क� द्र�य भू�म �ल बो

जल संसाधन, नद� �वकास और गंगा सरं�ण मतंाला

भारत सरकार Central Ground Water Board

Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation

Government of India

Report on

AQUIFER MAPS AND GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN

Khatav (Vaduj) Taluka, Satara District,

Maharashtra

(Part-II)

मध्ा �ेत, नागपुर Central Region, Nagpur

Draft Report

भारत सरकार

Government of India जल ससंाधन, नद� �वकास एवं गगंा सरं�ण मतंाला Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation

केन्द् भू�म जल बोडर CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

Brief Report on Aquifer Maps and Ground Water Management Plan

KHATAV (VADUJ) TALUKA, SATARA DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA

खटाव (वडुज)

तालुका, सातारा िजल्ा, म्ाराष् मध् कष्, नागपुर/ Central Region, Nagpur

माचर 2017 / March 2017

जलभतृ नक्् तता भभजल �बं न ्यजना पर सबिक् �रपयपो

2

PART-II

BRIEF REPORT ON AQUIFER MAPS AND GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT PLANS, KHATAV TALUKA, SATARA DISTRICT,

MAHARASHTRA STATE

CONTRIBUTORS

Principal Authors Anu Radha Bhatia : Scientist-D (Sr. Hydrogeologist) J. R. Verma : Scientist-D Supervision & Guidance D. Subba Rao : Regional Director Dr. P.K. Jain : Supdtg. Hydrogeologist Sourabh Gupta : Sr. Hydrogeologist A. B. Kavade : Sr. Hydrogeologist Hydrogeology, GIS maps and Management Plan

J. R. Verma : Scientist-D Hydrogeological Data Acquisition and Groundwater Exploration

Catherine Louis : Scientist-B Junaid Ahmad : Scientist-B Chemical Analysis Dr. Devsharan Verma : Scientist B (Chemist) Dr. Rajni Kant Sharma : Scientist B (Chemist) T. Dinesh Kumar : Assistant Chemist

3

PART-II

BRIEF REPORT ON AQUIFER MAPS AND GROUND WATER

MANAGEMENT PLANS, KHATAV TALUKA, SATARA DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA STATE

CONTENTS

1 BRIEF INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1

2 SALIENT FEATURES ............................................................................................................................. 2

3 AQUIFER DISPOSITION ....................................................................................................................... 4

4 GROUND WATER RESOURCE, EXTRACTION, CONTAMINATION AND OTHER ISSUES ........................ 6

5 GROUND WATER RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT AND PROPOSED MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS ... 8

5.1 Resource Enhancement by supply side interventions................................................................8

5.2 Resource Enhancement by demand side interventions.............................................................8

5.3 Probable Benefits .......................................................................................................................11

5.4 Regulatory Measures ................................................................................................................. 11

6 SUM UP ............................................................................................................................................ 12

1

BRIEF REPORT ON AQUIFER MAPS AND GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT PLANS, KHATAV TALUKA, SATARA DISTRICT,

MAHARASHTRA STATE 1 BRIEF INTRODUCTION

In XII five-year plan (2012-17), National Aquifer Mapping (NAQUIM) has been introduced to carry out detailed hydrogeological investigation on toposheet scale (1:50,000). Keeping in view the current demand vis-à-vis supply and futuristic requirement of water, Central Ground Water Board has taken up NAQUIM in Over-exploited, Critical and Semi-Critical talukas and prioritised stress areas. Hence, water stress area i.e., Khatav Taluka of Satara district has been taken up to carry out detailed hydrogeological investigation covering an area of 1358 sq.km in the year 2016-17. The index map of the study area is presented below- Fig 1.1.

Fig 1.1 Index map of the Study area

2

2 SALIENT FEATURES PARTICULARS Khatav District Satara State Maharashtra Area (sq.km.) 1358 Population (2011) Rural/Urban Total

275274/0 275274

Rainfall (mm) I. Normal Annual Rainfall

II. Current Rainfall (2016) III. Rainfall Trend (mm/yr)

579 mm 515.1 (-11 % deficient) 0.101 (1998 to 2016)

Agriculture (sq.km.) i. Principal Crops

Jawari Bajra Wheat Sugarcane Onion Cotton Groundnut Sunflower

ii. Cultivable Area iii. Net Sown Area iv. Forest

174.29 337.0 43.15 35.4 14.81 9.62 20.89 4.12 1034.81 655.38 41.21

Irrigation Sources (sq.km.) i. Ground water

ii. Surface Water

98.52 58.1

Data Utilised i. Key Observation Wells

ii. GW exploration iii. VES iv. GWQ sampling locations- AQI

AQII

44 17EW+ 6 OW 0 32 13

Existing / Future Water Demands (MCM) Domestic & Industrial Irrigation

5.89/ 11.26 (2025) 113.25 / 9.09

Water Level Behaviour Aquifer I Pre-monsoon WL (m bgl) Post-monsoon WL (m bgl) Pre-monsoon WL Trend –Rise (m/yr) Pre-monsoon WL Trend-Fall(m/yr) Post-monsoon WL Trend -Rise(m/yr) Post-monsoon WL Trend -Fall(m/yr) Aquifer II Pre-monsoon WL (Aq-II) m bgl Post-monsoon WL (Aq-II) m bgl

2.95 to 24 0.5 to 19.1 0.01 to 0.04 -0.01 to -1.36 0.00 to 0.1 -0.01 to -1.34 2.3 to 95.00 2 to 31.00

3

Fig 2.1 : Depth to water level of Aquifer I and Aquifer II

4

3 AQUIFER DISPOSITION

2-D and 3-D Aquifer Disposition

Aquifer: Basalt; Aquifer I - Weathered/Fractured Basalt: Depth range- 5 to 24 m and thickness of 4 to 14 m. Aquifer II - Jointed/Fractured Basalt: Depth range - 20 to 152 m, Thickness – 0.5 to 12 m

3-D Aquifer Disposition

Type of Aquifer

Formation Depth range (mbgl)

SWL (mbgl)

Fractures / weathered Zones encountered (m bgl)

Fractured / weathered rocks Thickness (m)

Yield Sustai-nability

Aquifer parameter (Transmissivity – m

2/day)

Sy / S Suitability for drinking/ irrigation

Aquifer-I Deccan Trap- Weathered/ Fractured Basalt

5 - 24 2.95 – 24 Upto 24 4 to 14 10 to 200m

3/day

1 to 2 Hours

9.25-89.04 0.019-0.028

Yes , suitable for both

Aquifer-II Jointed/ Fractured Basalt

20-152 12-95 Upto 152 0.5 to 12 Upto 5 lps 0.5 to 3 hours

10.85-131.11 3.34 x 10-4

- 5.9 x 10

-4

Yes, suitable for both, except High EC

Aquifer- I, Depth of occurrence & weathered/fractured rocks thickness

Aquifer-II, Depth of occurrence & fractured rocks thickness

Cumulative yield potential

4 GROUND WATER RESOURCE, EXTRACTION, CONTAMINATION AND OTHER ISSUES

Khatav Aquifer wise Ground Water Resource availability and Extraction

Ground Water Resource (MCM) Aquifer –I: upto 28 m Availability 133.61 Withdrawal 119.14 Ground Water Resource (MCM) Aquifer –II: 20 to 174 m

Availability 22.28 Withdrawal 0 Stage of GW Development 89.17% Present Category Semi-critical Ground Water Related Issues Over Exploitation The stage of ground water development has increased over the

period of time from 81.92% in 2008 to 89.17%. in 2013. The draft has increased from 11820 mcm in 2008 to 11914 mcm in 2013. Overdraft for irrigation purpose. Fig 4.1

Declining Water Levels Declining water level trend of more than 0.2m/year has been observed in 1142 Sq.km. (84% of the total area) in pre-monsoon and the post monsoon declining water level trend of more than 0.2m/year has been observed in about 812 Sq.km. (60% of the total area) Fig 4.2

Low Ground Water Potential /Limited Aquifer Thickness / Sustainability

Low ground water potential areas have been identified in 899 sq.km. ( Yield less than 25 m3/day , about 66 % of the total area of the taluka) due to restricted depth of weathering in Aquifer-I and limited aquifer potential of Aquifer-II about 912 sqkm having yield potential less than 1 lps . Sustainability of both the aquifers is limited and the wells normally sustain pumping of 0.5 to 3 hours.

Low Rainfall and Droughts

The short term rainfall analysis for the period 2006-2015 indicates that average rainfall is 554.78, whereas the long term rainfall data for 18 years (1998-2016) for the taluka was also analyzed and it indicates that normal rainfall is 579 mm . The current rainfall (2015) is 543.7 mm (07% deficient). From the decadal rainfall trend analysis from 2006 to 2015 it’s observed that, the taluka experiencing low and declining rainfall with frequent droughts.

7

ISSUE: OVER-EXPLOITATION

ISSUE: DECLINE OF WATER LEVEL

Fig 4.2 Pre-monsoon decline of water level @ >0.2m/year is 1142 Sqkm (84% of area ) and decline @> 0.2m/year about 812 sqkm (60% of the area) during post monsoon period

Fig 4.1 Stage of ground water development and draft

8

5 GROUND WATER RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT AND PROPOSED MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS

Khatav 5.1 Resource Enhancement by Supply Side Interventions Recharge Potential 33.14 Surface water requirement @ 75% efficiency 44.08 Availability of Surplus surface runoff 20.3 Surplus runoff considered for planning 20.3 Proposed Artificial Recharge Structures PT 71 CD 203 Volume of Water expected to be recharged @ 75% efficiency (MCM) 15.22 Proposed RTRWH Households to be covered 15030 Total RWH potential 0.42 Rainwater harvested / recharged @ 80% runoff co-efficient 0.34 Estimated Expenditure (Rs. in Cr.) 22.55 RTRWH Economically not viable & Not Recommended. Total estimated Cost of RTRWH would be- 21.64 Cr. For Harvesting 032 MCM of Rain Water.

Total volume of water expected to be recharged/ conserved by AR 15.22 Total Estimated Expenditure for AR 167.4

5.2 Resource Enhancement by Demand Side Interventions

DEMAND SIDE INTERVENTIONS Khatav Proposed Cropping Pattern change None Micro irrigation techniques Micro Irrigation Techniques in 70% sugarcane cropped area of 35.4 sq.km 24.74 Volume of Water expected to be saved (MCM). Surface Flooding req- 2.45 m. Drip Req. - 1.88, WUE- 0.57 m

14.1018

Estimated Expenditure (Rs. in Cr.) @ Rs. 60,000/- per acre 36.67952 Micro Irrigation Techniques in 40% double cropped area of 48.03 sq.km 19.212

Volume of Water expected to be saved (MCM). Surface Flooding req- 0.9m. Drip Req. - 0.5, WUE- 0.0.4 m

7.6848

Estimated Expenditure (Rs. in Cr.) @ Rs. 25,000/- per acre 11.86821 50% of Onion crop area (14.81) proposed to be covered under Drip (sq.km.) 7.405

Volume of Water expected to be saved (MCM). Surface Flooding req- 0.78 m. Drip Req. - 0.52, WUE- 0.26 m

1.93

Estimated Expenditure (Rs. in Cr.) @ Rs. 25,000/- per acre 4.57

9

Fig 5.1 Artificial recharge structures

10

Fig 5.2 Demand side intervention

11

5.3 Probable Benefits

Item Khatav Additional GW resources available after implementing above measures (MCM)

38.93

Volume of Water Required TO BRING STAGE OF GWD UPTO 70% 36.59

Balance GWR available for GW Development after STAGE OF GWD is brought to 70%

2.34

Additional Area (sq.km.) proposed to be brought under assured GW irrigation with av. CWR of 0.65 m AFTER 70% STAGE OF GWD IS ACHIEVED OR

3.6

5.4 Regulatory Measures

Khatav Regulatory Measures Regulation of wells below 60 m

12

6 SUM UP A thorough study was carried out based on data gap analysis, data generated in-house; data acquired from State Govt. departments and GIS maps prepared for various themes. All the available data was brought on GIS platform and an integrated approach was adopted for preparation of aquifer maps and aquifer management plans of Khatav Taluka, Satara district The study area is spanning over 1358 sq.km. Geologically, the area is occupied by Basalt and the stage of ground water development is 89.17 %. The area has witnessed ground water depletion and over exploitation over a period of time. In Aquifer-I, the deeper water levels of more than 10 m bgl are observed in the central part of the study area covering north to south elongated patch adjacent to the water divide of Yerala river and Nani nadi, while in Aquifer –II, in eastern and southern parts of the taluka. Declining water level trend > 0.20 m/yr (2007 to 2016). has been observed in about 1142 Sq.km. (84% area of the total area) during pre-monsoon. Declining water level trend of more than 0.2 m/year has been observed in 812 Sq.km. (60% area of the total area) in the post-monsoon. This has been due to cultivation of water intensive cash crop like sugarcane (35.4 sq.km), which is completely dependent on ground water irrigation. Ground water management plan has been prepared with the objective that decline of water level may be arrested and bringing the current stage of ground water development down to 70%, so that the taluka comes under Safe category by adopting both, supply side and demand side interventions. As a part of supply side interventions, a total of 71 Percolation Tanks and 203 Check Dam are proposed, which will augment ground water resources to the tune of 15.22 MCM (10.65 MCM by Percolation Tanks and 4.57 MCM by Check Dams). The total cost of implementing these interventions will be Rs. 167.4 crore.

As a part of demand side interventions, change in irrigation techniques from surface flooding to drip irrigation is also proposed. A total of 24.74 sq km of Sugarcane crop area is proposed to be covered under drip irrigation techniques instead of flood irrigation, which will save 14.10 MCM of water resources. The total cost of implementing these interventions will be Rs 36.679 crore. Double crop area of 19.2120 sq km and 7.405 Sq km area of Onion crop are also proposed to be covered under drip irrigation techniques instead of flood irrigation, which will save 9.61 MCM of water resources. The total cost of implementing these interventions will be Rs 16.44 crore In Khatav taluka, a total of 15.22 MCM resources will be augmented after adopting artificial recharges and 23.71 MCM will be saved after implementing water user efficiency measures (drip irrigation). This will bring the stage of ground water development to 70 %. Also, an area of 360 hectares is proposed to be brought under assured ground water irrigation with average crop water requirement (CWR) of 0.65 m.

These interventions will result in arresting the decline of water levels. Further, these interventions also need to be supported by regulation of deeper aquifer and hence, it is recommended to regulate/ban deeper tubewells/borewells of more than 60 m depth in Khatav Taluka, so that the deeper ground water resources are protected for future generation and also serve as ground water sanctuary in times of distress/drought. Similarly IEC activities and capacity building activities needs to be aggressively propagated to establish the institutional framework for participatory groundwater management.