Arab- Israeli Conflicts

The Middle East in the Twentieth Century

What is the UN?

• Before we can begin looking at the Arab-Israeli conflicts, we first need to know about the UN.

• The United Nations is a organization of countries around the world.

• To keep peace throughout the world. • To develop friendly relations

between nations. • To work together to help people

live better lives, to eliminate poverty, disease and illiteracy in the world, to stop environmental destruction and to encourage respect for each other's rights and freedoms. • To be a center for helping

nations achieve these aims.

What is the purpose of the UN?

• 192 members (countries)-there are new countries that have yet to be recognized like Kosovo.• Headquartered in New York

City (with additional offices located throughout the world) – however, land and buildings of UN international territory• Has its own flag, own post

office, and own postage stamps• United Nations Day – Oct. 24

– celebrated around the world.

The UN today …

• 2nd attempt at world organization to maintain peace (1st attempt – League of Nations – it ceased to exist when it failed to prevent WWII)• 1945 – 51 original members• Met in San Francisco to write

charter• Officially came into existence Oct.

24, 1945, when ratified by majority of 51 members (included US, United Kingdom, China, France to name a few)

Brief history of the UN …

What is the UN?

Organization of countries from around

the world who work together.

World peace, friendly relations, help people live

better lives –poverty, literacy,

healthcare

History-Began in 1945, 51

members, has their own post

office and stamps.

October 24 is United

Nations Day

Questions-Pair Share-Draw1. Describe the

United Nations.2. Draw an

advertisement for the United nations. Include what services and who they help.

Words to Know1. Anti-Semitism2. Mandate3. Nazi Party4. Holocaust5. Palestine6. Zionism7. Israel8. Arabs

9.Palestinians10. PLO11. Six Day War12. Yom Kippur War13. War for Israeli

Independence14. OPEC15.Saddem Hussein

More Words to Know16. Gulf War17. September 1118. Al-Qaeda19. Osama bin

Laden 20. War on Terror21. Afghanistan22. Invasion of Iraq

Create a KWL Chart What do you know

about WWI and WWII, Hitler and the Holocaust?

List four things you would like to

know.

What have you LEARNED????

Change in the Middle East• Anti-Semitism –

against the Jewish people has existed in Europe for 100’s of years.

• Germany was the most tolerant and many Jews immigrated there.

After World War I• Germany was forced to accept

responsibility for the war and humiliated by harsh sanctions.

• Germans were looking for someone to blame.

• Adolph Hitler took advantage of the climate and blamed the Jews. He created the Nazi Party. In 1933, he became the leader of Germany.

The Holocaust• Hitler invaded Poland in

1939 beginning WWII. • He launched a plan to

destroy the Jewish people.

• More than 6 million people most Jews, were executed or died from torture in concentration camps.

• This was called The Holocaust. The Holocaust ended in 1945.

Chan

ge in the ME

• Anti-Semitism becomes a serious issue

• Jews leave Europe & move to Germany

After

WWI

•Germany lost the war and was forced to accept responsibility for the war.•Hitler rises to power, blames the Jews and starts WWII•Created Nazi Party

The Holo

cau

st

•By invading Poland Hitler began WWII.•Hitler launches plan to destroy the Jews.•By 1945, more than 6 Million Jews and others died in terrible camps.

Notes-Draw these charts in your Notebook

Finish KWL Chart What do you know

about WWI and WWII, Hitler and the Holocaust?

List four things you would like to

know.

What have you

LEARNED????

Zionism & the Modern State of Israel

Following the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Great Britain controlled the region called Palestine. This was through mandate-or international agreement.

This lasted from 1922-1948. During this time Zionism grew in

the region. ZIONISM-the desire for a Jewish homeland.

Zionists wanted Palestine to become a Jewish state.

Zionism in Motion

What do we do??? After the Holocaust,

Zionism had increased in the region.

This caused many issues between the Palestinians and Jews living in the area.

Great Britain was tired of dealing with the problems that this caused and gave the control of the area to the United Nations in 1947.

UN’s Plan of Partition 1947

The UN’s proposal was to divide Palestine into two parts – one Arab and the other Jewish.

Jews accepted this decision but Palestinians and Arabs did not.

In fact, they vowed to do anything necessary to prevent the UN plan from being carried out.

Jerusalem would remain international. Why do you think this would be important?

Consider This…..• How would you feel if

the United Nations decided to divide the region where you live?

• What would you have done if you were Great Britain's leader

Arab-Israeli Wars Begin• On May 14th, 1948, the

State of Israel was established.

• That same night, with the attack of combined Arab forces (Egypt,, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Lebanon), the Israeli War for Independence ( first war) began.

The war lasted 8 months and resulted in Jews succeeding in defending their land AND taking the land that the Palestinians had been offered by the UN. The rest of the proposed Palestinian land was divided among Israel’s Arab neighbors.

Egypt took the Gaza Strip.

Jordan took the area on the West Bank of Jordan River.

Thus, the Palestinians were left without any land of their own.

1st Arab-Israeli War

Neither Arabs or Israelis wanted the Palestinians.

They were forced to live in tent cities around the borders.

Conditions were horrible, Palestinian attitudes grew more and more bitter, thus, these cities became perfect breeding cities grounds for terrorism.

From this displacement grew The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) led by Yassar Arafat. Their goal is the destruction of Israel.

What Happens Next????

• Israel became an active member of the UN. However, Arab nations still refused to recognize Israel as a valid country. This region suffered through many wars and skirmishes. • In 1956, Egypt cut off

Israel’s only outlet to the Red Sea. The Israelis attacked, resulting in The Suez War.

2nd War

6 Day War• 1966-Six Day War-Egypt,

Syria and Jordan declare war on Israel. Israel wins!

• The Arabs were unhappy with the outcome of the war and led a terrorist attack at the 1972 Munich Olympic games killing 11 Israeli athletes.

Yom Kippur War• 1973-Yom Kippur War-Egypt and

Syria launch a war on a Jewish holiday. However, once again Israel prevailed!

• Within 2 days, Israel had pushed back both invaders! They had crossed the Suez Canal and gotten within 65 miles of Egypt’s capital, Cairo.

• And, they had recaptured Golan Heights and gotten within 35 miles of Syrian’s capital.

• On Oct. 24th, the 3 countries agreed to a cease-fire (organized by the UN)

Lets Sum It UpAnti-Semitism lead to Jews moving from Europe to Germany.

After WWI Germany had many issues and needed someone to blame.

Hitler rose to power and blamed the Jews. He then planned to destroy them.

6 million Jews died in the Holocaust. Jews fled to Palestine.

Great Britain grew tired of the problems between Jews, Arabs and Palestinians and gave the UN power over the region.

UN Partition Act of 1947-divide Palestine up to create a Jewish homeland.

Egypt, Syria and Jordan fought with Israel in 4 Arab Israeli Wars.

1st Israeli War for Independence. 19482nd Suez War-19563rd Six Day War-1966-674th Yom Kippur War1973

Peace Talks• For years, Egypt lead the

fights against Israel.• Egyptian President

Gamal Abel Nassar inspired Arabs to fight.

• 1977 the new President of Egypt Anwar Sadat visited Israel to talk peace.

• 1978 Anwar Sadat, Jimmy Carter(US) and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin met at Camp David Accords

In 1978, President Jimmy Carter invited Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel to Camp David to discuss terms of peace. A peace treaty was signed. In this treaty, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for Egypt’s acceptance of Israel’s existence.

However, Mr. Sadat paid a price for his agreement…his life! Muslim extremists later assassinated him.

Anwar Sadat of Egypt

Menachem Begin of Israel

Mr. Sadat, President Jimmy Carter, and Mr. Begin

Yitzhak Rabin, Israeli Prime Minister

Yasir Arafat, Palestinian leader

President Bill Clinton

1993 Peace Talks• However, this treaty did not end

terrorism. Frequent Palestinian attacks eventually led Israel to invade Lebanon in 1982.

• The 1990’s brought little improvement. Although a peace agreement was signed in 1993, which allowed for Palestinian self-rule violence continued.

• This agreement called for a 5-year plan. Palestinians would gradually be handed the administration of the West Bank and Gaza, and continue to negotiate a permanent peace treaty to settle on the final status of the occupied territories.

More Efforts at Peace

Since 1978, more efforts to create peace in the region have been attempted by several United States presidents: Bill Clinton and George Bush.

The disputes that divide Arabs and Israelis are rooted deeply in religion, land and honor.

Famous Peacekeepers

• Golda Meir was the first female Prime Minister of Israel and was in power during the Yom Kippur War.

• Yitzhak Rabin, another Israeli Prime Minister was assassinated for attempting to negotiate with Arabs and Palestinians.

Golda Meir

Yitzhak Rabin

The Conflict Continues

• In 1994, Israeli extremist attacked and killed 29 Palestinians in a Muslim mosque.

• In 1995, another Jewish extremist assassinated Yitzhak Rabin.

• Palestinian terrorist groups, such as Hamas, have continued with large and small scale suicide bombings aimed at Israeli civilian and military targets.

• Recent years have still not shown any improvement. Israelis blame Palestinians for violent attacks. Palestinians blame Israel for violent “clampdowns” on their rights, killing of civilians, and assassinations of top leaders.

Israel Today• Today many countries

continue to threaten Israel.

• Often they are attacked by radical terrorist groups, dedicated to destroying Israel.

• More than 60 years later, disputes over Israel continue to cause violence in the Middle East.

www.maps101.com

Note the location of Israeli control and Palestinian control! Dark green – Palestinian authorityLight green – Palestine responsible for social and civil services onlyYellow – Israeli controlPurple – Jewish settlementsOrange – Israeli military bases

West Bank and Gaza Strip today

Peaceful Notes???

Anwar Sadat, was killed for his part in working for peace. Many US presidents have tried to

help with peace talks.

Both Golda Meir and

Yitzhak Rabin were famous

Prime Ministers of Israel

involved in peace efforts.

Today Israel is still involved in disputes and attacks over

land.

Oil in the Middle East• Oil is the most profitable

natural resource in the Middle East.

• Since most countries need oil for transportation, the Middle East affects many economies.

• Oil makes the Middle East important and gives them much influence world wide.

• The Middle East sometimes uses oil as a weapon.

Oil and Everyday LifeOil is used in many everyday

objects - more than you may have ever imagined.

http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/uses/uses_home.html

What the HECK is OPEC????

Founded in 1960, OPEC is an organization of oil producing countries.

OPEC is a association of twelve countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela

To punish supporters of Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Arabs placed an embargo on

oil. Result – severe gasoline shortage and increase in gas prices!

How OPEC Affects the U.S.

How Does Oil Distribution Affect the Middle East???

Countries with oil usually have a higher standard of living, are usually more developed, have an highly developed infrastructure and high literacy rates

YOUR NOTES ON OIL!!!!

OPEC is a organization of countries that controls

the production and sales of

oil.

Oil is the

most profitable and import

ant natural resourc

e. It can be used as

a weapon and tool.

Oil makes nations powerfu

l and able to care for

their people.

How did the US get INVOLVED???

• After WWII, the United States was involved in a “Cold War” with the Soviet Union. Even though we worked together there was no trust.

• The US was worried that the Soviets wanted to spread communism.

What is the Eisenhower Doctrine????

• 34th President Eisenhower

( 1953-1961) was worried that communism would spread and allowed the CIA to become involved in Iran and later Lebanon.

• The U.S. would do whatever necessary to stop the spread of Communism.

Eisenhower Doctrine

1979 Iranian Revolution

• The United States had helped restore the Shah (leader) to power. ( To gain open access to oil).

• Iranian Revolution forced the Shah from power ( he left the country) and he was replaced by a religious leader the Ayatollah Khomeini.

• Iranian radicals stormed the US embassy and took US citizens hostage.

• They demanded that President Carter return the shah to them in exchange for the hostages.

The Persian Gulf War-Lasted 42 days

• In 1990, Iraq invaded the small oil rich nation of Kuwait.

• Saddam Hussein claimed that the territory belonged to Iraq-he wanted their huge oil fields for Iraq.

• The United States and UN alliance demanded that Iraq withdraw and invaded the territory and pushed Saddam out of Kuwait.

September 11, 2001• On 9/11/2001 Muslim

terrorists (primarily from Saudi Arabia) hijacked four planes and crashed them into the Twin Towers in New York, the Pentagon and a field in Pennsylvania.

• The terrorist group Al-Qaeda, has claimed responsibility for 9/11.

What does Al-Qaeda Want?

• This radical group that began in the late 1970’s wants to advance a fundamental form of Islam, expel foreigners from the Middle East, over throw corrupt governments and destruction of any state that helps corrupt governments.

• They hope to destroy Israel, the United States and other Western powers.

Osama bin Laden

War on Terror• George Bush Jr. declared

a U.S. War on Terror and stated that the US would go after terrorists rather than waiting for them to attack again.

• The U.S. and other forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, they took over threw the Taliban

• ( because they were helping Osama bin Laden)

Invasion of Iraq-Again• Saddam Hussein was

reported to have weapons of mass destruction. (this includes nuclear and chemical weapons).

• He refused to let UN investigators look in his country, he was cruel to his people and the Kurds.

• The US and others invaded in 2003 and overthrew Saddam.

Where are we NOW?• No weapons were ever

officially located.• Connections between

Saddam and the Al-Qaeda have also not been proven.

• U.S. death toll continues to rise and many want American soldiers to come home.

• We still have troops in Afghanistan, Iraq and around the Middle East

THE LAST NOTES!!!!The US and Soviet Union had a period where they distrusted one another-this was the COLD WAR-no shots were fired

The US allowed the CIA to enter Iran and Lebanon to stabilize the government and access to OIL>

President Eisenhower vows that the US will STOP the spread of communism.Eisenhower Doctrine!

1979 Iranian Revolution- Iranians overthrow Shah and the Ayatollah rose to power.

Persian Gulf War-Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait and US makes him get out!!!

September 11, 2001-Muslim terrorist crash planes into American landmarks.

Osama bin Laden took responsibility for 9/11

War on Terror is a fight against all terrorists around the world.

Al-Qaeda is a terrorist group that wants to eliminate governments around the world.

The US invaded Iraq worried about WMD.

Saddam Hussein was taken from power and hanged for his crimes.

Today we are still heavily involved in the Middle East.