1See addenda at end.

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This bibliography is intended to include all works on the subject published after Wal-ker's 1956 British Museum catalogue, as well as a few earlier works that retain someinterest. I would be grateful for any omissions or other errors brought to my attention,as well as for notice of new publications. This bibliography is frequently revised; thedate at the bottom of the pages shows when the version you have was printed.

As the title indicates, the Arab-Byzantine coinage of Bilād al-Shām, known as Syria tothe ancients and to historians of today, is the main subject matter here. As suggestedby my 1995 article, however, the “Arab-Byzantine” coinage of Bilād al-Shām in thelarger sense should include all the coins of late Roman type that circulated in thatcountry from the Arab conquest onward. These would include coins issued officiallyin Constantinople and other Roman mints, private imitations and counterfeits of theseRoman coins, official Arab issues of Roman type, and private imitations and counter-feits of the latter. Coins of seventh-century Egypt found in Syria would be included aswell, and a separate bibliography of those coins is appended. No attempt has beenmade to include the transitional Arab-Byzantine coinages of North Africa and Spain;these are later than the Arab-Byzantine era in Syria and have no connection with it.

Many colleagues have offered suggestions that have been incorporated without com-ment. In particular, I am indebted to Alan Walmsley of the University of Sydney, whobrought to the ANS Arab-Byzantine Forum of 1998 “A Further Bibliography ofSyrian Arab-Byzantine Coinage,” which was compiled by R. T. Sparks of the sameuniversity. This bibliography of some ten pages was especially strong in listings ofexcavation reports including Arab-Byzantine coins. All the entries are included here,in most cases copied directly from the Sparks text without reference to the originalpublication. Other contributors include Harry Bone, Clive Foss, and Lutz Ilisch.

The comments that follow the citations are uneven, having been entered on variousoccasions with different degrees of analysis. Corrections, amplifications, and evencomplete revisions are welcome. For the most part, I have tried to summarize orcharacterize fairly the arguments and contents of the publications, but objections tomy language will be taken seriously. I will be grateful to authors or others who pro-vide more accurate or more ample summaries.

A Bibliography of Recent Work on Syrian Arab-Byzantine Coinage1

Michael L. Bates

General bibliography

Album, Stephen. "Seventh century—Part I: Islamic conquerors adapted local Byzantine coin-age," The Celator: Numismatic Art of Antiquity 2, no. 4 (April 1988), pp. I, VI, XV, XVII; 2, no.7 (July 1988).

Michael L. Bates

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Amitai-Preiss, Nitzan. "Some Arab-Byzantine and Umayyad Coins from the Hebrew UniversityCollection," Israel Numismatic Journal 11 (1990-91), 94-99. Brief list of 26 Arab-Byzantinecoins, with description of varieties from .Him .s, Damascus (2); comments on birds, palm-bran-ches; Umayyad amphora overstruck on Roman 4th century; Atrīb Mi .sr; 3 eighth-century leadcoins.

Arif, Aida S. A Treasury of Classical and Islamic Coins: The Collection of Amman Museum. London, 1986. Illustrates many Arab-Byzantine coins.

J. Ch. Balty, "Un follis d'Antioche date de 623/24 et les campagnes syriennes d'Heraclius,"Schweizer Munzblatter 20 (1970), 4-12. See Hahn, 1977.

Bartczak, Andrzej. "Mennictwo kalifatu przed i w okresie wprowadzania reform )Abd al-Malikaibn Marwana (685-705 r.)," Wiadomoci numizmatyczne 33 (1989), 1-11. Negligible; no photos;all based on Walker and earlier works; brief English summary indicates no new ideas.

Bates, G. E. "The Antioch mint under Heraclius," American Numismatic Society Museum Notes16 (1970), 80-82. See Hahn, 1977.

Bates, Michael L. "The 'Arab-Byzantine' Bronze Coinage of Syria: An Innovation by 'Abd al-Ma-lik," in A Colloquium in Memory of George Carpenter Miles (1904-1975) (New York, 1976),16-27.

Bates, Michael L. "History, Geography, and Numismatics in the First Century of Islamic Coin-age," Revue suisse de numismatique 65 (1986), 231-62.

Bates, Michael L. "Coins of Umayyad Damascus," in World Coin News (6 October 1987), 14-18;(13 October 1987), 12-16; (20 October 1987), 14-16.

Bates, Michael L. "The Coinage of Syria Under the Umayyads, 692-750 A.D.," in The FourthInternational Conference On The History Of Bilād al-Shām During the Umayyad Period:Proceedings of the Third Symposium, 2-7 Rabī) I 1408 A.H./24-29 October 1987, EnglishSection, Vol. II ed. M. Adnan Bakhit and Robert Schick (Amman, 1989), 195-228. Arabictranslation by Nā'if al-Qasūs, "Maskūkāt Sūriyya fī fitrat al-khilāfa al-umawiyya, 73 [sic]-132 h.(692-750 m.)," Yarmouk Numismatics 2, no. 1 (1990), 15-51.

Bates, Michael L. "Commentaire sur l'étude de Cécile Morrisson," in La Syrie de Byzance àl'Islam, VIIe-VIIIe siècles. Actes du Colloque international, Lyon - Maison de l'OrientMéditerranéen, Paris - Institut du Monde Arabe, 11-15 Septembre 1990, ed. Pierre Canivet andJean-Paul Rey-Coquais (Damascus, 1992), 319-21. A response to Morrisson's article in the samevolume (below). Suggests that the well-known anonymous Syriac text first published by Nölde-ke probably reflects eighth-century conditions in its references to silver coins, and is anachronis-

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tic in attributing gold coins to Mu)āwiya. The introduction of official caliphal issues must be putin a plausible historical context, rather than arbitrarily assigned to 680 or 685 or some otherround number; the history of the period is well known in outline. We should not take for grantedthat all irregular issues resulted from an official order; the Arabs left the Christian population ofSyria largely to its own devices, in coinage as in other civil matters.

Bates, Michael. "Byzantine Coinage and Its Imitations, Arab Coinage and Its Imitations: Arab-Byzantine Coinage," Aram 6 (1994), 381-403. The copper coinage circulating in Syria in theseventh and eighth centuries included official Roman issues from Constantinople; imitations ofRoman coins made at various times and places by private persons or local officials, under Romanor Arab rule, or in other sovereignties, or in places not well controlled by anyone; official cali-phal coins adapted from Roman prototypes; coins with the image of the caliph; and imitations ofthe Arab caliphal coins issued privately or semi-officially on the fringes of empire, into theeighth century.

Bendall, S. "Four Byzantine Notes," NCirc 95, 1 (February 1987), 3-4. Includes a fals of Diospo-lis.

Berman, Ariel. Islamic coins - Exhibition Winter 1976, L. A. Meyer Memorial Institute forIslamic Art. Jerusalem, 1976. Includes 17 Arab-Byzantine coins, of which 7 are illustrated atleast in part; nearly all are from the Irbid hoard and are illustrated by Milstein; nearly all endedup in the Morgenstern collection and are also illustrated in his articles.

Broome, Michael. A Handbook of Islamic Coins. London: Seaby, 1985. Includes a discussionof the Arab-Byzantine coinage.

Castrizio, Daniele. "Imperatori bizantini," in Roma e Bisanzio, Normanni e Spagnoli: Monete aMessina nella Collezione B. Baldanza (III sec. a.C. - XVIII sec. d.C.) (ed. Maria CaccamoCaltabiano; Messina: Università degli Studi di Messina, 19 ), 29-51. A dodecanummia of MACP(no. 104), an Emesa bust-type fals (no. 117), and two irregular Constans imitations, all found atMessina in Sicily.

Daftar, Nāhi .d )Abd al-Razzāq. "Dawāfi) wa-asbāb ta)rīb al-maskūkāt" [Motives and causes of theArabicization of coinage] 17-25. On the reform of )Abd al-Malik.

de Roever, W. P. "A Nea(polis) Follis of Heraclius' 26th Regnal Year," Numismatic Circular 99(1991), 146. Argues that the date 26, with the others dated 25, shows that the dates are meaning-ful, and fall into the first years of the war with the Arabs; therefore Neapolis in Palestine is morelikely, and the coins found in Cyprus must have been carried there by fleeing Neapolitans.

Michael L. Bates

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Donald, P. J. "The Neapolis Coins of Heraclius," Numismatic Circular 94 (1986), 116. Coinswith an N officina, or with the mint name NEA. Points out that Neapolis was a common townname, and that there was also one in Cyprus where some of these coins have been found.

Donald, P. J. "Neapolis Under Heraclius — A Further Find," Numismatic Circular 95 (1987),151. A coin with E (eta) as its officina mark, but stylistically identical to the Neapolis issues;seen as more evidence for a Cypriot origin.

Evans, Jane DeRose. "Heraclian Countermarks on Coins Found at Caesarea," American Journalof Numismatics 5-6 (1993-94), 97-104. Counterstamps with HRC monogram or variant onMaurice and Heraclius folles: assigns to Palestine, perhaps Caesarea, 630-34; also ctsps. with aneagle and pellet, all on early 6th century folles, but ctsp. is probably of Heraclius, perhaps Egypt.

Foss, Clive. “The Coinage of Syria in the Seventh Century: The Evidence of Excavations,”Israel Numismatic Journal 13 (1994-99), 119-32. After surveying six sites in Bilad al-Sham, itseems that archeology is of no help in resolving the chronological problems of numismatics, nordo the coins help to date archeological stratae, since they continued to circulate, long after theiroriginal issue, alongside newer coins. On the other hand, the archeological finds are importantfor circulation, indicating a monetary economy that obtained coin in one way or another. Con-stans II coins were imported until the reign of Mu)āwiya, when imports ceased and local Con-stans II imitations take their place. Official Arab-Byzantine coins are quite rare, but the eighth-century Islamic copper coinage is abundant everywhere.

Foss, Clive. "Syria in Transition, A.D. 550-750: An Archeological Approach," Dumbarton OaksPapers 51 (1997), 189-269. Detailed urban and regional histories of Antioch, Apamea, .Hamāh,and Bostra, based on literary, archeological, and, often, numismatic evidence.

Ghalib Edhem, I. "A monsieur Troutowski Président de la Société Numismatique de Moscou. Quelques mots sur les monnaies musulmanes à monogrammes himyarites." Constantinople,1894. 4 pp. A response to Casanova, Revue Numismatique 1893; Ghalib Edhem had a standingcaliph copper with Mu .hammad to right on reverse, which he read as a Himyarite ideogram.

Goodwin, Tony. Arab-Byzantine Coinage. The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art. London & New York: I. B. Tauris, 2005.

Goodwin, Tony. "A Hoard of Imitative Byzantine Folles," Numismatic Circular 102, 8 (October1994), 357-59. Coins from Syria with a distinctive fabric and closely allied with the "Cyprus"issues.

Goodwin, Tony. "Imitations of the Folles of Constans II." ONS Occasional Paper no. 28 (April1993). On imitations mainly of the EN TUTO NIKA type; extremely important general discus-

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sion of the early irregular series. Includes one DIOSPOLIS and a Hims standing emperor struckon an imitation.

Goodwin, Tony. "Imitative 7th Century Byzantine Folles with a Single Figure in MilitaryDress," Numismatic Circular 101, 4 (May 1993), 112-13.

Goodwin, Tony. "An Interesting Arab Byzantine Fulus of Damascus," Numismatic Circular 98,4 (May 1990), 123. An imitation Damascus fals, with delta-theta-mu.

"Goodwin, A." [Tony Goodwin]. "Miniature Punchmarks on the Arab-Byzantine Coins ofHIMS," Numismatic Circular 101, 4 (May 1993), 114.

Goodwin, Tony. "A Neglected Branch of Early Islamic Art—The Arab Byzantine CopperCoinage," Coin News 28 no. 8 (August 1991), 25-26. General survey, in chronological order.

Goodwin, Tony. “Notes on the Arab-Byzantine Mint of Baabek,” paper given at Seventh Cen-tury Syrian Numismatic Round Table-Study Day 4.3.00. So far, 46 obverse dies of three typesand 70 reverse dies have been identified, with a number of die chains. One group is linked to aDamascus reverse die. The vast majority seem to be official issues. Eight Baalbek overstrikeson Damascus coins are known, and two Damascus overstrikes on Baalbek. Two main phases ofminting can be identified.

Goodwin, Tony. "7th Century Arab Imitations of Byzantine Folles," Numismatic Circular 103, 9(November 1995), 336-37. Miscellaneous crude imitations and miscellaneous observations onthem.

Goodwin, Tony. “Seventh Century Islamic Countermarks from Syria,” ONS Newsletter 162(Winter 2000), 13-16. Collects the information on the various countermarks and their host coins,suggesting that the countermarks are from the era of the Arab-Byzantine coinage (660-80?) andare not Roman.

Goodwin, Tony. "Walker's 'Full Weight Dirhams'—New Light on an Enigmatic Arab-ByzantineCoin of Damascus," ONS Newsletter 157 (Autumn 1998), 9. The strange inscription on reverseleft of Walker ANS.1-2 is convincingly identified as jāza hadhā, very crudely engraved. Interest-ingly, these are often found as undertype for normal standing imperial figure coins. One exampleof the jāza hadhā series was stamped on a Byzantine weight.

Michael L. Bates

2Umayyad Copper-Based Coins of Bilad al-Sham: An Analytical and Chemical Study. Ph.D.thesis, Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Yarmouk University, 1995.

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Goussous, Nayef. Umayyad coinage of Bilad al-Sham. Amman: Arab Bank, 1996. A generaloverview of the coinage. An abundantly illustrated edition of his thesis,2 with English andArabic text, focused on the copper coinage. Provides chemical analysis results for 17 coins,including 7 Arab-Byzantine (see also al-Sa)ad below).

Goussous, Nayef. "A Unique Arab-Byzantine Coin," Yarmouk Numismatics 5 (1993), 37-38.heavy AE with two standing caliphs with ball on staff on steps between them; reverse has M withANN / OV / ONI below, different from Walker A5-6 (which have Arabic inscription); Goussousattributes it to Jarash. Is the reverse die-linked with the Justin and Sophia series?

Graff, Guy. “Un follis arabo-byzantin bilingue, rare ou inédit, au type syro-palestinien d’Héracli-us, Héraclius Constantin et Martine,” in Jean Elsen & ses Fils s.a. (Brussels) List 226 (Sept.-Déc.2003), 1-3. A crude three-figure imitation overstruck on a follis of Maurice, with about one-thirdclipped off as well as the corners.

Grierson, P. "The Isaurian Coins of Heraclius," Numismatic Chronicle 6th series, 11 (1951), 56-67. See Hahn, 1977.

Philip Grierson, "The Monetary Reforms of )Abd al-Malik: Their Metrological Basis and TheirFinancial Repercussions," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 3 (1960),241-60. Pp. 246-47 discuss the date of the standing caliph AE.

Grierson, Philip, and Alan Shaw. "A New Follis Type of Constans II," Numismatic Circular 94(1986), 10. A NEA coin, identified as a follis of Constans year 15.

Grierson, P., in A Survey of Numismatic Research 1966-1971, II, p. 8. See Hahn, 1977.

Gromotka, Günter E. "Einige Anmerkungen zu Gegenstempeln auf Münzen des syro-palästinensischen Raums aus der 2. Hälfte des 7. Jahrhunderts," Westfalia Numismatica 1988:Festschrift zur Feier des 75jährigen Bestehens des Vereins der Münzfreunde für Westfalen(Schriftenreihe der Münzfreunde Minden, 13; Minden, Germany, 1988), 14-19. Counterstampson Constans II imitations and Arab imperial-type issues found in northern Syria; argues that MIBKm 4 is of Justinian II; general remarks on counterstamps.

Hahn, W. "Minting Activity in the Diocese of Oriens under Heraclius," Numismatic Circular 85(1977), 307-08. Discusses a group of folles from a small number of dies, with mint marksTHEΥP, CON, and CONOB, which Grierson, 1951, had labelled "unofficial imitations" (alsodiscussed by Balty, 1970, and G. E. Bates, 1970, above), and argues for their authenticity as pro-

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ducts of a mint in Antioch, 618-26. He places the issues of several eastern mints in chronologi-cal sequence: Cyprus, Seleucia Isauriae, Isaura vetus, Antiochia, and then again Cyprus, allbefore 629. A mobile military mint for gold is also described.

Hahn, Wolfgang. Moneta imperii byzantini von Heraclius bis Leo III./Alleinregierung(610-720). (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Veroffentlichungen der numismati-schen Kommission, X; Vienna, 1981). Imitations of Heraclius: p. 93; Carthage imitations; pp.108-110: include Jerusalem, Nablus, Antioch mints, imitations of other mints; p. 111: counter-stamps; pp. 112-15: Alexandria. Constans II: pp. 140-41: Syrian imitations and countermarks;pp. 141-42: Alexandria and its imitations.

Hebert, R. J. "The Early Coinage of Bilād al-Shām," in Proceedings of the Second Symposium onBilād al-Shām in the Early Islamic Period up to 40 A.H./640 A.D., I (ed. M. A. Bakhit; Amman:University of Jordan, 1987), 133-54. The story is carried up to the post-reform period, with 26illustrated examples.

Heidemann, Stefan. "The Merger of Two Currency Zones in Early Islam. The Byzantine andSasanian Impact on the Circulation in Former Byzantine Syria and Northern Mesopotamia," Iran36 (1998), 95-112. Includes general considerations on the evolution of copper coinage in Syriafrom the late Byzantine to Abbasid eras, particularly the relationship between Syrian and Con-stantinople coinage, in a larger monetary history context.

Ilisch, Lutz. “Griechische Buchstabengegenstempel auf umayyadischen Kupfermünzen",Münstersche Numismatische Zeitschrift 9, no. 3 (August 1979), 36-37.

Ilisch, Lutz. Sylloge Numorum Arabicorum Tübingen. IVa Bilād aš-Šām I: Palästina. Tübin-gen: Ernst Wasmuth Verlag, 1993. An essential reference for the coinage of Junds Filastin andal-Urdunn, and part of Jund Dimashq.

Ilisch, Lutz. "Die umayyadischen und )abbāsidischen Kupfermünzen von .Him .s: Versuch einerChronologie," Münstersche Numismatische Zeitung 10, 3 (August 1980), 23-30. The firstattempt to put the copper coinage of a mint in order, and still a model, although some minor cor-rections can now be made.

Janis, Edward. "Arab-Byzantine Coinage in Eretz Yisroal (Part 2)," The Shekel 11, 3 (May-June1978), 31-33. Brief general discussion; illustrates four coins (Baysan, Tabariyya, Iliya). Theother parts are not relevant for this subject.

Karukstis, Charles Paul. "Comments on the al-wafā lillāh coinage," draft paper on file. Ananalysis of Milstein's group A.

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Karukstis, Charles Paul. “Meshorer's <Enigmatic Coin' Revisited,” presented at ANS Arab-Byzantine Forum V (1999); draft paper on file. A listing and discussion of the group with m,KALON in various forms, and possibly Tiberiado in corrupt form.

El-Kholi, Muhammad. "Neue Aspekte zu arabo-byzantinischen Münzen min Kaiserbild," inSyrien von den Aposteln zu den Kalifen (Linzer Archäologische Forschungen 21; Mainz andLinz, 1993), 501-09.

El-Kholi, Muhammad. "al-Sikka fī madīnat .Him .s ibān al-)ahd al-umawī," Majallat al-Ba .hth al-Ta'rīkhī (1990), 45-83. Coinage of Hims during the Umayyad period.

Kindler, Arie. The Coins of Tiberias [in Hebrew]. Tiberias: Hamei Tiberias, 1961. Illustrates athree-figure coin of Tabariyya in the Tiberias Museum, as well as two post-reform.

Kirkbride, A. S. "Coins of the Byzantine-Arab Transition Period," Quarterly of the Departmentof Antiquities in Palestine 13 (1948), 59-63. Sixty-three crude imitations "collected in Trans-Jor-dan," classified, all illustrated.

Lane-Poole, S. Catalogue of Arabic Coins in the Khedivial Library, Cairo. London, 1897. Seven Arab-Byzantine coins were included; for more details, see the recent catalogue of theEgyptian National Library collection by Nicol and others.

Lowick, N. M. "Early Arab Figure Types," Numismatic Circular 78 (1970), 90-91. Six coins, allillustrated: 2 Baysan K (first publication); wasp-waist figure with bird; Antarado monogram type;Tilimsan coin; image type with palm.

Mackensen, Michael. "Die Fundmünzen," in Resafa I: Eine befestigte spätantike Anlage vor denStadtmauern von Resafa. (Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1984), 27-36. As theauthor notes, the site yielded no Arab-Byzantine coins, unlike most others in Syria. Page 29 note98 provides a complete list of Byzantine and Arab-Byzantine archeological excavation reportsfrom Syria and nearby places.

Mansfield, S. J. "A Byzantine Irregular Issue of 'Year 20'," Numismatic Circular 100 (April1992), 81-82. Twenty-four coins, one from Cyprus, nearly all others from Beirut, with ONCreversed mintmark and false date XX, perhaps inspired by Constans II folles.

Mansfield, Steve, Marcus Phillips and Susan Tyler-Smith. “Coinage and History in the SeventhCentury Near East - 23 and 24 November 2002,” ONS Newsletter 174 (Winter 2003), 2-3. Areport on a symposium held at Birmingham University. The papers were by Cécile Morrisson,“Coinage and its context in seventh century Syria;” Marcus Phillips, “Currency in seventh cen-tury Syria as a historical source;” Simon Bendall, “Byzantine Mint of Jerusalem;” TonyGoodwin, “The strange coinage of Jund Filastin;” Susan Tyler-Smith, “Calendars and corona-

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tions: the numismatic and literary evidence for the accession of Khusrau II;” Henri Pottier,“Coinage in Syria under the Persian Occupation;” Alan Walmsley, “Operation of the mint atJarash in the jund al-Urdunn;” Lutz Ilisch, “Mints and minting rights for copper coinage in jundQinnasrin in the early Islamic period;” Andrew Oddy, “Die Study of the ‘Constans II bust’ typecoins of Hims (Emesa);” John Haldon, “System and Tradition, Continuity and Opportunism inpost-Conquest Syrian administration.” Most of the papers are to be published.

Marot, Teresa. "Monedas omeyas halladas en el mercado romano de Gerasa," in III Jarique deNumismática Hispano-árabe, Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, 13-16 diciembre 1990(Madrid, 1992), 291-98. The coins found at Jerash included Baysan issues, Arab-Byzantine fromother mints, standing caliph, and post-reform Arabic.

Meshorer, Yaacov. “Coins of Jerusalem under the Umayyads and Abbasids [in Hebrew],” in TheHistory of Jerusalem: The Early Islamic Period (638-1099) (ed. Joshua Prawer; Jerusalem,1987), 337-44. Includes coppers of IEROSO and IEROSOL, attributed to the Persian invasionperiod, and standing caliph coppers of Īliyā, as well as reformed Arabic coins of Īliyā and al-Quds.

Meshorer, Yaacov. "An Enigmatic Arab-Byzantine Coin," Israel Numismatic Journal 3(1965-66), 32-36. An example of Walker, p. 46 figs. 5-6, illustrated; Meshorer reads reverse asKALONOLAK and reads TIB on obverse.

Metcalf, D. M. "An Early Arab-Byzantine Coin From Cyprus?" Numismatic Report (CyprusNumismatic Society) 22-25 (1991-94), 43. With KΥΠP obverse right, possibly.

Metcalf, D. M. "Some Byzantine and Arab-Byzantine Coins from Palaestina Prima," Israel Nu-mismatic Journal 2, nos. 3-4 (1964), 32-46. Interesting general discussion on the supply of coin-age to Syria. The coins listed are from Lachish, near Eleutherapolis, now in the AshmoleanMuseum, Oxford. The catalogue includes 4 Egyptian Arab-Byzantine, listed as genuine Heracli-us; 1 or 2 Constans II imitations, listed under that emperor; fals of Ba)alabakk; 21 coins of crudeimitation type. Most are illustrated.

Metcalf, D. M., and S. Payne. "Some Byzantine and Arab-Byzantine Coins Obtained in Jerusa-lem," NCirc 73, 6 (June 1965), 130-32; NCirc 73, 12 (December 1965), 257-58, 255. (Only thesections of this serial article with Arab-Byzantine coins are listed.) Coins were acquired in Jeru-salem on several occasions in 1963. Numerous heavy Justin-Sophia coins, but all seem to beoriginal Roman issue. Five Alexandrian, incl. 3 "PersoByzantine"; 9 Ba)alabakk, Damascus &imitations, Hims, Tabariyya (5 illustrated); 1 Antardo monogram type.

Metcalf, D. M.: see also Pitsillides, below.

Michael L. Bates

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Metcalf, William E. "Three Seventh-Century Byzantine Gold Hoards," American NumismaticSociety Museum Notes 25 [1980], 97-101. The hoards are from Bilad al-Sham; one of themincludes an Arab-Byzantine solidus.

Miles, George C. "The Iconography of Umayyad Coinage," Ars Orientalis 3 (1959), 207-13.Review of Walker's BM catalogues. Illustrates 8 imperial types, 8 standing caliph, and one Arab-ic fals overstruck on Hims bust type, all from ANS collection.

Milstein, Rachel. "A Hoard of Early Arab Figurative Coins," Israel Numismatic Journal 10(1988-89), 3-26. Catalogues 158 coins from the Irbid hoard. The first attempt at a die-study ofthe crude imitative coins.

Mitchiner, Michael. Oriental Coins and their Values: The World of Islam. London: Hawkins,1977. Includes 15 Arab-Byzantine coins, with mints Damascus, Hims, Iliya Filastin and with al-wafā' lillāh inscription.

Morgenstern, Rudolf. "Comentario sobre algunas monedas orientales de la época de transición,"Numisma 28 (1978), 399-408. Seven imperial type fulus (Baysan, Tabariyya, Ba)alabakk); 5standing caliph (Halab, Dimashq, Iliya); 5 post-reform with images, no mints (lion, cup, pome-granate, scorpion, eagle); all from his collection.

Morgenstern, Rudolf. "Comentario sobre algunas monedas orientales de la época de transición,"Gaceta Numismatica 49 (June 1978), 54-62. Seems to be identical to his Numisma article, above.

Morrisson, Cécile. "La monnaie en Syrie byzantine," in Archeologie et histoire de la Syrie, II (ed.Jean-Marie Dentzer and Winfried Orthmann; Saarbrücken, 1989), 191-204. Includes an impor-tant detailed survey of seventh-century material, discussing imitations both official and unofficialfrom the Arab period.

Morrisson, Cécile. "Le monnayage omeyyade et l'histoire administrative et économique de laSyrie," in La Syrie de Byzance à l'Islam, VIIe-VIIIe siècles. Actes du Colloque international,Lyon - Maison de l'Orient Méditerranéen, Paris - Institut du Monde Arabe, 11-15 Septembre1990, ed. Pierre Canivet and Jean-Paul Rey-Coquais (Damascus: Institute Français de Damas,1992), 309-21. A very important reaction by a leading Byzantinist to Bates' articles, with usefulcorrections and refinements. In a survey of the coinage of Syria under the Umayyads basedlargely on the work of Bates, it is proposed, in contrast to Bates' very restricted dating of allByzantine-type Arab gold and copper to 692-94, to place the imitation solidi without crossesearlier, perhaps as early as 660, and the bilingual Arab-Byzantine bronze coinage in the periodca. 680-94, because of its abundance and the extensive wear of many specimens. The decentral-ization of copper minting in Umayyad Syria and its economic implications are discussed, withremarks on the distribution of finds at archeological sites.

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C. Morrisson, Ann. de l'Ecole des hautes études IV sec., 1972/73, p. 334. See Hahn, 1977.

C. Morrisson, RN 6, 16 (1975), 198. See Hahn, 1977.

al-Nabarawi, Rafat. "Fulūs )Ammān wa-Jarash fī .sadr al-Islām," Yarmouk Numismatics 1 (1989),15-30. Illustrates 2 figure imperial and standing caliph issues of Amman (1 each), but noArab-Byzantine coins of Jerash.

Naghawī, )Ā'ida. "Umayyad Filses Minted at Jerash," Syria 66 (1989), 219-22. Describes 3 AEof Justin and Sophia type counterstamped .tayyib.

Nassar, N.G. “Arabic Mints in Palestine and Trans Jordan,” Quarterly of the Department ofAntiquities of Palestine 13 (1948), 121-27. The list includes mints from every period, with briefreferences to published examples, but no coin descriptions.

Hans-Christoph Noeske, Münzfunde aus Ägypten, I: Die Münzfunde des ägyptischen Pilgerzent-rums Abu Mina und die Vergleichsfunde aus den Diocesen Aegyptus und Orients vom 4.-8. Jh. n.Chr. Studien zu Fundmünzen der Antike, 12. Berlin: Mann, 2000. Nearly all the coins frommany Syrian and Egyptian sites are tabulated and discussed in three volumes.

Norman D. Nicol, Rāfat el-Nabarawy, and Jere L. Bacharach. Catalog of the Islamic Coins,Glass Weights, Dies and Medals in the Egyptian National Library, Cairo. American ResearchCenter in Egypt / Catalogs. Malibu, CA: Undena, 1982.

Oddy, Andrew. "Arab Imagery on Early Umayyad Coins in Syria and Palestine: Evidence forFalconry," NC 1991, 59-66. Discusses the birds on coins, arguing that they are falcons; illus-trates 30 examples, mostly Damascus and imitations but also 2 Tabariyya standing emperor.

Oddy, Andrew, and Paul Pavlou. "A Barbarous Bronze from Seventh Century Syria," ONS News-letter 145 (Summer 1995), 3. Three imitations based on Hims prototypes, or combining ele-ments from Hims and Damascus, die-linked to one another.

Oddy, W. A. "The 'Constans II' Bust Type of Arab-Byzantine Coins of Hims," Revue numisma-tique 1987, 192-97. Two new varieties; 11 coins illustrated.

Oddy, W. A. "The Early Islamic Coinage of Hims: A New Type," ONS Newsletter 124(May-June 1990), unpaged. A new subvariety of the Greek-only bust type.

Oddy, Andrew. "The Early Umayyad Coinage of Baisān and Jerash," Aram 6 (1994), 405-18.Notes die-linkage between coins of the two mints; and illustrates an important overstrike of aBaysān coin on a three-figure .Tabariyya coins, proving the former issue to be contemporary withor later than the latter.

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Oddy, Andrew. "Imitations of Constans II Folles of Class 1 or 4 Struck in Syria," NumismaticCircular 103, 4 (May 1995), 142-43. Lists some known examples of crude imitations with ANANEOS and suggests that they were local municipal issues, the predecessors of official Arab is-sues with mint names. One of these has dots within the m connecting it with other classes ofcrude imitations.

Oddy, W. A. "New Varieties of the Arab-Byzantine Coinage of Hims," ONS Newsletter 137(1993), unpaged. Six new coins.

Pavlou, P. "A Byzantine countermark on a 'follis' bearing the mint signature of Theoupolis (Anti-och)," ONS Newsletter 127 (11/1990-1/1991), [5]. The counterstamp HPAK, identified as avalidating mark of Heraclius or his sons datable ca. 629-42, on an imitative coin with THEY forAntioch, which the author identifies as neither Byzantine nor Persian, but early Arab, or rather ofthat epoch.

Pavlou, P. "Was There Ever a Mint in Cyprus?" unpublished paper delivered to the ONS studyday, British Museum, 3 July 1993.

Phillips, Marcus, and Tony Goodwin. "A Seventh-Century Syrian Hoard of Byzantine and Imita-tive Copper Coins," Numismatic Chronicle 157 (1997), 61-87. An article of great importance forthe imitations issued before `Abd al-Malik's minting.

Pitsillides, A.G., and D. M. Metcalf. "Islamic and Byzantine Coins in Cyprus during the Con-dominium Centuries," Epetiris tou Kentrou Epistimonikon Ereunon (Leukosia) 21 (1995), 1-13. Brief reference to Cypriote counterstamps of the era of Constantine IV, noting that the coins ofConstans on which the counterstamps are found are the last Roman issues to be brought toCyprus in quantity. The article itself is concerned with finds from ca. 691 to 1100.

Pitsillides, A. G., and D. M. Metcalf, "Some More Finds of Islamic and Byzantine Coins fromthe Condominium Centuries," Epetirida tou Kentrou Epistimonikon Ereunon (Leukosia) 23(1997), 1-7. Coins found in Cyprus, all eighth century or later.

Plant, Richard. "The Arab-Byzantine (Greek) Series," Seaby Coin & Medal Bulletin 735 (No-vember 1979), 357-63. Nice clear summary of Walker Classes I-IV illustrated by line drawings;with a map, but nothing new.

Prawdzic-Golemberski, E. J., and D. M. Metcalf. "The Circulation of Byzantine Coins on theSouth-Eastern Frontiers of the Empire," NC 1963, 83-92. Examines a parcel of 28 coins pur-chased in Baghdad at various times in the early sixties. Includes coins of Alexandria and Car-thage; the authors believe coins passed to Iraq not through Antioch, because the composition ofthis lot is not paralleled by site finds at Antioch, but rather eastwards from Alexandria throughPalestine. Interesting discussion of Alexandrian issues in sixth century, mentioning Egyptian

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hoards of seventh century. Coins include Egyptian Arab-Byzantine; Hims BM.64; Constans IIoverstruck on Heraclius; some illustrated.

Reis, Leonhard, and Nikolaus Schindel, “Von Mäusen und Menschen: Frühislamische Bronze-münzen mit bildlichen Darstellungen,” Money Trend (Vienna) February 1999, 56-63; March1999, 60-63; April 1999, 56-61; July-August 1999, 60-65; November 1999, 60-65. Summary, p.56: 1. Historical overview; predecessors and the beginning of Islamic coinage. 2. Umayyadcoinage; an investigative overview of the image coins. 3. Unusual image types in detail. 4. Catalogue of the coins from private collections. A series of the greatest importance, summariz-ing the state of the art in 1999, with many new insights. Section headings: 1) [2/99, 56] Introduc-tion. 2) [2/99, 56-58] Historical sketch of early Islamic history up to the beginning of the Abbas-ids. 3) [2/99, 58-62; 3/99, 60-63; 4/99, 56-59] A short sketch of early Islamic numismatics untilthe end of the Umayyads (AD 750). 4) [4/99, 59-60; 7-8/99, 60-65] The early Islamic imagecoins. 11/99: Catalogue of pieces from Austrian private collections.

Qedar, Shraga. "The Coins of Tiberias in the Period of Arab Rule" [in Hebrew] in The Book ofTiberias (ed Oded Avissar; Jerusalem 1973), 60-68. Includes several irregular issues assigned toTabariyya, the regular Tabariyya series with three figures, and the reform coinage with mintnames Tabariyya and al-Urdunn (as well as Fatimid issues).

Qedar Collection photographs: 206 coins total, all Arab-Byzantine; among the present writer'spersonal papers; very strong on Baysan series; also on irregular types (e.g., BON); also Tiberias(Tabariyya); also Filastin standing caliph.

Qedar, Shraga. "Copper Coinage of Syria in the Seventh and Eighth Century A.D.," IsraelNumismatic Journal 10 (1988-89), 27-39. Illustrates 18 image types, 6 standing caliph. MintsBaysan, Jerusalem, Damascus, Diospolis, Tiberias, Tabariyya, Amman, Iliya, Ludd, Yubna.

Qedar, Shraga. "A Hoard of Monetary Reform Fulus," Israel Numismatic Journal 8 (1984-85),65-75. A hoard of 90 AE, reformed type with simple shahada, 6 of Iliya, 7 of Ludd, and 77 withno mint name; all apparently overstruck on Arab-Byzantine and Byzantine imitation types, ofwhich 7 are of Ludd, 2 of Diospolis (Ludd; identified here for the first time), 3 Iliya, 1 Amman, 3Tabariyya, 3 Yubna, 3 Dimashq, and 4 Hims. Two of the underlying coins were countermarked,one "bi-Ludd." Undertypes include imperial and standing caliph types. The hoard offers impor-tant evidence for the chronology of the introduction of Arabic fulus.

al-Sa`ad, Ziad, and Nayef Goussous. "Scientific Analysis of a Collection of Early Ummayad[sic] Copper-Based Coins of Bilad al-Sham," Yarmouk Numismatics 9 (1997), 19-38. Providesmetal composition data for 17 different seventh and eighth-century coins (illustrated), showingcopper, tin, lead, zinc, iron, nickel, arsenic, gold and antimony. See Goussous, Umayyad, above.

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Salīm `Arafāt al-Mubayya .d. al-Nuqūd al-`arabiyya al-filis.tīniyya wa-sikkatuhā al-madaniyyawa'l-ajnabiyya min al-qarn al-sādis qabl al-mīlād wa- .hatta `ām 1946. Cairo: General EgyptianBook Commission, 1989. Review by Nāyif al-Qusūs, Yarmouk Numismatics 3 (1991), 59-74.

Shamma, Samir. al-Nuqūd al-Islāmiyya allatī .duribat fī Filas.tīn (Damascus, 1980). Includes 6illustrated imperial image types, from Baysan, Jarash, Iliya, Tabariyya.

Shamma, Samīr. "Nuqūd al-jazīra al-`arabiyya athnā'a khilāfat Banī Umayya." Yarmouk Numis-matics 5 (1993), 13-27.

Treadwell, W. L. “The Chronology of the Pre-Reform Copper Coinage of Early Islamic Syria,”Supplement to ONS Newsletter 162 (Winter 2000), 1-14. Argues that the extensive coinage ofDamascus, Hims, and Tabariyya; the many diverse types in addition to the standard types at eachmint; and the difference between the copper coinage and the gold and silver coinage of Damas-cus in 72, including the crosses on copper; and the improbability that imitation imperial-typecoins were produced in Syria in a later epoch when the official coinage was Arabic, all suggestthat the Official Imperial Image coinage began earlier, in the late Sufyanid period.

M. Abu-l-Faraj al-Ush, "Traces du classicisme dans la numismatique arabe-islamique," AnnalesArcheologiques Arabes Syriennes 21 (1971), pp. 303-27. Discusses several different Arab-Byzantine issues in general, including the first publication of an Arab-Byzantine-Pahlavi coin ofRoman Sicilian prototype, now believed not to have any Pahlavi inscription.

Walmsley, Alan G. The Administrative Structure and Urban Geography of the Jund of Filastinand the Jund of al-Urdunn. Ph.D. thesis, University of Sydney, Australia, 1987.

Walmsley, Alan G. "The Social and Economic Regime at Fihl (Pella) Between the 7th and 9thCenturies," in La Syrie de Byzance à l'Islam VIIe-VIIIe siècles: Actes du Colloque international,Lyon - Maison de l'Orient Méditerranéen, Paris - Institut du Monde Arabe, 11-15 Septembre1990 (ed. Pierre Canivet et Jean-Paul Rey-Coquais; Damascus: Institut Français de Damas,1992), 249-61. Lists coins from Jarash, pp. 258-59: pre-reform, 48 from Baysan and Jarash, 3from Dimashq, no others; post-reform: much wider geographical distribution.

Zuhdī [Zouhdi], Bashīr. "Aqdam al-nuqūd al-Dimashqiyya wa-namādhijuhā fī al-Mat .haf al-Wa.tanī bi-Dimashq," Annales archéologiques arabes syriennes 26 (1976), 73-102. Primarily onthe pre-Islamic era, from Seleucids onward, but pages 96-97 list (without illustration) some"Byzantine" and Arab-Byzantine coins in the National Museum, Damascus, as well as Umayyaddinars and dirhams, and an outline list of subsequent Muslim issues.

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Excavation reports

This section in particular has been largely taken from the bibliography compiled by Alan Walm-sley and R. T. Sparks (see introduction).

Amman: Hadidi, Adnan, “Some Bronze Coins from Amman,” Annual of the Department ofAntiquities of Jordan 18 (1973), 51-53. Include a copper from Damascus and an Arab-Byzantinecopper from Tabariyya.

Amman: Northedge, A.E. Qal`at `Amman in the Early Islamic Period. Ph.D. thesis, Universityof London, 1984. Finds included a copper of Constans II and a standing caliph coin possibly ofAmman.

Antioch: Miles, George C. "Islamic Coins," in Antioch on-the-Orontes, IV, 1, Ceramics andIslamic Coins (ed. Frederick O. Waage; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948), 109-124.

Assur: Heidemann, Stefan, and Peter A. Miglus, “Fundmünzen aus Assur und Lokalgeschichtein Islamischer Zeit,” in Peter A. Miglus. Das Wohngebiet von Assur, Stratigraphie und Architek-tur. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft, 93 (Berlin: Gebr.Mann, 1996), pp. 353-376. Although Assur lies outside the boundaries of the Byzantine empire,Constans II coins were found there, showing their spread in circulation under the Arabs.

Bethany: Saller, Sylvester J. Excavations at Bethany (1949-1953). Jerusalem: FranciscanPrinting Press, 1957. The finds included a “trimmed” copper of Constantinople, a fals with “cutsides,” and an SCL copper, clipped.

Caesarea Maritima: Adamesteanu, Dinu (et al.). Scavi di Caesarea Maritima (Rome:Bretschneider, 1966). A dodecanummia of Alexandria was found.

Caesarea Maritima: Lampinen, Peter, “The Coins, Preliminary Report, 1990,” in CaesareaPapers: Straton's Tower, Herod's Harbour, and Roman and Byzantine Caesarea (ed. R. L.Vann; Ann Arbor, 1992), 169–170. Describes 10 dodecanummi of Alexandra, identified asTiberius, Phocas (DOC 106), and Phocas-type with Arabic inscription.

Capernaum: Wilson, J.F. “The Bronze and Silver Coins,” in Vassilios Tzaferis, ed., Excava-tions at Capernaum volume 1: 1978-1982 (Winona Lake, WI: Eisenbrauns, 1989), 139-143. Three Arab-Byzantine coins, of Damascus, Scythopolis, and Tabariyya.

Déhès: Morrisson, Cécile. "Les monnaies," in J.-P. Sodini et al., "Déhès (Syrie du Nord),Campagnes I-III (1976-78): Recherches sur l'habitat rural," Syria 57 (1980), 267-87. Accordingto the identifications made at the time, the site yielded 6 Byzantine coins of 641-74, 8 imitations,

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and one standing caliph copper (as well as earlier and later coins; there were 100 coins in all; shereported in 1999 that 131 more coins, similarly distributed, have been found in subsequentseasons).

Dibon: Winnett, Fred V. The Excavations at Dibon (Dhiban) in Moab. Part I: the first cam-paign, 1950-1951 (Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 36-37; New Haven,1964). Included a copper of Constantinople, perhaps Arab-Byzantine.

Hammat Gader: Amitai-Preiss, N., and A. Berman. "Muslim Coins," in The Roman Bath ofHammat Gader--Final Report (ed. Y. Hirschfeld; Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1997),301-18.

Jerash: Bellinger, A.R. Coins from Jerash, 1928-1934. Numismatic Notes and Monographs no.81. New York: American Numismatic Society, 1938. The coins found included 32 large cop-pers imitating the sixth-century Roman coinage with Justin II and Sophia enthroned, including 24identifiable as Scythopolis/Baysan issues and 3 with an Arabic counterstamp. The coins werelater given to the Yale University Numismatic Collection. In 1998 they were loaned to the ANSfor measurement and photography, and will be discussed by Harry Bone in his forthcomingPrinceton Ph.D. thesis.

Jerash: Harding, Lankester, “Recent Work on the Jerash Forum,” Palestine Exploration Quar-terly (1949), 12-20. Mentions 11 Arab-Byzantine coins, without details.

Jericho: Miles, George C. "The Excavation at Herodian Jericho, 1951: Catalogue of IslamicCoins," Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 32-33 (1952-54), 29-41. Includesa standing caliph fals with M, like Walker 104, without mint name, possibly an overstrike; andEgyptian coins.

Jerusalem: Gitler, Haim, “A Comparative Study of Numismatic Evidence from Excavations inJerusalem,” Liber Annuus 46 (1996), 317-362. Mentions three coppers, mints not named,identified as “Kirkbride general types F-N.”

Jerusalem: Tushingham, A.D. Excavations in Jerusalem 1961-1967, 1. Toronto: Royal OntarioMuseum, 1985. Coins includes two AE from Iliya Filastin.

Jerusalem: Wightman, G.J. The Damascus Gate, Jerusalem. Excavations by C.-M. Bennett andJ.B. Hennessy at the Damascus Gate, Jerusalem, 1964-66. BAR International Series 519. Oxford: BAR, 1989. Included one Hims Arab-Byzantine coin.

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Tel Jezreel: Moorhead, T.S.N., “The Late Roman, Byzantine and Umayyad periods at Tel Jez-reel,” Tel Aviv 24 (1997), 129-166. Mentions 3 Arab-Byzantine AE of Tabariyya, one of Baysan,and 3 with no mint name, as well as two other coins of Byzantine type.

Tell Keisan: Fulco, William J. “Catalogue des monnaies,” in Tell Keisan (1971-1976): une citéphénicienne en Galilée (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 1; ed. Jacques Briendand Jean-Baptiste Humbert; Paris: J. Gabalda? 1980), pp. 238-41. Included one three-standing-figures copper.

Kursi Gergesa: M. Sharabani, “Coins,” in Tzaferis, Vassilios, “The Excavations of Kursi-Gergesa,” Atiqot 16 (1983). Included 2 AE, one of which was an Arab-Byzantine 3-figure typeof Tabariyya.

Nabratayn: Joyce Raynor, “Numismatic report of Nabratein 1980,” in Eric M. Meyers, James F.Strange, Carol L. Meyers and Joyce Raynor,“Preliminary Report on the 1980 Excavations at en-Nabratein, Israel,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 244 (1981), 15-21. Included 30 Arab-Byzantine coins.

Nessana: Bellinger, A.R. “Coins,” in Excavations at Nessana, I (ed. H.D. Colt, London: BritishSchool of Archaeology in Jerusalem, 1962), pp. 70-75. Among the finds were a Constans IIstanding figure imitation, 2 Islamic coppers attributed to Raqqa (for Ramla?) with sprig in circle,and a Damascus standing figure copper.

Pella: R. H. Smith and L. P. Day. Pella of the Decapolis, Vol. 2. Wooster, Ohio, 1986.

Pella: Alan Walmsley, "Islamic Coins: Catalogue Series 6" in Pella in Jordan 1979-1990: TheCoins (ed. Kate da Costa; Adapa Monograph Series 1; Sydney: Adapa, 2001), 57-66, 147-53, pls.14-15. Thirty-nine Arab-Byzantine, Umayyad (including ten dinars from two "hoards" and adirham), Abbasid, and Mamluk coins. Walmsley compares the finds from Smith and Day, 1986,above.

Samaria: Crowfoot, J.W., Crowfoot, G.M.; and K. M. Kenyon. The Objects from Samaria.London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1957. A copper of Tiberias was found.

Sepphoris: Waterman, L.Preliminary Report of the University of Michigan Exacavtions atSepphoris, Palestine in 1931 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1937). Includes four coinsprobably Arab-Byzantine, of Damascus and Tabariyya.

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Mount Tabor. Battista, A., and B. Bagatti. La Fortezza Saracena del Monte Tabor (AH. 609-15: AD. 1212-18). Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Collectio Minor N. 18. Jerusalem: Francis-can Printing Press, 1976. A copper of Hims (identified as a coin of Heraclius from Emesa) wasfound at this thirteenth-century site.

Important auction catalogues

Bank Leu Auction 36, 7/5/1985, no. 415, an “Arab-Byzantine-Pahlavi” coin now in the ANS,1985.115.1; see Annual Report of the ANS 1985, p. 14 no. 9.

Sotheby 9-10/3/1989, nos. 341 etc.

Spink London 18/2/86, no. 89.

Spink Zurich auction 22, 1987: “Coins of the Arab World” (cataloged by Robert and ElisabethDarley-Doran). In addition to a three-standing-figure gold dinar, the sale included importantcoins of Baysan, Tabariyya, Yubna Filastin, Dimascus, and two figures with no mint name.

Spink Zurich auction 31, 20/6/1989, nos. 185, 189-90, 192, 194-95, 197, 204: rare and importantArab-Byzantine coins with interesting commentary.

Manuscript note collections

Notes by W. A. Oddy, 14/3/1987, on unusual coins in V. Popp collection. Copy in Bates'offprint file under Oddy. Include quite a number of new irregular Arab-Byzantine types.

Arab-Byzantine Coinage of Egypt

The Roman-style Egyptian copper coinage of the seventh and perhaps eighth century had noapparent connection to the corresponding issues of Syria. The prototype for the Egyptian issueswas the Roman Byzantine seventh-century coinage of Alexandria. The Egyptian coins are,however, often found in Palestine and other southern districts of Syria.

Awad, Henri Amin. "Seventh Century Arab Imitations of Alexandrian Dodecanummia," Ameri-can Numismatic Society Museum Notes 18 (1972), pp. 113-17. Written in close collaborationwith George C. Miles, this was the first attempt to set out a general classification of the Arabimitations of seventh-century Roman Alexandrian coinage.

Jere L. Bacharach and Henry Amin Awad, "Rare Early Egyptian Islamic Coins and CoinWeights: The Awad Collection," Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 18 (1981),pp. 51-56. Among the coins, all found at Fustat, were the first identifiable coins with the mint-name MACP.

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ANS has

ANS has

Lidia Domaszewicz and Michael L. Bates, "The Copper Coinage of Egypt in the Seventh Cen-tury,"in volume to honor Dr. Henry Amin Awad, ed. Jere Bacharach, American University inCairo Press (Cairo, 2002).

`Imād Badr al-Dīn Abū Ghāzī, "Jadal .hawla `umla Skandariyya ta .hmilu hilālan ya .htawī .salīban,"Dirāsāt Āthāriyya Islāmiyya 2 (1980), 93-99. [Debate about a coin of Alexandria bearing acrescent surrounding a cross]. Cites `Abd al-Ra .hmān Fahmī, "Tu .haf nādira min al-maskūkātwa'l-awzān wa'l-akhtām islāmiyya," Majallat al-Majma` al-`Ilmī al-Mi .srī 53-54 (1971-73), ....;and Mu .hammad Bāqir al- .Husaynī, "Dirāsāt wa-ta .hqīqāt islāmiyya `an nuqūd al-thawār wa'l-da`āya wa'l-shi`ārāt," al-Maskūkāt 5 (1974), 35-45. The latter seem to see it as a Muslim propa-ganda coin, while Abu Ghazi argues that the crescent was a cultural symbol since the earliesttimes and specifically a Byzantine symbol on their coins.

Milne, J. G. "Report on the Coins Found at Antinoe in 1914," Numismatic Chronicle series 6, 7(1947), pp. 108-14.

Phillips, J. R. "The Byzantine Bronze Coins of Alexandria in the Seventh Century," NumismaticChronicle series 7, 2 (1962), pp. 225-41.

Addenda awaiting integration:

Goodwin paper compiling information on countermarks, in 8.5x11 pamphlet file under Goodwin.

Goodwin paper compiling information on overstrikes, in same file. Both are important.

978 (47) 27/1/00: Album, Stephen. "Seventh century—Part I: Islamic conquerorsadapted local Byzantine coinage," The Celator: Numismatic Art of Antiquity 2, no. 4(April 1988), pp. I, VI, XV, XVII; 2, no. 7 (July 1988). Find the latter, get subject and title. Write a little summary blurb for the A-B bibliography. Collect all Album articles up to but notincluding III, 6, which is photocopied. Check vol. IV for any subsequent articles.

979 (47) 27/1/00: add Grierson, Byzantine Coins, Grierson, DOC II, and Hendy, toA-B bibliography.