Arabic Grammar for the Holy Quran
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Transcript of Arabic Grammar for the Holy Quran
Table of Contents:
Part I: LETTERS 1. The Arabic Aphabet 42. Vowels 53. Other Accents 8
Part II: NOUNS 4. The Word 95. Prepositions 10. 6. The Nouns 127. Nouns: Singular Form 158. Nouns: Dual Form 169. Nouns: Plural Form: Unbroken 1810. Nouns: Plural Form: Broken 2011. Detached Pronouns I 2212. Detached Pronouns II 2413. Attached Pronouns 2614. Demonstrative Nouns 2815. Relative Nouns 3017. Foreign Nouns & Verbal Nouns 3118. Phrases 3319. I’raab & Binaa’ 3820. Nouns within Sentences 39
APPENDICES 1. Appendix A: Chart of the Word 432. Appendix B: Flow Chart of Nouns 44
Part III: VERBS
2
LESSON 1THE ARABIC ALPHABET
األبجديةحرف األ
ضصشسزرذ د خ ح ج ث ت بأ Daad Saad Sheen Seen Zaa Raa Dhaal Daal Khaa Haa Jeem Tha Ta Ba Alif
يوهـن ملكق ف غ ع ظ طYaa Wow Haa Noon Meem Lam Kaaf Qaaf Faa Ghayn Ayn Dhaa Taa
How the letters look within at the beginning, middle & end of a word: ـاأ
ـث ـثـثـ / ـت ـتـتـ / ـب ـبـبـ
ـخ ـخـخـ / ـح ـحـحـ /ـج ـجـ جـ
ـذذ /ـد د
ـزز /ـر ر
ـش ـشـشـ / ـسـسـ سـ
ـض ـضـضـ / ـصـصـ صـ
ـغ ـغـغـ / ـعـعـ عـ
ـق ـقـقـ / ـفـفـ فـ
ـل ـلـلـ / ـكـكـ كـ
ـمـمـ مـ
ـن ـنـنـ
ـه ـهـهـ
ـوو
ـي ـيـيـ
4
LESSON 2VOWELS
1. SHORT VOWELS (accents)
i. Fat-ha ii. Damma iii. Kasra
a u e
ببب
Ba Bu Be
2. LONG VOWELS (actual letters)
i. Alif ii. Wow iii.Yaa’:
ا و ي
aa uu/oo ee
با بو بي
Baa Buu/Boo Bee
5
أيأوآأأأee uu/oo aa e u a
بيـبوباـبــبـبbebee boo baa bu ba
تيـتوتاـتــتـتtee too taa te tu ta
ثيـثوثاـثــثـثthee thoo thaa the thu tha
جيـجوجاـجــجـجjejee joo jaa ju ja
حيـحوحاـحــححـhe huhee hoo haa ha
خيـخوخاـخــخـخkhekhee khoo khaa khu kha
ديدوداـدـددdee doo daa de du da
ذيذوذاـذـذذdhee dhoo dhaa dhe dhu dha
ريروراـرـررree roo raa re ru ra
6
زيزوزاـزـززzee zoo zaa ze zu za
سيـسوساـســسـسsee soo saa se su sa
shee shoo shaaشيـشوشاـشــشـش
she shu sha
صيـصوصاـصــصـصsee suu saa se su sa
dhee dhoo dhaaضيـضوضاـضــضـض
dhe dhu dha
طيـطوطاـطــطـطtee too taa te tu ta
ظيـظوظاـظــظـظdhee dhoo dhaa dhe dhu dha
عيـعوعاـعــععـee uu aa e u a
ghee ghuu ghaaغيـغوغاـغــغغـ
ghe
ghu gha
فيـفوفاـفــفـفfee foo faa fe fu fa
7
قي ـقو قا ـق ـ ـق ق ـqee qoo qaa qe qu qa
كي كو كا ـك ـ ـك كـ kee koo kaa ke ku ka
ليlee
ـلوloo
الlaa
ـلle
ـ ـلlu
لـ la
مي ـمو ما ـم ـ ـم مـ mee moo maa me mu ma
ني ـنو نا ـن ـ ـن نـ nee noo naa ne nu na
هي ـهو ها ـه ـ ـه هـ hee hoo haa he hu ha
وي ـوو وا و ـو و wee woo waa we wu wa
ييyee
يوyoo
ياyaa ـي
ye ـيـyu
ي ـya
8
LESSON 3
ـال =نل =ن +ل
ـل =نل =ن +ل
نـل =نل =ن +ل
الش
ل +ل
/ NUNATION .1التنوين (Al-Tanween)
/ LETTER EMPHASIS .2ة د(Ashadda)
ت =ت + ل =س = س +س
Tte Llu Ssa
ت
خ ح ج
3. SOLAR & LUNAR LETTERS / القمرية و األحرف الشمسية(Al-Ahruf Ashamsiya wa Al-Qamariya)
ب ضصشسزرذ د ث تأ
يوهـ ن م ل ك ق ف غ ع ظ ط
In the definitive noun, in Arabic, 2 types of letters follow the “alif lam”:i. The Solar Letters (uncircled) = “lam” of alif lam of definitive is silent.For example:
شلش Ashamsu/ ا سما =سمii. The Lunar Letter (circled) = “lam” is NOT silent.For example:
Al-qamaru/ رمقلا9
LESSON 4THE WORD
الكلمة
1. Noun 2. Verb 3. Particle اسم فعلحرف
Pronounced Ism Fi’l Harf
Meaning A word that indicates a meaning that is notassociated with time.
A word that indicates a meaning that isassociated with one of the 3 dimensions of time (past, present & future).
Indicates a meaning inother than itself.
Examples He Muhammad A Book Standing
He did... He does... He will do...
In Who If When
Signs 1. It is a flag name2. precursed by “the” theidentifier 3. precursed by thepreposition particles4. Ends with Nunation/tanween
1. precursed by the jussive2. can apply “yaa’ al mukhatab/of the spoken to”3. precursed by “s” or “sow-fa” (indicates the future tense.4. precursed by “qad” (means“may”, e.g., Ahmad may go to school. 5. The “noon” of emphasis (“al-tawkeed”)6. The “taa’” of the feminine (“al-ta’neeth alsaakina”)7. The “taa’” of the doer (al-faa’il)
1. The particles of inquisition under “hal”- These precurse nouns and verbs. 2. The prepositional particles under “fee” - These precurse nouns only.3. The jussive particles under “lam” - These precurse verbs in the future form only (al-fi’lal-mudaari’)
10
LESSON 5THE PARTICLES: PREPOSITIONS
راجلفرحأ(Ah-ruf Ajjarri)
1. Prepositions These are 10:
1. min // elaa .2لىإ
/ fee .3في/ alaa‘ .4لى
5. ‘an / / hattaa .6ى
= from = to = in = on = about = until ح
نم
ع
تنع
7. le /8. ka /9. wa /
= for/belonging to= like/as
لكـو = used for oath
10. ta / = used for oath only with Allah’s name.تـ
Role: 1. Form Prepositional Phrases2. Only precede nouns.
Rules of I’raab: - Make the noun/ism majroor with the: Kasra or yaa’
Example:الناسرشنم
min sharri il-naasi From the evil of men
اهللات ta-Allahi
By the name of Allah
منيلساملنمmim al-muslimeena From the Muslims 11
LESSON 6THE NOUNS
اإلسم
Overview:Four main points:
or are body parts that are a , ى ,اء , ةA. All nouns are masculine unless they end withpair.
B. All nouns are either: i. Masculine ii. Feminine.
C. All nouns are either: i. Singular: one only.ii. Dual: two only.iii. Plural: more than two.
D. All pronouns are either in the:i. First Person: I, we and us.ii. Second Person: you iii. Third Person: they, them.
Keeping the above points in mind, let's look at nouns in more detail:1. Simple Nouns:A. Common Nouns
i. Definite (Al-Ma’rifa)فيهبيرالتابكلاكلذ
Al-Kitab (the book) ~ the reference her is to the Holy Quran.
ii. Indefinite (Al-Nakirra) هاقادساأكو
Ka’san (a glass) ~ the reference here is a general one.
/B. Proper Nouns (people’s names)األعالمء أسما(Asmaa’ Al-A’laam)
يAli, Muhammad
ل ع ،دمحم13
Now, lets start applying the preceding points, one by one:I. All nouns are masculine, unless they end with:
.End withiة For example:
ن (Jannatun)Heaven
ة ج ةرق ب (Baqaratun)
Cow
ii. End withاء For example:
عاشوراءراءسإراءمح(Israa')('Aashooraa')
Ashura (Hamraa')RedAscension
iii. End withى For example:
رىغصرىبك (Sughraa)
Lesser (Kubraa)Greater
iv. Are body parts that are a pairFor example:
ني('Aynun) (Yadun) Eye Hand
عديلجر(Rijlun)Foot
v. Others: For example:
برحنارسمشضرأ (Harbun)
War (Naarun) (Shamssun)Fire Sun
(Ardhun) Earth
II. All nouns are either: i. Masculine ii. Feminine.
For example: Masculine Feminineلجرةأرما 14
ورثةرقب
(rajullun) (imra’attun)Man Woman
(thawrun) (baqaratun)Bull Cow
Exercise: 1. Look into your copy of the holy Quran and find the masculine and feminine words. Collect10 of each and write them on a sheet of paper and submit them to your teacher.
2. Find 10 word that are in the definite form and write them down.
3. Find 10 more words that are in their indefinite forms.
4. Vocabulary: memorize the words from this lesson with their meanings.
15
LESSON 7Nouns: Singular Forms
املفرداإلسم (Al-Ism Al-Mufrad)
C. All nouns are either: i. Singular: one only.ii. Dual: two only.iii. Plural: more than two.
In this lesson, we will be concentrating on the singular forms: Rules of I’raab: Subject: takes a DammaObject: Fat-haPrepositional/Possessor Phrase: Kasra
Masculine Feminine
لجرةأرما(rajullun) (imra’atun)A Man A woman
Singular
Singularتابكة ن(kitaabun) (jannatun)A Book A Heaven
ج
Exercise: 1. Let’s open up the holy Quran and write down 10 singular masculine and feminine word (10 of each).
2. Vocabulary: memorize the words from this lesson with their meanings.
16
LESSON 8Nouns: Dual Forms
ىنث املاإلسم (Al-Ism Al-Muthannaa)
In this lesson, we will be concentrating on the dual forms (two only) of nouns.To turn a singular form of a noun to it dual form:
to the end of the singular form انi. If its the Subject: addii. If its the Object/prepositional/possessive phrase: add
form. Rules of I’raab: Subject: AlifObject: Yaa’Prepositional/Possessor Phrase: Yaa
For example: Singular form+ ان
النمج =ان +لمج(jamaalaani = jamallun + aanin) Camel --> Two Camels
تنيراشف =ني +ةراشف(faraashatayni = faraashattun + ayni)Butterfly --> Two butterflies
Exercise: 1. Fill in the blanks:
Masculine Feminine
Singular ل رج رأة ا م
A Man A woman
الن رج ـت رئ ا م
ـــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــ
to the end of the singular ني
Dual Subject:
Dual Object/: 17
Prepositional/Possessive Two men Two women
Masculine Feminine
Singularتابكة ن
A Book A Heaven
ج
Dual Subject: ن
Dual Object/:Prepositional/Possessive Two books Two heavens
2. Find 5 nouns in there dual forms of both masculine and feminine. And mark which is in the object and subject forms.
3. Find 5 nouns that are in their singular form that are masculine and feminine. Take these nouns and turn them into the dual forms for the subject, object, prepositional and possessivephrases (as in the charts above).
4. Vocabulary: memorize the words from this lesson with their meanings.
تابـكتـ ج
18
LESSON 9Nouns: Plural Forms I
عماجلمسإ
if its the subject, or ات
if its an object masculine noun within a sentence. ينif its the subject, or ون if its an object feminine noun within a sentence. ات
(Ism Al-Jam'i)
In this lesson, we will be concentrating on the plural forms (three or more) of nouns. There are two forms of the plural that we must look at:
1. The Unbroken/Sound Plural:Here the original form of the singular noun:
i. stays intact, or unchangedii. with the addition of the:
a.b.
Singular form+ ونSingular form+ ين
ننيمؤم =ين +نمؤمنونمؤم =ون +نمؤم(mu'mineena) (mu'minoona)
Singular form+ اتSingular form+ ات
ناتمؤم =ات +ةنمؤمناتمؤم =ات +ةنمؤم
(mu'minaatun) (mu'minaatin)
Exercise: 1. Fill in the blanks:
Masculine Feminine ي
Rules of I’raab: Subject: WowObject: Yaa’Prepositional/Possessor Phrase: Yaa
Object /Prepos./Possessive Subject
Masculine:
Feminine:
Singular تابكةركاف
A man of the Book(Christian or Jewish) A woman 19
Dual Subject: ي
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
ـ تابكـــــركاف
Dual Object/:Prepositional/ Possessive
Three or more men Three or more women
Plural Subject: ي
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
ـ تابكـــــركاف
Plural Object/:Prepositional/Possessive Three or more men Three or more women
2. Now find 10 masculine and 10 feminine words in their plural forms (unbroken) and writethem down in their object and subject forms.
3. Identify 10 masculine and 10 other feminine singular nouns and write them in their pluralforms for subject, object, prepositional phrase and possessive phrase.
4. Vocabulary: memorize the words from this lesson with their meanings.
20
LESSON 10Nouns: Plural Forms II
عماجلمسإ
رأ--->لجياءبنقأ---->ملق أ---> جبن ر ليالم
(Arjul) (Rijl) (Anbiyaa') (Nabiyy) (Aqlaam)(Qalam)
Foot --> Feet Prophet ---> Prophets Pen--->Pens
يأ--->مويماءإ--->ةم ر أ--->ل ججرام لأ
(A'yun) (Ayn) (Ayyaam) (Yowm) (Imaa')(Ama) Eye---> Eyes Day ---> Days Servant--->Servants
Exercise:
1. Find 10 broken plurals in the holy Quran and write them down.
2. Find 10 singular nouns in their singular form in the holy Quran and write them down with
their broken plural form.
3. Vocabulary: memorize the words from this lesson with their meanings.
(Ism Al-Jam'i)
2. The Broken Plural There is no set rule to turn a singular form to a broken plural. Only certain singular nouns can become broken plurals.
21
املنفصلةالضمائر
LESSON 11DETACHED PRONOUNS I
(Addamaa'ir Al-Munfassilla)C. Pronouns:
i. Detached ii. Attached General Rules: i. Pronouns act to identify something. Therefore, they will turn something from being unidentified withrespect to its owner or doer of an action to defined and known.ii. Pronouns are generally mabnee/unchangeable, except in the dual form.
i. Detached Pronouns: a. As the subject: Singular Dual Plural
1st Person:
Masc.
Fem.
Me
أنا
ana
"
Us
ن نح
nahnu
"
Us
ن ن ح
nahnu
"
2nd Person: Masc.
Fem.
You أنت
anta
أنت
anti
You two ن تما
أ
antumaa
" antumaa
You allأ نتم
antum أ ننت
antun
3rd Person: Masc.
Fem.
He/She و ه
huwa
ي ه
heya
They two ما ه
homaa
" homaa
They all م ه
hom
ن ه
honna 22
For example:a. As the subject: Singular Dual Plural
1st Person: Masc.
Fem.
I am Muslim لم س منا أ
ana muslimun
ة لم س منا أ ana muslimatun
We are Muslim
لمان س م ن نح
nahnu muslimaani
لمتان س م ن نح nahnu muslimata
We are Muslimلمون س م ن نح
nahnu muslimoona
لمات س م ن نحani nahnu muslimaatun
2nd Person:
Masc.
Fem.
You are Muslim
لم س م أنت
anta muslimun
ة لم س م أنت
anti muslimatun
You are Muslim
لمان س مما ن تأ
antumaa muslima
لمتان س مما ن تأ
antumaa muslima
You all are Muslim
لمون س م أنتم
ani antum muslimoona
لمات س م أ ننت
taani antun muslimaatun
3rd Person:
Masc.
Fem.
He/She is Muslim
لم س م و ه
huwa muslimun ة لم س م ي ه
heya muslimatun
They are Muslim
لمان س مما ه
homaa muslimaa
لمتان س مما هhomaa muslimata
They all are Muslim
لمون س مم ه
ni hom muslimoonaلمات س م ن ه
ani honna muslimaatun
Exercise: 1. Using the words listed below, create a chart similar to the one above for each word.
.
2. Memorize the vocabulary from this lesson.
تابيك،دحلم،ركاف،نمؤم
23
LESSON 12DETACHED PRONOUNS II
املنفصلةالضمائر (Addamaa'ir Al-Munfassilla)
b. As the object/possessive: Singular Dual Plural
1st Person: Masc.
Fem.
Me إياي
Eyyaaya
"
Us إيانا
Eyyaanaa
"
Usإ يانا
Eyyaanaa
"
2nd Person: Masc.
Fem.
You اك إي
Eyyaaka
اك إي
Eyaakie
You two ما اك إي
Eyyaakumaa
"
You allم اك إ ي
Eyyaakum
ن اك إ ي
Eyaakon
3rd Person: Masc.
Fem.
He/She اه إي
Eyyaahu
اها إي
Eyyaahaa
They two ما اه إي
Eyaahomaa
"
They allم اه إ ي
Eyaahom
ن اه إ ي
Eyyaahon
The detached pronouns can be found either associated with:
1. Pronoun + Noun/Pronoun: in which case, it would be “mudhaaf illayh”
For example: ةرجالشههذوما ياكإ
24
دبعنياكإ
2. Pronoun + Verb = in which case, it would be “maf’ool bihhi” or the object.
For Example:
Exercise:
1. Memorize these pronouns.
2. a. Find 10 of these pronouns in the holy Quran and list them as they appear in a phrase or
sentence.
b. Write if it is an object or part of a possessive phrase.
25
LESSON 13ii. THE ATTACHED PRONOUNS
املتصلةالضمائر (Addamaa'ir Al-Muttassilla)
Pronouns: i. Attached Pronouns:
Singular Dual Plural 1st Person: Me Us Us
Masc. / ي ت نا نا
ya / tu naa naa
Fem. " " "
2nd Person: You You two You all Masc. ك / ت ما ك /ا مت م ك / مت
Fem. ka / ta
ك / ت
kumaa / tumaa
" tomm
ن ك ت ن /
Eyaakie tun
3rd Person: Masc.
He/She ه /
They two ما ه /ا
They allم ه / و
Fem. hu / a
ها / ت
homaa / aa
" Eyaahom
ن / ن ه
haa / t na / hon
(Note: what is before the"/" is attached to a noun, what is after the"/" is attached to a verb.)
Exercise: 1. Complete the words in the chart on the following page.
2. Make your own chart using the following words: ثب، لبرش،أرق،آنر، قلثم،ةكرش26
Singular Dual Plural 1st Person: Me Us Us
Masc. لـ أك لـ أك لـ أ ك
Fem. I ate
تابـ كMy book
We both ate.
تابـ ك Our book
We ate.
تابـ ك Our book
2nd Person: You You two You all
Masc. لـ أك لـ أك لـ أ ك
You ate You two ate You all ate
تابـ ك تابـ ك تابـ ك
Your book Your Book Your book
Fem. لـ أك لـ أك لـ أ ك
You ate You two ate You all ate تابـ ك تابـ ك تابـ ك
Your book Your book Your book
3rd Person:
Masc.
He/She
ل أك
They two
لـ أك
They all
لـ أ ك
He ate They both ate They all ate
تابـ ك تابـ ك تابـ ك
His book Their book Their book
Fem. لـ أك لـ أك لـ أ ك
She ate They both ate They all ate
تابـ ك تابـ ك تابـ ك
Her book Their book Their book 27
LESSON 14D. THE DEMONSTRATIVE NOUNS
اإلشارةأسماء (Assmaa’ Al-Ishaara)
D. Demonstrative Nouns
A Place Masculine/ ر ك ذ م Feminine/ نث ؤ م
كان م Object Subject/Poss./Prepo. Object S./P./P.
Singular مفرد
mufrad
ثم
thamma
نالك ه / نا ه
hunaallika /
there الك ذ /ذا ه
that / this
hunaa dhaallika / haadhaa
تلك / ه ذ ه
that / that
tilka / haadhaa
Dual ثنى م
muthannaa
اذان ه / ذانك ينك ذ /ن ي ذ ه
those two
dhaynika dhaynika
/ haadhaanie /haadhaynie
تينك / اتني ه تانك / اتان ه
those two
taynika taanikka
/ haataynie / haataanie
Plural ع م ج
jam'un
أولى/ أوالء
those more than two
uulaa / uulaa-ie
/أوالئك الء هؤ
those more than two
uulaa-eka / haa-uulaa-ie
” . Each one is used for a spe-ل” and the “ك” , the “هImportant notes:
" The demonstrative nouns show the use ofاcific purpose:
- is attached to the beginning of the demonstrative noun.”:اهi. the "- is used to draw attention to something near.
- For example: قيمتسمراطصهذا
haadhaa siraatun mustaqeem 28
That is the straight path
- is attached to the end of the demonstrative noun.” : ك
- is used to refer to the person with whom you are speaking. :For example -فيهبيرالتابالككذل
ii. the “
dhaallika al-kitaabu laa rayba feehiIn that book there is no doubt
- is attached to the end of the demonstrative noun.”:لك. ”
وقلآلياتكذلفي إ
- it must precede the “- is used to refer to something far.
ك Inna fee dhaallika la-aayaatin li-qawmin yatafakkaroonن :For example -رونفتيم
Surely, in that there are proofs to people that think/contemplate.
General Rules:
” will not be.اه” are part of the demonstrative noun, "ل” and the “1ك. If both the “ :For example ك +ل +ذا = كذل
:For example ها +ك +ذا ” will not be.ل” is part of the demonstrative noun, “2اه. If "
= ذاكه
iii. the “
3. All demonstrative nouns are “mabnee”/unchangeable except he dual forms are“mu’rab” or changeable (refers to end of word).
Exercise:
1. Refer to your holy Quran and extract 10 places where you see the use of such demonstrative
nouns and write them down.
2. Write one sentence as an example of each item in the demonstrative noun chart.
29
LESSON 15E. THE RELATIVE NOUNSاملوصولةءماساأل
(Al-Assmaa' Al-Mowsoola)
Singular Dual Plural
Masc. الذي
alladhee
He who
Subject Object/P./P. Subject/Object/P./P.
اللذان
alladhaani
They two
ين اللذ
alladhayni
who
األولى /الذين
al-ulaa / alladheena
They all who
Fem. التي
allatee
She who
اللتان
allataani
They two
اللتني
allatayni
who
الالئي الل /وائي
al-laa-ee / al-lawaatee
They all who
Rules of Binaa'/I'raab:
1. All are mabnee, except the dual form are:
a. marfoo bil alif
b. mansoob/majroor bil yaa'
2. The binaa' is with the sukoon.
Example:بيالغبنونمؤيذين
alladheena yu’minoona bil-ghaybe ال
Those who believe in the unseen.
Exercise: Find 10 occurences of such relative nouns in the holy Quran. 30
LESSON 162. FOREIGN NOUNS
األسماء األعجمية(Addamaa'ir Al-Munfassilla)
/Foreign Nouns .2األعجميةأسماء (Al-Asmaa’ Al-A’jamiya)Rule of I’raab: Subject : takes a DammaObject: Fat-haPrepositional/Possessor Phrase: Fat-ha
سيباويه، فيوس، راهيمبإSeebaawayha, Yousuffa, Ibraaheema ,
3. THE VERBAL NOUNSاملصدر
(Al-Masdar)/Verbal Nouns.3املصدر
(Al-Massdar) عمس-->عمس
sama’a --> sam’un،He heard --> Hearing
برش-->برشsharaba --> shurbun
He drank --> Drinking
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NOUNS ENDING WITH LONG VOWELS ’Al-Asmaa)راآلخة لتعاملماءساأل Al-Mu’tallatil-aakhire)
قوصةناملماءساألةصورقاملماءساألal-asmaa al-manqoosa al-asmaa’ al-maqsoora
/ ’Those ending in Yaaي / Those ending in Alifا
Short vowel shows Does not show Does not show in all cases because of heaviness
nasb/mansoob jar/majroor raf’/marfoo’ raf’, jar and nasb
ةالكوفيقاضتيأرةلى قاضي الكوفإتبهذرشاطدلوفى طصم
لعادلجرةالكوفقاضي فىطصمتبرض
فىطصملى إتبهذ
Exercise: Find for each item covered in this lesson, find 10 instances in the holy Quran where it can befound.
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.LESSON 175. THE FIVE NOUNS
اخلمسةاألسماء (Al-Asmaa' Al-Khamsa)
/Five Nouns .5ةاخلمساألسماء (Al-Asmaa’Al-Khamsa)Rule of I’raab:
/ ”Object : takes a “Wowو / ”Subject: takes an “Alifا
/ ”’Prepositional/Possessor Phrase: takes a “Yaaي
مال ، ذوفوك ،موكح ،خوك، أبوكأ
مبو دحأ مabu muhammadin
Muhammad’s father.
مباأتي دحأر مra-aytu abaa muhammadin I saw Muhammad’s father.
لىإ خيكأتبهذdhahabtu elaa akheeka I went to your brother.
مالذي عمتملكت
dhu maal, fooka, hamooka, akhooka, abookaA person of wealth, your mouth, your in-law, your brother, your father
takalamta ma’a dhee maalin You spoke with a person of wealth.
Exercise: Find 10 instances in the holy Quran where these nouns have been used.
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LESSON 18THE VOCATIVE PHRASE
داءالن "يا"(Yaa' Al-Nidaa')
1. Preceding a Noun:Causes no change.For example:
دمحميا
مانالزبصاحيا
ةينافئتساإل "إ" ال
(Ellaa Al-Isti'naafiya) Preceding a Noun:Changes the vowel from a damma (raf') to a fat-ha. Therefore, causes nasb.
For example:
ميماحالإ
yaa muhammadOh Muhammad
2. Preceding a Possessive Phrase:Changes the vowel from a damma (raf') to a fat-ha. Therefore, causes nasb. For example:
yaa saahibazzamaan
Oh savior of our time
THE EXCEPTIONAL PHRASE
ellaa hameeman Except the hellfire
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THE NEGATIVE PHRASEةيالناف "ال"
(Laa Al-naafiyya) 1. Preceding a Noun:Changes the vowel from a damma (raf') to a fat-ha. Therefore, causes nasb.
For example:دالغ فيسردال
laa darsa fil-ghadiNo class tomorrow
2. Preceding a Verb:Causes no change.
For example:ابرقتال
laa taqrubaaDo not approach
THE DESCRIPTIVE PHRASEصوفواملوةفالص
(Assifa wal-mowsoof)
This refers to the noun and the description the proceeds it.
Rule of I’raab: The description of the noun follows the noun in its i'raab.
For example:ةيحامنار
naarun haamiyatunA blazing fire
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THE CONJUNCTIVE PHRASEطوفعاملو فطالعا
(Al-'aatif wal-ma'toof)
: The letters of Atfوأ /و
The Purpose:- To tie together two nouns, phrases, or ideas.
Rule of I’raab: The noun after the letter of "atf" (otherwise known as the conjunctions "and"/"or"the noun preceding the letter of atf in its i’raab. For example:
يلعودمحمجاءjaa’a muhammadun wa alleyyun
Muhammad and Ali came.
THE EXCHANGE PHRASEلدالب
(Al-Badal)
The Purpose:- To give another title to a noun.
Rule of I’raab: The second noun follows the second noun in its i'raab. For example:
يameeru al-mu’mineena Aliyyun
The master of the faithful Ali (AS)
ل عننيمؤاملمير أ
) follow وأ /و
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THE EXCHANGE PHRASEكيدوالت
(Al-Tawkeedu)
The Purpose:- To emphasize a point.
Rule of I’raab: The second noun follows the second noun in its i'raab. For example:
الةالصالةالصassalaata assalaata
Prayer! Prayer!
Exercise: Take each item taught in this lesson and find where there are examples of them in the holyQuran. Write 5 of each.
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LESSON 19E’RAAB & BINAA’
باملوبرع نيامل(Al-Mu'rab wal-Mabnee)
Nouns
Mu'rab Mabneeامل نيباملبرع
The noun does not change in look at all The noun's last vowels change
no matter where it is placed: depending on where it is placed in
a sentence or phrase
Pronouns All other nouns Demonstrative Nouns i. Subject: Marfoo' bil-damma
Relative Nouns ii. Object: Mansoob bil-fat-ha
iii. Possesive/Prepositional Phrase:
Majroor bil-kasra
iv. News: Marfoo' bil-damma Exercise: Let's review some examples. Compile a chart that lists each type of noun and what it wouldlook like in terms of e'raab or binaa' for the: 1. Subject2. Object3. Prepositional Phrase4. Possessive Phrase 5. Descriptive Phrase6. Vocative Phrase 7. Interrogative Phrase 38
LESSON 20THE SENTENCE
ملةاجل(Al-Jumla)
(Taamma) (Naaqissa)
Nominal Verbal
The noun is part of both nominal and verbal sentences.
1. The Nominal Sentence /
ii. News
(khabar) (mubtada’)
Incompleteص
Complete ةتام ةناق
لف ةيع(Fi'liyya)مإ ةيس
(Ismiyya)
(Al-Jumla Al-Ismiyya) ماإلاجلملة ةيسThis is a sentence that begins with a noun. The nominal sentence is composed of:
أ+ i. Subject
ربخ + دتبم
دم الصاهللا
(Allahhu Ssammad) Allah the Eternal, the Absolute.
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In the Nominal sentence, the noun can exist as:
A. Subject:للىديهفيرالتالكلذ ق نيتمهبابك
(Dhaalikka al-kitaabu laa rayba feehi huddan lilmuttaqeen)
This Book, there is no doubt in it, is a guide to those who guard (against evil).
دم الصاهللا
(Allahhu Ssammad) Allah the Eternal, the Absolute.
C. Part of a Possessive Phrase:
ردقالةليلي فاهنلنزأانإ
ز مللك(waylun likulli humazatin lumazza)
Wayl ( A valley in hell) to every slanderer, defamer
Exercise:Look into your copy of the holy Quran and find 10 nominal sentences that contain at least one
of the elements listed above.
زمه ةة لليو
B. News :
(Innaa anzalnaahu fee laylatil qadr)Surely We revealed it on the grand night.
D. Preceded by a Preposition:
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2. In the Verbal sentence:This is a sentence that begins with a verb. In this type of sentence, the noun can exist as:
A. Subject
B. Object
object + subject + verb
باحاصدمحأبهذdhahaba ahmadun sabaahan
Ahmad went in the morning
Rules of I’raab: The verb: Marfoo’ bil-damma The subject: Marfoo’ bil-dammaThe object: Mansoob bil-fat-ha (depends on form of noun).
Exercise:
1. Make a chart listing all of the places where the noun is in the state of raf'.
2. Make a chart listing all of the different places that the noun is in a state of nasb.
3. Write 10 nominal sentences from the holy Quran with the i'raab of each part of the sentence.
4. Write 10 verbal sentences from the holy Quran with the i'raab of each part of the sentence.
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APPENDIX ATHE NOUNS
اإلسم
1. Simple 2. Five 3. Foreign 4. Verbal Nouns Nouns Nouns Nouns
اخلمسةاألسماء األجنبيةاألسماء املصدر
(Al-Asmaa’ Al-Ajnabiya) (Al-Masdar) راهيمبإعمس----->عمس
(Al-Asmaa’Al-Khamsa) 1. / Abooka بوكأخوك Sama’a - > Sam’unIbraaheem/ Akhooka أ
موكح Hamooka /فيوسبرش----->برش
/ Fooka فوك
2. 3.
Yoosuf Sharaba -> Shurbun4. / Dhu Maal 5مالذو.
A. Common B. Proper C. Pronouns D. Demonstrative E. Relative Nouns Nouns Nouns Nouns
األعالمأسماء الضمائراإلشارةأسماء املوصولة األسماء (Asmaa’Al-A’laam) (Addamaa’ir) (Asmaa’Al-Ishaara) (Al-Asmaa’Al-Mawsoola)
م تابكدحم
كناله/نا هالذي hunaalika / hunaa
ذ/ذا ه
dhaallika / haadhaa al-lattee الل /ذان الل
al-ladhayni / al-ladhaaniنيتالل /تانالل
haadhayni / haathaani al-latayni / al-lattaani تانهولىاأل /الذين
haattaani al-ullaa / al-ladheena
الالئي /وائي اللullaa / haa-ullaa’i al-laa-ee / al-lawaa-ee
كلالتي
هذهذhaadhihi
نيذه /ذان ه
ين
املنفصلةObject
املتصلة
نا-تnaa- tu
إيانا-
ياهإ- تte - ta
ك-نا
كت-ke
ه-ه ا-ن أولى/الءهؤ -
i. Attached ii. Detached (Al-Muttassilla) (Al-Munfassilla)
Obj./Prep./Pos Subject Subject إياينحن-ناأ
ka - naa eyaanaaa- eyaaya nahnu - annaa ياكإهو-تنأ
huwa - anntaeyaahu - eyaaka
ياهاإياكإيه-تنأ he - ha eyaahaa - eyaaki hiyya - annti
ي-و ماإياه-ما ياكإهما -أنتما yee - oo eyaahumaa - eyaakumaa humaa - antumaaمياهإ-م ياكإهم-متنأ eyaahum - eyaakum humm - antumنياهإ-نياكإنه-نتنأ eyaahunn - eyaakunn hunn - antunn
al-ladhee
aa - na يyee
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APPENDIX BTHE PARTICLES
حرفاأل
1. Prepositions 2. Jussive 3. Interrogative راجلف رحأمزاجلف رحأهامفتساإلسأ ماء
(Ah-ruf Ajjar)
(Ahruf Ajjazm) (Asmaa’ Al-Istifhaam)
These are: These are: These are: /min .1نم/elaa .2لىإ / lam .1مل/lema .2مل /hal .1له
/fee .3في/alaa‘ .4لىع / lan .2نل/ ayna .3نيأ /maadhaa .4ماذا
/an‘ .5نع/hattaa .6ىتح / In .3نإ/man .5نم/kayfa .6 فيك
/le .7ل/ke .8كـ/mataa .7ىتم /maa .8ما
/wa .9و/ta .10تـ/leman .9نمل/kam .10 مك
/ayyu .11يأ/ayyaana .12انيأRole: Role: 1. Form Prepositional Phrases 1. Form jussive phrase Role: 2. Only precede nouns. 2. Only precede verbs. 1. Can precede nouns & verbs.
2. Can combine with some prepo-
sitions. 3. Interrogative when at start of a sentence.
Rules of I’raab: Rules of Binaa’: Rules of Binaa’: - Make the noun/ism majroor 1. Present tense verb: - Depends on the noun itself.with the: Sukun
Kasra or yaa’ 2. Present tense plural: Example: .hadhf/absence of noon ضرقيذي ذا النم
Example: 3. Present tense ending man dhaa alladhee yuqridhuwith vowel: الناسرشنم
i. wow --> dammamin sharri il-naasiدعالوذا هتى مii. alif --> fat-ha mataa haadhaa al-wa’du
اهللات iii. yaa’ --> kasra
ta-AllahiساهارمانيأExample: ayyaana mursaahaa
منيلساملنمني كملmim al-muslimeena lam
هواقفينلlan yafqahoo
رضيإن lan yarda
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