تحI wrote ت بت kotebat - كI drove qodat - قدcentتI loved نiexclت أح ب kont aoheb - كI gave طيiexclت aataeet - أعiexclI smiled مت abtasamat - ابiexclتسI took ذت aakhathat - أخ

he spoke د sectث tohadeth - تحhe wrote koteb - كت بhe drove qaad - قادhe loved aheb - اح بhe gave qadem - قد مhe smiled abtasem - ابiexclتس مhe took akhath - اخذ

we spoke نا takalamnaa - تكلcentمiexclwe wrote katabnaa - كتبiexclناwe drove نا دiexcl qodnaa - ق

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

our daughter abnatanaa - ابiexclنتناour daughters banaatenaa - بنات ناIm cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ana ashor bealborowdah - انsectى اشiexclwere cold دة وiexcl ر ب الiexclبر ع ن نشiexcl nahn nashor bealborowdah - نحiexclhis chickens اجه dajaajah - دجtheir chicken م ه اج dajaajahom ndash دج

English Plural Arabic Plural

alligator ت وائ ي اح إ سiexcl س temsaah eestewaeee - ت مiexclalligators يiexclح tamaaseeeh - تماس bear dab - دبbears ببة debabah - د bird taaer - طائ رbirds ر toeeowr - طيوiexclbull ر thawr - ثوiexclbulls theeearaan - ث يرانcat qat - قطcats qatat - قططcow baqarah - بقرةcows aabqaar - أبiexclقارdeer aaeeel - أي sectلmany deer ن ل زiexcl alghezlaan - الiexclغ dog kalb - كلiexclبdogs ب kelaab - ك لdonkey مار hemaar - ح donkeys ير مiexcl hemeear - ح eagle ر nasr - نسiexcleagles ر وiexcl nosowr - نسelephant feeel - ف يiexclلelephants feeealah - ف يلةgiraffe zaraafah - زرافة

English Plural Arabic Plural

giraffes zaraafaat - زرافاتgoat ز maaez - ماع goats ز maaez - ماع horse hesaan - ح صانhorses ي sectل khoeeel - خlion د aasad - أسlions ود aaswad - أسiexclmonkey د qerd - ق رiexclmonkeys د وiexcl ر qorowd - قmouse faar - فأiexclرmice ران feraan - ف ئiexclrabbit نب aarnab - أرiexclrabbits aaraaneb - أران بsnake بان thobaan - ثعiexclsnakes اب يiexclن thaaabeeen - ثعtiger namer - نم رtigers namowr - نمshyورwolf theb - ذ ئiexclبwolves ئاب theaab - ذ

Arabic PrepositionsLearning the Arabic Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

Prepositions ر وiexclف الiexclج ر horowf aljar - حinside the house ز ل نiexcl ل الiexclم daakhel almanzel - داخ outside the car يcentارة ار ج الiexclسcent khaarej alsaeeaarah - خwith me maeee - مع يwithout him ن ه وiexcl bedowneh - ب د

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

under the table ت الiexclطcentاولة taht altaawlah - تحiexclafter tomorrow د د غ bad ghad - بعiexclbefore sunset روiexclب qabl alghorowb - قبiexclل الiexclغbut Im busy وiexclل غ walaken aanaa mashghowl - ولك ن أنا مشiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsabout وiexclل hawl - حabove fawq - فوiexclقacross بiexclر abr - عafter د bad - بعiexclagainst thed - ض دamong baeen - بيiexclنaround وiexclل hawl - حas ا kamaa - كمat feee - ف يbefore qabl - قبiexclلbehind waraa - وراءbelow aaqol men - أقل م نbeneath taht - تحiexclتbeside ان ب bejaaneb - ب جbetween baeen - بيiexclنbeyond waraa - وراءbut laken - لك نby men qabl - م ن قبiexclلdespite م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عdown فل aasfal - أسiexclduring ل khelaal - خ لexcept eelaa - إ لfor eelaa - إ لىfrom men - م نin feee - ف يinside daakhel - داخ ل

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsinto eelaa - إ لىnear qorb - قرiexclبnext altaaleee - الiexclتcentال يof men - م نon feee - ف يopposite عاك س moaakes - مout ار ج khaarej - خoutside ار ج khaarej - خover ل khelaal - خ لper lekol - ل كلplus zaaed - زائ دround لة وiexcl jawlah - جsince نiexclذ month - مthan men - م نthrough ل men khelaal - م ن خ لtill تcentى hataa - حto eelaa - إ لىtoward و nahw - نحiexclunder taht - تحiexclتunlike كiexclس لى ع alaa aks - عuntil تcentى hataa - حup fawq - فوiexclقvia طة bewaasetah - ب واس with ma - معwithin themn - ض مiexclنwithout وiexclن bedown - ب د

two words تيiexclن kalemataeen - كل مaccording to ب behasab - ب حسbecause of بب besabab - ب سclose to qareeebah men - قر يiexclبة م نdue to بب besabab - ب سexcept for ناء ت ثiexcl beastethnaa - ب اسiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsfar from يiexclد عن boaeed an - بعinside of daakhel - داخ لinstead of ل م ن badalaa men - بدnear to رiexclب م ن bealqorb men - ب الiexclقnext to qorb - قرiexclبoutside of ار ج khaarej - خprior to qabl - قبiexclل

three words ث كل مات thalaath kalemaat - ثلas far as ا ر مcent beqadar maa - ب قدas well as ل ك wakathalek - وكذin addition to ضافة إ لى bealeethaafah eelaa - ب الiexclin front of aamaam - أمامin spite of م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عon behalf of م beasm - ب اسiexclon top of fawq - فوiexclق

demonstratives ر وiexclف الiexclج ر ان يcentة ح ه borhaaneeeah horowf aljar - برiexclthis ا ذ hathaa - هthat aan - أنthese ء ؤل haolaa - هthose ء ؤل haolaa - ه

Arabic ArticlesLearning the Arabic Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Arabic Articlesarticles ت قال maqaalaat - مthe al - الa no equivalent in arabic - no equivalent in arabic

English Articles Arabic Articlesone waahed - واح دsome bath - بعiexclضfew qaleeel - قل يiexclل

the book alketaab - الiexclك تابthe books alkotob - الiexclكتبa book ketaab - ك تابone book ketaab waahed - ك تاب واح دsome books bath alkotob - بعiexclض الiexclكتبfew books لiexclيiexclل م ن الiexclكتب alqaleel men alkotob - الiexclق

In Arabic the definite article is ال al As for the indefinite article there is none An indefinite noun in Arabic is indicated by a declension or rather ldquonunationrdquo of the noun Each definite noun in Arabic has the definite article attached to it and ends on u a or I ال depending if it is a subject object ore possessive When the noun is indefinite the nouns end on respectively un an or in hence the name ldquonunationrdquo th n in Arabic is pronounced nun ن For example ر يدة رء الiexclج ل يقiexcl -Ar-rajalu yaqrarsquou al الرcentجdjaridata The man reads the newspaper بiexclزا ل خ مcentد يأكiexcl ح Muhammed jarsquoakulu gubzan - Muhamad eats مa bread

A very important rule in Arabic is المضاف والمضاف إليه Al-mudhaf wa-al-mudhaf ilaihu This is used to denote the passive like in the book of the man is translated as الرجل kitaab كتاب ar-radjuli According to the Arabic grammarians book is made definite by the man so it doesnrsquot need a definite article Also the man is declined with I the sign of the possessive If one wants to say the book of this man then this must be put at the end of the construction since nothing may break it كتاب الرجل هذه Book (of) the man this

Like English Arabic has one definite article the but it has no indefinite article ldquoardquo Instead the Arabs use a declension to indicate that a noun is indefinite For example the book is translated as Al-Kitabu

having al- in front (note the indefinite article is written attached to the noun it describes so is الكتابwa و meaning and) and ending on the vowel u indicates that the noun is indefinit

A book however is written as Kitabun كتاب where a n is added at the end of the vowel to indicate the noun is indefinite Arab grammarians call this nunnation

Sun Moon lettersThe l of the definite article al assimilates with the letter following it If the pronouncation of the letter following the l is pronounced in the same region of the l ie in front the l changes to the consonant following the l making this consonant effectively spoken twice when the consonant following the l is pronounced in the back then the pronunciation of the l is maintained The Arabs call this sun and moon

letters سمف الش ر HHarf(u)-asj-sjamsi and ح

ر قم ف ال ر The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following حit

Arabic VerbsLearning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

Arabic to has only 2 times the perfect and the imperfect but there is a difference in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They donrsquot ask themselves when did it finish or not) Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present but not necessarily so Here are some examples

English Verbs Arabic VerbsVerbs عال فiexcl alaafaal - الiexclPast almaatheee - الiexclماض يI spoke ثiexclت دcent tahadatht - تحI wrote ت بت kotebat - كI drove qodat - قدcentتI loved نiexclت أح ب kont aoheb - كI gave طيiexclت aataeet - أعiexclI smiled مت abtasamat - ابiexclتسI took ذت aakhathat - أخ

he spoke د sectث tohadeth - تحhe wrote koteb - كت بhe drove qaad - قادhe loved aheb - اح بhe gave qadem - قد مhe smiled abtasem - ابiexclتس مhe took akhath - اخذ

we spoke نا takalamnaa - تكلcentمiexclwe wrote katabnaa - كتبiexclناwe drove نا دiexcl qodnaa - ق

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

English Plural Arabic Plural

giraffes zaraafaat - زرافاتgoat ز maaez - ماع goats ز maaez - ماع horse hesaan - ح صانhorses ي sectل khoeeel - خlion د aasad - أسlions ود aaswad - أسiexclmonkey د qerd - ق رiexclmonkeys د وiexcl ر qorowd - قmouse faar - فأiexclرmice ران feraan - ف ئiexclrabbit نب aarnab - أرiexclrabbits aaraaneb - أران بsnake بان thobaan - ثعiexclsnakes اب يiexclن thaaabeeen - ثعtiger namer - نم رtigers namowr - نمshyورwolf theb - ذ ئiexclبwolves ئاب theaab - ذ

Arabic PrepositionsLearning the Arabic Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

Prepositions ر وiexclف الiexclج ر horowf aljar - حinside the house ز ل نiexcl ل الiexclم daakhel almanzel - داخ outside the car يcentارة ار ج الiexclسcent khaarej alsaeeaarah - خwith me maeee - مع يwithout him ن ه وiexcl bedowneh - ب د

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

under the table ت الiexclطcentاولة taht altaawlah - تحiexclafter tomorrow د د غ bad ghad - بعiexclbefore sunset روiexclب qabl alghorowb - قبiexclل الiexclغbut Im busy وiexclل غ walaken aanaa mashghowl - ولك ن أنا مشiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsabout وiexclل hawl - حabove fawq - فوiexclقacross بiexclر abr - عafter د bad - بعiexclagainst thed - ض دamong baeen - بيiexclنaround وiexclل hawl - حas ا kamaa - كمat feee - ف يbefore qabl - قبiexclلbehind waraa - وراءbelow aaqol men - أقل م نbeneath taht - تحiexclتbeside ان ب bejaaneb - ب جbetween baeen - بيiexclنbeyond waraa - وراءbut laken - لك نby men qabl - م ن قبiexclلdespite م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عdown فل aasfal - أسiexclduring ل khelaal - خ لexcept eelaa - إ لfor eelaa - إ لىfrom men - م نin feee - ف يinside daakhel - داخ ل

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsinto eelaa - إ لىnear qorb - قرiexclبnext altaaleee - الiexclتcentال يof men - م نon feee - ف يopposite عاك س moaakes - مout ار ج khaarej - خoutside ار ج khaarej - خover ل khelaal - خ لper lekol - ل كلplus zaaed - زائ دround لة وiexcl jawlah - جsince نiexclذ month - مthan men - م نthrough ل men khelaal - م ن خ لtill تcentى hataa - حto eelaa - إ لىtoward و nahw - نحiexclunder taht - تحiexclتunlike كiexclس لى ع alaa aks - عuntil تcentى hataa - حup fawq - فوiexclقvia طة bewaasetah - ب واس with ma - معwithin themn - ض مiexclنwithout وiexclن bedown - ب د

two words تيiexclن kalemataeen - كل مaccording to ب behasab - ب حسbecause of بب besabab - ب سclose to qareeebah men - قر يiexclبة م نdue to بب besabab - ب سexcept for ناء ت ثiexcl beastethnaa - ب اسiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsfar from يiexclد عن boaeed an - بعinside of daakhel - داخ لinstead of ل م ن badalaa men - بدnear to رiexclب م ن bealqorb men - ب الiexclقnext to qorb - قرiexclبoutside of ار ج khaarej - خprior to qabl - قبiexclل

three words ث كل مات thalaath kalemaat - ثلas far as ا ر مcent beqadar maa - ب قدas well as ل ك wakathalek - وكذin addition to ضافة إ لى bealeethaafah eelaa - ب الiexclin front of aamaam - أمامin spite of م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عon behalf of م beasm - ب اسiexclon top of fawq - فوiexclق

demonstratives ر وiexclف الiexclج ر ان يcentة ح ه borhaaneeeah horowf aljar - برiexclthis ا ذ hathaa - هthat aan - أنthese ء ؤل haolaa - هthose ء ؤل haolaa - ه

Arabic ArticlesLearning the Arabic Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Arabic Articlesarticles ت قال maqaalaat - مthe al - الa no equivalent in arabic - no equivalent in arabic

English Articles Arabic Articlesone waahed - واح دsome bath - بعiexclضfew qaleeel - قل يiexclل

the book alketaab - الiexclك تابthe books alkotob - الiexclكتبa book ketaab - ك تابone book ketaab waahed - ك تاب واح دsome books bath alkotob - بعiexclض الiexclكتبfew books لiexclيiexclل م ن الiexclكتب alqaleel men alkotob - الiexclق

In Arabic the definite article is ال al As for the indefinite article there is none An indefinite noun in Arabic is indicated by a declension or rather ldquonunationrdquo of the noun Each definite noun in Arabic has the definite article attached to it and ends on u a or I ال depending if it is a subject object ore possessive When the noun is indefinite the nouns end on respectively un an or in hence the name ldquonunationrdquo th n in Arabic is pronounced nun ن For example ر يدة رء الiexclج ل يقiexcl -Ar-rajalu yaqrarsquou al الرcentجdjaridata The man reads the newspaper بiexclزا ل خ مcentد يأكiexcl ح Muhammed jarsquoakulu gubzan - Muhamad eats مa bread

A very important rule in Arabic is المضاف والمضاف إليه Al-mudhaf wa-al-mudhaf ilaihu This is used to denote the passive like in the book of the man is translated as الرجل kitaab كتاب ar-radjuli According to the Arabic grammarians book is made definite by the man so it doesnrsquot need a definite article Also the man is declined with I the sign of the possessive If one wants to say the book of this man then this must be put at the end of the construction since nothing may break it كتاب الرجل هذه Book (of) the man this

Like English Arabic has one definite article the but it has no indefinite article ldquoardquo Instead the Arabs use a declension to indicate that a noun is indefinite For example the book is translated as Al-Kitabu

having al- in front (note the indefinite article is written attached to the noun it describes so is الكتابwa و meaning and) and ending on the vowel u indicates that the noun is indefinit

A book however is written as Kitabun كتاب where a n is added at the end of the vowel to indicate the noun is indefinite Arab grammarians call this nunnation

Sun Moon lettersThe l of the definite article al assimilates with the letter following it If the pronouncation of the letter following the l is pronounced in the same region of the l ie in front the l changes to the consonant following the l making this consonant effectively spoken twice when the consonant following the l is pronounced in the back then the pronunciation of the l is maintained The Arabs call this sun and moon

letters سمف الش ر HHarf(u)-asj-sjamsi and ح

ر قم ف ال ر The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following حit

Arabic VerbsLearning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

Arabic to has only 2 times the perfect and the imperfect but there is a difference in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They donrsquot ask themselves when did it finish or not) Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present but not necessarily so Here are some examples

English Verbs Arabic VerbsVerbs عال فiexcl alaafaal - الiexclPast almaatheee - الiexclماض يI spoke ثiexclت دcent tahadatht - تحI wrote ت بت kotebat - كI drove qodat - قدcentتI loved نiexclت أح ب kont aoheb - كI gave طيiexclت aataeet - أعiexclI smiled مت abtasamat - ابiexclتسI took ذت aakhathat - أخ

he spoke د sectث tohadeth - تحhe wrote koteb - كت بhe drove qaad - قادhe loved aheb - اح بhe gave qadem - قد مhe smiled abtasem - ابiexclتس مhe took akhath - اخذ

we spoke نا takalamnaa - تكلcentمiexclwe wrote katabnaa - كتبiexclناwe drove نا دiexcl qodnaa - ق

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositions

under the table ت الiexclطcentاولة taht altaawlah - تحiexclafter tomorrow د د غ bad ghad - بعiexclbefore sunset روiexclب qabl alghorowb - قبiexclل الiexclغbut Im busy وiexclل غ walaken aanaa mashghowl - ولك ن أنا مشiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsabout وiexclل hawl - حabove fawq - فوiexclقacross بiexclر abr - عafter د bad - بعiexclagainst thed - ض دamong baeen - بيiexclنaround وiexclل hawl - حas ا kamaa - كمat feee - ف يbefore qabl - قبiexclلbehind waraa - وراءbelow aaqol men - أقل م نbeneath taht - تحiexclتbeside ان ب bejaaneb - ب جbetween baeen - بيiexclنbeyond waraa - وراءbut laken - لك نby men qabl - م ن قبiexclلdespite م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عdown فل aasfal - أسiexclduring ل khelaal - خ لexcept eelaa - إ لfor eelaa - إ لىfrom men - م نin feee - ف يinside daakhel - داخ ل

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsinto eelaa - إ لىnear qorb - قرiexclبnext altaaleee - الiexclتcentال يof men - م نon feee - ف يopposite عاك س moaakes - مout ار ج khaarej - خoutside ار ج khaarej - خover ل khelaal - خ لper lekol - ل كلplus zaaed - زائ دround لة وiexcl jawlah - جsince نiexclذ month - مthan men - م نthrough ل men khelaal - م ن خ لtill تcentى hataa - حto eelaa - إ لىtoward و nahw - نحiexclunder taht - تحiexclتunlike كiexclس لى ع alaa aks - عuntil تcentى hataa - حup fawq - فوiexclقvia طة bewaasetah - ب واس with ma - معwithin themn - ض مiexclنwithout وiexclن bedown - ب د

two words تيiexclن kalemataeen - كل مaccording to ب behasab - ب حسbecause of بب besabab - ب سclose to qareeebah men - قر يiexclبة م نdue to بب besabab - ب سexcept for ناء ت ثiexcl beastethnaa - ب اسiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsfar from يiexclد عن boaeed an - بعinside of daakhel - داخ لinstead of ل م ن badalaa men - بدnear to رiexclب م ن bealqorb men - ب الiexclقnext to qorb - قرiexclبoutside of ار ج khaarej - خprior to qabl - قبiexclل

three words ث كل مات thalaath kalemaat - ثلas far as ا ر مcent beqadar maa - ب قدas well as ل ك wakathalek - وكذin addition to ضافة إ لى bealeethaafah eelaa - ب الiexclin front of aamaam - أمامin spite of م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عon behalf of م beasm - ب اسiexclon top of fawq - فوiexclق

demonstratives ر وiexclف الiexclج ر ان يcentة ح ه borhaaneeeah horowf aljar - برiexclthis ا ذ hathaa - هthat aan - أنthese ء ؤل haolaa - هthose ء ؤل haolaa - ه

Arabic ArticlesLearning the Arabic Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Arabic Articlesarticles ت قال maqaalaat - مthe al - الa no equivalent in arabic - no equivalent in arabic

English Articles Arabic Articlesone waahed - واح دsome bath - بعiexclضfew qaleeel - قل يiexclل

the book alketaab - الiexclك تابthe books alkotob - الiexclكتبa book ketaab - ك تابone book ketaab waahed - ك تاب واح دsome books bath alkotob - بعiexclض الiexclكتبfew books لiexclيiexclل م ن الiexclكتب alqaleel men alkotob - الiexclق

In Arabic the definite article is ال al As for the indefinite article there is none An indefinite noun in Arabic is indicated by a declension or rather ldquonunationrdquo of the noun Each definite noun in Arabic has the definite article attached to it and ends on u a or I ال depending if it is a subject object ore possessive When the noun is indefinite the nouns end on respectively un an or in hence the name ldquonunationrdquo th n in Arabic is pronounced nun ن For example ر يدة رء الiexclج ل يقiexcl -Ar-rajalu yaqrarsquou al الرcentجdjaridata The man reads the newspaper بiexclزا ل خ مcentد يأكiexcl ح Muhammed jarsquoakulu gubzan - Muhamad eats مa bread

A very important rule in Arabic is المضاف والمضاف إليه Al-mudhaf wa-al-mudhaf ilaihu This is used to denote the passive like in the book of the man is translated as الرجل kitaab كتاب ar-radjuli According to the Arabic grammarians book is made definite by the man so it doesnrsquot need a definite article Also the man is declined with I the sign of the possessive If one wants to say the book of this man then this must be put at the end of the construction since nothing may break it كتاب الرجل هذه Book (of) the man this

Like English Arabic has one definite article the but it has no indefinite article ldquoardquo Instead the Arabs use a declension to indicate that a noun is indefinite For example the book is translated as Al-Kitabu

having al- in front (note the indefinite article is written attached to the noun it describes so is الكتابwa و meaning and) and ending on the vowel u indicates that the noun is indefinit

A book however is written as Kitabun كتاب where a n is added at the end of the vowel to indicate the noun is indefinite Arab grammarians call this nunnation

Sun Moon lettersThe l of the definite article al assimilates with the letter following it If the pronouncation of the letter following the l is pronounced in the same region of the l ie in front the l changes to the consonant following the l making this consonant effectively spoken twice when the consonant following the l is pronounced in the back then the pronunciation of the l is maintained The Arabs call this sun and moon

letters سمف الش ر HHarf(u)-asj-sjamsi and ح

ر قم ف ال ر The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following حit

Arabic VerbsLearning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

Arabic to has only 2 times the perfect and the imperfect but there is a difference in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They donrsquot ask themselves when did it finish or not) Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present but not necessarily so Here are some examples

English Verbs Arabic VerbsVerbs عال فiexcl alaafaal - الiexclPast almaatheee - الiexclماض يI spoke ثiexclت دcent tahadatht - تحI wrote ت بت kotebat - كI drove qodat - قدcentتI loved نiexclت أح ب kont aoheb - كI gave طيiexclت aataeet - أعiexclI smiled مت abtasamat - ابiexclتسI took ذت aakhathat - أخ

he spoke د sectث tohadeth - تحhe wrote koteb - كت بhe drove qaad - قادhe loved aheb - اح بhe gave qadem - قد مhe smiled abtasem - ابiexclتس مhe took akhath - اخذ

we spoke نا takalamnaa - تكلcentمiexclwe wrote katabnaa - كتبiexclناwe drove نا دiexcl qodnaa - ق

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsinto eelaa - إ لىnear qorb - قرiexclبnext altaaleee - الiexclتcentال يof men - م نon feee - ف يopposite عاك س moaakes - مout ار ج khaarej - خoutside ار ج khaarej - خover ل khelaal - خ لper lekol - ل كلplus zaaed - زائ دround لة وiexcl jawlah - جsince نiexclذ month - مthan men - م نthrough ل men khelaal - م ن خ لtill تcentى hataa - حto eelaa - إ لىtoward و nahw - نحiexclunder taht - تحiexclتunlike كiexclس لى ع alaa aks - عuntil تcentى hataa - حup fawq - فوiexclقvia طة bewaasetah - ب واس with ma - معwithin themn - ض مiexclنwithout وiexclن bedown - ب د

two words تيiexclن kalemataeen - كل مaccording to ب behasab - ب حسbecause of بب besabab - ب سclose to qareeebah men - قر يiexclبة م نdue to بب besabab - ب سexcept for ناء ت ثiexcl beastethnaa - ب اسiexcl

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsfar from يiexclد عن boaeed an - بعinside of daakhel - داخ لinstead of ل م ن badalaa men - بدnear to رiexclب م ن bealqorb men - ب الiexclقnext to qorb - قرiexclبoutside of ار ج khaarej - خprior to qabl - قبiexclل

three words ث كل مات thalaath kalemaat - ثلas far as ا ر مcent beqadar maa - ب قدas well as ل ك wakathalek - وكذin addition to ضافة إ لى bealeethaafah eelaa - ب الiexclin front of aamaam - أمامin spite of م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عon behalf of م beasm - ب اسiexclon top of fawq - فوiexclق

demonstratives ر وiexclف الiexclج ر ان يcentة ح ه borhaaneeeah horowf aljar - برiexclthis ا ذ hathaa - هthat aan - أنthese ء ؤل haolaa - هthose ء ؤل haolaa - ه

Arabic ArticlesLearning the Arabic Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Arabic Articlesarticles ت قال maqaalaat - مthe al - الa no equivalent in arabic - no equivalent in arabic

English Articles Arabic Articlesone waahed - واح دsome bath - بعiexclضfew qaleeel - قل يiexclل

the book alketaab - الiexclك تابthe books alkotob - الiexclكتبa book ketaab - ك تابone book ketaab waahed - ك تاب واح دsome books bath alkotob - بعiexclض الiexclكتبfew books لiexclيiexclل م ن الiexclكتب alqaleel men alkotob - الiexclق

In Arabic the definite article is ال al As for the indefinite article there is none An indefinite noun in Arabic is indicated by a declension or rather ldquonunationrdquo of the noun Each definite noun in Arabic has the definite article attached to it and ends on u a or I ال depending if it is a subject object ore possessive When the noun is indefinite the nouns end on respectively un an or in hence the name ldquonunationrdquo th n in Arabic is pronounced nun ن For example ر يدة رء الiexclج ل يقiexcl -Ar-rajalu yaqrarsquou al الرcentجdjaridata The man reads the newspaper بiexclزا ل خ مcentد يأكiexcl ح Muhammed jarsquoakulu gubzan - Muhamad eats مa bread

A very important rule in Arabic is المضاف والمضاف إليه Al-mudhaf wa-al-mudhaf ilaihu This is used to denote the passive like in the book of the man is translated as الرجل kitaab كتاب ar-radjuli According to the Arabic grammarians book is made definite by the man so it doesnrsquot need a definite article Also the man is declined with I the sign of the possessive If one wants to say the book of this man then this must be put at the end of the construction since nothing may break it كتاب الرجل هذه Book (of) the man this

Like English Arabic has one definite article the but it has no indefinite article ldquoardquo Instead the Arabs use a declension to indicate that a noun is indefinite For example the book is translated as Al-Kitabu

having al- in front (note the indefinite article is written attached to the noun it describes so is الكتابwa و meaning and) and ending on the vowel u indicates that the noun is indefinit

A book however is written as Kitabun كتاب where a n is added at the end of the vowel to indicate the noun is indefinite Arab grammarians call this nunnation

Sun Moon lettersThe l of the definite article al assimilates with the letter following it If the pronouncation of the letter following the l is pronounced in the same region of the l ie in front the l changes to the consonant following the l making this consonant effectively spoken twice when the consonant following the l is pronounced in the back then the pronunciation of the l is maintained The Arabs call this sun and moon

letters سمف الش ر HHarf(u)-asj-sjamsi and ح

ر قم ف ال ر The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following حit

Arabic VerbsLearning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

Arabic to has only 2 times the perfect and the imperfect but there is a difference in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They donrsquot ask themselves when did it finish or not) Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present but not necessarily so Here are some examples

English Verbs Arabic VerbsVerbs عال فiexcl alaafaal - الiexclPast almaatheee - الiexclماض يI spoke ثiexclت دcent tahadatht - تحI wrote ت بت kotebat - كI drove qodat - قدcentتI loved نiexclت أح ب kont aoheb - كI gave طيiexclت aataeet - أعiexclI smiled مت abtasamat - ابiexclتسI took ذت aakhathat - أخ

he spoke د sectث tohadeth - تحhe wrote koteb - كت بhe drove qaad - قادhe loved aheb - اح بhe gave qadem - قد مhe smiled abtasem - ابiexclتس مhe took akhath - اخذ

we spoke نا takalamnaa - تكلcentمiexclwe wrote katabnaa - كتبiexclناwe drove نا دiexcl qodnaa - ق

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

English Prepositions Arabic Prepositionsfar from يiexclد عن boaeed an - بعinside of daakhel - داخ لinstead of ل م ن badalaa men - بدnear to رiexclب م ن bealqorb men - ب الiexclقnext to qorb - قرiexclبoutside of ار ج khaarej - خprior to qabl - قبiexclل

three words ث كل مات thalaath kalemaat - ثلas far as ا ر مcent beqadar maa - ب قدas well as ل ك wakathalek - وكذin addition to ضافة إ لى bealeethaafah eelaa - ب الiexclin front of aamaam - أمامin spite of م م ن لى الiexclرcentغiexcl alaa alraghm men - عon behalf of م beasm - ب اسiexclon top of fawq - فوiexclق

demonstratives ر وiexclف الiexclج ر ان يcentة ح ه borhaaneeeah horowf aljar - برiexclthis ا ذ hathaa - هthat aan - أنthese ء ؤل haolaa - هthose ء ؤل haolaa - ه

Arabic ArticlesLearning the Arabic Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Arabic Articlesarticles ت قال maqaalaat - مthe al - الa no equivalent in arabic - no equivalent in arabic

English Articles Arabic Articlesone waahed - واح دsome bath - بعiexclضfew qaleeel - قل يiexclل

the book alketaab - الiexclك تابthe books alkotob - الiexclكتبa book ketaab - ك تابone book ketaab waahed - ك تاب واح دsome books bath alkotob - بعiexclض الiexclكتبfew books لiexclيiexclل م ن الiexclكتب alqaleel men alkotob - الiexclق

In Arabic the definite article is ال al As for the indefinite article there is none An indefinite noun in Arabic is indicated by a declension or rather ldquonunationrdquo of the noun Each definite noun in Arabic has the definite article attached to it and ends on u a or I ال depending if it is a subject object ore possessive When the noun is indefinite the nouns end on respectively un an or in hence the name ldquonunationrdquo th n in Arabic is pronounced nun ن For example ر يدة رء الiexclج ل يقiexcl -Ar-rajalu yaqrarsquou al الرcentجdjaridata The man reads the newspaper بiexclزا ل خ مcentد يأكiexcl ح Muhammed jarsquoakulu gubzan - Muhamad eats مa bread

A very important rule in Arabic is المضاف والمضاف إليه Al-mudhaf wa-al-mudhaf ilaihu This is used to denote the passive like in the book of the man is translated as الرجل kitaab كتاب ar-radjuli According to the Arabic grammarians book is made definite by the man so it doesnrsquot need a definite article Also the man is declined with I the sign of the possessive If one wants to say the book of this man then this must be put at the end of the construction since nothing may break it كتاب الرجل هذه Book (of) the man this

Like English Arabic has one definite article the but it has no indefinite article ldquoardquo Instead the Arabs use a declension to indicate that a noun is indefinite For example the book is translated as Al-Kitabu

having al- in front (note the indefinite article is written attached to the noun it describes so is الكتابwa و meaning and) and ending on the vowel u indicates that the noun is indefinit

A book however is written as Kitabun كتاب where a n is added at the end of the vowel to indicate the noun is indefinite Arab grammarians call this nunnation

Sun Moon lettersThe l of the definite article al assimilates with the letter following it If the pronouncation of the letter following the l is pronounced in the same region of the l ie in front the l changes to the consonant following the l making this consonant effectively spoken twice when the consonant following the l is pronounced in the back then the pronunciation of the l is maintained The Arabs call this sun and moon

letters سمف الش ر HHarf(u)-asj-sjamsi and ح

ر قم ف ال ر The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following حit

Arabic VerbsLearning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

Arabic to has only 2 times the perfect and the imperfect but there is a difference in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They donrsquot ask themselves when did it finish or not) Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present but not necessarily so Here are some examples

English Verbs Arabic VerbsVerbs عال فiexcl alaafaal - الiexclPast almaatheee - الiexclماض يI spoke ثiexclت دcent tahadatht - تحI wrote ت بت kotebat - كI drove qodat - قدcentتI loved نiexclت أح ب kont aoheb - كI gave طيiexclت aataeet - أعiexclI smiled مت abtasamat - ابiexclتسI took ذت aakhathat - أخ

he spoke د sectث tohadeth - تحhe wrote koteb - كت بhe drove qaad - قادhe loved aheb - اح بhe gave qadem - قد مhe smiled abtasem - ابiexclتس مhe took akhath - اخذ

we spoke نا takalamnaa - تكلcentمiexclwe wrote katabnaa - كتبiexclناwe drove نا دiexcl qodnaa - ق

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

English Articles Arabic Articlesone waahed - واح دsome bath - بعiexclضfew qaleeel - قل يiexclل

the book alketaab - الiexclك تابthe books alkotob - الiexclكتبa book ketaab - ك تابone book ketaab waahed - ك تاب واح دsome books bath alkotob - بعiexclض الiexclكتبfew books لiexclيiexclل م ن الiexclكتب alqaleel men alkotob - الiexclق

In Arabic the definite article is ال al As for the indefinite article there is none An indefinite noun in Arabic is indicated by a declension or rather ldquonunationrdquo of the noun Each definite noun in Arabic has the definite article attached to it and ends on u a or I ال depending if it is a subject object ore possessive When the noun is indefinite the nouns end on respectively un an or in hence the name ldquonunationrdquo th n in Arabic is pronounced nun ن For example ر يدة رء الiexclج ل يقiexcl -Ar-rajalu yaqrarsquou al الرcentجdjaridata The man reads the newspaper بiexclزا ل خ مcentد يأكiexcl ح Muhammed jarsquoakulu gubzan - Muhamad eats مa bread

A very important rule in Arabic is المضاف والمضاف إليه Al-mudhaf wa-al-mudhaf ilaihu This is used to denote the passive like in the book of the man is translated as الرجل kitaab كتاب ar-radjuli According to the Arabic grammarians book is made definite by the man so it doesnrsquot need a definite article Also the man is declined with I the sign of the possessive If one wants to say the book of this man then this must be put at the end of the construction since nothing may break it كتاب الرجل هذه Book (of) the man this

Like English Arabic has one definite article the but it has no indefinite article ldquoardquo Instead the Arabs use a declension to indicate that a noun is indefinite For example the book is translated as Al-Kitabu

having al- in front (note the indefinite article is written attached to the noun it describes so is الكتابwa و meaning and) and ending on the vowel u indicates that the noun is indefinit

A book however is written as Kitabun كتاب where a n is added at the end of the vowel to indicate the noun is indefinite Arab grammarians call this nunnation

Sun Moon lettersThe l of the definite article al assimilates with the letter following it If the pronouncation of the letter following the l is pronounced in the same region of the l ie in front the l changes to the consonant following the l making this consonant effectively spoken twice when the consonant following the l is pronounced in the back then the pronunciation of the l is maintained The Arabs call this sun and moon

letters سمف الش ر HHarf(u)-asj-sjamsi and ح

ر قم ف ال ر The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following حit

Arabic VerbsLearning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

Arabic to has only 2 times the perfect and the imperfect but there is a difference in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They donrsquot ask themselves when did it finish or not) Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present but not necessarily so Here are some examples

English Verbs Arabic VerbsVerbs عال فiexcl alaafaal - الiexclPast almaatheee - الiexclماض يI spoke ثiexclت دcent tahadatht - تحI wrote ت بت kotebat - كI drove qodat - قدcentتI loved نiexclت أح ب kont aoheb - كI gave طيiexclت aataeet - أعiexclI smiled مت abtasamat - ابiexclتسI took ذت aakhathat - أخ

he spoke د sectث tohadeth - تحhe wrote koteb - كت بhe drove qaad - قادhe loved aheb - اح بhe gave qadem - قد مhe smiled abtasem - ابiexclتس مhe took akhath - اخذ

we spoke نا takalamnaa - تكلcentمiexclwe wrote katabnaa - كتبiexclناwe drove نا دiexcl qodnaa - ق

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

ر قم ف ال ر The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following حit

Arabic VerbsLearning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

Arabic to has only 2 times the perfect and the imperfect but there is a difference in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They donrsquot ask themselves when did it finish or not) Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present but not necessarily so Here are some examples

English Verbs Arabic VerbsVerbs عال فiexcl alaafaal - الiexclPast almaatheee - الiexclماض يI spoke ثiexclت دcent tahadatht - تحI wrote ت بت kotebat - كI drove qodat - قدcentتI loved نiexclت أح ب kont aoheb - كI gave طيiexclت aataeet - أعiexclI smiled مت abtasamat - ابiexclتسI took ذت aakhathat - أخ

he spoke د sectث tohadeth - تحhe wrote koteb - كت بhe drove qaad - قادhe loved aheb - اح بhe gave qadem - قد مhe smiled abtasem - ابiexclتس مhe took akhath - اخذ

we spoke نا takalamnaa - تكلcentمiexclwe wrote katabnaa - كتبiexclناwe drove نا دiexcl qodnaa - ق

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

English Verbs Arabic Verbswe loved ببiexclنا aahbabnaa - أحiexclwe gave ينا ط aoteeeanaa - أعiexclwe smiled نا مiexcl abtasamnaa - ابiexclتسwe took نا ذiexcl akhathnaa - اخ

Future ب ل تقiexcl mostaqbel - مسiexclI will speak وiexclف أتكلcentم sawf aatakalam - سI will write تب وiexclف أكiexcl sawf aaktob - سI will drive د وiexcl وiexclف أق sawf aaqowd - سI will love وiexclف أح ب sawf aoheb - سI will give ط ي وiexclف أعiexcl sawf aoteee - سI will smile وiexclف أبتس م sawf aabatasem - سI will take وiexclف آخ ذ sawf aakheth - س

he will speak دث وiexclف يتحiexcl sawf eeatahdoth - س

he will write تب وiexclف يكiexcl sawf eeaktob - سhe will drive د وiexcl وiexclف يق sawf eeaqowd - سhe will love وiexclف يح ب sawf eeoheb - سhe will give ط ي وiexclف يعiexcl sawf eeoteee - سhe will smile وiexclف يبiexclتس م sawf eeabtasem - سhe will take ذ وiexclف يأiexclخ sawf eeaakhoth - س

we will speak وiexclف نتكلcentم sawf natakalam - س

we will write تب وiexclف نكiexcl sawf naktob - س

we will drive د وiexcl وiexclف نق sawf noqowd - س

we will love وiexclف نح ب sawf noheb - سwe will give طى وiexclف نعiexcl sawf notaa - سwe will smile وiexclف نبتس م sawf nabatasem - س

we will take ذ وiexclف نأiexclخ sawf naakhoth - س

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

English Verbs Arabic Verbs

Present ال ي alhaaleee - الiexclحI speak aanaa aatakalam - أنا أتكلcentمI write تب aanaa aaktob - أنا أكiexclI drive د وiexcl aanaa aaqowd - أنا أقI love anaa aahab - انا أحبI give طى aana ataa - اانا اعiexclI smile anaa aabtesem - انا أبiexclت س مI take anaa aakheth - انا آخ ذ

he speaks eeatakalam - يتكلcentمhe writes تب eeoktab - يكiexclhe drives وiexclد eeaqowd - يقhe loves eeoheb - يح بhe gives ط ي eeoteee - يعiexclhe smiles eeabtasem - يبiexclتس مhe takes ذ eeaakhoth - يأiexclخ

we speak ن نتكلcentم nahn natakalam - نحiexclwe write تب ن نكiexcl thahn naktob - ذحiexclwe drive وiexclد ن نق nahn noqowd - نحiexclwe love ن نح ب nahn noheb - نحiexclwe give ط ي ن نعiexcl nahn noteee - نحiexclwe smile ن نبiexclتس م nahn nabtasem - نحiexclwe take ذ ن نأiexclخ nahn naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex although very regular the so called semivowels alif waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like كتب KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written The past tense is conjugated by suffixes the present tense by prefixes The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza the glottal stop or an alif a waw or a ya the so called semi-consonants They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules

Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms To give you an examplethird rule allama means to علم know The second form علsectم allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach the fifth form تعلsectم ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

A house of a man Baitu radjulin ل4 ج- ت- ر ي ب

The house is big Al-baitu kabirun بير ت- ك ي الب

A house is big Baitun Kabirun بير ت ك ي

Hebrew AlphabetLearning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language

Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

א a as in Albert

ב b as in Bob

ג g as in galaxy

ד d as in door

ה h as in hotel

ו v as in vest

ז z as in zebra

ח sharp h as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

ט t as in town

י y as in year

ך k (final) as in neck

כ k as in kit

ל l as in light

ם m as in home

מ m as in moon

ן n (final) as in man

נ n as in nice

ס s as in sweet

ע lsquoa no equivalent

ף p (final) as in loop

פ p as in pony

ץ ts (final) as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

צ ts as in tsunami

ק qu as in queen

ר r as in room

ש sh as in show

ת t as in team

Other Nikkudim

ב b as in bank

כ k as in king

Aפ p as in park

Aת t as in time

Aו u as in ultimate

ו v as in vanity

Bא a as in Albert

Cא a as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

Hebrew Alphabet English Sound Pronunciation Example

Dש sh as in shine

Eש s as in small

Fו o as in olympics

Long Filled Vowels

Vowel

Hebrew Nameof the vowel

The Sound

ו חול6םמ6לא

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in

law)

Stable long O which is not changing with name declination

ו שורוק ShurukU (as

[oo] in food)

Stable long U which is not changing with name declination

י א_ ה Bיר צמ6לא

Tzeireh Maleh

E EI EY

(as in Eh or Hey)

Strictly speaking Tzeireh Maleh can be filled not only with Yud but also with Aleph or theoreticaly with any of matres lectionis (in practice its either Yud or Aleph)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser) However in some cases EY is preferred First of all there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced

פcר versus more common case like (name of letter Hey) [hey] ה_א (book) [sefer] ס_

or

יצfה פcר versus more common case like (egg) [beytza] ב_ (empty) [sefer] ס_

Please note that the Yud in the word ביצה is part of Tzeireh Maleh diacritic because it does not have a diacritic of its own

Sometimes EY is preferred when we want to distinguish between different grammatical constructs

(our song) [shirenu] שkיר_נו

(our songs) [shireynu] שkיר_ינו

Also European-born Jews of senior age oftenly pronounce any Tzeire as EY (which is a rule in AshkenaziYiddish tradition)

Bottom line the rule of thumb is Tzeire Male is rather pronounced as EY while Tzeire Khaser (see below) - as E in most cases If you use this rule it will be totally correct and also understandable and acceptable by native Hebrew speakers

Its important to not confuse Tzeire Male with a case when comes as an indication of Segol (see below Special Cases of Filled Vocalization)

י kא יק Eיר Eח מ6לא

Khirik Maleh

I (as [ee] in feed)

In modern Hebrew pronunciation there is no difference between long [ee] and short [i]

Long not filled vowels

nא חול6ם ח6סר Kholam Khaser O (as [aw] in law)

fא ץ ג6דול מ6 ק6 Kamatz Gadol A (as [a] in father)

א_ ר ס ה ח6 Bיר צ Tzeire Khaser E (as [e] in mess)

Short vowels

fא ן ט6 ץ ק6 מ6 ק6 Kamatz Katan O (as [aw] in law)

The general rule is Kamatz Katan (Small Kamatz) can appear in unstressed closed syllable only in open or stressed syllable Kamatz should be read as Kamatz Gadol Examples

חfכpמfה [khokhma] wisdom

רו pשfי [yoshro] his straightforwardness his honesty

נfם pאמ [omnam] however

Of course every rule has exceptions Here is the most classic one

שfרfשkים [shorashim] roots

uא בוץ Nק Kubbutz U (as [oo] in book)

vא פPת6ח Patakh A (as [a] in father)

cא סBגול Segol E (as [e] in mess)

kא חEירEיק ח6סר Khirik Khaser I (as [ee] in feed)

Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels

wח ף־ Pט Wחץ מ6 ק6

Khataf-Kamatz

Ho The Khatafs are pronounced same way as corresponding short vowels (kamatz katan patakh and segol) but the Khatafs are shorter

Some scholars claim that in modern language this shortness is pretty much theoretical however my personal observation (and my personal sense of language too) approve the opposite

The Khatafs always appear with guttural sounds (with maybe couple of exceptions all over Hebrew vocabulary)

xח ף־ Pט WחפPת6ח

Khataf-Patakh

Ha

yח ף־ Pט Wחגול Bס

Khataf-Segol

He

pח ו6א Yש Schwa [shva]

Hesometimes

Ha

Pronunciation of Schwa diacritic mark (the name is pronounced shva) depends on where it stands in a word

It either means absense of any vowel (silent schwa) or a reduced unstressed vowel something like the a in about (moving schwa)

Daggesh

Daggesh is a dot inside a letter (ב) used to distinguish between different ways to read that letterThere are two types of dagesh light (dagesh qal) and strong (dagesh khazaq)

Here is a simple example ב without dagesh at all reads as V (בודfכ - kavod) ב with dagesh

qal is B (רcקnב - boqer) and ב with dagesh chazaq which is theoretically BB תfב vש - shabbat We say theoretically because consonant gemination is hardly heard in modern Hebrew (as well as in some other languages which have consonant gemination in writing

Patakh GanuvThere is a special case when a Patakh is pronounced before the consonant rather than afterwards

This is so-called sneaky Patakh It appears under the letters ה ע ח when those letters are located in the very end of the word and the sound preceiding the consonant is incompatible with the guttural nature of those consonants To make long story short if the preceding vowel is not an A-sound the sneaky Patakh is going to sneak in

By the way this Patakh is never stressed

profession miqtzoa` vצוע pק kמ

wind spirit ruakh vרוח

brain moakh vחnמ

affecting influencing mashpia` vיע kפ pש vמ

שfרfשkים [shorashim] roots

uא בוץ Nק Kubbutz U (as [oo] in book)

vא פPת6ח Patakh A (as [a] in father)

cא סBגול Segol E (as [e] in mess)

kא חEירEיק ח6סר Khirik Khaser I (as [ee] in feed)

Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels

wח ף־ Pט Wחץ מ6 ק6

Khataf-Kamatz

Ho The Khatafs are pronounced same way as corresponding short vowels (kamatz katan patakh and segol) but the Khatafs are shorter

Some scholars claim that in modern language this shortness is pretty much theoretical however my personal observation (and my personal sense of language too) approve the opposite

The Khatafs always appear with guttural sounds (with maybe couple of exceptions all over Hebrew vocabulary)

xח ף־ Pט WחפPת6ח

Khataf-Patakh

Ha

yח ף־ Pט Wחגול Bס

Khataf-Segol

He

pח ו6א Yש Schwa [shva]

Hesometimes

Ha

Pronunciation of Schwa diacritic mark (the name is pronounced shva) depends on where it stands in a word

It either means absense of any vowel (silent schwa) or a reduced unstressed vowel something like the a in about (moving schwa)

Daggesh

Daggesh is a dot inside a letter (ב) used to distinguish between different ways to read that letterThere are two types of dagesh light (dagesh qal) and strong (dagesh khazaq)

Here is a simple example ב without dagesh at all reads as V (בודfכ - kavod) ב with dagesh

qal is B (רcקnב - boqer) and ב with dagesh chazaq which is theoretically BB תfב vש - shabbat We say theoretically because consonant gemination is hardly heard in modern Hebrew (as well as in some other languages which have consonant gemination in writing

Patakh GanuvThere is a special case when a Patakh is pronounced before the consonant rather than afterwards

This is so-called sneaky Patakh It appears under the letters ה ע ח when those letters are located in the very end of the word and the sound preceiding the consonant is incompatible with the guttural nature of those consonants To make long story short if the preceding vowel is not an A-sound the sneaky Patakh is going to sneak in

By the way this Patakh is never stressed

profession miqtzoa` vצוע pק kמ

wind spirit ruakh vרוח

brain moakh vחnמ

affecting influencing mashpia` vיע kפ pש vמ

pח ו6א Yש Schwa [shva]

Hesometimes

Ha

Pronunciation of Schwa diacritic mark (the name is pronounced shva) depends on where it stands in a word

It either means absense of any vowel (silent schwa) or a reduced unstressed vowel something like the a in about (moving schwa)

Daggesh

Daggesh is a dot inside a letter (ב) used to distinguish between different ways to read that letterThere are two types of dagesh light (dagesh qal) and strong (dagesh khazaq)

Here is a simple example ב without dagesh at all reads as V (בודfכ - kavod) ב with dagesh

qal is B (רcקnב - boqer) and ב with dagesh chazaq which is theoretically BB תfב vש - shabbat We say theoretically because consonant gemination is hardly heard in modern Hebrew (as well as in some other languages which have consonant gemination in writing

Patakh GanuvThere is a special case when a Patakh is pronounced before the consonant rather than afterwards

This is so-called sneaky Patakh It appears under the letters ה ע ח when those letters are located in the very end of the word and the sound preceiding the consonant is incompatible with the guttural nature of those consonants To make long story short if the preceding vowel is not an A-sound the sneaky Patakh is going to sneak in

By the way this Patakh is never stressed

profession miqtzoa` vצוע pק kמ

wind spirit ruakh vרוח

brain moakh vחnמ

affecting influencing mashpia` vיע kפ pש vמ

high (m) gavoah vבוהfג

neglecting mazniakh vיחkנpזvמMost Israelis though pronounce the Patakh ganuv with Hei and Ain as a regular Patakh gavoha miqtzoa -- or just gavoa miqtzoa

MappiqRarely found the Mappiq has the following meaning it indicates that the letter which you might think was a Mater Lectionis is indeed a consonant In Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) the Mappiq is found in the letters א and ה but in the modern language its used only in ה in the following cases

1 Words derived from the root גבה like הvבnג govah (hight) גבוה gavoah

(high) יהkבpג vמ magbiah (raising)

2 Suffixes -ah (meaning her) of noun and preposition derivation הfל cש shelah (her)

The modern Israeli pronunciation is just skipping the Hei with Mappiq pronouncing it like a Mater Lectionis - an indication of a final A-sound gavoa shela

Hebrew PronounsLearning the Hebrew Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject) Here are some examples

English Pronouns Hebrew Pronouns

Pronouns shemot kheynoey - שמות כינויI aney - אניyou ateh - אתהhe hoa - הואshe heya - היאwe ane eno - ẖ אנחנו

English Pronouns Hebrew Pronouns

they hem - הם

me aotey - אותיyou lekh - לךhim aoto - אותוher leh - להus aoteno - אותנוthem lehem - להם

my sheley - שליyour shelekh - שלךhis shelo - שלוher sheleh - שלהour sheleno - שלנוtheir shelehem - שלהם

mine sheley - שליyours shelekh - שלךhis shelo - שלוhers sheleh - שלהours sheleno - שלנוtheirs shelehem - שלהםAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Pronouns in HebrewBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Pronouns Hebrew Pronouns

I speak aney me ever - ḏ אני מדברyou speak ateh me ever - ḏ אתה מדברhe speaks hoa me ever - ḏ הוא מדברshe speaks heya me everet - ḏ היא מדברתwe speak ane eno me evereym - ẖ ḏ אנחנו מדבריםthey speak hem me evereym - ḏ הם מדברים

give me ten ley - תן לי

give him ten lo - תן לוgive her ten leh - תן להgive us ten leno - תן לנוgive them ten lehem - תן להם

my book hesefer sheley - הספר שליyour book hesefer shelekh - הספר שלךhis book hesefer shelo - הספר שלוher book hesefer sheleh - הספר שלהour book hesefer sheleno - הספר שלנוtheir book hesefer shelehem - הספר שלהם

Hebrew ArticlesLearning the Hebrew Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Hebrew Articles

articles meylot ey es o eyvor - ẖ ẖ מילות יחס וחיבורthe h - ה

English Articles Hebrew Articles

a h - הone a e - ẖ ḏ אחדsome khemeh - כמהfew meeṭeym - מעטים

the book hesefer - הספרthe books hesefereym - הספריםa book sefer - ספרone book sefer a e - ẖ ḏ ספר אחדsome books khemeh sefereym - כמה ספרים

few bookskhemeh sefereym - כמה ספרים

Hebrew PluralLearning the Hebrew Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers Here are some examples

English Plural Hebrew PluralPlural reveym - רביםmy book hesefer sheley - הספר שליmy books hesefereym sheley - הספרים שליour daughter hevet sheleno - הבת שלנוour daughters hevenot sheleno - הבנות שלנוIm cold ker ley - קר ליwere cold ker leno - קר לנוhis chickens heterenegueolot shelo - התרנגולות שלוtheir chicken heterenegueol shelehem - התרנגול

English Plural Hebrew Pluralשלהם

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Plurals in HebrewBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Plural Hebrew Pluralalligator teneyn - תניןalligators teneyneym - תניניםbear ov - ḏ דובbears oveym - ḏ דוביםbird tseyfor - ציפורbirds tseyforeym - ציפוריםbull shor - שורbulls shooreym - שווריםcat etol - ẖ חתולcats etoleym - ẖ חתוליםcow fereh - פרהcows ferot - פרותdeer tsevey - צביmany deer tseveyeym - צבייםdog khelev - כלבdogs kheleveym - כלביםdonkey emor - ẖ חמורdonkeys emoreym - ẖ חמוריםeagle nesher - נשרeagles neshereym - נשריםelephant feyl - פילelephants feyleym - פיליםgiraffe gue eyrefeh - ג ירפה

English Plural Hebrew Plural

giraffes gue eyrefot - ג ירפות

goat ez - עזgoats ezeym - עזיםhorse sos - סוסhorses soseym - סוסיםlion areyh - אריהlions areyot - אריותmonkey kof - קוףmonkeys kofeym - קופיםmouse ekhever - עכברmice ekhevereym - עכבריםrabbit arenev - ארנבrabbits areneveym - ארנביםsnake ne esh - ẖ נחשsnakes ne esheym - ẖ נחשיםtiger nemer - נמרtigers nemereym - נמריםwolf zeav - זאבwolves zeaveym - זאבים

Feminine nekeveh - נקבהhe is happy hoa meaosher - הוא מאושרshe is happy heya meaosheret - היא מאושרתhe is American hoa amereykeaey - הוא אמריקאיshe is American heya amereykeaeyt - היא אמריקאית

man aeysh - אישwoman asheh - אשהfather avea - אבאmother amea - אמא

brother a - ẖ אחsister a ot - ẖ אחותuncle o - ḏ ḏ דודaunt o eh - ḏ ḏ דודהbull shor - שורcow fereh - פרהboy eyle - ḏ ילדgirl eyle eh - ḏ ילדה

Hebrew PrepositionsLearning the Hebrew Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositions

Prepositions meylot ey es - ẖ מילות יחסinside the house vetokh heveyt - בתוך הבית

outside the carme ots lemekhoneyt - ẖ מחוץלמכונית

with me atey - אתיwithout him velee eyo - ḏ בלעדיוunder the table mete et leshole en - ẖ ẖ מתחת לשולחןafter tomorrow me ereteyeym - ẖ מחרתייםbefore sunset lefeney heshekeyeh - לפני השקיעהbut Im busy avel aney esok - אבל אני עסוק

List of Prepositions in HebrewBelow is a list of the Time place and demonstrative pronouns in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsabout el - עלabove meel - מעל

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsacross meever - מעברafter a erey - ẖ אחריagainst negue mol - ḏ נגד מולamong veyn - ביןaround meseveyv - מסביבas khemo - כמוat ley v - ḏ ליד בbefore lefeney - לפניbehind mea orey - ẖ מאחוריbelow melemeṭeh - מלמטהbeneath mete et - ẖ מתחתbeside ley - ḏ לידbetween veyn - ביןbeyond meever - מעברbut avel - אבלby el ey ey el ey v - ḏ ḏ על ידי על יד בdespite lemerot - למרותdown meṭeh - מטהduring vemehelekh vezemen sh - במהלך בזמן שexcept ots m - ẖ חוץ מfor evor - עבורfrom men - מןin vetokh v - בתוך בinside vetokh vefeneym - בתוך בפניםinto letokh - לתוךnear ley el ey - ḏ ḏ ליד על ידnext hevea - הבאof shel - שלon el - עלopposite mol - מולout ots - ẖ חוץ

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside ve ots - ẖ בחוץover meever - מעברper lekhel l - לכל לplus oo felos - ḏ ועוד פלוסround egueol - עגולsince meaz - מאזthan measher m - מאשר מthrough erekh - ḏ דרךtill e - ḏ עדto al - אלtoward al - אלunder mete et - ẖ מתחתunlike shelea khemo - שלא כמוuntil e - ḏ עדup lemeeleh - למעלהvia veametseot erekh - ḏ באמצעות דרךwith em - עםwithin vetokh - בתוךwithout lelea - ללא

two words shetey meyleym - שתי מיליםaccording to el fey lefey - על פי לפיbecause of veguelel - בגללclose to vesemokh - בסמוךdue to veguelel - בגללexcept for ots m - ẖ חוץ מfar from re ok m - ẖ רחוק מinside of vetokh - בתוךinstead of vemekom - במקוםnear to semokh l - סמוך לnext to ley - ḏ ליד

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside of me ots l - ẖ מחוץ לprior to lefeney - לפני

three words shelosh meyleym - שלוש מיליםas far as khekhel sh e l - ḏ ככל ש עד לas well as khemo guem - כמו גםin addition to nosef el nosef l - נוסף על נוסף לin front of mol ve ezeyt h - ẖ מול בחזית הin spite of lemerot - למרותon behalf of meṭeem - מטעםon top of meever l - מעבר ל

Demonstrative Pronounsthis zeh - זהthat zeh - זהthese aleh - אלהthose alo - אלו

Hebrew NegationLearning the Hebrew Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy) Here are some examples

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנסAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Negation in HebrewBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנס

I dont speak aney lea me ever - ḏ אני לא מדברI dont write aney lea khotev - אני לא כותבI dont drive aney lea nohegue - אני לא נוהגI dont love aney lea aohev - אני לא אוהבI dont give aney lea noten - אני לא נותןI dont smile aney lea me eyeykh - ẖ אני לא מחייךI dont take aney lea loke - ẖ אני לא לוקח

he doesnt speak hoa lea me ever - ḏ הוא לא מדברhe doesnt write hoa lea khotev - הוא לא כותבhe doesnt drive hoa lea nohegue - הוא לא נוהגhe doesnt love hoa lea aohev - הוא לא אוהבhe doesnt give hoa lea noten - הוא לא נותן

he doesnt take hoa lea loke - ẖ הוא לא לוקח

we dont speak ane eno lea me evereym - ẖ ḏ אנחנו לא מדבריםwe dont write ane eno lea khoteveym - ẖ אנחנו לא כותביםwe dont drive ane eno lea nohegueeym - ẖ אנחנו לא נוהגיםwe dont love ane eno lea aoheveym - ẖ אנחנו לא אוהביםwe dont give ane eno lea noteneym - ẖ אנחנו לא נותנים

we dont smile ane eno lea me eyeykheym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא מחייכיםwe dont take ane eno lea loke eym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא לוקחים

Hebrew QuestionsLearning the Hebrew Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Hebrew QuestionsQuestions shealot - שאלותhow aeykh - איךwhat mehe - מהwho mey - מיwhy lemehe - למה

Hebrew NumbersLearning the Hebrew Numbers is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Numbers is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew cardinal number convey the how many theyre also known as counting numbers because they show quantity Here are some examples

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnumbers mesefereym - מספריםone a et - ẖ אחתtwo sheteym - שתיםthree shelosh - שלושfour areve - ארבעfive emesh - ẖ חמשsix shesh - ששseven sheve - שבעeight shemoneh - שמונה

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnine teshe - תשעten esher - עשרeleven a et eshereh - ẖ אחת עשרהtwelve sheteym eshereh - שתים עשרהthirteen shelesh eshereh - שלש עשרהfourteen areve eshereh - ארבע עשרהfifteen emesh eshereh - ẖ חמש עשרהsixteen shesh eshereh - שש עשרהseventeen sheve eshereh - שבע עשרה

eighteen shemoneh eshereh - שמונה עשרה

nineteen teshe eshereh - תשע עשרהtwenty eshereym - עשריםhundred meah - מאהone thousand alef - אלףmillion meyleyon - מיליוןAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Numbers in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Numbers above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Ordinal Numbers in HebrewHebrew Ordinal numbers tell the order of things in a set first second third etc Ordinal numbers do not show quantity They only show rank or position Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Numbers Hebrew NumbersOrdinal Numbersfirst reashon - ראשוןsecond sheney - שניthird sheleyshey - שלישיfourth reveyey - רביעיfifth emeyshey - ẖ חמישיsixth sheysheyt - שישית

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersseventh sheveyeyt - שביעיתeighth shemeyneyt - שמיניתninth tesheyeyt - תשיעיתtenth esheyrey - עשיריeleventh a e esher - ẖ ḏ אחד עשרtwelfth sheneym esher - שנים עשרthirteenth shelosh esher - שלוש עשרfourteenth areveeh esher - ארבעה עשרfifteenth emeysheh esher - ẖ חמישה עשרsixteenth sheysheh esher - שישה עשרseventeenth sheveeh esher - שבעה עשרeighteenth shemoneh esher - שמונה עשרnineteenth teshe esher - תשע עשרtwentieth eshereym - עשרים

once feem - פעםtwice feemeym - פעמים

Greek AlphabetLearning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language

Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Α α Alpha a as in smartΒ β Beta v as in veryΓ γ Gamma between y as in yes and g as in goΔ δ Delta th as in thatΕ ε Epsilon e as in veryΖ ζ Zeta z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
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• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
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      • ו
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      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
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        • Daggesh
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        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
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          • List of Negation in Hebrew
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          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
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          • List of Pronouns in Greek
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          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
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          • List of Questions in Greek

English Pronouns Hebrew Pronouns

they hem - הם

me aotey - אותיyou lekh - לךhim aoto - אותוher leh - להus aoteno - אותנוthem lehem - להם

my sheley - שליyour shelekh - שלךhis shelo - שלוher sheleh - שלהour sheleno - שלנוtheir shelehem - שלהם

mine sheley - שליyours shelekh - שלךhis shelo - שלוhers sheleh - שלהours sheleno - שלנוtheirs shelehem - שלהםAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Pronouns in HebrewBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Pronouns Hebrew Pronouns

I speak aney me ever - ḏ אני מדברyou speak ateh me ever - ḏ אתה מדברhe speaks hoa me ever - ḏ הוא מדברshe speaks heya me everet - ḏ היא מדברתwe speak ane eno me evereym - ẖ ḏ אנחנו מדבריםthey speak hem me evereym - ḏ הם מדברים

give me ten ley - תן לי

give him ten lo - תן לוgive her ten leh - תן להgive us ten leno - תן לנוgive them ten lehem - תן להם

my book hesefer sheley - הספר שליyour book hesefer shelekh - הספר שלךhis book hesefer shelo - הספר שלוher book hesefer sheleh - הספר שלהour book hesefer sheleno - הספר שלנוtheir book hesefer shelehem - הספר שלהם

Hebrew ArticlesLearning the Hebrew Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Hebrew Articles

articles meylot ey es o eyvor - ẖ ẖ מילות יחס וחיבורthe h - ה

English Articles Hebrew Articles

a h - הone a e - ẖ ḏ אחדsome khemeh - כמהfew meeṭeym - מעטים

the book hesefer - הספרthe books hesefereym - הספריםa book sefer - ספרone book sefer a e - ẖ ḏ ספר אחדsome books khemeh sefereym - כמה ספרים

few bookskhemeh sefereym - כמה ספרים

Hebrew PluralLearning the Hebrew Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers Here are some examples

English Plural Hebrew PluralPlural reveym - רביםmy book hesefer sheley - הספר שליmy books hesefereym sheley - הספרים שליour daughter hevet sheleno - הבת שלנוour daughters hevenot sheleno - הבנות שלנוIm cold ker ley - קר ליwere cold ker leno - קר לנוhis chickens heterenegueolot shelo - התרנגולות שלוtheir chicken heterenegueol shelehem - התרנגול

English Plural Hebrew Pluralשלהם

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Plurals in HebrewBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Plural Hebrew Pluralalligator teneyn - תניןalligators teneyneym - תניניםbear ov - ḏ דובbears oveym - ḏ דוביםbird tseyfor - ציפורbirds tseyforeym - ציפוריםbull shor - שורbulls shooreym - שווריםcat etol - ẖ חתולcats etoleym - ẖ חתוליםcow fereh - פרהcows ferot - פרותdeer tsevey - צביmany deer tseveyeym - צבייםdog khelev - כלבdogs kheleveym - כלביםdonkey emor - ẖ חמורdonkeys emoreym - ẖ חמוריםeagle nesher - נשרeagles neshereym - נשריםelephant feyl - פילelephants feyleym - פיליםgiraffe gue eyrefeh - ג ירפה

English Plural Hebrew Plural

giraffes gue eyrefot - ג ירפות

goat ez - עזgoats ezeym - עזיםhorse sos - סוסhorses soseym - סוסיםlion areyh - אריהlions areyot - אריותmonkey kof - קוףmonkeys kofeym - קופיםmouse ekhever - עכברmice ekhevereym - עכבריםrabbit arenev - ארנבrabbits areneveym - ארנביםsnake ne esh - ẖ נחשsnakes ne esheym - ẖ נחשיםtiger nemer - נמרtigers nemereym - נמריםwolf zeav - זאבwolves zeaveym - זאבים

Feminine nekeveh - נקבהhe is happy hoa meaosher - הוא מאושרshe is happy heya meaosheret - היא מאושרתhe is American hoa amereykeaey - הוא אמריקאיshe is American heya amereykeaeyt - היא אמריקאית

man aeysh - אישwoman asheh - אשהfather avea - אבאmother amea - אמא

brother a - ẖ אחsister a ot - ẖ אחותuncle o - ḏ ḏ דודaunt o eh - ḏ ḏ דודהbull shor - שורcow fereh - פרהboy eyle - ḏ ילדgirl eyle eh - ḏ ילדה

Hebrew PrepositionsLearning the Hebrew Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositions

Prepositions meylot ey es - ẖ מילות יחסinside the house vetokh heveyt - בתוך הבית

outside the carme ots lemekhoneyt - ẖ מחוץלמכונית

with me atey - אתיwithout him velee eyo - ḏ בלעדיוunder the table mete et leshole en - ẖ ẖ מתחת לשולחןafter tomorrow me ereteyeym - ẖ מחרתייםbefore sunset lefeney heshekeyeh - לפני השקיעהbut Im busy avel aney esok - אבל אני עסוק

List of Prepositions in HebrewBelow is a list of the Time place and demonstrative pronouns in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsabout el - עלabove meel - מעל

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsacross meever - מעברafter a erey - ẖ אחריagainst negue mol - ḏ נגד מולamong veyn - ביןaround meseveyv - מסביבas khemo - כמוat ley v - ḏ ליד בbefore lefeney - לפניbehind mea orey - ẖ מאחוריbelow melemeṭeh - מלמטהbeneath mete et - ẖ מתחתbeside ley - ḏ לידbetween veyn - ביןbeyond meever - מעברbut avel - אבלby el ey ey el ey v - ḏ ḏ על ידי על יד בdespite lemerot - למרותdown meṭeh - מטהduring vemehelekh vezemen sh - במהלך בזמן שexcept ots m - ẖ חוץ מfor evor - עבורfrom men - מןin vetokh v - בתוך בinside vetokh vefeneym - בתוך בפניםinto letokh - לתוךnear ley el ey - ḏ ḏ ליד על ידnext hevea - הבאof shel - שלon el - עלopposite mol - מולout ots - ẖ חוץ

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside ve ots - ẖ בחוץover meever - מעברper lekhel l - לכל לplus oo felos - ḏ ועוד פלוסround egueol - עגולsince meaz - מאזthan measher m - מאשר מthrough erekh - ḏ דרךtill e - ḏ עדto al - אלtoward al - אלunder mete et - ẖ מתחתunlike shelea khemo - שלא כמוuntil e - ḏ עדup lemeeleh - למעלהvia veametseot erekh - ḏ באמצעות דרךwith em - עםwithin vetokh - בתוךwithout lelea - ללא

two words shetey meyleym - שתי מיליםaccording to el fey lefey - על פי לפיbecause of veguelel - בגללclose to vesemokh - בסמוךdue to veguelel - בגללexcept for ots m - ẖ חוץ מfar from re ok m - ẖ רחוק מinside of vetokh - בתוךinstead of vemekom - במקוםnear to semokh l - סמוך לnext to ley - ḏ ליד

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside of me ots l - ẖ מחוץ לprior to lefeney - לפני

three words shelosh meyleym - שלוש מיליםas far as khekhel sh e l - ḏ ככל ש עד לas well as khemo guem - כמו גםin addition to nosef el nosef l - נוסף על נוסף לin front of mol ve ezeyt h - ẖ מול בחזית הin spite of lemerot - למרותon behalf of meṭeem - מטעםon top of meever l - מעבר ל

Demonstrative Pronounsthis zeh - זהthat zeh - זהthese aleh - אלהthose alo - אלו

Hebrew NegationLearning the Hebrew Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy) Here are some examples

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנסAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Negation in HebrewBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנס

I dont speak aney lea me ever - ḏ אני לא מדברI dont write aney lea khotev - אני לא כותבI dont drive aney lea nohegue - אני לא נוהגI dont love aney lea aohev - אני לא אוהבI dont give aney lea noten - אני לא נותןI dont smile aney lea me eyeykh - ẖ אני לא מחייךI dont take aney lea loke - ẖ אני לא לוקח

he doesnt speak hoa lea me ever - ḏ הוא לא מדברhe doesnt write hoa lea khotev - הוא לא כותבhe doesnt drive hoa lea nohegue - הוא לא נוהגhe doesnt love hoa lea aohev - הוא לא אוהבhe doesnt give hoa lea noten - הוא לא נותן

he doesnt take hoa lea loke - ẖ הוא לא לוקח

we dont speak ane eno lea me evereym - ẖ ḏ אנחנו לא מדבריםwe dont write ane eno lea khoteveym - ẖ אנחנו לא כותביםwe dont drive ane eno lea nohegueeym - ẖ אנחנו לא נוהגיםwe dont love ane eno lea aoheveym - ẖ אנחנו לא אוהביםwe dont give ane eno lea noteneym - ẖ אנחנו לא נותנים

we dont smile ane eno lea me eyeykheym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא מחייכיםwe dont take ane eno lea loke eym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא לוקחים

Hebrew QuestionsLearning the Hebrew Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Hebrew QuestionsQuestions shealot - שאלותhow aeykh - איךwhat mehe - מהwho mey - מיwhy lemehe - למה

Hebrew NumbersLearning the Hebrew Numbers is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Numbers is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew cardinal number convey the how many theyre also known as counting numbers because they show quantity Here are some examples

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnumbers mesefereym - מספריםone a et - ẖ אחתtwo sheteym - שתיםthree shelosh - שלושfour areve - ארבעfive emesh - ẖ חמשsix shesh - ששseven sheve - שבעeight shemoneh - שמונה

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnine teshe - תשעten esher - עשרeleven a et eshereh - ẖ אחת עשרהtwelve sheteym eshereh - שתים עשרהthirteen shelesh eshereh - שלש עשרהfourteen areve eshereh - ארבע עשרהfifteen emesh eshereh - ẖ חמש עשרהsixteen shesh eshereh - שש עשרהseventeen sheve eshereh - שבע עשרה

eighteen shemoneh eshereh - שמונה עשרה

nineteen teshe eshereh - תשע עשרהtwenty eshereym - עשריםhundred meah - מאהone thousand alef - אלףmillion meyleyon - מיליוןAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Numbers in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Numbers above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Ordinal Numbers in HebrewHebrew Ordinal numbers tell the order of things in a set first second third etc Ordinal numbers do not show quantity They only show rank or position Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Numbers Hebrew NumbersOrdinal Numbersfirst reashon - ראשוןsecond sheney - שניthird sheleyshey - שלישיfourth reveyey - רביעיfifth emeyshey - ẖ חמישיsixth sheysheyt - שישית

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersseventh sheveyeyt - שביעיתeighth shemeyneyt - שמיניתninth tesheyeyt - תשיעיתtenth esheyrey - עשיריeleventh a e esher - ẖ ḏ אחד עשרtwelfth sheneym esher - שנים עשרthirteenth shelosh esher - שלוש עשרfourteenth areveeh esher - ארבעה עשרfifteenth emeysheh esher - ẖ חמישה עשרsixteenth sheysheh esher - שישה עשרseventeenth sheveeh esher - שבעה עשרeighteenth shemoneh esher - שמונה עשרnineteenth teshe esher - תשע עשרtwentieth eshereym - עשרים

once feem - פעםtwice feemeym - פעמים

Greek AlphabetLearning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language

Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Α α Alpha a as in smartΒ β Beta v as in veryΓ γ Gamma between y as in yes and g as in goΔ δ Delta th as in thatΕ ε Epsilon e as in veryΖ ζ Zeta z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
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• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
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    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
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      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Pronouns Hebrew Pronouns

I speak aney me ever - ḏ אני מדברyou speak ateh me ever - ḏ אתה מדברhe speaks hoa me ever - ḏ הוא מדברshe speaks heya me everet - ḏ היא מדברתwe speak ane eno me evereym - ẖ ḏ אנחנו מדבריםthey speak hem me evereym - ḏ הם מדברים

give me ten ley - תן לי

give him ten lo - תן לוgive her ten leh - תן להgive us ten leno - תן לנוgive them ten lehem - תן להם

my book hesefer sheley - הספר שליyour book hesefer shelekh - הספר שלךhis book hesefer shelo - הספר שלוher book hesefer sheleh - הספר שלהour book hesefer sheleno - הספר שלנוtheir book hesefer shelehem - הספר שלהם

Hebrew ArticlesLearning the Hebrew Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an Here are some examples

English Articles Hebrew Articles

articles meylot ey es o eyvor - ẖ ẖ מילות יחס וחיבורthe h - ה

English Articles Hebrew Articles

a h - הone a e - ẖ ḏ אחדsome khemeh - כמהfew meeṭeym - מעטים

the book hesefer - הספרthe books hesefereym - הספריםa book sefer - ספרone book sefer a e - ẖ ḏ ספר אחדsome books khemeh sefereym - כמה ספרים

few bookskhemeh sefereym - כמה ספרים

Hebrew PluralLearning the Hebrew Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers Here are some examples

English Plural Hebrew PluralPlural reveym - רביםmy book hesefer sheley - הספר שליmy books hesefereym sheley - הספרים שליour daughter hevet sheleno - הבת שלנוour daughters hevenot sheleno - הבנות שלנוIm cold ker ley - קר ליwere cold ker leno - קר לנוhis chickens heterenegueolot shelo - התרנגולות שלוtheir chicken heterenegueol shelehem - התרנגול

English Plural Hebrew Pluralשלהם

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Plurals in HebrewBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Plural Hebrew Pluralalligator teneyn - תניןalligators teneyneym - תניניםbear ov - ḏ דובbears oveym - ḏ דוביםbird tseyfor - ציפורbirds tseyforeym - ציפוריםbull shor - שורbulls shooreym - שווריםcat etol - ẖ חתולcats etoleym - ẖ חתוליםcow fereh - פרהcows ferot - פרותdeer tsevey - צביmany deer tseveyeym - צבייםdog khelev - כלבdogs kheleveym - כלביםdonkey emor - ẖ חמורdonkeys emoreym - ẖ חמוריםeagle nesher - נשרeagles neshereym - נשריםelephant feyl - פילelephants feyleym - פיליםgiraffe gue eyrefeh - ג ירפה

English Plural Hebrew Plural

giraffes gue eyrefot - ג ירפות

goat ez - עזgoats ezeym - עזיםhorse sos - סוסhorses soseym - סוסיםlion areyh - אריהlions areyot - אריותmonkey kof - קוףmonkeys kofeym - קופיםmouse ekhever - עכברmice ekhevereym - עכבריםrabbit arenev - ארנבrabbits areneveym - ארנביםsnake ne esh - ẖ נחשsnakes ne esheym - ẖ נחשיםtiger nemer - נמרtigers nemereym - נמריםwolf zeav - זאבwolves zeaveym - זאבים

Feminine nekeveh - נקבהhe is happy hoa meaosher - הוא מאושרshe is happy heya meaosheret - היא מאושרתhe is American hoa amereykeaey - הוא אמריקאיshe is American heya amereykeaeyt - היא אמריקאית

man aeysh - אישwoman asheh - אשהfather avea - אבאmother amea - אמא

brother a - ẖ אחsister a ot - ẖ אחותuncle o - ḏ ḏ דודaunt o eh - ḏ ḏ דודהbull shor - שורcow fereh - פרהboy eyle - ḏ ילדgirl eyle eh - ḏ ילדה

Hebrew PrepositionsLearning the Hebrew Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositions

Prepositions meylot ey es - ẖ מילות יחסinside the house vetokh heveyt - בתוך הבית

outside the carme ots lemekhoneyt - ẖ מחוץלמכונית

with me atey - אתיwithout him velee eyo - ḏ בלעדיוunder the table mete et leshole en - ẖ ẖ מתחת לשולחןafter tomorrow me ereteyeym - ẖ מחרתייםbefore sunset lefeney heshekeyeh - לפני השקיעהbut Im busy avel aney esok - אבל אני עסוק

List of Prepositions in HebrewBelow is a list of the Time place and demonstrative pronouns in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsabout el - עלabove meel - מעל

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsacross meever - מעברafter a erey - ẖ אחריagainst negue mol - ḏ נגד מולamong veyn - ביןaround meseveyv - מסביבas khemo - כמוat ley v - ḏ ליד בbefore lefeney - לפניbehind mea orey - ẖ מאחוריbelow melemeṭeh - מלמטהbeneath mete et - ẖ מתחתbeside ley - ḏ לידbetween veyn - ביןbeyond meever - מעברbut avel - אבלby el ey ey el ey v - ḏ ḏ על ידי על יד בdespite lemerot - למרותdown meṭeh - מטהduring vemehelekh vezemen sh - במהלך בזמן שexcept ots m - ẖ חוץ מfor evor - עבורfrom men - מןin vetokh v - בתוך בinside vetokh vefeneym - בתוך בפניםinto letokh - לתוךnear ley el ey - ḏ ḏ ליד על ידnext hevea - הבאof shel - שלon el - עלopposite mol - מולout ots - ẖ חוץ

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside ve ots - ẖ בחוץover meever - מעברper lekhel l - לכל לplus oo felos - ḏ ועוד פלוסround egueol - עגולsince meaz - מאזthan measher m - מאשר מthrough erekh - ḏ דרךtill e - ḏ עדto al - אלtoward al - אלunder mete et - ẖ מתחתunlike shelea khemo - שלא כמוuntil e - ḏ עדup lemeeleh - למעלהvia veametseot erekh - ḏ באמצעות דרךwith em - עםwithin vetokh - בתוךwithout lelea - ללא

two words shetey meyleym - שתי מיליםaccording to el fey lefey - על פי לפיbecause of veguelel - בגללclose to vesemokh - בסמוךdue to veguelel - בגללexcept for ots m - ẖ חוץ מfar from re ok m - ẖ רחוק מinside of vetokh - בתוךinstead of vemekom - במקוםnear to semokh l - סמוך לnext to ley - ḏ ליד

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside of me ots l - ẖ מחוץ לprior to lefeney - לפני

three words shelosh meyleym - שלוש מיליםas far as khekhel sh e l - ḏ ככל ש עד לas well as khemo guem - כמו גםin addition to nosef el nosef l - נוסף על נוסף לin front of mol ve ezeyt h - ẖ מול בחזית הin spite of lemerot - למרותon behalf of meṭeem - מטעםon top of meever l - מעבר ל

Demonstrative Pronounsthis zeh - זהthat zeh - זהthese aleh - אלהthose alo - אלו

Hebrew NegationLearning the Hebrew Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy) Here are some examples

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנסAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Negation in HebrewBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנס

I dont speak aney lea me ever - ḏ אני לא מדברI dont write aney lea khotev - אני לא כותבI dont drive aney lea nohegue - אני לא נוהגI dont love aney lea aohev - אני לא אוהבI dont give aney lea noten - אני לא נותןI dont smile aney lea me eyeykh - ẖ אני לא מחייךI dont take aney lea loke - ẖ אני לא לוקח

he doesnt speak hoa lea me ever - ḏ הוא לא מדברhe doesnt write hoa lea khotev - הוא לא כותבhe doesnt drive hoa lea nohegue - הוא לא נוהגhe doesnt love hoa lea aohev - הוא לא אוהבhe doesnt give hoa lea noten - הוא לא נותן

he doesnt take hoa lea loke - ẖ הוא לא לוקח

we dont speak ane eno lea me evereym - ẖ ḏ אנחנו לא מדבריםwe dont write ane eno lea khoteveym - ẖ אנחנו לא כותביםwe dont drive ane eno lea nohegueeym - ẖ אנחנו לא נוהגיםwe dont love ane eno lea aoheveym - ẖ אנחנו לא אוהביםwe dont give ane eno lea noteneym - ẖ אנחנו לא נותנים

we dont smile ane eno lea me eyeykheym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא מחייכיםwe dont take ane eno lea loke eym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא לוקחים

Hebrew QuestionsLearning the Hebrew Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Hebrew QuestionsQuestions shealot - שאלותhow aeykh - איךwhat mehe - מהwho mey - מיwhy lemehe - למה

Hebrew NumbersLearning the Hebrew Numbers is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Numbers is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew cardinal number convey the how many theyre also known as counting numbers because they show quantity Here are some examples

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnumbers mesefereym - מספריםone a et - ẖ אחתtwo sheteym - שתיםthree shelosh - שלושfour areve - ארבעfive emesh - ẖ חמשsix shesh - ששseven sheve - שבעeight shemoneh - שמונה

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnine teshe - תשעten esher - עשרeleven a et eshereh - ẖ אחת עשרהtwelve sheteym eshereh - שתים עשרהthirteen shelesh eshereh - שלש עשרהfourteen areve eshereh - ארבע עשרהfifteen emesh eshereh - ẖ חמש עשרהsixteen shesh eshereh - שש עשרהseventeen sheve eshereh - שבע עשרה

eighteen shemoneh eshereh - שמונה עשרה

nineteen teshe eshereh - תשע עשרהtwenty eshereym - עשריםhundred meah - מאהone thousand alef - אלףmillion meyleyon - מיליוןAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Numbers in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Numbers above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Ordinal Numbers in HebrewHebrew Ordinal numbers tell the order of things in a set first second third etc Ordinal numbers do not show quantity They only show rank or position Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Numbers Hebrew NumbersOrdinal Numbersfirst reashon - ראשוןsecond sheney - שניthird sheleyshey - שלישיfourth reveyey - רביעיfifth emeyshey - ẖ חמישיsixth sheysheyt - שישית

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersseventh sheveyeyt - שביעיתeighth shemeyneyt - שמיניתninth tesheyeyt - תשיעיתtenth esheyrey - עשיריeleventh a e esher - ẖ ḏ אחד עשרtwelfth sheneym esher - שנים עשרthirteenth shelosh esher - שלוש עשרfourteenth areveeh esher - ארבעה עשרfifteenth emeysheh esher - ẖ חמישה עשרsixteenth sheysheh esher - שישה עשרseventeenth sheveeh esher - שבעה עשרeighteenth shemoneh esher - שמונה עשרnineteenth teshe esher - תשע עשרtwentieth eshereym - עשרים

once feem - פעםtwice feemeym - פעמים

Greek AlphabetLearning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language

Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Α α Alpha a as in smartΒ β Beta v as in veryΓ γ Gamma between y as in yes and g as in goΔ δ Delta th as in thatΕ ε Epsilon e as in veryΖ ζ Zeta z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
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• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
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• هlrm
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• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
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      • ש
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      • ת
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      • ו
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      • א
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      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
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        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
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          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Articles Hebrew Articles

a h - הone a e - ẖ ḏ אחדsome khemeh - כמהfew meeṭeym - מעטים

the book hesefer - הספרthe books hesefereym - הספריםa book sefer - ספרone book sefer a e - ẖ ḏ ספר אחדsome books khemeh sefereym - כמה ספרים

few bookskhemeh sefereym - כמה ספרים

Hebrew PluralLearning the Hebrew Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers Here are some examples

English Plural Hebrew PluralPlural reveym - רביםmy book hesefer sheley - הספר שליmy books hesefereym sheley - הספרים שליour daughter hevet sheleno - הבת שלנוour daughters hevenot sheleno - הבנות שלנוIm cold ker ley - קר ליwere cold ker leno - קר לנוhis chickens heterenegueolot shelo - התרנגולות שלוtheir chicken heterenegueol shelehem - התרנגול

English Plural Hebrew Pluralשלהם

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Plurals in HebrewBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Plural Hebrew Pluralalligator teneyn - תניןalligators teneyneym - תניניםbear ov - ḏ דובbears oveym - ḏ דוביםbird tseyfor - ציפורbirds tseyforeym - ציפוריםbull shor - שורbulls shooreym - שווריםcat etol - ẖ חתולcats etoleym - ẖ חתוליםcow fereh - פרהcows ferot - פרותdeer tsevey - צביmany deer tseveyeym - צבייםdog khelev - כלבdogs kheleveym - כלביםdonkey emor - ẖ חמורdonkeys emoreym - ẖ חמוריםeagle nesher - נשרeagles neshereym - נשריםelephant feyl - פילelephants feyleym - פיליםgiraffe gue eyrefeh - ג ירפה

English Plural Hebrew Plural

giraffes gue eyrefot - ג ירפות

goat ez - עזgoats ezeym - עזיםhorse sos - סוסhorses soseym - סוסיםlion areyh - אריהlions areyot - אריותmonkey kof - קוףmonkeys kofeym - קופיםmouse ekhever - עכברmice ekhevereym - עכבריםrabbit arenev - ארנבrabbits areneveym - ארנביםsnake ne esh - ẖ נחשsnakes ne esheym - ẖ נחשיםtiger nemer - נמרtigers nemereym - נמריםwolf zeav - זאבwolves zeaveym - זאבים

Feminine nekeveh - נקבהhe is happy hoa meaosher - הוא מאושרshe is happy heya meaosheret - היא מאושרתhe is American hoa amereykeaey - הוא אמריקאיshe is American heya amereykeaeyt - היא אמריקאית

man aeysh - אישwoman asheh - אשהfather avea - אבאmother amea - אמא

brother a - ẖ אחsister a ot - ẖ אחותuncle o - ḏ ḏ דודaunt o eh - ḏ ḏ דודהbull shor - שורcow fereh - פרהboy eyle - ḏ ילדgirl eyle eh - ḏ ילדה

Hebrew PrepositionsLearning the Hebrew Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositions

Prepositions meylot ey es - ẖ מילות יחסinside the house vetokh heveyt - בתוך הבית

outside the carme ots lemekhoneyt - ẖ מחוץלמכונית

with me atey - אתיwithout him velee eyo - ḏ בלעדיוunder the table mete et leshole en - ẖ ẖ מתחת לשולחןafter tomorrow me ereteyeym - ẖ מחרתייםbefore sunset lefeney heshekeyeh - לפני השקיעהbut Im busy avel aney esok - אבל אני עסוק

List of Prepositions in HebrewBelow is a list of the Time place and demonstrative pronouns in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsabout el - עלabove meel - מעל

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsacross meever - מעברafter a erey - ẖ אחריagainst negue mol - ḏ נגד מולamong veyn - ביןaround meseveyv - מסביבas khemo - כמוat ley v - ḏ ליד בbefore lefeney - לפניbehind mea orey - ẖ מאחוריbelow melemeṭeh - מלמטהbeneath mete et - ẖ מתחתbeside ley - ḏ לידbetween veyn - ביןbeyond meever - מעברbut avel - אבלby el ey ey el ey v - ḏ ḏ על ידי על יד בdespite lemerot - למרותdown meṭeh - מטהduring vemehelekh vezemen sh - במהלך בזמן שexcept ots m - ẖ חוץ מfor evor - עבורfrom men - מןin vetokh v - בתוך בinside vetokh vefeneym - בתוך בפניםinto letokh - לתוךnear ley el ey - ḏ ḏ ליד על ידnext hevea - הבאof shel - שלon el - עלopposite mol - מולout ots - ẖ חוץ

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside ve ots - ẖ בחוץover meever - מעברper lekhel l - לכל לplus oo felos - ḏ ועוד פלוסround egueol - עגולsince meaz - מאזthan measher m - מאשר מthrough erekh - ḏ דרךtill e - ḏ עדto al - אלtoward al - אלunder mete et - ẖ מתחתunlike shelea khemo - שלא כמוuntil e - ḏ עדup lemeeleh - למעלהvia veametseot erekh - ḏ באמצעות דרךwith em - עםwithin vetokh - בתוךwithout lelea - ללא

two words shetey meyleym - שתי מיליםaccording to el fey lefey - על פי לפיbecause of veguelel - בגללclose to vesemokh - בסמוךdue to veguelel - בגללexcept for ots m - ẖ חוץ מfar from re ok m - ẖ רחוק מinside of vetokh - בתוךinstead of vemekom - במקוםnear to semokh l - סמוך לnext to ley - ḏ ליד

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside of me ots l - ẖ מחוץ לprior to lefeney - לפני

three words shelosh meyleym - שלוש מיליםas far as khekhel sh e l - ḏ ככל ש עד לas well as khemo guem - כמו גםin addition to nosef el nosef l - נוסף על נוסף לin front of mol ve ezeyt h - ẖ מול בחזית הin spite of lemerot - למרותon behalf of meṭeem - מטעםon top of meever l - מעבר ל

Demonstrative Pronounsthis zeh - זהthat zeh - זהthese aleh - אלהthose alo - אלו

Hebrew NegationLearning the Hebrew Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy) Here are some examples

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנסAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Negation in HebrewBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנס

I dont speak aney lea me ever - ḏ אני לא מדברI dont write aney lea khotev - אני לא כותבI dont drive aney lea nohegue - אני לא נוהגI dont love aney lea aohev - אני לא אוהבI dont give aney lea noten - אני לא נותןI dont smile aney lea me eyeykh - ẖ אני לא מחייךI dont take aney lea loke - ẖ אני לא לוקח

he doesnt speak hoa lea me ever - ḏ הוא לא מדברhe doesnt write hoa lea khotev - הוא לא כותבhe doesnt drive hoa lea nohegue - הוא לא נוהגhe doesnt love hoa lea aohev - הוא לא אוהבhe doesnt give hoa lea noten - הוא לא נותן

he doesnt take hoa lea loke - ẖ הוא לא לוקח

we dont speak ane eno lea me evereym - ẖ ḏ אנחנו לא מדבריםwe dont write ane eno lea khoteveym - ẖ אנחנו לא כותביםwe dont drive ane eno lea nohegueeym - ẖ אנחנו לא נוהגיםwe dont love ane eno lea aoheveym - ẖ אנחנו לא אוהביםwe dont give ane eno lea noteneym - ẖ אנחנו לא נותנים

we dont smile ane eno lea me eyeykheym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא מחייכיםwe dont take ane eno lea loke eym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא לוקחים

Hebrew QuestionsLearning the Hebrew Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Hebrew QuestionsQuestions shealot - שאלותhow aeykh - איךwhat mehe - מהwho mey - מיwhy lemehe - למה

Hebrew NumbersLearning the Hebrew Numbers is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Numbers is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew cardinal number convey the how many theyre also known as counting numbers because they show quantity Here are some examples

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnumbers mesefereym - מספריםone a et - ẖ אחתtwo sheteym - שתיםthree shelosh - שלושfour areve - ארבעfive emesh - ẖ חמשsix shesh - ששseven sheve - שבעeight shemoneh - שמונה

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnine teshe - תשעten esher - עשרeleven a et eshereh - ẖ אחת עשרהtwelve sheteym eshereh - שתים עשרהthirteen shelesh eshereh - שלש עשרהfourteen areve eshereh - ארבע עשרהfifteen emesh eshereh - ẖ חמש עשרהsixteen shesh eshereh - שש עשרהseventeen sheve eshereh - שבע עשרה

eighteen shemoneh eshereh - שמונה עשרה

nineteen teshe eshereh - תשע עשרהtwenty eshereym - עשריםhundred meah - מאהone thousand alef - אלףmillion meyleyon - מיליוןAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Numbers in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Numbers above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Ordinal Numbers in HebrewHebrew Ordinal numbers tell the order of things in a set first second third etc Ordinal numbers do not show quantity They only show rank or position Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Numbers Hebrew NumbersOrdinal Numbersfirst reashon - ראשוןsecond sheney - שניthird sheleyshey - שלישיfourth reveyey - רביעיfifth emeyshey - ẖ חמישיsixth sheysheyt - שישית

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersseventh sheveyeyt - שביעיתeighth shemeyneyt - שמיניתninth tesheyeyt - תשיעיתtenth esheyrey - עשיריeleventh a e esher - ẖ ḏ אחד עשרtwelfth sheneym esher - שנים עשרthirteenth shelosh esher - שלוש עשרfourteenth areveeh esher - ארבעה עשרfifteenth emeysheh esher - ẖ חמישה עשרsixteenth sheysheh esher - שישה עשרseventeenth sheveeh esher - שבעה עשרeighteenth shemoneh esher - שמונה עשרnineteenth teshe esher - תשע עשרtwentieth eshereym - עשרים

once feem - פעםtwice feemeym - פעמים

Greek AlphabetLearning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language

Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Α α Alpha a as in smartΒ β Beta v as in veryΓ γ Gamma between y as in yes and g as in goΔ δ Delta th as in thatΕ ε Epsilon e as in veryΖ ζ Zeta z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
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      • מ
      • ן
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      • ו
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      • א
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      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
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          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Plural Hebrew Pluralשלהם

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Plurals in HebrewBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Plural Hebrew Pluralalligator teneyn - תניןalligators teneyneym - תניניםbear ov - ḏ דובbears oveym - ḏ דוביםbird tseyfor - ציפורbirds tseyforeym - ציפוריםbull shor - שורbulls shooreym - שווריםcat etol - ẖ חתולcats etoleym - ẖ חתוליםcow fereh - פרהcows ferot - פרותdeer tsevey - צביmany deer tseveyeym - צבייםdog khelev - כלבdogs kheleveym - כלביםdonkey emor - ẖ חמורdonkeys emoreym - ẖ חמוריםeagle nesher - נשרeagles neshereym - נשריםelephant feyl - פילelephants feyleym - פיליםgiraffe gue eyrefeh - ג ירפה

English Plural Hebrew Plural

giraffes gue eyrefot - ג ירפות

goat ez - עזgoats ezeym - עזיםhorse sos - סוסhorses soseym - סוסיםlion areyh - אריהlions areyot - אריותmonkey kof - קוףmonkeys kofeym - קופיםmouse ekhever - עכברmice ekhevereym - עכבריםrabbit arenev - ארנבrabbits areneveym - ארנביםsnake ne esh - ẖ נחשsnakes ne esheym - ẖ נחשיםtiger nemer - נמרtigers nemereym - נמריםwolf zeav - זאבwolves zeaveym - זאבים

Feminine nekeveh - נקבהhe is happy hoa meaosher - הוא מאושרshe is happy heya meaosheret - היא מאושרתhe is American hoa amereykeaey - הוא אמריקאיshe is American heya amereykeaeyt - היא אמריקאית

man aeysh - אישwoman asheh - אשהfather avea - אבאmother amea - אמא

brother a - ẖ אחsister a ot - ẖ אחותuncle o - ḏ ḏ דודaunt o eh - ḏ ḏ דודהbull shor - שורcow fereh - פרהboy eyle - ḏ ילדgirl eyle eh - ḏ ילדה

Hebrew PrepositionsLearning the Hebrew Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositions

Prepositions meylot ey es - ẖ מילות יחסinside the house vetokh heveyt - בתוך הבית

outside the carme ots lemekhoneyt - ẖ מחוץלמכונית

with me atey - אתיwithout him velee eyo - ḏ בלעדיוunder the table mete et leshole en - ẖ ẖ מתחת לשולחןafter tomorrow me ereteyeym - ẖ מחרתייםbefore sunset lefeney heshekeyeh - לפני השקיעהbut Im busy avel aney esok - אבל אני עסוק

List of Prepositions in HebrewBelow is a list of the Time place and demonstrative pronouns in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsabout el - עלabove meel - מעל

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsacross meever - מעברafter a erey - ẖ אחריagainst negue mol - ḏ נגד מולamong veyn - ביןaround meseveyv - מסביבas khemo - כמוat ley v - ḏ ליד בbefore lefeney - לפניbehind mea orey - ẖ מאחוריbelow melemeṭeh - מלמטהbeneath mete et - ẖ מתחתbeside ley - ḏ לידbetween veyn - ביןbeyond meever - מעברbut avel - אבלby el ey ey el ey v - ḏ ḏ על ידי על יד בdespite lemerot - למרותdown meṭeh - מטהduring vemehelekh vezemen sh - במהלך בזמן שexcept ots m - ẖ חוץ מfor evor - עבורfrom men - מןin vetokh v - בתוך בinside vetokh vefeneym - בתוך בפניםinto letokh - לתוךnear ley el ey - ḏ ḏ ליד על ידnext hevea - הבאof shel - שלon el - עלopposite mol - מולout ots - ẖ חוץ

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside ve ots - ẖ בחוץover meever - מעברper lekhel l - לכל לplus oo felos - ḏ ועוד פלוסround egueol - עגולsince meaz - מאזthan measher m - מאשר מthrough erekh - ḏ דרךtill e - ḏ עדto al - אלtoward al - אלunder mete et - ẖ מתחתunlike shelea khemo - שלא כמוuntil e - ḏ עדup lemeeleh - למעלהvia veametseot erekh - ḏ באמצעות דרךwith em - עםwithin vetokh - בתוךwithout lelea - ללא

two words shetey meyleym - שתי מיליםaccording to el fey lefey - על פי לפיbecause of veguelel - בגללclose to vesemokh - בסמוךdue to veguelel - בגללexcept for ots m - ẖ חוץ מfar from re ok m - ẖ רחוק מinside of vetokh - בתוךinstead of vemekom - במקוםnear to semokh l - סמוך לnext to ley - ḏ ליד

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside of me ots l - ẖ מחוץ לprior to lefeney - לפני

three words shelosh meyleym - שלוש מיליםas far as khekhel sh e l - ḏ ככל ש עד לas well as khemo guem - כמו גםin addition to nosef el nosef l - נוסף על נוסף לin front of mol ve ezeyt h - ẖ מול בחזית הin spite of lemerot - למרותon behalf of meṭeem - מטעםon top of meever l - מעבר ל

Demonstrative Pronounsthis zeh - זהthat zeh - זהthese aleh - אלהthose alo - אלו

Hebrew NegationLearning the Hebrew Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy) Here are some examples

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנסAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Negation in HebrewBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנס

I dont speak aney lea me ever - ḏ אני לא מדברI dont write aney lea khotev - אני לא כותבI dont drive aney lea nohegue - אני לא נוהגI dont love aney lea aohev - אני לא אוהבI dont give aney lea noten - אני לא נותןI dont smile aney lea me eyeykh - ẖ אני לא מחייךI dont take aney lea loke - ẖ אני לא לוקח

he doesnt speak hoa lea me ever - ḏ הוא לא מדברhe doesnt write hoa lea khotev - הוא לא כותבhe doesnt drive hoa lea nohegue - הוא לא נוהגhe doesnt love hoa lea aohev - הוא לא אוהבhe doesnt give hoa lea noten - הוא לא נותן

he doesnt take hoa lea loke - ẖ הוא לא לוקח

we dont speak ane eno lea me evereym - ẖ ḏ אנחנו לא מדבריםwe dont write ane eno lea khoteveym - ẖ אנחנו לא כותביםwe dont drive ane eno lea nohegueeym - ẖ אנחנו לא נוהגיםwe dont love ane eno lea aoheveym - ẖ אנחנו לא אוהביםwe dont give ane eno lea noteneym - ẖ אנחנו לא נותנים

we dont smile ane eno lea me eyeykheym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא מחייכיםwe dont take ane eno lea loke eym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא לוקחים

Hebrew QuestionsLearning the Hebrew Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Hebrew QuestionsQuestions shealot - שאלותhow aeykh - איךwhat mehe - מהwho mey - מיwhy lemehe - למה

Hebrew NumbersLearning the Hebrew Numbers is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Numbers is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew cardinal number convey the how many theyre also known as counting numbers because they show quantity Here are some examples

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnumbers mesefereym - מספריםone a et - ẖ אחתtwo sheteym - שתיםthree shelosh - שלושfour areve - ארבעfive emesh - ẖ חמשsix shesh - ששseven sheve - שבעeight shemoneh - שמונה

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnine teshe - תשעten esher - עשרeleven a et eshereh - ẖ אחת עשרהtwelve sheteym eshereh - שתים עשרהthirteen shelesh eshereh - שלש עשרהfourteen areve eshereh - ארבע עשרהfifteen emesh eshereh - ẖ חמש עשרהsixteen shesh eshereh - שש עשרהseventeen sheve eshereh - שבע עשרה

eighteen shemoneh eshereh - שמונה עשרה

nineteen teshe eshereh - תשע עשרהtwenty eshereym - עשריםhundred meah - מאהone thousand alef - אלףmillion meyleyon - מיליוןAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Numbers in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Numbers above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Ordinal Numbers in HebrewHebrew Ordinal numbers tell the order of things in a set first second third etc Ordinal numbers do not show quantity They only show rank or position Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Numbers Hebrew NumbersOrdinal Numbersfirst reashon - ראשוןsecond sheney - שניthird sheleyshey - שלישיfourth reveyey - רביעיfifth emeyshey - ẖ חמישיsixth sheysheyt - שישית

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersseventh sheveyeyt - שביעיתeighth shemeyneyt - שמיניתninth tesheyeyt - תשיעיתtenth esheyrey - עשיריeleventh a e esher - ẖ ḏ אחד עשרtwelfth sheneym esher - שנים עשרthirteenth shelosh esher - שלוש עשרfourteenth areveeh esher - ארבעה עשרfifteenth emeysheh esher - ẖ חמישה עשרsixteenth sheysheh esher - שישה עשרseventeenth sheveeh esher - שבעה עשרeighteenth shemoneh esher - שמונה עשרnineteenth teshe esher - תשע עשרtwentieth eshereym - עשרים

once feem - פעםtwice feemeym - פעמים

Greek AlphabetLearning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language

Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Α α Alpha a as in smartΒ β Beta v as in veryΓ γ Gamma between y as in yes and g as in goΔ δ Delta th as in thatΕ ε Epsilon e as in veryΖ ζ Zeta z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
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      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
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      • ע
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      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
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      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
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      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
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      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
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          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Plural Hebrew Plural

giraffes gue eyrefot - ג ירפות

goat ez - עזgoats ezeym - עזיםhorse sos - סוסhorses soseym - סוסיםlion areyh - אריהlions areyot - אריותmonkey kof - קוףmonkeys kofeym - קופיםmouse ekhever - עכברmice ekhevereym - עכבריםrabbit arenev - ארנבrabbits areneveym - ארנביםsnake ne esh - ẖ נחשsnakes ne esheym - ẖ נחשיםtiger nemer - נמרtigers nemereym - נמריםwolf zeav - זאבwolves zeaveym - זאבים

Feminine nekeveh - נקבהhe is happy hoa meaosher - הוא מאושרshe is happy heya meaosheret - היא מאושרתhe is American hoa amereykeaey - הוא אמריקאיshe is American heya amereykeaeyt - היא אמריקאית

man aeysh - אישwoman asheh - אשהfather avea - אבאmother amea - אמא

brother a - ẖ אחsister a ot - ẖ אחותuncle o - ḏ ḏ דודaunt o eh - ḏ ḏ דודהbull shor - שורcow fereh - פרהboy eyle - ḏ ילדgirl eyle eh - ḏ ילדה

Hebrew PrepositionsLearning the Hebrew Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositions

Prepositions meylot ey es - ẖ מילות יחסinside the house vetokh heveyt - בתוך הבית

outside the carme ots lemekhoneyt - ẖ מחוץלמכונית

with me atey - אתיwithout him velee eyo - ḏ בלעדיוunder the table mete et leshole en - ẖ ẖ מתחת לשולחןafter tomorrow me ereteyeym - ẖ מחרתייםbefore sunset lefeney heshekeyeh - לפני השקיעהbut Im busy avel aney esok - אבל אני עסוק

List of Prepositions in HebrewBelow is a list of the Time place and demonstrative pronouns in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsabout el - עלabove meel - מעל

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsacross meever - מעברafter a erey - ẖ אחריagainst negue mol - ḏ נגד מולamong veyn - ביןaround meseveyv - מסביבas khemo - כמוat ley v - ḏ ליד בbefore lefeney - לפניbehind mea orey - ẖ מאחוריbelow melemeṭeh - מלמטהbeneath mete et - ẖ מתחתbeside ley - ḏ לידbetween veyn - ביןbeyond meever - מעברbut avel - אבלby el ey ey el ey v - ḏ ḏ על ידי על יד בdespite lemerot - למרותdown meṭeh - מטהduring vemehelekh vezemen sh - במהלך בזמן שexcept ots m - ẖ חוץ מfor evor - עבורfrom men - מןin vetokh v - בתוך בinside vetokh vefeneym - בתוך בפניםinto letokh - לתוךnear ley el ey - ḏ ḏ ליד על ידnext hevea - הבאof shel - שלon el - עלopposite mol - מולout ots - ẖ חוץ

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside ve ots - ẖ בחוץover meever - מעברper lekhel l - לכל לplus oo felos - ḏ ועוד פלוסround egueol - עגולsince meaz - מאזthan measher m - מאשר מthrough erekh - ḏ דרךtill e - ḏ עדto al - אלtoward al - אלunder mete et - ẖ מתחתunlike shelea khemo - שלא כמוuntil e - ḏ עדup lemeeleh - למעלהvia veametseot erekh - ḏ באמצעות דרךwith em - עםwithin vetokh - בתוךwithout lelea - ללא

two words shetey meyleym - שתי מיליםaccording to el fey lefey - על פי לפיbecause of veguelel - בגללclose to vesemokh - בסמוךdue to veguelel - בגללexcept for ots m - ẖ חוץ מfar from re ok m - ẖ רחוק מinside of vetokh - בתוךinstead of vemekom - במקוםnear to semokh l - סמוך לnext to ley - ḏ ליד

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside of me ots l - ẖ מחוץ לprior to lefeney - לפני

three words shelosh meyleym - שלוש מיליםas far as khekhel sh e l - ḏ ככל ש עד לas well as khemo guem - כמו גםin addition to nosef el nosef l - נוסף על נוסף לin front of mol ve ezeyt h - ẖ מול בחזית הin spite of lemerot - למרותon behalf of meṭeem - מטעםon top of meever l - מעבר ל

Demonstrative Pronounsthis zeh - זהthat zeh - זהthese aleh - אלהthose alo - אלו

Hebrew NegationLearning the Hebrew Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy) Here are some examples

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנסAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Negation in HebrewBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנס

I dont speak aney lea me ever - ḏ אני לא מדברI dont write aney lea khotev - אני לא כותבI dont drive aney lea nohegue - אני לא נוהגI dont love aney lea aohev - אני לא אוהבI dont give aney lea noten - אני לא נותןI dont smile aney lea me eyeykh - ẖ אני לא מחייךI dont take aney lea loke - ẖ אני לא לוקח

he doesnt speak hoa lea me ever - ḏ הוא לא מדברhe doesnt write hoa lea khotev - הוא לא כותבhe doesnt drive hoa lea nohegue - הוא לא נוהגhe doesnt love hoa lea aohev - הוא לא אוהבhe doesnt give hoa lea noten - הוא לא נותן

he doesnt take hoa lea loke - ẖ הוא לא לוקח

we dont speak ane eno lea me evereym - ẖ ḏ אנחנו לא מדבריםwe dont write ane eno lea khoteveym - ẖ אנחנו לא כותביםwe dont drive ane eno lea nohegueeym - ẖ אנחנו לא נוהגיםwe dont love ane eno lea aoheveym - ẖ אנחנו לא אוהביםwe dont give ane eno lea noteneym - ẖ אנחנו לא נותנים

we dont smile ane eno lea me eyeykheym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא מחייכיםwe dont take ane eno lea loke eym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא לוקחים

Hebrew QuestionsLearning the Hebrew Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Hebrew QuestionsQuestions shealot - שאלותhow aeykh - איךwhat mehe - מהwho mey - מיwhy lemehe - למה

Hebrew NumbersLearning the Hebrew Numbers is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Numbers is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew cardinal number convey the how many theyre also known as counting numbers because they show quantity Here are some examples

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnumbers mesefereym - מספריםone a et - ẖ אחתtwo sheteym - שתיםthree shelosh - שלושfour areve - ארבעfive emesh - ẖ חמשsix shesh - ששseven sheve - שבעeight shemoneh - שמונה

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnine teshe - תשעten esher - עשרeleven a et eshereh - ẖ אחת עשרהtwelve sheteym eshereh - שתים עשרהthirteen shelesh eshereh - שלש עשרהfourteen areve eshereh - ארבע עשרהfifteen emesh eshereh - ẖ חמש עשרהsixteen shesh eshereh - שש עשרהseventeen sheve eshereh - שבע עשרה

eighteen shemoneh eshereh - שמונה עשרה

nineteen teshe eshereh - תשע עשרהtwenty eshereym - עשריםhundred meah - מאהone thousand alef - אלףmillion meyleyon - מיליוןAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Numbers in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Numbers above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Ordinal Numbers in HebrewHebrew Ordinal numbers tell the order of things in a set first second third etc Ordinal numbers do not show quantity They only show rank or position Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Numbers Hebrew NumbersOrdinal Numbersfirst reashon - ראשוןsecond sheney - שניthird sheleyshey - שלישיfourth reveyey - רביעיfifth emeyshey - ẖ חמישיsixth sheysheyt - שישית

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersseventh sheveyeyt - שביעיתeighth shemeyneyt - שמיניתninth tesheyeyt - תשיעיתtenth esheyrey - עשיריeleventh a e esher - ẖ ḏ אחד עשרtwelfth sheneym esher - שנים עשרthirteenth shelosh esher - שלוש עשרfourteenth areveeh esher - ארבעה עשרfifteenth emeysheh esher - ẖ חמישה עשרsixteenth sheysheh esher - שישה עשרseventeenth sheveeh esher - שבעה עשרeighteenth shemoneh esher - שמונה עשרnineteenth teshe esher - תשע עשרtwentieth eshereym - עשרים

once feem - פעםtwice feemeym - פעמים

Greek AlphabetLearning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language

Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Α α Alpha a as in smartΒ β Beta v as in veryΓ γ Gamma between y as in yes and g as in goΔ δ Delta th as in thatΕ ε Epsilon e as in veryΖ ζ Zeta z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
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      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
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          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
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          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

brother a - ẖ אחsister a ot - ẖ אחותuncle o - ḏ ḏ דודaunt o eh - ḏ ḏ דודהbull shor - שורcow fereh - פרהboy eyle - ḏ ילדgirl eyle eh - ḏ ילדה

Hebrew PrepositionsLearning the Hebrew Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew prepositions link nouns pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition Here are some examples

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositions

Prepositions meylot ey es - ẖ מילות יחסinside the house vetokh heveyt - בתוך הבית

outside the carme ots lemekhoneyt - ẖ מחוץלמכונית

with me atey - אתיwithout him velee eyo - ḏ בלעדיוunder the table mete et leshole en - ẖ ẖ מתחת לשולחןafter tomorrow me ereteyeym - ẖ מחרתייםbefore sunset lefeney heshekeyeh - לפני השקיעהbut Im busy avel aney esok - אבל אני עסוק

List of Prepositions in HebrewBelow is a list of the Time place and demonstrative pronouns in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsabout el - עלabove meel - מעל

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsacross meever - מעברafter a erey - ẖ אחריagainst negue mol - ḏ נגד מולamong veyn - ביןaround meseveyv - מסביבas khemo - כמוat ley v - ḏ ליד בbefore lefeney - לפניbehind mea orey - ẖ מאחוריbelow melemeṭeh - מלמטהbeneath mete et - ẖ מתחתbeside ley - ḏ לידbetween veyn - ביןbeyond meever - מעברbut avel - אבלby el ey ey el ey v - ḏ ḏ על ידי על יד בdespite lemerot - למרותdown meṭeh - מטהduring vemehelekh vezemen sh - במהלך בזמן שexcept ots m - ẖ חוץ מfor evor - עבורfrom men - מןin vetokh v - בתוך בinside vetokh vefeneym - בתוך בפניםinto letokh - לתוךnear ley el ey - ḏ ḏ ליד על ידnext hevea - הבאof shel - שלon el - עלopposite mol - מולout ots - ẖ חוץ

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside ve ots - ẖ בחוץover meever - מעברper lekhel l - לכל לplus oo felos - ḏ ועוד פלוסround egueol - עגולsince meaz - מאזthan measher m - מאשר מthrough erekh - ḏ דרךtill e - ḏ עדto al - אלtoward al - אלunder mete et - ẖ מתחתunlike shelea khemo - שלא כמוuntil e - ḏ עדup lemeeleh - למעלהvia veametseot erekh - ḏ באמצעות דרךwith em - עםwithin vetokh - בתוךwithout lelea - ללא

two words shetey meyleym - שתי מיליםaccording to el fey lefey - על פי לפיbecause of veguelel - בגללclose to vesemokh - בסמוךdue to veguelel - בגללexcept for ots m - ẖ חוץ מfar from re ok m - ẖ רחוק מinside of vetokh - בתוךinstead of vemekom - במקוםnear to semokh l - סמוך לnext to ley - ḏ ליד

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside of me ots l - ẖ מחוץ לprior to lefeney - לפני

three words shelosh meyleym - שלוש מיליםas far as khekhel sh e l - ḏ ככל ש עד לas well as khemo guem - כמו גםin addition to nosef el nosef l - נוסף על נוסף לin front of mol ve ezeyt h - ẖ מול בחזית הin spite of lemerot - למרותon behalf of meṭeem - מטעםon top of meever l - מעבר ל

Demonstrative Pronounsthis zeh - זהthat zeh - זהthese aleh - אלהthose alo - אלו

Hebrew NegationLearning the Hebrew Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy) Here are some examples

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנסAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Negation in HebrewBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנס

I dont speak aney lea me ever - ḏ אני לא מדברI dont write aney lea khotev - אני לא כותבI dont drive aney lea nohegue - אני לא נוהגI dont love aney lea aohev - אני לא אוהבI dont give aney lea noten - אני לא נותןI dont smile aney lea me eyeykh - ẖ אני לא מחייךI dont take aney lea loke - ẖ אני לא לוקח

he doesnt speak hoa lea me ever - ḏ הוא לא מדברhe doesnt write hoa lea khotev - הוא לא כותבhe doesnt drive hoa lea nohegue - הוא לא נוהגhe doesnt love hoa lea aohev - הוא לא אוהבhe doesnt give hoa lea noten - הוא לא נותן

he doesnt take hoa lea loke - ẖ הוא לא לוקח

we dont speak ane eno lea me evereym - ẖ ḏ אנחנו לא מדבריםwe dont write ane eno lea khoteveym - ẖ אנחנו לא כותביםwe dont drive ane eno lea nohegueeym - ẖ אנחנו לא נוהגיםwe dont love ane eno lea aoheveym - ẖ אנחנו לא אוהביםwe dont give ane eno lea noteneym - ẖ אנחנו לא נותנים

we dont smile ane eno lea me eyeykheym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא מחייכיםwe dont take ane eno lea loke eym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא לוקחים

Hebrew QuestionsLearning the Hebrew Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Hebrew QuestionsQuestions shealot - שאלותhow aeykh - איךwhat mehe - מהwho mey - מיwhy lemehe - למה

Hebrew NumbersLearning the Hebrew Numbers is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Numbers is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew cardinal number convey the how many theyre also known as counting numbers because they show quantity Here are some examples

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnumbers mesefereym - מספריםone a et - ẖ אחתtwo sheteym - שתיםthree shelosh - שלושfour areve - ארבעfive emesh - ẖ חמשsix shesh - ששseven sheve - שבעeight shemoneh - שמונה

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnine teshe - תשעten esher - עשרeleven a et eshereh - ẖ אחת עשרהtwelve sheteym eshereh - שתים עשרהthirteen shelesh eshereh - שלש עשרהfourteen areve eshereh - ארבע עשרהfifteen emesh eshereh - ẖ חמש עשרהsixteen shesh eshereh - שש עשרהseventeen sheve eshereh - שבע עשרה

eighteen shemoneh eshereh - שמונה עשרה

nineteen teshe eshereh - תשע עשרהtwenty eshereym - עשריםhundred meah - מאהone thousand alef - אלףmillion meyleyon - מיליוןAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Numbers in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Numbers above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Ordinal Numbers in HebrewHebrew Ordinal numbers tell the order of things in a set first second third etc Ordinal numbers do not show quantity They only show rank or position Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Numbers Hebrew NumbersOrdinal Numbersfirst reashon - ראשוןsecond sheney - שניthird sheleyshey - שלישיfourth reveyey - רביעיfifth emeyshey - ẖ חמישיsixth sheysheyt - שישית

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersseventh sheveyeyt - שביעיתeighth shemeyneyt - שמיניתninth tesheyeyt - תשיעיתtenth esheyrey - עשיריeleventh a e esher - ẖ ḏ אחד עשרtwelfth sheneym esher - שנים עשרthirteenth shelosh esher - שלוש עשרfourteenth areveeh esher - ארבעה עשרfifteenth emeysheh esher - ẖ חמישה עשרsixteenth sheysheh esher - שישה עשרseventeenth sheveeh esher - שבעה עשרeighteenth shemoneh esher - שמונה עשרnineteenth teshe esher - תשע עשרtwentieth eshereym - עשרים

once feem - פעםtwice feemeym - פעמים

Greek AlphabetLearning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language

Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Α α Alpha a as in smartΒ β Beta v as in veryΓ γ Gamma between y as in yes and g as in goΔ δ Delta th as in thatΕ ε Epsilon e as in veryΖ ζ Zeta z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsacross meever - מעברafter a erey - ẖ אחריagainst negue mol - ḏ נגד מולamong veyn - ביןaround meseveyv - מסביבas khemo - כמוat ley v - ḏ ליד בbefore lefeney - לפניbehind mea orey - ẖ מאחוריbelow melemeṭeh - מלמטהbeneath mete et - ẖ מתחתbeside ley - ḏ לידbetween veyn - ביןbeyond meever - מעברbut avel - אבלby el ey ey el ey v - ḏ ḏ על ידי על יד בdespite lemerot - למרותdown meṭeh - מטהduring vemehelekh vezemen sh - במהלך בזמן שexcept ots m - ẖ חוץ מfor evor - עבורfrom men - מןin vetokh v - בתוך בinside vetokh vefeneym - בתוך בפניםinto letokh - לתוךnear ley el ey - ḏ ḏ ליד על ידnext hevea - הבאof shel - שלon el - עלopposite mol - מולout ots - ẖ חוץ

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside ve ots - ẖ בחוץover meever - מעברper lekhel l - לכל לplus oo felos - ḏ ועוד פלוסround egueol - עגולsince meaz - מאזthan measher m - מאשר מthrough erekh - ḏ דרךtill e - ḏ עדto al - אלtoward al - אלunder mete et - ẖ מתחתunlike shelea khemo - שלא כמוuntil e - ḏ עדup lemeeleh - למעלהvia veametseot erekh - ḏ באמצעות דרךwith em - עםwithin vetokh - בתוךwithout lelea - ללא

two words shetey meyleym - שתי מיליםaccording to el fey lefey - על פי לפיbecause of veguelel - בגללclose to vesemokh - בסמוךdue to veguelel - בגללexcept for ots m - ẖ חוץ מfar from re ok m - ẖ רחוק מinside of vetokh - בתוךinstead of vemekom - במקוםnear to semokh l - סמוך לnext to ley - ḏ ליד

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside of me ots l - ẖ מחוץ לprior to lefeney - לפני

three words shelosh meyleym - שלוש מיליםas far as khekhel sh e l - ḏ ככל ש עד לas well as khemo guem - כמו גםin addition to nosef el nosef l - נוסף על נוסף לin front of mol ve ezeyt h - ẖ מול בחזית הin spite of lemerot - למרותon behalf of meṭeem - מטעםon top of meever l - מעבר ל

Demonstrative Pronounsthis zeh - זהthat zeh - זהthese aleh - אלהthose alo - אלו

Hebrew NegationLearning the Hebrew Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy) Here are some examples

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנסAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Negation in HebrewBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנס

I dont speak aney lea me ever - ḏ אני לא מדברI dont write aney lea khotev - אני לא כותבI dont drive aney lea nohegue - אני לא נוהגI dont love aney lea aohev - אני לא אוהבI dont give aney lea noten - אני לא נותןI dont smile aney lea me eyeykh - ẖ אני לא מחייךI dont take aney lea loke - ẖ אני לא לוקח

he doesnt speak hoa lea me ever - ḏ הוא לא מדברhe doesnt write hoa lea khotev - הוא לא כותבhe doesnt drive hoa lea nohegue - הוא לא נוהגhe doesnt love hoa lea aohev - הוא לא אוהבhe doesnt give hoa lea noten - הוא לא נותן

he doesnt take hoa lea loke - ẖ הוא לא לוקח

we dont speak ane eno lea me evereym - ẖ ḏ אנחנו לא מדבריםwe dont write ane eno lea khoteveym - ẖ אנחנו לא כותביםwe dont drive ane eno lea nohegueeym - ẖ אנחנו לא נוהגיםwe dont love ane eno lea aoheveym - ẖ אנחנו לא אוהביםwe dont give ane eno lea noteneym - ẖ אנחנו לא נותנים

we dont smile ane eno lea me eyeykheym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא מחייכיםwe dont take ane eno lea loke eym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא לוקחים

Hebrew QuestionsLearning the Hebrew Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Hebrew QuestionsQuestions shealot - שאלותhow aeykh - איךwhat mehe - מהwho mey - מיwhy lemehe - למה

Hebrew NumbersLearning the Hebrew Numbers is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Numbers is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew cardinal number convey the how many theyre also known as counting numbers because they show quantity Here are some examples

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnumbers mesefereym - מספריםone a et - ẖ אחתtwo sheteym - שתיםthree shelosh - שלושfour areve - ארבעfive emesh - ẖ חמשsix shesh - ששseven sheve - שבעeight shemoneh - שמונה

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnine teshe - תשעten esher - עשרeleven a et eshereh - ẖ אחת עשרהtwelve sheteym eshereh - שתים עשרהthirteen shelesh eshereh - שלש עשרהfourteen areve eshereh - ארבע עשרהfifteen emesh eshereh - ẖ חמש עשרהsixteen shesh eshereh - שש עשרהseventeen sheve eshereh - שבע עשרה

eighteen shemoneh eshereh - שמונה עשרה

nineteen teshe eshereh - תשע עשרהtwenty eshereym - עשריםhundred meah - מאהone thousand alef - אלףmillion meyleyon - מיליוןAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Numbers in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Numbers above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Ordinal Numbers in HebrewHebrew Ordinal numbers tell the order of things in a set first second third etc Ordinal numbers do not show quantity They only show rank or position Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Numbers Hebrew NumbersOrdinal Numbersfirst reashon - ראשוןsecond sheney - שניthird sheleyshey - שלישיfourth reveyey - רביעיfifth emeyshey - ẖ חמישיsixth sheysheyt - שישית

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersseventh sheveyeyt - שביעיתeighth shemeyneyt - שמיניתninth tesheyeyt - תשיעיתtenth esheyrey - עשיריeleventh a e esher - ẖ ḏ אחד עשרtwelfth sheneym esher - שנים עשרthirteenth shelosh esher - שלוש עשרfourteenth areveeh esher - ארבעה עשרfifteenth emeysheh esher - ẖ חמישה עשרsixteenth sheysheh esher - שישה עשרseventeenth sheveeh esher - שבעה עשרeighteenth shemoneh esher - שמונה עשרnineteenth teshe esher - תשע עשרtwentieth eshereym - עשרים

once feem - פעםtwice feemeym - פעמים

Greek AlphabetLearning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language

Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Α α Alpha a as in smartΒ β Beta v as in veryΓ γ Gamma between y as in yes and g as in goΔ δ Delta th as in thatΕ ε Epsilon e as in veryΖ ζ Zeta z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside ve ots - ẖ בחוץover meever - מעברper lekhel l - לכל לplus oo felos - ḏ ועוד פלוסround egueol - עגולsince meaz - מאזthan measher m - מאשר מthrough erekh - ḏ דרךtill e - ḏ עדto al - אלtoward al - אלunder mete et - ẖ מתחתunlike shelea khemo - שלא כמוuntil e - ḏ עדup lemeeleh - למעלהvia veametseot erekh - ḏ באמצעות דרךwith em - עםwithin vetokh - בתוךwithout lelea - ללא

two words shetey meyleym - שתי מיליםaccording to el fey lefey - על פי לפיbecause of veguelel - בגללclose to vesemokh - בסמוךdue to veguelel - בגללexcept for ots m - ẖ חוץ מfar from re ok m - ẖ רחוק מinside of vetokh - בתוךinstead of vemekom - במקוםnear to semokh l - סמוך לnext to ley - ḏ ליד

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside of me ots l - ẖ מחוץ לprior to lefeney - לפני

three words shelosh meyleym - שלוש מיליםas far as khekhel sh e l - ḏ ככל ש עד לas well as khemo guem - כמו גםin addition to nosef el nosef l - נוסף על נוסף לin front of mol ve ezeyt h - ẖ מול בחזית הin spite of lemerot - למרותon behalf of meṭeem - מטעםon top of meever l - מעבר ל

Demonstrative Pronounsthis zeh - זהthat zeh - זהthese aleh - אלהthose alo - אלו

Hebrew NegationLearning the Hebrew Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy) Here are some examples

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנסAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Negation in HebrewBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנס

I dont speak aney lea me ever - ḏ אני לא מדברI dont write aney lea khotev - אני לא כותבI dont drive aney lea nohegue - אני לא נוהגI dont love aney lea aohev - אני לא אוהבI dont give aney lea noten - אני לא נותןI dont smile aney lea me eyeykh - ẖ אני לא מחייךI dont take aney lea loke - ẖ אני לא לוקח

he doesnt speak hoa lea me ever - ḏ הוא לא מדברhe doesnt write hoa lea khotev - הוא לא כותבhe doesnt drive hoa lea nohegue - הוא לא נוהגhe doesnt love hoa lea aohev - הוא לא אוהבhe doesnt give hoa lea noten - הוא לא נותן

he doesnt take hoa lea loke - ẖ הוא לא לוקח

we dont speak ane eno lea me evereym - ẖ ḏ אנחנו לא מדבריםwe dont write ane eno lea khoteveym - ẖ אנחנו לא כותביםwe dont drive ane eno lea nohegueeym - ẖ אנחנו לא נוהגיםwe dont love ane eno lea aoheveym - ẖ אנחנו לא אוהביםwe dont give ane eno lea noteneym - ẖ אנחנו לא נותנים

we dont smile ane eno lea me eyeykheym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא מחייכיםwe dont take ane eno lea loke eym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא לוקחים

Hebrew QuestionsLearning the Hebrew Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Hebrew QuestionsQuestions shealot - שאלותhow aeykh - איךwhat mehe - מהwho mey - מיwhy lemehe - למה

Hebrew NumbersLearning the Hebrew Numbers is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Numbers is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew cardinal number convey the how many theyre also known as counting numbers because they show quantity Here are some examples

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnumbers mesefereym - מספריםone a et - ẖ אחתtwo sheteym - שתיםthree shelosh - שלושfour areve - ארבעfive emesh - ẖ חמשsix shesh - ששseven sheve - שבעeight shemoneh - שמונה

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnine teshe - תשעten esher - עשרeleven a et eshereh - ẖ אחת עשרהtwelve sheteym eshereh - שתים עשרהthirteen shelesh eshereh - שלש עשרהfourteen areve eshereh - ארבע עשרהfifteen emesh eshereh - ẖ חמש עשרהsixteen shesh eshereh - שש עשרהseventeen sheve eshereh - שבע עשרה

eighteen shemoneh eshereh - שמונה עשרה

nineteen teshe eshereh - תשע עשרהtwenty eshereym - עשריםhundred meah - מאהone thousand alef - אלףmillion meyleyon - מיליוןAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Numbers in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Numbers above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Ordinal Numbers in HebrewHebrew Ordinal numbers tell the order of things in a set first second third etc Ordinal numbers do not show quantity They only show rank or position Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Numbers Hebrew NumbersOrdinal Numbersfirst reashon - ראשוןsecond sheney - שניthird sheleyshey - שלישיfourth reveyey - רביעיfifth emeyshey - ẖ חמישיsixth sheysheyt - שישית

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersseventh sheveyeyt - שביעיתeighth shemeyneyt - שמיניתninth tesheyeyt - תשיעיתtenth esheyrey - עשיריeleventh a e esher - ẖ ḏ אחד עשרtwelfth sheneym esher - שנים עשרthirteenth shelosh esher - שלוש עשרfourteenth areveeh esher - ארבעה עשרfifteenth emeysheh esher - ẖ חמישה עשרsixteenth sheysheh esher - שישה עשרseventeenth sheveeh esher - שבעה עשרeighteenth shemoneh esher - שמונה עשרnineteenth teshe esher - תשע עשרtwentieth eshereym - עשרים

once feem - פעםtwice feemeym - פעמים

Greek AlphabetLearning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language

Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Α α Alpha a as in smartΒ β Beta v as in veryΓ γ Gamma between y as in yes and g as in goΔ δ Delta th as in thatΕ ε Epsilon e as in veryΖ ζ Zeta z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositionsoutside of me ots l - ẖ מחוץ לprior to lefeney - לפני

three words shelosh meyleym - שלוש מיליםas far as khekhel sh e l - ḏ ככל ש עד לas well as khemo guem - כמו גםin addition to nosef el nosef l - נוסף על נוסף לin front of mol ve ezeyt h - ẖ מול בחזית הin spite of lemerot - למרותon behalf of meṭeem - מטעםon top of meever l - מעבר ל

Demonstrative Pronounsthis zeh - זהthat zeh - זהthese aleh - אלהthose alo - אלו

Hebrew NegationLearning the Hebrew Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy) Here are some examples

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנסAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Negation in HebrewBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנס

I dont speak aney lea me ever - ḏ אני לא מדברI dont write aney lea khotev - אני לא כותבI dont drive aney lea nohegue - אני לא נוהגI dont love aney lea aohev - אני לא אוהבI dont give aney lea noten - אני לא נותןI dont smile aney lea me eyeykh - ẖ אני לא מחייךI dont take aney lea loke - ẖ אני לא לוקח

he doesnt speak hoa lea me ever - ḏ הוא לא מדברhe doesnt write hoa lea khotev - הוא לא כותבhe doesnt drive hoa lea nohegue - הוא לא נוהגhe doesnt love hoa lea aohev - הוא לא אוהבhe doesnt give hoa lea noten - הוא לא נותן

he doesnt take hoa lea loke - ẖ הוא לא לוקח

we dont speak ane eno lea me evereym - ẖ ḏ אנחנו לא מדבריםwe dont write ane eno lea khoteveym - ẖ אנחנו לא כותביםwe dont drive ane eno lea nohegueeym - ẖ אנחנו לא נוהגיםwe dont love ane eno lea aoheveym - ẖ אנחנו לא אוהביםwe dont give ane eno lea noteneym - ẖ אנחנו לא נותנים

we dont smile ane eno lea me eyeykheym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא מחייכיםwe dont take ane eno lea loke eym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא לוקחים

Hebrew QuestionsLearning the Hebrew Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Hebrew QuestionsQuestions shealot - שאלותhow aeykh - איךwhat mehe - מהwho mey - מיwhy lemehe - למה

Hebrew NumbersLearning the Hebrew Numbers is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Numbers is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew cardinal number convey the how many theyre also known as counting numbers because they show quantity Here are some examples

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnumbers mesefereym - מספריםone a et - ẖ אחתtwo sheteym - שתיםthree shelosh - שלושfour areve - ארבעfive emesh - ẖ חמשsix shesh - ששseven sheve - שבעeight shemoneh - שמונה

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnine teshe - תשעten esher - עשרeleven a et eshereh - ẖ אחת עשרהtwelve sheteym eshereh - שתים עשרהthirteen shelesh eshereh - שלש עשרהfourteen areve eshereh - ארבע עשרהfifteen emesh eshereh - ẖ חמש עשרהsixteen shesh eshereh - שש עשרהseventeen sheve eshereh - שבע עשרה

eighteen shemoneh eshereh - שמונה עשרה

nineteen teshe eshereh - תשע עשרהtwenty eshereym - עשריםhundred meah - מאהone thousand alef - אלףmillion meyleyon - מיליוןAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Numbers in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Numbers above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Ordinal Numbers in HebrewHebrew Ordinal numbers tell the order of things in a set first second third etc Ordinal numbers do not show quantity They only show rank or position Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Numbers Hebrew NumbersOrdinal Numbersfirst reashon - ראשוןsecond sheney - שניthird sheleyshey - שלישיfourth reveyey - רביעיfifth emeyshey - ẖ חמישיsixth sheysheyt - שישית

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersseventh sheveyeyt - שביעיתeighth shemeyneyt - שמיניתninth tesheyeyt - תשיעיתtenth esheyrey - עשיריeleventh a e esher - ẖ ḏ אחד עשרtwelfth sheneym esher - שנים עשרthirteenth shelosh esher - שלוש עשרfourteenth areveeh esher - ארבעה עשרfifteenth emeysheh esher - ẖ חמישה עשרsixteenth sheysheh esher - שישה עשרseventeenth sheveeh esher - שבעה עשרeighteenth shemoneh esher - שמונה עשרnineteenth teshe esher - תשע עשרtwentieth eshereym - עשרים

once feem - פעםtwice feemeym - פעמים

Greek AlphabetLearning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language

Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Α α Alpha a as in smartΒ β Beta v as in veryΓ γ Gamma between y as in yes and g as in goΔ δ Delta th as in thatΕ ε Epsilon e as in veryΖ ζ Zeta z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

List of Negation in HebrewBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Hebrew placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Negation Hebrew NegationNegation sheleyleh - שלילהhe is not here hoa lea khean - הוא לא כאןthat is not my book zeh lea hesefer sheley - זה לא הספר שליdo not enter lea leheykhenes - לא להיכנס

I dont speak aney lea me ever - ḏ אני לא מדברI dont write aney lea khotev - אני לא כותבI dont drive aney lea nohegue - אני לא נוהגI dont love aney lea aohev - אני לא אוהבI dont give aney lea noten - אני לא נותןI dont smile aney lea me eyeykh - ẖ אני לא מחייךI dont take aney lea loke - ẖ אני לא לוקח

he doesnt speak hoa lea me ever - ḏ הוא לא מדברhe doesnt write hoa lea khotev - הוא לא כותבhe doesnt drive hoa lea nohegue - הוא לא נוהגhe doesnt love hoa lea aohev - הוא לא אוהבhe doesnt give hoa lea noten - הוא לא נותן

he doesnt take hoa lea loke - ẖ הוא לא לוקח

we dont speak ane eno lea me evereym - ẖ ḏ אנחנו לא מדבריםwe dont write ane eno lea khoteveym - ẖ אנחנו לא כותביםwe dont drive ane eno lea nohegueeym - ẖ אנחנו לא נוהגיםwe dont love ane eno lea aoheveym - ẖ אנחנו לא אוהביםwe dont give ane eno lea noteneym - ẖ אנחנו לא נותנים

we dont smile ane eno lea me eyeykheym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא מחייכיםwe dont take ane eno lea loke eym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא לוקחים

Hebrew QuestionsLearning the Hebrew Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Hebrew QuestionsQuestions shealot - שאלותhow aeykh - איךwhat mehe - מהwho mey - מיwhy lemehe - למה

Hebrew NumbersLearning the Hebrew Numbers is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Numbers is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew cardinal number convey the how many theyre also known as counting numbers because they show quantity Here are some examples

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnumbers mesefereym - מספריםone a et - ẖ אחתtwo sheteym - שתיםthree shelosh - שלושfour areve - ארבעfive emesh - ẖ חמשsix shesh - ששseven sheve - שבעeight shemoneh - שמונה

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnine teshe - תשעten esher - עשרeleven a et eshereh - ẖ אחת עשרהtwelve sheteym eshereh - שתים עשרהthirteen shelesh eshereh - שלש עשרהfourteen areve eshereh - ארבע עשרהfifteen emesh eshereh - ẖ חמש עשרהsixteen shesh eshereh - שש עשרהseventeen sheve eshereh - שבע עשרה

eighteen shemoneh eshereh - שמונה עשרה

nineteen teshe eshereh - תשע עשרהtwenty eshereym - עשריםhundred meah - מאהone thousand alef - אלףmillion meyleyon - מיליוןAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Numbers in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Numbers above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Ordinal Numbers in HebrewHebrew Ordinal numbers tell the order of things in a set first second third etc Ordinal numbers do not show quantity They only show rank or position Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Numbers Hebrew NumbersOrdinal Numbersfirst reashon - ראשוןsecond sheney - שניthird sheleyshey - שלישיfourth reveyey - רביעיfifth emeyshey - ẖ חמישיsixth sheysheyt - שישית

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersseventh sheveyeyt - שביעיתeighth shemeyneyt - שמיניתninth tesheyeyt - תשיעיתtenth esheyrey - עשיריeleventh a e esher - ẖ ḏ אחד עשרtwelfth sheneym esher - שנים עשרthirteenth shelosh esher - שלוש עשרfourteenth areveeh esher - ארבעה עשרfifteenth emeysheh esher - ẖ חמישה עשרsixteenth sheysheh esher - שישה עשרseventeenth sheveeh esher - שבעה עשרeighteenth shemoneh esher - שמונה עשרnineteenth teshe esher - תשע עשרtwentieth eshereym - עשרים

once feem - פעםtwice feemeym - פעמים

Greek AlphabetLearning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language

Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Α α Alpha a as in smartΒ β Beta v as in veryΓ γ Gamma between y as in yes and g as in goΔ δ Delta th as in thatΕ ε Epsilon e as in veryΖ ζ Zeta z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

we dont smile ane eno lea me eyeykheym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא מחייכיםwe dont take ane eno lea loke eym - ẖ ẖ אנחנו לא לוקחים

Hebrew QuestionsLearning the Hebrew Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Hebrew QuestionsQuestions shealot - שאלותhow aeykh - איךwhat mehe - מהwho mey - מיwhy lemehe - למה

Hebrew NumbersLearning the Hebrew Numbers is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language But first we need to know what the role of Numbers is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew

Hebrew cardinal number convey the how many theyre also known as counting numbers because they show quantity Here are some examples

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnumbers mesefereym - מספריםone a et - ẖ אחתtwo sheteym - שתיםthree shelosh - שלושfour areve - ארבעfive emesh - ẖ חמשsix shesh - ששseven sheve - שבעeight shemoneh - שמונה

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnine teshe - תשעten esher - עשרeleven a et eshereh - ẖ אחת עשרהtwelve sheteym eshereh - שתים עשרהthirteen shelesh eshereh - שלש עשרהfourteen areve eshereh - ארבע עשרהfifteen emesh eshereh - ẖ חמש עשרהsixteen shesh eshereh - שש עשרהseventeen sheve eshereh - שבע עשרה

eighteen shemoneh eshereh - שמונה עשרה

nineteen teshe eshereh - תשע עשרהtwenty eshereym - עשריםhundred meah - מאהone thousand alef - אלףmillion meyleyon - מיליוןAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Numbers in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Numbers above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Ordinal Numbers in HebrewHebrew Ordinal numbers tell the order of things in a set first second third etc Ordinal numbers do not show quantity They only show rank or position Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Numbers Hebrew NumbersOrdinal Numbersfirst reashon - ראשוןsecond sheney - שניthird sheleyshey - שלישיfourth reveyey - רביעיfifth emeyshey - ẖ חמישיsixth sheysheyt - שישית

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersseventh sheveyeyt - שביעיתeighth shemeyneyt - שמיניתninth tesheyeyt - תשיעיתtenth esheyrey - עשיריeleventh a e esher - ẖ ḏ אחד עשרtwelfth sheneym esher - שנים עשרthirteenth shelosh esher - שלוש עשרfourteenth areveeh esher - ארבעה עשרfifteenth emeysheh esher - ẖ חמישה עשרsixteenth sheysheh esher - שישה עשרseventeenth sheveeh esher - שבעה עשרeighteenth shemoneh esher - שמונה עשרnineteenth teshe esher - תשע עשרtwentieth eshereym - עשרים

once feem - פעםtwice feemeym - פעמים

Greek AlphabetLearning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language

Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Α α Alpha a as in smartΒ β Beta v as in veryΓ γ Gamma between y as in yes and g as in goΔ δ Delta th as in thatΕ ε Epsilon e as in veryΖ ζ Zeta z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersnine teshe - תשעten esher - עשרeleven a et eshereh - ẖ אחת עשרהtwelve sheteym eshereh - שתים עשרהthirteen shelesh eshereh - שלש עשרהfourteen areve eshereh - ארבע עשרהfifteen emesh eshereh - ẖ חמש עשרהsixteen shesh eshereh - שש עשרהseventeen sheve eshereh - שבע עשרה

eighteen shemoneh eshereh - שמונה עשרה

nineteen teshe eshereh - תשע עשרהtwenty eshereym - עשריםhundred meah - מאהone thousand alef - אלףmillion meyleyon - מיליוןAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Numbers in Hebrew has a logical pattern Locate the Numbers above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew

List of Ordinal Numbers in HebrewHebrew Ordinal numbers tell the order of things in a set first second third etc Ordinal numbers do not show quantity They only show rank or position Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary

English Numbers Hebrew NumbersOrdinal Numbersfirst reashon - ראשוןsecond sheney - שניthird sheleyshey - שלישיfourth reveyey - רביעיfifth emeyshey - ẖ חמישיsixth sheysheyt - שישית

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersseventh sheveyeyt - שביעיתeighth shemeyneyt - שמיניתninth tesheyeyt - תשיעיתtenth esheyrey - עשיריeleventh a e esher - ẖ ḏ אחד עשרtwelfth sheneym esher - שנים עשרthirteenth shelosh esher - שלוש עשרfourteenth areveeh esher - ארבעה עשרfifteenth emeysheh esher - ẖ חמישה עשרsixteenth sheysheh esher - שישה עשרseventeenth sheveeh esher - שבעה עשרeighteenth shemoneh esher - שמונה עשרnineteenth teshe esher - תשע עשרtwentieth eshereym - עשרים

once feem - פעםtwice feemeym - פעמים

Greek AlphabetLearning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language

Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Α α Alpha a as in smartΒ β Beta v as in veryΓ γ Gamma between y as in yes and g as in goΔ δ Delta th as in thatΕ ε Epsilon e as in veryΖ ζ Zeta z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Numbers Hebrew Numbersseventh sheveyeyt - שביעיתeighth shemeyneyt - שמיניתninth tesheyeyt - תשיעיתtenth esheyrey - עשיריeleventh a e esher - ẖ ḏ אחד עשרtwelfth sheneym esher - שנים עשרthirteenth shelosh esher - שלוש עשרfourteenth areveeh esher - ארבעה עשרfifteenth emeysheh esher - ẖ חמישה עשרsixteenth sheysheh esher - שישה עשרseventeenth sheveeh esher - שבעה עשרeighteenth shemoneh esher - שמונה עשרnineteenth teshe esher - תשע עשרtwentieth eshereym - עשרים

once feem - פעםtwice feemeym - פעמים

Greek AlphabetLearning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation Without it you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words The better you pronounce a letter in a word the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language

Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Α α Alpha a as in smartΒ β Beta v as in veryΓ γ Gamma between y as in yes and g as in goΔ δ Delta th as in thatΕ ε Epsilon e as in veryΖ ζ Zeta z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example

Η η Eta ee as in beeΘ θ Theta th as in thinkΙ ι Iota ee as in beeΚ κ Kappa k as in lookΛ λ Lambda l as in logΜ μ Mu m as in manΝ ν Nu n as in notΞ ξ Xi x as in waxΟ ο Omicron o as in boxΠ π Pi p as in top close to bΡ ρ Rho rolled r as in RomaΣ σ ς Sigma s as in sapΤ τ Tau t as in hot but softer and close to dΥ υ Upsilon ee as in beeΦ φ Phi ph as in photoΧ χ Chi ch as in the scottish lochΨ ψ Psi ps as in upsideΩ ω Omega o as in box

Vowels

short long

α as in father α as in father

ε as in bed η as in they

ι as in pit ι as in machine

ο as in top ω as in tote

υ as in deja vu υ as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

BREATHING MARKSEvery word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound) For lower case letters the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel For upper case letters the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel

If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma) as in

ἡμέρα

the mark is called a rough breathing mark and indicates an initial h sound is to be pronounced

ἡμέρα is pronounced hay-ME-ra Notice the h sound

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma) as in

ἀλήθεια

the mark is called a smooth breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial h sound

ἀλήθεια is pronounced a-LAY-thay-a Notice the absence of an h sound

Every word beginning with the letter ρ (rho) will have a rough breathing mark

DITHONGSVowels are categorized as either close or open Pronounce the sound of a as in father and make note that your throat is wide open Then pronounce the sound of the letter i as in pit and make note that your throat is constricted Pronounce the sound of the letter u in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed notice that your throat again is constricted

The open vowels are α ε η ο ω

The close vowels are ι υ

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

vowel will always be a close vowel Therefore οι is a diphthong but ιο is not a diphthong

The following are diphthongs αι ει οι αυ ευ ηυ ου

In addition to these there are three improper dipthongs diphthongs wherein the second vowel ι is written as a subscript to the first letter These are ᾳ ῃ ῳ (named respectively alpha iota subscript eta iota subscript omega iota subscript)

Finally there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel Even though υ is a close vowel υι is a diphthong

Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other for purposes of syllabification a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

αι is pronounced ai as in Thailandει is pronounced ei as in eight1

οι is pronounced oi as in Illinoisαυ is pronounced ow as in cowευ is pronounced eu as in feud2

ηυ is pronounced the same as euου is pronounced ou as in soupυι is pronounced uee as in queen

Improper Diphthongsᾳ is pronounced the same as αῃ is pronounced the same as ηῳ is pronounced the same as ω

1 In the volume on Accidence amp Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard (Grammar of New Testament Greek vol 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times ει was pronounced i as in machine (p 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times And in fact there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students In recent years some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory

2 Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of ευ as an improvement over the illustrative word feud

Most textbooks suggest something like e as in get followed by -oo- as in food or the like Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the d between E and d or saying house as they do in some parts of Virginia [my place of residence JS] In any case it is eh followed quickly by oo

Diphthongs are always long except final αι and final οι For example

οι in ἄνθρωποι is final and is short

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

οι in ἀνθρώποις is not final (it is followed by ς) and is long

When a word begins with a diphthong the breathing mark goes over second letter For example

αὐτός

SYLLABLESEach syllable must have one and only one vowel sound A diphthong is considered one vowel sound In general syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong

λυομεν λυ-ο-μεν υο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels belong to different syllables

γινωσκω γι-νω-σκω σκ is not split The syllables are divided after the vowel preceding σκ

δαιμονιον δαι-μο-νι-ον αι is a diphthong and therefore is not divided ιο is not a diphthong and therefore the two vowels are divided

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants In these cases if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word they are usually divided

λαμϐανω λαμ-ϐα-νωμ goes with the preceding vowel because μϐ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἀνθρωπος ἀν-θρω-ποςν goes with the preceding vowel because νθρ cannot begin a word or a syllable

ἐχθρος ἐχ-θροςχ goes with the preceding vowel because χθρ cannot begin a wordor a syllable

Of course at this point you dont know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word You could memorize a list of such combinations but the value

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

of such is not worth the effort If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word In time you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables

ACCENTSThe importance of learning accent rules

bull fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning bull accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases

Terminology

bull ultima penult antepenult bull acute grave circumflex

Significance

Originally words were not written with accent marks That does not mean they were not fixed In fact the various accents were distinct musical pitches The following anecdote is related on p 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol II Accidence and Word-Formation by J H Moulton and W F Howard

We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with γαλήν ὁρῶ = (I see a calm) pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute and sent the audience into roars of laughter γαλῆν ὁρῶ = I see a weasel

As the Greek language became a world language spreading to lands where it was not indigenous the subtleties of pitch were being lost In a retrenching effort Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost

General Rules

1

Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

2

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables

A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables

A grave may stand only on the last syllable

3

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short

4

A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable

5

An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short

6

An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark

bull Special Rule for Verbs

For verbs the accent is recessive That is within the constraints of the general rules the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word

For example in the case of ἀκολουθήσατε rule 1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables but because the ultima is short the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult Because this is a verb the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult

PUNCTUATIONA period is represented in Greek by a period

A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon

A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

WORD PRONUNCIATIONTo pronounce a word

bull First count the number of vowels bull Then where there are two or more vowels in succession identify pairs of vowels

that form diphthongs bull Next counting each diphthong as one vowel sound and every other vowel as a

vowel sound count the total number of vowel sounds This is the number of syllables in the word

bull Pronounce the syllables syllable by syllable bull Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be

stressed bull Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Example θεραπεύω

Count the vowels 5 vowels ε α ε υ ω

Identify diphthongs 1 diphthong ευ

Count the vowel sounds 4 vowel sounds ε α ευ ω and therefore 4 syllables

Pronounce each syllable

Identify the accented syllable πεύ

Pronounce the whole word stressing the accented syllable

Greek PronounsLearning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about) indefinite pronouns relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verbs subject)

Grammar TipsIn English personal pronouns are (I you he she it we you they) and (me you him

her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
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• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
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          • Greek Alphabet
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her it us you them) In Greek the personal pronouns are

εγώhellip (I) εσύhellip (you) αυτόςhellip (he) αυτήhellip (she) αυτό (ιτ) εμείςhellip (we) εσείςhellip (they masc) αυτοίhellip (they fem) αυτές () αυτά ()Examples εγώ μαθαίνω (I learn) εσύ μαθαίνεις (you learn) αυτός μαθαίνει (he learns) αυτή μαθαίνει (she learns) αυτό μαθαίνει (it learns) εμείς μαθαίνουμε (we learn) εσείς μαθαίνετε (you learn) αυτοί μαθαίνουν (they learn [masculine]) αυτές aprenden (they learn [feminine]) αυτά aprenden (they learn [neuter])Direct Object Personal PronounsDirect object pronouns are words that replace the direct objectμε (me) σε (you) τον (him) την (her) το (it) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them ndash masc) τις (them ndash fem) τα (them ndash neut)Examples Σε βλέπω (I can see you) Τα διάβασες (Did you read them)Indirect Object Personal PronounsIndirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object which is usually a personμου (me) σου (you)

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
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• طlrm
• ظlrm
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• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
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• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
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    • List of Verbs in Arabic
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    • List of Negation in Arabic
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    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
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      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
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        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
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          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
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          • Greek Alphabet
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          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
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          • List of Questions in Greek

του (him) της (her) του (its) μας (us) σας (you) τους (them)Examples Δως μου το βιβλίο (give me the book) Σου λέω (I tell you)Possessive PronounsOne possessionδικός μου (mine masc) δική μου (mine fem) δικό μου (mine neut) δικός σου δική σου δικό σου (yours)δικός του δική του δικό του (his) δικός της δική της δικό της (hers) δικός του δική του δικό του (its) δικός μας δική μας δικό μας (ours)δικός σας δική σας δικό σας (yours) δικός τους δική τους δικό τους (theirs)ExamplesΟ υπολογιστής είναι δικός μου (The computer is mine)Η σαλάτα είναι δική σου (The salad is yours)Το σπίτι είναι δικό μας (The house is ours)Many possessionsδικοί μου δικές μου δικά μου (mine) δικοί σου δικές σου δικά σου (mine) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί της δικές της δικά της (mine plural fem) δικοί του δικές του δικά του (mine plural fem) δικοί μας δικές μας δικά μας (mine plural fem) δικοί σας δικές σας δικά σας (mine plural fem)

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
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• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
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• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
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    • List of Verbs in Arabic
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    • List of Negation in Arabic
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    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
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      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
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        • Daggesh
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        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
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          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
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          • List of Negation in Greek
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          • List of Questions in Greek

δικοί τους δικές τους δικά τους (mine plural fem) ExamplesΟι υπολογιστές είναι δικοί μου (The computers are mine)Οι σαλάτες είναι δικές σου (The salads are yours)Τα σπίτια είναι δικά μας (The houses are ours)

Here are some examples

English Pronouns Greek PronounsPronouns Antwnymies - ΑντωνυμίεςI Egw - Εγώyou eseis - εσείςhe aftos - αυτόςshe afth - αυτήwe emeis - εμείςthey aftoi - αυτοί

me mou - μουyou esas - εσάςhim afton - αυτόνher afthn - αυτήνus mas - μαςthem tous - τους

my mou - μουyour sas - σαςhis tou - τουher ths - τηςour mas - μαςtheir tous - τους

mine oryxeio - ορυχείοyours dikos sas - δικός σαςhis dikos tou - δικός τουhers dikos ths - δικός της

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
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• دlrm
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• رlrm
• زlrm
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• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
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    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
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      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
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        • Daggesh
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        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
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          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
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          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
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          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
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          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
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          • List of Questions in Greek

English Pronouns Greek Pronounsours dikos mas - δικός μαςtheirs dikes tous - δικές τουςAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Pronouns in GreekBelow is a list of the Personal pronouns indefinite pronouns relative pronouns reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

I speak Milaw - Μιλάωyou speak milate - μιλάτεhe speaks Milaei - Μιλάειshe speaks milaei - μιλάειwe speak milame - μιλάμεthey speak miloyn - μιλούν

give me dwse mou - δώσε μουna sas dwsei - να σας δώσει

give him dwse tou - δώσε τουgive her dwse ths - δώσε της give us dwse mas - δώσε μας give them dwse tous - δώσε τους

my book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουyour book to vivlio sas - το βιβλίο σαςhis book to vivlio tou - το βιβλίο τουher book vivlio ths - βιβλίο τηςour book to vivlio mas - το βιβλίο μαςtheir book to vivlio tous - το βιβλίο τους

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
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      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
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          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

one1enaένα

two2dyoδυο

three3triaτρία

four4tesseraτέσσερα

five5penteπέντε

six6eksiέξι

seven7eptaεπτά

eight8oktwοκτώ

nine9enneaεννέα

ten10dekaδέκα

Greek ArticlesLearning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun Examples are the a and an

Grammar Tips

Definite ArticleUnlike English which has only one definite article ldquothe Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms Singular PluralMasculine o πατέρας (the father) οι πατέρες (the fathers)Feminine η μητέρα (the mother) οι μητέρες (the mothers)Neuter το παιδί (the child) τα παιδιά (the children)Indefinite ArticleWhile we have (a an) in English as indefinite articles we also have ένας μία ένα in Greek In general whenever (a an) are used in English you you need to use (ένας) (μία) or (ένα) to say the equivalent in Greekένας άνδρας (a man)μία γυναίκα (a woman)ένα σπίτι (a house)

Here are some examples

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
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      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Articles Greek Articlesarticles arthra - άρθραthe o - οa ena - έναone enas - έναςsome peripou - περίπουfew ligoi - λίγοι

the book to vivlio - το βιβλίοthe books ta vivlia - τα βιβλίαa book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοone book ena vivlio - ένα βιβλίοsome books kapoia vivlia - κάποια βιβλίαfew books merika vivlia - μερικά βιβλίαAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

Greek PluralLearning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world In the English language singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers

Grammar TipsWhile in English the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular In Greek to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly Here are some examples for each gender

Masculine -ος becomes ndashοι for example ένας φίλος (one friend) becomes δύο φίλοι (two friends)-ής ndashές ένας μαθητής (one pupil) becomes δύο μαθητές-ας ndashες ένας αγώνας (one race) becomes δύο αγώνες-ούς ndashούδες ένας παππούς becomes (one grandfather) δύο παππούδες-ές ndashέδες ένας καφές (one coffee) becomes δύο καφέδες

Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
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• كlrm
• لlrm
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• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
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          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
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Feminine-η ndashες for example μία κόρη (one daughter) becomes δύο κόρες (two daughters)-α ndashες μία χώρα (one country) becomes δύο χώρες-ος ndashοι μία οδός (one street) becomes δύο οδοί-ού -ούδες μία αλεπού (one fox) becomes δύο αλεπούδες

Neuter-ο ndashα ένα δώρο (one gift) becomes δύο δώρα-ι ndashια ένα παιδί (one child) becomes δύο παιδιά-μα ndashματα ένα σώμα (one body) becomes δύο σώματα-ος ndashη ένα δάσος (one forest) becomes δύο δάση-ας ndashατα ένα τέρας (one monster) becomes δύο τέραταNote that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns The other three cases (Genitive Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes

Here are some examples

English Plural Greek PluralPlural Plhthyntikos - Πληθυντικόςmy book to vivlio mou - το βιβλίο μουmy books ta vivlia mou - τα βιβλία μουour daughter H korh mas - Η κόρη μαςour daughters oi kores mas - οι κόρες μας Im cold Krywnw - Κρυώνω were cold Krywnoume - Κρυώνουμε his chickens Oi kotes tou - Οι κότες του

their chicken Ta kotopoula tous - Τα κοτόπουλά τους

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Plurals in GreekBelow is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
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      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
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        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
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          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Plural Greek Pluralalligator alligatoras - αλλιγάτοραςalligators alligatores - αλλιγάτορεςbear arkoyda - αρκούδαbears arkoydes - αρκούδεςbird pthno - pouli - πτηνο - πουλίbirds pthna - poulia - πτηνά - πουλιάbull tayros - ταύροςbulls tayroi - ταύροιcat gata - γάταcats gates - γάτεςcow agelada - αγελάδαcows agelades - αγελάδεςdeer elafi - ελάφιmany deer polla elafia - πολλά ελάφιαdog skylos - σκύλοςdogs skyloi - σκύλοιdonkey gaidaros - γάιδαροςdonkeys gaidoyria - γαϊδούριαeagle aetos - αετόςeagles aetoi - αετοίelephant elefantas - ελέφανταςelephants elefantes - ελέφαντεςgiraffe kamhlopardalh - καμηλοπάρδαλη

giraffes kamhlopardaleis - καμηλοπαρδάλεις

goat katsika - aiga - κατσικα - αιγα goats katsikes - aiges - κατσικες - αιγες horse alogo - άλογοhorses aloga - άλογαlion liontari - λιοντάριlions liontaria - λιοντάριαmonkey maimoy - μαϊμούmonkeys maimoydes - μαιμούδες mouse pontiki - ποντίκι

English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
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English Plural Greek Pluralmice pontikia - ποντίκιαrabbit kouneli - κουνέλιrabbits kounelia - κουνέλιαsnake fidi - φίδιsnakes fidia - φίδιαtiger tigrh - τίγρηtigers tigreis - τίγρειςwolf lykos - λύκοςwolves lykoi - λύκοι

Greek FeminineLearning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine The complement to feminine is masculine Here are some examples

English Feminine Greek FeminineFeminine THhlykos - Θηλυκόςhe is happy einai efxaristhmenos - είναι ευχαριστημένοςshe is happy Einai eftyxhs - Είναι ευτυχήςhe is American einai Amerikanos - είναι Αμερικανόςshe is American afth einai h amerikanikh - αυτή είναι η αμερικανική

man anthrwpos - άνθρωποςwoman gynaika - γυναίκαfather pateras - πατέραςmother mhtera - μητέραbrother adelfos - αδελφόςsister adelfh - αδελφήuncle theios - θείοςaunt theia - θείαbull tayros - ταύροςcow agelada - αγελάδαboy agori - αγόριgirl koritsi - κορίτσι

Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
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• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
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    • List of Verbs in Arabic
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    • List of Negation in Arabic
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    • Hebrew Alphabet
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      • • Long Filled Vowels
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        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
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          • Greek Alphabet
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Greek VerbsLearning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring read walk run) or a state of being (exist stand) In most languages a verb may agree with the person gender andor number of some of its arguments such as its subject or object

- Present Tense

In Greek verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups which take the following endingsGroup Aεγώ -ω εσύ -εις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ει εμείς -ουμε εσείς -ετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ουν Exampleεγώ παίζω εσύ παίζεις αυτός (αυτή αυτό) παίζει εμείς παίζουμε εσείς παίζετε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) παίζουνGroup Bεγώ -ώ εσύ -άς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) -ά εμείς -άμε εσείς -άτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) -ούν εγώ αγαπώ εσύ αγαπάς αυτός (αυτή αυτό) αγαπά εμείς αγαπάμε εσείς αγαπάτε αυτοί (αυτές αυτά) αγαπούν These endings can help you a lot because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense you only need the stem of the verb for example the stem of (παίζω to play) is (παίζ)

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
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• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
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    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
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    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
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      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
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        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
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          • List of Negation in Hebrew
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          • Greek Alphabet
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          • List of Negation in Greek
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          • List of Questions in Greek

- Future Tense (Continuous)

Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle θα Exampleθα παίζω θα παίζεις θα παίζει θα παίζουμε θα παίζετε θα παίζουν (=I will be playinghellip)

Here are some examples

English Verbs Greek VerbsVerbs Rhmata - ΡήματαPast To parelthon - Το παρελθόνI spoke Milhsa - ΜίλησαI wrote Egrapsa - ΈγραψαI drove Odhghsa - ΟδήγησαI loved Agaphsa - ΑγάπησαI gave Edwsa - ΈδωσαI smiled Xamogelasa - ΧαμογέλασαI took Phra - Πήρα

he spoke milhse - μίλησεhe wrote egrapse - έγραψεhe drove odhghse - οδήγησε he loved agaphse - αγάπησε he gave edwse - έδωσεhe smiled xamogelase - χαμογέλασεhe took phre - πήρε

we spoke milhsame - μιλήσαμε

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
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• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
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    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
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      • • Long Filled Vowels
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          • Greek Alphabet
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          • List of Negation in Greek
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          • List of Questions in Greek

English Verbs Greek Verbswe wrote grapsame - γράψαμεwe drove odhghsame - οδηγήσαμε we loved agaphsame - αγαπήσαμεwe gave dwsame - δώσαμεwe smiled xamogelasame - χαμογελάσαμε we took phrame - πήραμε

Future Mellon - ΜέλλονI will speak THa milhsw - Θα μιλήσωI will write THa grapsw - Θα γράψωI will drive tha odhghsw - θα οδηγήσωI will love THa agapw - Θα αγαπώI will give THa dwsw - Θα δώσωI will smile tha xamogelw - θα χαμογελώI will take THa lavw - Θα λάβω

he will speak tha milhsei - θα μιλήσειhe will write tha grapsei - θα γράψειhe will drive tha odhghsei - θα οδηγήσειhe will love tha agaphsei - θα αγαπήσειhe will give tha dwsei - θα δώσειhe will smile tha xamogelasei - θα χαμογελάσειhe will take tha lavei - θα λάβει

we will speak tha milhsoume - θα μιλήσουμεwe will write tha grapsoume - θα γραψουμε we will drive tha odhghsoume - θα οδηγήσουμεwe will love tha agaphsoume - θα αγαπησουμε we will give tha dwsoume - θα δώσουμεwe will smile tha xamogelasoume - θα χαμογελάσουμε we will take tha lavoume - θα λάβουμε

Present Paron - ΠαρόνI speak Milaw - Μιλάω

English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
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• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
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English Verbs Greek VerbsI write Grafw - ΓράφωI drive Odhgw - ΟδηγώI love Agapw - ΑγαπώI give Dinw - ΔίνωI smile Xamogelw - ΧαμογελώI take Pairnw - Παίρνω

he speaks Milaei - Μιλάειhe writes grafei - γράφειhe drives odhgei - οδηγείhe loves agapa - αγαπάhe gives dinei - δίνειhe smiles xamogelaei - χαμογελάειhe takes pairnei - παίρνει

we speak milame - μιλάμεwe write grafoume - γράφουμεwe drive odhgoyme - οδηγούμεwe love agapame - αγαπάμεwe give dinoume - δίνουμεwe smile xamogelame - χαμογελάμεwe take pairnoume - παίρνουμεAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Verbs in GreekBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Verbs Greek VerbsI can accept that Borw na dexthw oti - Μπορώ να δεχθώ ότιshe added it To prosthese - Το πρόσθεσε we admit it To paradexomaste - Το παραδεχόμαστεthey advised him Ton symvoylepsan - Τον συμβούλεψαν

I can agree with that Borw na symfwnhsw me afto - Μπορώ να συμφωνήσω με αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe allows it Afth to epitrepei - Αυτη το επιτρέπειwe announce it tha to anakoinwsoume - θα το ανακοινώσουμε

I can apologize Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - Μπορώ να ζητήσω συγγνώμη

she appears today afth emfanizetai shmera - αυτή εμφανίζεται σήμεραthey arranged that To kanonisan etsi wste - Το κανόνισαν ετσι ωστε I can arrive tomorrow Brow na erthw avrio - Μπροω να ερθω αυριο she can ask him Borei na to rwthsei - Μπορει να το ρωτησει she attaches that To episynaptei - Το επισυνάπτει we attack them Tous epititheme - Τους επιτιθεμεthey avoid her Thn apofeygoun - Την αποφεύγουν I can bake it Borw na to pshsw - Μπορω να το ψήσωshe is like him Einai san kai afton - Ειναι σαν και αυτόνwe beat it To kerdizoume - Το κερδιζουμε they became happy Eginan eftyxismenoi - Εγιναν ευτυχισμένοιI can begin that Borw na ksekinhsw - Μπορω να ξεκινήσω we borrowed money Daneisthkame xrhmata - Δανειστήκαμε χρήματα they breathe air anapneoun aera - αναπνέουν αέραI can bring it Borw na to ferw - Μπορώ να το φέρωI can build that Borw na to oikodomhsw - Μπορω να το οικοδομήσωshe buys food agorazei trofima - αγοράζει τρόφιμαwe calculate it to ypologizoume - το υπολογίζουμε they carry it To metaferoun - Το μεταφέρουνthey dont cheat Den eksapatoyn - Δεν εξαπατούνshe chooses him Ton epilegei - Τον επιλέγει we close it To kleinoume - Το κλείνουμε he comes here erxetai edw - έρχεται εδώI can compare that Borw na sygkrinw - Μπορώ να συγκρίνωshe competes with me agwnizetai mazi mou - αγωνίζεται μαζί μουwe complain about it Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - Διαμαρτηρωμαστε για αυτόthey continued reading synexisan thn anagnwsh - συνέχισαν την ανάγνωσηhe cried about that fwnakse gi afto - φώναξε γι αυτόI can decide now Borw na apofasisw twra - Μπορω να αποφασίσω τώρα she described it to me Mou to periegrapse - Μου το περιέγραψε we disagree about it diafwnoyme gia afto - διαφωνούμε για αυτό

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Verbs Greek Verbsthey disappeared quickly eksafanisthkan grhgora - εξαφανίστηκαν γρήγορα

I discovered that Anakalypsa oti - Ανακάλυψα ότιshe dislikes that Den ths aresei afto - Δεν της αρέσει αυτόwe do it to kanoume - το κάνουμεthey dream about it to oneirevomaste - το ονειρευόμαστεI earned Kerdisa - Κέρδισαhe eats a lot trwei poly - τρώει πολύwe enjoyed that To apolafsame - Το απολαυσαμε they entered here bhkan edw - μπήκαν εδώhe escaped that drapetefse oti - δραπέτευσε ότιI can explain that Borw na ekshghsw oti - Μπορώ να εξηγήσω ότιshe feels that too Aisthanetai kai afth - Αισθάνεται και αυτήwe fled from there Fygame apo ekei - Φύγαμε απο εκείthey will fly tomorrow THa petaksoun avrio - Θα πετάξουν αυριοI can follow you Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Μπορω να σας ακολουθήσωshe forgot me Me ksexase - Με ξέχασε we forgive him tha ton synchwrhsoume - θα τον συγχωρήσουμε I can give her that Borw na ths to dwsw - Μπορω να της το δώσωshe goes there phgainei ekei - πηγαίνει εκείwe greeted them Tous xairethsame - Τους χαιρετήσαμε I hate that To misw afto - Το μισώ αυτόI can hear it Borw na to akoysw - Μπορώ να το ακούσωshe imagine that Afth fantasthke - Αυτη φαντάστηκε we invited them Tous kalesame - Τους καλέσαμε I know him Ton kserw - Τον ξέρωshe learned it afth to emathe - αυτή το έμαθεwe leave now feygoume twra - φεύγουμε τώραthey lied about him Eipan psemata gi afton - Είπαν ψέματα γι αυτόνI can listen to that Borw na akoysw afth th - Μπορώ να ακούσω αυτή τηshe lost that To exase - Το εχασε we made it yesterday To kaname xthes - Το κάναμε χθές they met him Ton synanthsan - Τον συνάντησαν I misspell that I anorthografw oti - I ανορθογραφώ ότιI always pray Panta proseyxomai - Πάντα προσεύχομαι

English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
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• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
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English Verbs Greek Verbsshe prefers that ekeinh protima na - εκείνη προτιμά ναwe protected them Tous prostatepsame - Τους προστατέψαμε they will punish her THa thn timwrhsoun - Θα την τιμωρήσουνI can put it there Borw na to valw ekei - Μπορώ να το βάλω εκείshe will read it THa to diavasei - Θα το διαβάσειwe received that to lavame - το λαβαμεthey refuse to talk arnoyntai na milhsoun - αρνούνται να μιλήσουνI remember that THymamai oti - Θυμάμαι ότιshe repeats that afth epanalamvanei oti - αυτή επαναλαμβάνει ότιwe see it ton vlepoume - τον βλέπουμεthey sell it To poulane - Το πουλανεI sent that yesterday To esteila xthes - Το εστειλα χθεςhe shaved his beard aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - αυτός ξύρισαι γενειάδα τουit shrunk quickly syrriknwthhke grhgora - συρρικνώθηκε γρηγοραwe will sing it tha to tragoudhsoume - θα το τραγουδήσουμεthey sat there Kathisan ekei - Κάθισαν εκείI can speak it Borw na milhsw - Μπορώ να μιλήσωshe spends money ksodeyei xrhmata - ξοδεύει χρήματα

we suffered from that emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - εμείς που υπέστη από την εν λόγω

they suggest that ypodhlwnoun oti - υποδηλώνουν ότιI surprised him Tou ekana ekplhksh - Του εκανα εκπληξηshe took that to phre - το πήρεwe teach it to didaskoume - το διδασκουμε they told us mas eipan - μας είπανshe thanked him afth ton efxaristhse - αυτή τον ευχαρίστησεI can think about it Borw na skeftw - Μπορώ να σκεφτώshe threw it ekeinh erikse - εκείνη έριξεwe understand that katalavainoume oti - καταλαβαίνουμε ότιthey want that theloun na - θέλουν ναI can wear it borw na to foresw - μπορω να το φορεσωshe writes that grafei oti - γράφει ότιwe talk about it milame gi afto - μιλάμε γι αυτόthey have it kai oti to exoun - και ότι το έχουνI watched it to eida - το ειδα

English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

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English Verbs Greek VerbsI will talk about it THa milhsw gi afto - Θα μιλήσω γι αυτόhe bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - το αγορασε χθεςwe finished it to teleiwsame - το τελειώσαμε

Greek NegationLearning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

Grammar TipsIn Greek negation can be made simply by placing δεν before the main verb But sometimes a double negative is required Δεν is the most common negative Δεν μπορώ να το κάνω (I cant do this) Δεν έχουν τίποτα να κάνουν (they dont have anything to do ndash Double Negative) Δεν το θέλω (I dont want it)

Here are some examples

English Negation Greek NegationNegation Arnhsh - Άρνησηhe is not here den einai edw - δεν είναι εδώthat is not my book

afto den einai to vivlio mou - αυτο δεν ειναι το βιβλίο μου

do not enter Mhn eiserrxesthe - Μην εισερρχεσθε As you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Negation in GreekBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Negation Greek NegationI dont speak De milw - Δε μιλώI dont write den grafw - δεν γράφωI dont drive Den odhgw - Δεν οδηγώ

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

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• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Negation Greek NegationI dont love Den agapw - Δεν αγαπώI dont give Den dinw - Δεν δίνωI dont smile Den xamogelw - Δεν χαμογελώI dont take Den pairnw - Δεν παίρνω

he doesnt speak aftos den mila - αυτός δεν μιλάhe doesnt write aftos den grafei - αυτός δεν γράφειhe doesnt drive aftos den odhgei - αυτος δεν οδηγείhe doesnt love aftos den agapa - αυτός δεν αγαπάhe doesnt give aftos den dinei - αυτός δεν δίνειhe doesnt smile aftos den xamogela - αυτος δεν χαμογελά he doesnt take aftos den lamvanei - αυτός δεν λαμβάνει

we dont speak den milame - δεν μιλάμεwe dont write Den grafoume - Δεν γράφουμεwe dont drive den odhgoyme - δεν οδηγούμε we dont love den agapoyme - δεν αγαπούμεwe dont give den dinoume - δεν δίνουμεwe dont smile den xamogeloyme - δεν χαμογελούμε we dont take den lamvanoume - δεν λαμβάνουμε

Greek QuestionsLearning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you practice the subject the closer you get to mastering the Greek language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek

Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when Here are some examples

English Questions Greek Questions

Questions Erwthseis - Ερωτήσεις

how pws - πώςwhat ti - τιwho poios - ποιος

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek

English Questions Greek Questionswhy giati - γιατίwhere poy - πούAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek

List of Questions in GreekBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary

English Questions Greek Questionswhere is he Poy einai - Πού είναιwhat is this ti einai afto - τι είναι αυτόwhy are you sad giati eisai lyphmenh - γιατί είσαι λυπημένηhow do you want to pay Pws thelete na plhrwsete - Πώς θέλετε να πληρώσετε

can I come borw na erthw - μπορώ να έρθωis he sleeping Koimatai aftos - Κοιμάται αυτόςdo you know me eseis me kserete - εσείς με ξέρετεdo you have my book exete to vivlio mou - έχετε το βιβλίο μουhow big is it poso megalo einai - πόσο μεγάλο είναιcan I help you borw na sas vohthhsw - μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω

can you help me mporeite na me vohthhsete - μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε

do you speak English milate Agglika - μιλάτε Αγγλικάhow far is this poso makria einai afto - πόσο μακριά είναι αυτόwhat time is it Ti wra einai - Τι ώρα είναιhow much is this poso einai afto - πόσο είναι αυτόwhat is your name pws einai to onoma sou - πώς ειναι το ονομα σου where do you live poy zeite - πού ζείτε

• Arabic Alphabet
• اlrm
• بlrm
• تlrm
• ثlrm
• جlrm
• حlrm
• خlrm
• دlrm
• ذlrm
• رlrm
• زlrm
• سlrm
• شlrm
• صlrm
• ضlrm
• طlrm
• ظlrm
• عlrm
• غlrm
• فlrm
• قlrm
• كlrm
• لlrm
• مlrm
• نlrm
• هlrm
• وlrm
• يlrm
• ء
• lrm
• lrm
• • The Arabic Alphabet Vowels
  • • List of Pronouns in Arabic
    • Arabic Plural
    • Arabic Prepositions
    • Arabic Articles
    • Arabic Verbs
    • List of Verbs in Arabic
    • Arabic Negation
    • List of Negation in Arabic
    • Arabic Questions
    • List of Questions in Arabic
    • Arabic Verbs Form
    • Arabic Cases
    • Hebrew Alphabet
    • • א
      • ב
      • ג
      • ד
      • ה
      • ו
      • ז
      • ח
      • ט
      • י
      • ך
      • כ
      • ל
      • ם
      • מ
      • ן
      • נ
      • ס
      • ע
      • ף
      • פ
      • ץ
      • צ
      • ק
      • ר
      • ש
      • ת
      • ב
      • כ
      • פ
      • ת
      • ו
      • ו
      • א
      • א
      • ש
      • ש
      • • Long Filled Vowels
        • Long not filled vowels
        • Short vowels
        • Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels
        • Daggesh
        • Patakh Ganuv
        • Mappiq
        • • Hebrew Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Articles
          • Hebrew Plural
          • List of Plurals in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Prepositions
          • List of Prepositions in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Negation
          • List of Negation in Hebrew
          • Hebrew Questions
          • Hebrew Numbers
          • List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew
          • Greek Alphabet
          • Greek Pronouns
          • List of Pronouns in Greek
          • Greek Articles
          • Greek Plural
          • List of Plurals in Greek
          • Greek Feminine
          • Greek Verbs
          • List of Verbs in Greek
          • Greek Negation
          • List of Negation in Greek
          • Greek Questions
          • List of Questions in Greek