Arabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book...

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م ي ح الر مـن ح الر ه ل ال م س بArabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book One الث ت ر الThe three vowel markings ت فfathah - - م ضhdhamma ة ر س kasrah - (a) (u) ) i ( ن و ك س - Sukoon ة د ش- shaddah : ن و التat-tanween - ن ت ت فfathataan - (an ( - ن ت م ضdhammataan - (un ( - ن ت ر س kasrataan - (in ( When vowel markings are doubled at the end of a word they are called ن و ت(tanween). The additional vowel at the end of a word represents a ن(noon saakinah). The نis not written but is only pronounced. e.g. د س م ن- د س مThe Arabic language is made up of ت م ل (words) and these words are of three types they are known as: - ف ر حParticle/Letter - ل ع فAction/Verb - م س اNoun 1

Transcript of Arabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book...

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ب�س�م� الل�ه� الر�ح�مـن� الر�ح�ي�م�

Arabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book One

The three vowel markingsال�رح�ر�لا تاك�لثلا تات الث������������H ةثالث��������H�������The t ة

ض�م��������H�������The t ة - �- fathahف�ت�رح��������H�������The t ة

hdhamma �- kasrahلا تاك�س�ر�ة

(a)(u))i(

Sukoon- �سكو�ن

-ش�د�ة �

shaddah

at-tanweenالت�يون�و�at-ta:ني�ن:

)fathataan -(anف�ت�رح�تلثلا تا�ن� -

)dhammataan- (un ض�م�ت�لثلا تان� -

)kasrataan - (inلا تاك�س�ر�ت�لثلا تان� -

When vowel markings are doubled at the end of a word they are called

The additional vowel at the end of a word represents a .(tanween) ت�يون�و�at-ta:ني�ن

The .(noon saakinah) ن� .is not written but is only pronounced. e.g ن�

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�د挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦دجسم - ندج�د - ن�م�س������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩���挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦م�س�

The Arabic language is made up of لا تاك�ل�م�لثلا تات (words) and these words are of three types they are known as:

Particle/Letterح�ر�ف - Action/Verbف�ع�ل - Noun ا�س�م -

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toإ�لى- went,/to goذ�ه�ب�- houseب�ي�ت-

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندجم�ل��������H�������The t ة : ذ�ه�ب� إ�ل�ى ب�ي�ت挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ال� He went to a house :ceSenten

The table below shows the properties of an ا�س�م (noun):

Examples Translation Properties

ط�لثلا تال�ببلاط ، ط�لثلا تال�����@��� ةب��������H�������The t ة Masculine, feminine مذ�لا تاك�ربلاط ، مؤ�ن�ثط�لثلا تال�ببلاط ، ط�لثلا تال�����@��� ةب�لثلا تان�بلاط ، طل�لثلا تاب Singular, dual, plural مف�ر�دبلاط ، مث�يون�ىبلاط ، ج�م�ع

ط�لثلا تال�ببلاط ، ب�ي�ت Intellect, non-intellect ع�لثلا تاق�لبلاط ، غ�ي�ر ع�لثلا تاق�لط�لثلا تال�ببلاط ، الط�لثلا تال�ب Indefinite, definite ن�ك�ر�ةبلاط ، م�ع�ر�ف��������H�������The t ة

is when an ism is indefinite or not specific, it is general i.e., the ن�ك�ر�ة

ism a‘ لا تاك�ت�ttلثلا تاب book’ this can be any book from the different types of books.

م�ع�ر�ف��������H�������The t ة is when an ism is definite or specific, it is not general i.e., the

ism the‘ ال�ك�ت�لثلا تاب book’ or Muhammad’s‘ لا تاك�ت�لثلا تاب مرح�م�ttد book’, here the book is a particular book not just any book in general.

An ism in the Arabic language can be مث�يون�ى (dual) meaning it shows upon

two i.e., the ism ط�لثلا تال�����@��� ةب�لثلا تان� means ‘two students’ this is done by adding ان�(alif and noon)at the end of an ism.

An ism can be ع�لثلا تاق�ل possess intellect such as humans, angels and jinns or

it can be possess no intellect such as animals, objects, trees غ�ي�رع�لثلا تاق�ل e.t.c.

The (Asl) أ�ص�ttل origin of an ism is that it carries - ض�ttم�ت�لثلا تان� ‘two dhammas’ (tanween) on the last letter of the word. The tanween

generally is also a sign showing that the ism is ن�ك�ر�ة (indefinite), however there is an exception to this because you will find that Arabic male names

such as مرح�م�دبلاط ،ع�����@��� ةب�لثلا تاس accept tanween but they are ة �������H�������The tم�ع�ر�ف� (definite).

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The tanween is the Arabic indefinite article corresponding to the English ‘a’/ ‘an’.

)١الد�ر�س ال�و�ل (

This is a houseا� ب�ي�ته�ذ�ا�

Letter to bring to attention or alert ح�ر�ف ل�لت�يون�����@��� ةب�ي�ه�ه�لثلا تا�-

is a letter that is used to alert or to bring to attention the ح�ر�ف ل�لت�يون�����@��� ةب�ي�ه�

person who is being addressed and it is mostly connected to أ�س�ttم�لثلا تاء .(nouns of indication) ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة�

noun of indicationذ�ا�- ا�س�م ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة�

.but it is written without the first alif ,ه�لثلا تاذ�ا is pronounced as ه�ذ�ا�

The ا�س�م ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة� is used to point or indicate to people, animals, objects things which can be felt or touched and can also indicate to things that

have meaning such as ي ‘opinion’ or ملع ‘knowledge’.���ƈ�����·�The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters. Of these 14 are called Solar Letters ةيسمشلا فورحلا , and the other 14 are cر�أ� ‘opinion’ or ع�ل�م ‘knowledge’.

This is beneficial knowledgeه�ذ�ا� ع�ل�م ن�لثلا تاف�ع

The table below shows the properties of the ا�س�م ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة� (ه�ذ�ا�)

Indicates,points to ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة إ�ل�ىthe near ال�ق�ر�at-ta:ني�ب

The masculine ال�مذ�لا تاك�رthe singular ال�مفر�د

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The ا�س�م ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة� is ة �������H�������The tم�ع�ر�ف� (definite).

It can be used to indicate or point to those possessing intellect or ع�لثلا تاق�ل

things that do not possess intellect غ�ي�رع�لثلا تاق�ل.Interrogative or Questioning Noun- ا�س�م إ�س�ت�ف�ه�لثلا تام م�لثلا تا

The Interrogative Noun ‘م�لثلا تا’ is used to ask a question about something

that does not possess intellect and غ�ي�رع�لثلا تاق�ttل it always comes at the beginning of a sentence. When a word comes at the beginning of a

sentence it is called in Arabic ة� �������H�������The tدجسم - ندجم�ل������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩���挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ة�ص�د�رال� �������H�������The t .

?What is this ه�ذ�ا ؟ م�لثلا تا

-ح�ر�ف ال�س�ت�ف�ه�لثلا تام� بلاط ، ه�م�ز�ة ال�س�ت�ف�ه�لثلا تام�أ�Particle/Letter of interrogation or questioning or also known as the Interrogative Hamzah.

The ه�م�ز�ة ال�س�ت�ف�ه�لثلا تام� comes at the beginning of the sentence as do all the nouns or particles of questioning. It can be used to ask a question about those possessing intellect as well as the things that do not possess intellect.

?Is this a houseه�ذ�ا ب�ي�ت؟أ�

?Is this a boyأ� ه�ذ�ا و�ل�د؟

Letter of answer or replyن�ع�م�-ح�ر�ف ج�و�اب

Letter/particle of answer and negationل- ح�ر�ف ج�و�اب و� ن�ف�ي

The particle of reply ن�ع�م� is used to reply to a question with affirmation

whereas the particle ل is used to reply to a question with negation.

?Is this a penأ� ه�ذ�ا ق�ل�م؟

Yes this is a penن�ع�م�بلاط ،ه�ذ�ا ق�ل�م.

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?Is this a shirtأ� ه�ذ�ا ق�م�ي�ص؟

.No, this is a penلبلاط ،ه�ذ�ا ق�ل�م؟

Noun of interrogation/questioningم�ن� – ا�س�م ال�س�ت�ف�ه�لثلا تام�

This interrogative noun is used to ask a question about those who possess

intellect ع�لثلا تاق�ل

?Who is this manم�ن� ه�ذ�االر�جل؟

Question mark- ع�ل�لثلا تام��������H�������The t ة ال�س�ت�ف�ه�لثلا تام�؟

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) الد�ر�س الث�لثلا تان�ي٢(

Noun of indication/pointingذ�ل�ك�-ا�س�م ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة�

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�دذ�ل�ك�ه�ذا ب�ي�ت و�挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦م�س� This is a house and that is a mosque

is a noun of indication it is used to indicate/point to objects or people ذ�ل�ك�

that are distant or far. ذ�ل�ك� can be broken down into three parts:

Noun of indicationذ�ا- ا�س�م ال�شلثلا تار�ة�

The laam is for the far/distantل� – ا�ل�����������H ةثالم ل�ل�����@��� ةبع�د�

Particle of addressك�- ح�ر�ف خ�ط�لثلا تاب

Some of the grammarians say that the particle ’ك�‘ of address also

indicates upon far/distant and the shows ’ل�‘ upon even more or increased furtherness/distance.

The letter/particle of address ‘ك�’ is used if the person or objectwe are addressing is masculine.

The table below shows the properties of ذ�ل�ك�:

Indicates,points to ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة إ�ل�ىThe far/distant ال�����@��� ةب�ع�ي�دThe masculine ال�مذ�لا تاك�ر

the singular ال�مفر�د

All the أ�س�م�لثلا تاء ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة� nouns of indication are ة �������H�������The tم�ع�ر�ف� definite.

.but is written without the alif ذ�ال�ك� is pronounced ذ�ل�ك�

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Some of the grammarians say that the أ�س�م�لثلا تاء ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة� have three levels

: ث�����������H ةثالث م�ر�ات�ب�

For the near/closeه�ذ�ا – ل�لق�ر�at-ta:ني�ب�

For the far/distantذ�ل�ك�- ل�ل�����@��� ةب�ع�ي�د�

For the middle between near and farذ�اك�- ل�ل�و�س�ط�

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ت�م��ع ه�لثلا تا ل�لت�يون�����@��� ةب�ي�ه� و�لم ال�����@��� ةبع�د�挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ني�:at-ta ل

The particle of alert/bringing to attention and the laam indicating upon the distant or far will never come together in a noun of indication i.e;

.’ خ�ط�讄ہ���X���Ꚁ����coꙤ讄ᯘ ��.’ أ‘ this is wrong-ه�لثلا تاذ�ل�ك�

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) الد�ر�س الث�لثلا تال�ث٣(

al) Definite Particle(ا�ل�- ح�ر�ف ت�ع�ر�at-ta:ني�ف

The definite particle is prefixed to an ism which is ا�ل� (indefinite) ن�ك�ر�ة

and it causes it to become ,(definite) م�ع�ر�ف��������H�������The ttt ة and it also causes the tanween at the end to be dropped. The definite particle (al) corresponds to the English ‘the’.

.This is a doctorه�ذ�ا ط�����@��� ةب�ي�ب

.The doctor is sittingلط�����@��� ةب�ي�ب ج�لثلا تال�سا

The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters. Of these 14 are called Solar

Letters , ال�رحرو�ف الش�م�س�ttي��������H�������The t ة and the other 14 are called Lunar Letters

. ال�رحرو�ف ال�ق�م�ر�at-ta:ني��������H�������The t ةIn the articulation of the Solar Letters the tip or the blade of the tongue is involved in the pronunciation. The tip or the blade of the tongue does not play any part in the articulation of the Lunar Letters, (refer to lesson 3, pg.19 Madinah bk.1).

When ال� is prefixed to an ism beginning with a Solar Letter the laam of ‘al’ is not pronounced but is written, and the first letter of the ism takes a

shaddah –�. For example, ا�لش�م�س (ash-shamsu).

When ا�ل� is prefixed to an ism beginning with a Lunar Letter the laam of

‘al’ is pronounced and written. For example, ا�ل�ق�م�ر (al-qamaru).

In the definite particle (al) ا�ل� the (a) ا� is known as the ه�م�ز�ة ال�و�ص�ttل� Connecting Hamzah. If it is not preceded by a word it will be

pronounced with the vowel marking �- (fathah). If it is preceded by a word it is dropped in pronunciation, though remains in writing.

The student is sitting and the و�اق�ف و�ال�مد�رسم�ث�لثلا تال: ال�ط�لثلا تال�ب ج�لثلا تال�س

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teacher is standing, (wa l-mudarrisu…).

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندجم�ل��������H�������The t ة ال�س�م�ي��������H�������The t ة挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ا�ل� is a beneficial sentence (ة مف�ي�د�ة �������H�������The tجم�ل�), and it is made up

of 2 parts known as ا�ل�م����@��� ةب�ت�د�أ و�ال�خ�����@��� ةب�را� (al-mubtada wa l-khabar).

ا�ل�م����@��� ةب�ت�د�أ

(1) is ا�ل�م����@��� ةب�ت�د�أ from the Arabic word meaning the beginning or ا�ل�ب�ت�ttد�اء starting, and from its origin is that it comes at the beginning of the sentence.

.is an ism that is the subject of talk or discussion ا�ل�م����@��� ةب�ت�د�أ (2)

(3) is ا�ل�م����@��� ةب�ت�tttد�أ (’marfoo) م�ر�فtttو�ع meaning it takes a dhammah or dhammataan on the last letter of the ism.

.(the khabar) ا�ل�خ�����@��� ةب�ر precedes (origin) أص�ل in its ا�ل�م����@��� ةب�ت�د�أ (4)

.(definite) م�ع�ر�ف��������H�������The t ة is (origin) أص�ل in its ا�ل�م����@��� ةب�ت�د�أ (5)

ا�ل�خ�����@��� ةب�ر

.(origin) أص�ل in its ا�ل�م����@��� ةب�ت�د�أ is that which comes after ا�ل�خ�����@��� ةب�ر (1)

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندجم�ل��������H�������The t ة ال�س�م�ي��������H�������The t ة 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ال�

ال�خ�����@��� ةب�ر ال�م����@��� ةب�ت�د�أ

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(2) gives ا�ل�خ�����@��� ةب�ttر information or news about ,ا�ل�م����@��� ةب�ت�ttد�أ and by which it

completes a benefit with ا�ل�م����@��� ةب�ت�د�أ..(indefinite) ن�ك�ر�ة is (origin) أص�ل in its ا�ل�خ�����@��� ةب�ر (3)

(4) is ا�ل�خ�����@��� ةب�tttر (’marfoo) م�ر�فtttو�ع meaning it takes a dhammah or dhammataan on the last letter of the ism.

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندجم�ل��������H�������The t ة ال�س�م�ي��������H�������The t ة 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ا�ل�

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�د ق�ر�at-ta:ني�ب挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ا�ل�م�س�The mosque is near .

ا�ل�م����@��� ةب�ت�د�أ ا�ل�خ�����@��� ةب�ر

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ا�لد�ر�س الر�اب�ع)٤(

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ح�ر�ف ال�

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ح�ر�ف ال�) 1 ) is a Letter/Particle that enters upon an ism only.

(2) ��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ttر 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ر�ف ال�ttح� changes the state of the ism to ��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ttرو�ر 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦م� (majroor), meaning the ism takes kasrah/kasrataan on the last letter.

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر (3)挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ح�ر�ف ال� can have many meanings and its meaning is not known or complete until it enters upon a sentence. Then its exact meaning is known from the context of the sentence.

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦م�ر�فو�ع ح�ر�ف ال�

ا�ل�����@��� ةب�ي�ت ف�ي� ال�����@��� ةب�ي�ت�

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�رو�ر 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦م�

Muhammad is in the house ال�����@��� ةب�ي�ت� ف�ي�مرح�م�د

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�رح�ر�ف 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ال� -Particle of Jarr

-Fromم�ن� -On/Aboveع�ل�ى Inف�ي�-

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Noun of Questioning for Place أat-ta:ني�ن� – ا�س�م ا�س�ت�ف�ه�لثلا تام ل�ل�م�ك�لثلا تان�

is an ism which is used to ask a question about the ا�س�م ا�س�ت�ف�ه�لثلا تام ل�ل�م�ك�لثلا تان�whereabouts of someone/something.

?Where is the book ال�ك�ت�لثلا تاب؟ أat-ta:ني�ن�

?It is on the desk/tableهو� ع�ل�ى ال�م�ك�ت�ب�؟

Detached Pronoun-ا�لض�م�ي�رال�ميون�ف�ص�ل

لا�لض�م�ي�رال�ميون�ف�ص�ل (1) is a type of ism that is used to indicate upon the

.(Speaker) مت�ك�لم or the ,(Addressed) مخ�لثلا تاط�ب or the ,(Absent) غ�لثلا تاء�ب

لا�لض�م�ي�رال�ميون�ف�ص�ل (2) you can begin a sentence with it.

لا�لض�م�ي�رال�ميون�ف�ص�ل (3) is a type of a م����@��� ةب�ت�د�أ

لا�لض�م�ي�رال�ميون�ف�ص�ل (4) is ة �������H�������The tم�ع�ر�ف� (definite).

ا�لض�م�ي�رال�ميون�ف�ص�ل

It/She-ه�ي� You أن�ت�- I أن�لثلا تا- Youأن�ت�- He/Itهو�-

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5) The dhameer هو� and ه�ي� can be used for those who possess intellect and things that do not possess intellect. If they are used for the latter they will have the meaning ‘it’.

?Where is ‘Aaishaأat-ta:ني�ن� ع�لثلا تاء�ش��������H�������The t ة ؟

She is in the room ف�ي� ال�غر�ف��������H�������The t ة� ه�ي�

?Where is the watchأat-ta:ني�ن� الس�لثلا تاع��������H�������The t ة ؟

It is on the bed ع�ل�ى الس�ر�at-ta:ني�ر� ه�ي�

The table below shows the properties of ة �������H�������The tالض�م�لثلا تاء�ر ال�ميون�ف�ص�ل� (the Detached Pronouns):

ع�د�دNumber

ج�يون�سGender

at-ta:ني�دل¹ ع�ل�ىIndicates upon

ا�لض�م�ي�رال�ميون�ف�ص�لDetached Pronoun

ال�مف�ر�د)1(

ال�مذ�لا تاك�رMale

The Absentال�غ�لثلا تاء�ب - It/Heهو�-

ال�مف�ر�د�ة)1(

ال�مؤ�ن�ثFemale

The Absentال�غ�لثلا تاء�ب��������H�������The t ة - She/It ه�ي�-

دال�مف�ر�د)1(

ال�مذ�لا تاك�رMale

The Addressedال�مخ�لثلا تاط�ب - Youأن�ت�-

ال�مف�ر�د�ة)1(

ال�مؤ�ن�ثFemale

The Addressedال�مخ�لثلا تاط�����@��� ةب��������H�������The t ة - Youأن�ت�-

ال�مف�ر�د)1(

ال�مذ�لا تاك�ر و�ال�مؤ�ن�ث

The Speakerال�مت�ك�لم - I/Meأن�لثلا تا -

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is a Term that is used (Prevented from Tanween) م�م�يونو�ع م�ن� الص�ر�ف�for a particular group of nouns which do not accept tanween and when

they are in a state of دجسم - ندج�رو�ر�����������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩���挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦م� (kasra) they take Fathah.This particular group of nouns further divides up into many categories and from them is the category known in the Arabic language as:

Female Names Without Alifا�ل�ع�ل�م�ي��������H�������The t ة م�ع� الت��讄ہ���X���Ꚁ����coꙤ讄ᯘ ��.’ أ�ن�ي�ث� ب�غ�ي�ر� أل�ف

This category contains Female Names which do not accept tanween but

there is a condition ,for them not accepting tanween and that is 'ش�ر�for them not accepting tanween and that is, that the names are made up of more than 3 lette 'ط' that the names are made up of more than 3 letters. This category of names is divided up into into 3 types with regards to their femininity.

م�م�يونو�ع م�ن� الص�ر�ف�

ح�م�ز�ة م�ر�at-ta:ني�م ف�لثلا تاط�م��������H�������The t ة

Femininityالت�讄ہ���X���Ꚁ����coꙤ讄ᯘ ��.’ أن�ي�ث-

-In)Wording(ل�ف�ظ�ي¼ -In)Meaning(م�ع�يون�و�and the other 14 are c , ةيسمشلا فورحلا knowledge’.���ƈ�����·�The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters. Of these 14 are called Solar Letters‘ ملع opinion’ or‘ ي¼

م�ع�يون�و�and the other 14 are c , ةيسمشلا فورحلا knowledge’.���ƈ�����·�The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters. Of these 14 are called Solar Letters‘ ملع opinion’ or‘ ي¼ و� ل�ف�ظ�ي¼-(In)Meaning and Wording

9in wo

م�ر�at-ta:ني�مبلاط ،ز�at-ta:ني�يون�ب ح�م�ز�ةبلاط ،ط�ل�رح��������H�������The t ة آم�يون��������H�������The t ة بلاط ،ف�لثلا تاط�م��������H�������The t ة

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The ةة �������H�������The tم�ر�بو�ط� (Round Taa) is a letter that is added at the end of an ism and it signifies femininity of a word.

The diagram above shows that there are 3 categories of femininity in female names without alif:

1) In wording and meaning - names which are feminine in their wording i.e. they end in taa marboota and in their meaning i.e. they are names which are used for females.

2) In meaning - names which are used for females but not feminine in wording.

3) In wording - names which are feminine in wording but not meaning, they are names which are used for males.

The origin of nouns ending with the is only to (Round Taa) م�ر�بو�ط��������H�������The t ةة distinguish the feminine from the masculine. And you will mostly find

that with the ص�ف�لثلا تات (Adjectives) i.e. ة �������H�������The tني�م�:at-taني�م/لا تاك�ر�:at-taلا تاك�ر� (Generous, Noble).

The Definition الت�ع�ر�at-ta:ني�ف:

الف�ع�ل ال�م�لثلا تاض�ي�- م�لثلا تا د�ل� ع�ل�ى ح�د�ث و�ق�ع� ف�ي� الز�م�لثلا تان� ال�ذ�and the other 14 are c , ةيسمشلا فورحلا knowledge’.���ƈ�����·�The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters. Of these 14 are called Solar Letters‘ ملع opinion’ or‘ ي� ق�����@��� ةب�ل� ز�م�لثلا تان�الت�ك�ل¹م�.

The Past Verb-that which indicates upon an event/happening taking place in the time which is before the time of speaking/conversation.

The Verb/Actionا�ل�ف�ع�ل-

ال�ف�ع�ل الم�ر ا�ل�ف�ع�ل ال�مض�لثلا تار�ع ال�ف�ع�ل ال�م�لثلا تاض�ي�

The Past VerbThe Present VerbThe Command Verb

!you)Write(الا تاك�تب�-at-taHe Writes:ني�ك�تب-He Wroteلا تاك�ت�ب�-

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?Where is Abbaasأat-ta:ني�ن� ع�����@��� ةب�لثلا تاس؟

He went to the head teacher إ�ل�ريدملاىلثلا تال�مد�at-ta:ني�ر�ذ�ه�ب�

For every action we have a doer or the one who performs the action. In

Arabic the doer of the action is called ا�ل�ف�لثلا تاع�ل (al-faa’il).

The Definitionالت�ع�ر�at-ta:ني�ف:

ا�ل�ف�لثلا تاع�ل هو� ال�س�م ال�م�ر�فو�ع ال�م�ذ�لا تاكو�ر ق�����@��� ةب�ل�ه ف�ع�له.

takes dhammah or ال�م�ر�فو�ع is an ism which is (the Doer) ا�ل�ف�لثلا تاع�ل

dhammataan on the last letter and mentioned before it is its ف�ع�ل verb.

م�ر�فو�ع

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�د� 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ذ�ه�ب� ح�لثلا تام�د إ�ل�ى ال�م�س�Haamid went to the mosque

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�رو�ر ال�ف�لثلا تاع�ل ف�ع�ل 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦م�م�لثلا تاض

You will find that is ا�ل�ف�لثلا تاع�ل not always apparent after the verb .ذ�ه�ب�

That is because in the past-tense verbs for the Male Absent if is ا�ل�ف�لثلا تاع�ل

not apparent then the (pronoun) ض�م�ي�ر will be (He) 'هو�' And .ا�ل�ف�لثلا تاع�ل

this dhameer is known as ا�لض�م�ي�ر ال�مس�ت�ت�ر (The Hidden Dhameer), you will not see it in writing or pronounce it even though it is there.

? Where is Muhammad أat-ta:ني�ن� مرح�م�د؟

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�د�挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦خ�ر�ج� م�ن� ال�م�س� He left from the mosque

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The four signs of an ism

There are 4 signs by which an ism is known, and you will not find these signs entering upon the verbs or particles/letters, so they are specific to

the nouns. These 4 signs can be used to distinguish between the أس�م�لثلا تاء (nouns) and the أف�ع�لثلا تال (verbs) and حرو�ف (particles).

(1) The first sign is that the ism accepts ني�ن:at-taت�يون�و� (tanween).

(2) The second sign is that ا�ل� (alif and laam) can enter upon the ism.

(3) The third sign is that دجسم - ندج�ر�����������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩���挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦حرو�ف ال� (particles of jarr) can enter upon the ism.

(4) The fourth sign is that the ism can take ��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ال� (kasrah/kasrataan) on the last letter.

ال� ت�يون�و�at-ta:ني�ن

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�د� 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦مرح�م�د ص�ل�ى ف�ي� ال�م�س�Muhammad prayed in the mosque

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦دجسم - ندج�ر ح�ر�ف ال������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩���挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ا�ل� )kasrah(

)٤ع������������H ةثالم�لثلا تات ال�س�م�(

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر -� -挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ال� ��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦حرو�ف ال� ال� ت�يون�و�at-ta:ني�ن – – -

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) الد�ر�س ال�خ�لثلا تام�س٥(

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ttربلاط ، ال�س�ttم挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ر�ف� ال�ttني�ر� ح�:at-taد�ttى ت�قttم�ي�ن� ع�ل�ttن� الس�ttة ب�ي� �������H�������The tةب� ���@����ttي� ن�س�ttة : ه� �������H�������The tلثلا تاف�ttال�ض� .مض�لثلا تاف إ�ل�ي�ه� و�ال�س�م الث�لثلا تان�ي� at-ta:نيس�م�ى مض�لثلا تافال�و�ل at-ta:نيس�م�ى

is a relationship between two nouns with a hidden (al-idhaafah) ال�ض�لثلا تاف��������H�������The t ة

particle of jarr, the first noun is called مض�لثلا تاف (mudhaaf) and the second

noun is called مض�لثلا تاف إ�ل�ي�ه� (mudhaaf ilaih).

ه�ذ�اال�ض�لثلا تاف��������H�������The t ة تف�ي�د ت�ع�ر�at-ta:ني�ف� ال�مض�لثلا تاف� أ�و� ت�خ�ص�ي�ص�ه.

This Particular idhaafah gives benefit by giving to) ت�ع�ر�at-ta:ني�tttف make

definite) to the mudhaaf or to) ت�خ�ص�ttي�ص narrow down/particularise).

Meaning, if the is مض�لثلا تاف إ�ل�ي�ه� م�ع�ر�ف��������H�������The t ة (definite) then the مض�لثلا تاف will

become ة �������H�������The tم�ع�ر�ف�, if the مض�لثلا تاف إ�ل�ي�ه� is ن�ك�ر�ة (indefinite) then the مض�لثلا تاف will be particularised or not so general but it will not be ة �������H�������The tم�ع�ر�ف� (definite).

مض�لثلا تاف إ�ل�ي�ه� مض�لثلا تاف

This is the teacher’s bookه�ذ�ا لا تاك�ت�لثلا تاب ال�مد�رس�

م�ع�ر�ف��������H�������The t ة م�ع�ر�ف��������H�������The t ة

ا�ل�ض�لثلا تاف��������H�������The t ة

مض�لثلا تاف إ�ل�ي�ه� مض�لثلا تاف

مرح�م�دلا تاك�ت�لثلا تاب

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The Idhafaah construction has a دجسم - ندج�ر�����������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩���挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ح�ر�ف ال� which is omitted/hidden.

This ��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ttر� 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ح�ر�ف ال� gives meaning to the Idhaafah, there are 3 different

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦حرو�ف ال� that an Idhaafah can have, (1) ,(in) ف�ي� (from/part of) م�ن�

and ةثالم (ل� �������Hال����) (for/belonging to).

At the moment we have only taken one meaning of the Idhaafah the ةثالم �������Hال���� ��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر (ل�挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ح�ر�ف ال�) which has the meaning of, for/belonging to/possession.

So when we say it لا تاك�ت�ttلثلا تاب مرح�م�ttد literally means, ‘the book belongs to

Muhammad or Muhammad’s book (لا تاك�ت�لثلا تاب ل�مرح�م�د).

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر (ال�����������H ةثالم)挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ح�ر�ف ال�

مرح�م�دلا تاك�ت�لثلا تاب

ال�مض�لثلا تاف إ�ل�ي�ه� ا�ل�مض�لثلا تاف��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�رو�ر – 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦د�اء�ملثلا تا م�Always

Majroor Does not accept tanweenل at-ta:نييون�ون –

Does not accept alif laamل at-ta:ني�ق����@��� ةب�ل ال� –

ا�س�م ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة� ل�ل�م�ك�لثلا تان� ال�����@��� ةب�ع�ي�د�)- over there(هيون�لثلا تاك�-

is a noun which is used to indicate/point to a place that is distant or هيون�لثلا تاك�far.

? Where is Muhammad’s bookم�ث�لثلا تال:أ�at-ta:ني�ن� لا تاك�ت�لثلا تاب مرح�م�د؟

It is on the table over there هيون�لثلا تاك�هو� ع�ل�ى ال�م�ك�ت�ب�

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر¹ م�لثلا تا ب�ع�د�ه))under(ت�رح�ت�- 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ني:at-ta) ا�س�م ال�م�ك�لثلا تان�/ظ�ر�ف ال�م�ك�لثلا تان�

.is a noun of place and the ism that follows it is majroor ا�س�م ال�م�ك�لثلا تان�

The bag is under the table ال�م�ك�ت�ب� ت�رح�ت�ال�رح�ق�ي�����@��� ةب��������H�������The t ة

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The particle at-ta (O!):ني�ttلثلا تا is used when we want to call somebody and the person we are calling is the ism which comes after this particle and it is

known as ال�ميون�لثلا تاد�ريدملاى (the one being called). There are 5 types of ال�ميون�لثلا تاد�ريدملاى, we will study 3 for now.

ال�ميون�لثلا تاد�ريدملاى

The first type is when we callبلاط ،ح�لثلا تام�دبلاط ،ع�����@��� ةب�لثلا تاس at-ta:ني�لثلا تا مرح�م�د) ا�ل�مف�ر�دال�ع�ل�م: ١(somebody by their name i.e. O Muhammad!, Haamid!, ‘Abbaas!, and so

on .

Theبلاط ، ر�جttلبلاط ، at-ta:ني�ttلثلا تا أس�ttت�لثلا تاذ) اليون�ك�ttر�ة ال�م�قصttو�د�ة: ٢( second type is when we call somebody and we intend a particular or specific person i.e.

O Teacher!, Man!, and so on .

The third type is when the oneبلاط ،ب�يون�ت� خ�لثلا تال�د at-ta:ني�لثلا تا ع�����@��� ةب�د� الل�ه�) ا�ل�مض�لثلا تاف: ٣(being called is mudhaaf i.e. O ‘Abdallaahi!, O Daughter of Khaalid!,

and so on .

It is important to note that the first and the second types of ميون�لثلا تاد�ريدملاى end in one dhamma, not tanween. As for the third type then the Mudhaaf will be

.(take Fathah on the last letter) م�يون�صو�ب

The words ا�س�م and ا�ب�ن begin with hamzatu l-wasl. When preceded by a

word the kasrah (�-) is dropped in pronunciation, i.e.

. ب������������H ةثالل ط�لثلا تال�ب ال�مد�رس�و�اب�ن الط�����@��� ةب�ي�ب� ب������������H ةثاللبلاط ، و�اس�ما�ب�ن ال�مد�رس� ط�����@��� ةب�ي�ب بلاط ،

at-ta:ني�لثلا تا ع�����@��� ةب�لثلا تاس

ع�����@��� ةب�لثلا تاس- ال�ميون�لثلا تاد�ريدملاى at-ta:ني�لثلا تا- ح�ر�ف اليوند�اء�

O- Particle of callingAbbaas- The one being called

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) الد�ر�س الس�لثلا تاد�س٦(

This is an iron م�ك�و�ةه�ذ�ه�

Letter to bring to attention or alert ح�ر�ف ل�لت�يون�����@��� ةب�ي�ه�ه�لثلا تا�-

is a letter that is used to alert or to bring to attention the ح�ر�ف ل�لت�يون�����@��� ةب�ي�ه�

person who is being addressed and it is mostly connected to أ�س�ttم�لثلا تاء .(nouns of indication) ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة�

Noun of Indicationا�س�م ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة�ذ�ه�

.but it is written without the first alif ه�لثلا تاذ�ه� is pronounced asه�ذ�ه

The ا�س�م ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة� is used to point or indicate to people, animals, objects things which can be felt or touched and can also indicate to things that

have meaning such as ق�لثلا تاع�د�ة ‘principle’ or ة �������H�������The tن�ص�ي�رح� ‘advice’.

.This advice is beneficialه�ذ�ه� ن�ص�ي�رح��������H�������The t ة ن�لثلا تاف�ع��������H�������The t ة -

The table below shows the properties of ه�ذ�ه�.

Indicates,points to ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة إ�ل�ىthe near ال�ق�ر�at-ta:ني�ب

the feminine ا�ل�مؤ�ن�ثthe singular or (non-intelligent

plurals)ال�مفر�د

The ا�س�م ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة� is ة �������H�������The tم�ع�ر�ف� (definite).

It can be used to indicate or point to those possessing intellect or ع�لثلا تاق�ل

things that do not possess intellect غ�ي�رع�لثلا تاق�ل.

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-Generally words ending in ة (taa marboota) are regarded as feminine so

when we indicate to them we use the ا�س�م ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة� ه�ذ�ه�. However there are exceptions to this, (refer to lesson 4 under ‘types of femininity’).

.�������H�������The t This is a car and this is a bike ة و�ه�ذ�ه� د�ر�اج�ةم�ث�لثلا تال :ه�ذ�ه� س�ي�لثلا تار�

-Body parts that are in pairs are regarded as feminine.

This is an ear and this is an eye ع�ي�ن و�ه�ذ�ه� أذنم�ث�لثلا تال:ه�ذ�ه�

-Also words which are particular to females are regarded as feminine.

This is the engineer’s الم�لثلا تام� ب�يون�ت ال�مه�يون�د�س� و�ه�ذ�ه� أخ�تم�ث�لثلا تال:ه�ذ�ه� sister and this is the imaam’s daughter .

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ل� - ح�ر�ف ال�Particle of Jarr (for, belongs to( ,

The particle of jarr enters ل� upon an ism and causes it to take ��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ttر¹ 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ا�ل� (kasrah).

.Whose is this? This belongs to Yaasirل�ي�لثلا تاس�ر ل�ل�م�ن� ه�ذ�ه�؟ ه�ذ�ه� ل�

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�رو�ر挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦م�

All Praise belongs to Allaah ل�ل�ه�ا�ل�رح�م�د

Note that the word ا�لل�ه becomes ل�ل�ه� by just dropping the alif and no laam will need to be added to the word.

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)الد�ر�س الس�لثلا تاب�ع٧(

Noun of Indication- ا�س�م ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة�ت�ل�ك�

.This a doctor and that is a nurse مم�رض��������H�������The t ة ت�ل�ك�ه�ذ�ه� ط�����@��� ةب�ي�����@��� ةب��������H�������The t ة و�

is a noun of indication it is used to indicate/point to objects or peopleت�ل�ك�

that are distant/far and feminine. ت�ل�ك�can be broken down into three parts:

Noun of indicationت�ي�- ا�س�م ال�شلثلا تار�ة�

The laam is for the far/distantل� – ا�ل�����������H ةثالم ل�ل�����@��� ةبع�د�

Particle of addressك�- ح�ر�ف خ�ط�لثلا تاب

Some of the grammarians say that the particle ’ك�‘ of address also

indicates upon far/distant and the shows ’ل�‘ upon even more or increased furtherness/distance.

The letter/particle of address ‘ك�’ is used if the person or objectwe are addressing is masculine.

The table below shows the properties of : ت�ل�ك�

Indicates,points to ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة إ�ل�ىThe far/distant ال�����@��� ةب�ع�ي�دThe feminine ا�ل�مؤ�ن�ثThe singular ال�مفر�د

All the أ�س�م�لثلا تاء ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة� nouns of indication are ة �������H�������The tم�ع�ر�ف� definite.

The letter ي� ‘opinion’ or ملع ‘knowledge’.���ƈ�����·�The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters. Of these 14 are called Solar Letters ةيسمشلا فورحلا , and the other 14 are c in ي�ت� is dropped when joined to the laam and kaaf and the

laam takes a sukoon ت�ل�ك.

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أس�م�لثلا تاء ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة� ل�ل�����@��� ةب�ع�ي�د�أس�م�لثلا تاء ال�ش�لثلا تار�ة� ل�ل�ق�ر�at-ta:ني�ب�رح�لثلا تام�د ذ�ل�ك�مرح�م�ده�ذ�ا ز�at-ta:ني�يون�ب ت�ل�ك�آم�يون��������H�������The t ة ه�ذ�ه�

Al-I’raab - ا�لع�ر�اب

الت�ع�ر�at-ta:ني�ف:

ال�ع�ttر�اب هttو�: ت�غ�ي�ي�ttر أ�و�اخ�ttر� ال�ك�ل�ttم� ل�خ�ت������������H ةثالف� ال�ع�و�ام�ttل� الد�اخ�ل��������H�������The ttt ة� ع�ل�ي�ه�ttلثلا تال�ف�ظلثلا تا أ�و� ت�قد�at-ta:ني�را.

The Definition:

The I’raab is: Changing of the endings of the words because of the changing of the active elements entering upon them (the change is) apparent or not-apparent.

ح�لثلا تالت ال�س�م�The cases of the

ism

ع������������H ةثالم�لثلا تات ال�ع�ر�اب� الص�ل�ي��������H�������The t ةThe origin signs of ‘Iraab

أ�ن�و�اع ال�ع�ر�اب�Types of ‘Iraab

م�ر�فو�ع - /- ا�لر�ف�عم�يون�صو�ب - / �- ا�ليون�ص�ب��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�رو�ر挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦م� - / �- ��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر¹挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ا�ل�

The above definition for I’raab mentions the ending of words changing what is meant by this is the changing of vowel markings that are on the end or last letter of a word. It also mentions that it is the active elements that enter upon a word that cause the change at the ending of a word, an

example of active elements are the حرو�ف (letters/particles). The active

element is called ا�ل�ع�لثلا تام�ل (al-‘aamil) in Arabic and the plural is ا�ل�ع�و�ام�ل.

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The definition also mentions that the change of a word can be apparent or

not apparent. What is meant by ل�ف�ظلثلا تا� apparent change is when the vowel markings at the end of a word can be pronounced and when the vowel markings at the end of a word cannot be pronounced then the change is

.not apparent. This part will be explained in more depth later ت�قد�at-ta:ني�را

The table above illustrates types of I’raab and its origin signs.

is when the end or last letter of a word takes a dhammah (ar-raf’u) الر�ف�ع

or dhammataan ت / ال�����@��� ةب�ي�تب�ي�

is when the end or last letter of a word takes a fatha (an-nasbu) اليون�ص�ب

or fathataan ت�لثلا تا / ال�����@��� ةب�ي�تلثلا تاب�ي�

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر¹挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ال� (al-jarru) is when the end or last letter of a word takes a khasrah or

khasrataan ت� / ال�����@��� ةب�ي�تب�ي�

Also when an ism is in the state of it is called (ar-raf’u) الر�ف�ع م�ر�فو�ع (marfoo’).

When an ism is in the state of it is called (an-nasbu) اليون�ص�ب م�يون�صو�ب mansoob).

When an ism is in the state of ��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ttر¹ 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ال� (al-jarru) it is called ��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ttرو�ر 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦م� (majroor).

) ال�ع�لثلا تام�ل ) م�ف�عو�ل ب�ه�

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�رو�ر ال�س�م م�يون�صو�ب ف�ع�ل م�لثلا تاض 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦م�

�Zayd slaughtered the chicken ن� ب�لثلا تالسكي��������H�������The t ة الد�ج�لثلا تاج�دم�ث�لثلا تال: ذ �ب�ح� ز�at-ta:ني�with the knife.

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر ) ال�ع�لثلا تام�ل )挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ح�ر�ف ال�

م�ر�فو�ع ال�ف�لثلا تاع�ل

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The example above shows the three types of I’raab , ني�د:at-taز� is م�ر�فو�ع the

(active element) ع�لثلا تام�ttل which is causing it to be is م�ر�فttو�ع the ف�ع�ttل past) م�لثلا تاض tense verb) الد�ج�لثلا تاج��������H�������The tt ة , ذ�ب�tح� � is the م�يون�صtو�ب active) ع�لثلا تام�tل

element) which is causing it to be م�يون�صو�ب is the past tense) ف�ع�ل م�لثلا تاض

verb) ذ�ب�ح�, السكي�ن � (knife) is دجسم - ندج�رو�ر�����������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩���挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦م� the ع�لثلا تام�ل (active element) which

is causing it to be دجسم - ندج�رو�ر�����������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩���挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦م� is the ب�) دجسم - ندج�ر�����������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩���挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ح�ر�ف ال�) .

The words which fall into the definition of I’raab as mentioned above are

known in Arabic as مع�ر�ب (mu’rab).

(al-binaa) ال�����@��� ةب�يون�لثلا تاء

are words which do not show change in their endings and (al-binaa) ال����@��� ةب�يون�لثلا تاءthey are considered by the grammarians to be the opposite of words

which take ال�ع�ر�اب (al-I’raab), as mentioned above. The words which

fall into this category are called ¼م�����@��� ةب�يون�ي (mabni).

ي :م�لثلا تا ل at-ta:ني�ت�غ�ي�ر آخ�ره ب�س�����@��� ةب�ب� ال�ع�و�ام�ل� الد�اخ�ل��������H�������The t ة� ع�ل�ي�ه�لثلا تا.ت�ع�ر�at-ta:ني�ف ال�م�����@��� ةب�يون�ي

Definition of Ðيttم�����@��� ةب�يون� (mabniyy): That which it’s ending doesn’t change because of the active elements entering upon it.

The definition explains that words which are their endings do not م�����@��� ةب�يون�ي�

change because of the ع�و�ام�ل (active elements) entering upon them, but rather they are built upon one ending which doesn’t change at all. However, these words can grammatically have a place in I’raab but they

will be in the position or state of ¹دجسم - ندج�ر�����������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩���挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦الر�ف�عبلاط ،اليون�ص�ببلاط ،ال� due to their place in the sentence. This point will be elaborated upon later.

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م�����@��� ةب�يون�ي¼ ع�ل�ى .....Built upon……

أم�ث�ل�������H�������The t ةExamples

أن�و�اع ال�����@��� ةب�يون�لثلا تاء�Types of Al-binaa

ع�ل�ى سكو�نم�����@��� ةب�يون�ي¼ م�ن�بلاط ، هذا�بلاط ، ن�ع�م�بلاط ، ف�ي� سكو�ن- -�م�����@��� ةب�يون�ي¼ ع�ل�ى ض�م��������H�������The t ة ن�رح�نبلاط ، ح�ي�ث ض�م��������H�������The t ة - -م�����@��� ةب�يون�ي¼ ع�ل�ى ف�ت�رح��������H�������The t ة أat-ta:ني�ن�بلاط ، ذ�ه�ب�بلاط ، أن�ت� ف�ت�رح��������H�������The t ة - -�

م�����@��� ةب�يون�ي¼ ع�ل�ى لا تاك�س�ر�ة ه�ذ�ه�بلاط ، أن�ت�بلاط ، ل�بلاط ، ه�ؤلء� لا تاك�س�ر�ة - -�

The table above shows that words which are ¼م�����@��� ةب�يون�ي can fall into four types

of endings which do not change due to the ع�و�ام�ل entering upon them, rather they are fixed or built upon that particular ending. There are four

possible endings, ةبلاط ، لا تاك�س�ر�ة �������H�������The tةبلاط ، ف�ت�رح� �������H�������The tسكو�نبلاط ، ض�م� .

مض�لثلا تاف مض�لثلا تاف إ�ل�ي�ه�

?Whose book is this هذا؟ ن�م�ث�لثلا تال: لا تاك�ت�لثلا تاب م�

م�����@��� ةب�يون�ي¼ ع�ل�ى سكو�ن

The above example shows that the word is م�ttن� and we مض�ttلثلا تاف إل�ي�ttه� know that the mudhaaf ilaih is always majroor (takes kasrah), however

the word is (who) م�ن� so the (built upon a sukoon) م�����@��� ةب�يون�ي¼ ع�ل�ى سكو�ن ending will always show a sukoon even though it is in the position or

state of ��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ttر 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ال� (al-jarr) due to its place in the sentence. So the ع�لثلا تام�ttل (active element) does not affect the ending of a word that is م�����@��� ةب�يون�ttي¼ (mabni).

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) الد�ر�س الثلثلا تام�ن٨(

(Badal-al)-ال�����@��� ةب�د�ل

رال�خ�����@��� ةب�ر ال�م����@��� ةب�ت�د�أ

. This man is a trader ت�لثلا تاج�ر. الر�جلهذ�ا

) al-badal(ال�����@��� ةب�د�ل

In the above example the ism is grammatically known as الر�جل ال�����@��� ةب�د�ل (al-badal), it used in a sentence in order to give and (emphasis) ت�و�لا تاك�ي�د

to the word that precedes it. So in the above (clarity or explanation) ب�ي�لثلا تان

example the ism الر�جل is giving emphasis and clarity to the word ه�ذ�ا, it is telling us that the one being indicated to is ‘the man’.It can also be understood that the badal is the same the thing as the word which precedes it, i.e. the man is the one being indicated to and the one being indicated to is the man.

Another example can be used to explain this, if I had a book in my hand

which I was indicating to and I said to my teacher, ‘this is new’ ه�ذ�ا' It .'ج�د�at-ta:ني�د would be understood that the book is new and if I was to

mention the book in my sentence I would say in Arabic,لثلا تابttذ�ا ال�ك�تttه� ز�at-ta:ني�لثلا تاد�ة I have put a ,'ال�ك�تلثلا تاب' By mentioning .ج�د�at-ta:ني�د (extra or additional

word in the sentence which is known as ال�����@��� ةب�د�ل (al-badal). It is important

to note here that if I were to say in Arabic, ‘ه�ذ�ا ال�ك�تلثلا تاب’ this would not be considered to be a complete or beneficial sentence. To make it a

beneficial sentence we must add a خ�����@��� ةب�ر (khabar), as shown in the example

above. The subject of and the types of al-badal will be covered ال�����@��� ةب�د�ل later on inshaallaah.

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ال�س�م ال�م�قصو�ر ال�س�م ال�م�قصو�ر

Theا. إ�ن�ك�ل�ت�ttر� و� الط�ttلثلا تال�ب م�ttن� أ�م�ر��at-ta:ني�ك�ttلثلا تاا�ل�مttد�رس م�ttن� teacher is from America and the student is from England .

. Hamid went to the hospital.ال�مس�ت�ش�ف�ىح�لثلا تام�د ذ�ه�ب� إ�ل�ى

ال�س�م ال�م�قصو�ر

ال�س�م ال�م�قصو�ر هو� اس�م مع�ر�ب آخ�ره أ�ل�ف ل�ز�م��������H�������The t ة م�ف�تو�ح��������H�������The t ة الت�ع�ر�at-ta:ني�ف: م�لثلا تا ق�����@��� ةب�ل�ه�لثلا تا و� تق�د�ر ع�ل�ي�ه� ج�م�ي�ع ال�رح�ر�لا تاك�لثلا تات�.

Definition: al-ismul-maqsoor, it is an ism mu’rab which has an inseparable or binding alif on its end and the letter before it takes a fatha and all the vowel markings on it are not apparent.

The words ني�ك�لثلا تابلاط ،مو�س�ىبلاط ،إ�ن�ك�ل�ت�ر�ابلاط ،مس�ت�ش�ف�ى:at-taأ�م�ر� all end with an binding alif

or the letter which looks like the letter ريدملاى and the other 14 are c (ya) except that it doesn’t , ةيسمشلا فورحلا knowledge’.���ƈ�����·�The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters. Of these 14 are called Solar Letters‘ ملع opinion’ or‘ ي have the two dots but it is pronounced as an alif. Also the ismul-maqsoor

is it takes (mu’rab) مع�ر�ب but the I’raab is (al-I’raab) ا�ل�ع�ر�اب ت�قد�at-ta:ني�ر (taqdeer) not apparent. The examples above illustrate this, the ismul-maqsoor (nouns ending with the binding alif at the end) are preceded by

��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦حرو�ف ال� but the change caused by the دجسم - ندج�ر�����������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩���挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦حرو�ف ال� is not apparent,

the case of ��������������������������������������������������������������������ɐ�����ȹ�㐒祖�㤂�Ā�ŀĀ���ĀȀ᐀�⌀潣⽭畳⽮瑳牡是慲敭堯楄灳瑡档��"挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲湵⽯䥘瑮牥慦散���搌獩慰捴h�潶摩دجسم - ندج�ر¹ 挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲瑵汩唯䱒��唌䱒��(嬌捝浯猯湵猯慴⽲敢湡⽳牐灯牥祴慖畬e�က牁畧敭瑮s�᠀摡卤慴畴䱳獩整敮r�潶摩��(挌浯猯湵猯慴⽲牦ا�ل� (al-jarr) cannot be seen. The Ismul-maqsoor falls into

one of the categories or types of words where the I’raab is ني�را:at-taت�قد� (please refer back to the definition of I’raab).

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