Aqueous-Phase Chemistry in TM4-ECPL€¦ · Low volatile products can be formed through aqueous...
Transcript of Aqueous-Phase Chemistry in TM4-ECPL€¦ · Low volatile products can be formed through aqueous...
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Aqueous-Phase Chemistry in TM4-ECPL:
SOA Formation via Cloud Processes
Stelios Myriokefalitakis1
Kostas Tsigaridis2,3
Maria Kanakidou1
1Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
2NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY 10025, USA3Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA
TM meeting, Heraklion, June 2010
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Tropical forested areas
Aerosols in the Atmosphere
Continental mid-latitudes
Kanakidou et al., 2005
Organics Others
20% 50%
90%
SOA is the major component of atmospheric PM2.5
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Partitioning Theory-The Traditional view of SOA formation-
NO
NO2
VOC RO2
OH
O3
NO3
Semi-volatile compounds(gas-phase)
Carbonyls,Other gas phase species,
CO
ai
1-Σai
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Heald et al., 2005
Alt
itud
e (Κ
m)
Traditional view of SOA formation in Models fails to fully explain atmospheric observations
ModelsObs.
ModelsObs. Models
Obs.
Volkamer et al., 2007
Models
Obs.5-10
5-2010-100
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Closing the Gap Between Models and Observations
Low volatile products can be formed through aqueous reactions in clouds, fogsand wet aerosols (Blando and Turpin, 2000; Glencser and Varga, 2005; Ervens et al., 2004; Carltonet al., 2006; Volkamer et al., 2007, Lim et al., 2010, Ervens ad Volkamer, 2010)
Water soluble gases react (e.g., via photochemistry, acid catalysis, and withinorganic constituents) in the aqueous phase forming organic acids, oligomers,and organosulfates (Carlton et al., 2006; Guzman et al., 2006; Perri et al., 2010)
Lower volatility products are retained, at least in part, in the particle phaseafter water evaporation (Loeffler et al., 2006; El Haddad et al., 2009)
SOA formed through atmospheric aqueous chemistry is a strong candidate forclosing the gap between the measured organic aerosol and atmospheric modelpredictions in part because it is formed from different precursors
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SOA formation through aqueous chemistry
1. VOC photo-oxidation in the gas-phase2. Production of water-soluble organic compounds in the gas-phase (e.g.
aldehydes)3. Phase transfer between the gas and the aqueous phase4. Production of low volatile compounds in the aqueous-phase (e.g. oxalic acid)5. Upon cloud evaporation new organic particulate matter is formed
VOCO3
NO3
OH
R-CHOHenry
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Aqueous Phase Chemical Scheme in TM4-ECPL
ReactionsΑ
(mol - lt1s-1)
E/R
(K)Ref.
H2O2 + hv → 2OH IUPAC
SO2 + O3 → SO4= wetS.f90
SO2 +H2O2 → SO4= wetS.f90
OH + H2O2 → HO2 + H2O 2.7E7 Carlton et al., 2007
HO2 + HO2 → H2O2 + O2 8.3E5 Carlton et al., 2007
HOCHCH(OH)2 + OH → (OH)2CHCH(OH)2 + HO2 5.0E8 Lim et al., 2005
HOCHCH(OH)2 + OH → (OH)2CHCOOH + HO2 + HO2 + H2O 1.0E8 Lim et al., 2005
(OH)2CHCH(OH)2 + OH → (OH)2CHCOOH + HO2 1.1E9 1516 Lim et al., 2005
CH3COCH(OH)2 + OH → 0.86(OH)2CHCOOH + 0.14HCOOH 7.0E8 Lim et al., 2005
(OH)2CHCOOH + OH → (COOH)2 + HO2 + H2O 1.5E8 Lim et al., 2005
(COOH)2 + 2OH → 2CO2 + 2H2O 4.7E7 Lim et al., 2005
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The aqueous_phase module
TM meeting, Heraklion, June 2010
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HOCH2CH(OH)2(glycolaldehyde-hydrated)
CH3COCH(OH)2 (methylglyoxal-hydrated)
(OH)2CHCH(OH)2(glyoxal-hydrated)
HOCH2CHO(glyocolaldehyde)
CH3COCHO(methylglyoxal)
CHOCHO(glyoxal)
(OH)2CHCOOH(glyoxylic acid-hydrated)
(COOH)2(oxalic acid)
HCOOH(formic acid)
CO2
Gas Phase
Aqueous Phase
Phase transfer
Reactions with .ΟΗ
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Solubility of Gases in Cloud Droplets
•Only 9 species are allowed to be partitioned between gas and aqueous phase during acloud period : GLY, GLYAL, MGLY, PRV, HCOOH, OXL and also H2O2, HO2, OH
• The equilibrium solubility of gases in water is given by the Henry’s law constant
or
•Given the temperature (T), the effective Henry’s law coefficient Heff and the liquid watercontent (LWC), it can be defined a phase ratio Px (Lelieveld and Crutzen, 1991; Dentener,PhD Thesis, 1993)
gPCTH ][)( =
LWCTRHP effx ***=
+=
+ ][)(1)()(
HTKiTHTH eff
Px gives the fraction of molecules in a certain, cloud containing volume of air, which resides in the aqueous phase
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Solubility of Gases in Cloud Droplets
•The relationship between the chemical concentration of X species in the liquid phase, thegas-phase and the total concentration (Xtot molecule cm-3) is calculated using the Px
)()( ][][ gasxaq XPX =
x
totalxaq P
XPX+
=1
][][ )(x
totalgas P
XX+
=1
][][ )(
•The conditions of establish this equilibrium are not always fulfilled, and thetransfer of species between gas and aqueous phases have to be defined as masstransport, limited by diffusion in the gas phase and across the interface.
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Deviations from Henry’s Law
• The modeled phase ratios agree within 1% for CH2O, H2O2, CH3OO, CH3OOH, NO, and NO2, and agree within 20%, for O3, OH, HCOOH, and HO2.
• Species that clearly are not in equilibrium are OH, HO2, HNO3, and NO3. Barth et al., 2003
Modeled actual ratio :
Equilibrium phase ratio :
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Exchange between the gas and the aqueous phase
•The rate of change of a chemical species due to mass transfer between gas andliquid phase can be defined as:
Where:kt is the transfer coefficient (s-1)
r is the droplet radius (cm)
Dg is the gas-phase diffusion coefficient (cm2 s-1), calculated as
υ is the mean molecular speed (cm s-1), calculated as
and α is the mass accommodation coefficient
12
34
3
−
+=
ar
Drk
gt υ
32
)(9.1−
= MWDg
21
)(8
−
=
MWTNk aB
πυ
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Some aqueous_phase parameters
SpeciesHΚ
(Μ atm-1)
dlnHk/d(1/T)
(K)Ref.
α
(298K)Ref.
SO2 1.2 3200 Sander, 1999NH3 76 3400 Sander, 1999 0.09 Lim et al., 2005H2O2 8.6.104 6500 Sander, 1999 0.11 Lim et al., 2005HO2 4.0.103 5900 Sander, 1999 0.01 Lim et al., 2005SO4
= 1.0.107
NH4+ 1.0.107
HCOOH 8.9.103 6100 Sander, 1999 0.013 Lim et al., 2005CH2(OH)CHO 4.1.104 4600 0.023 Lim et al., 2005
CHOCHO 3.0.105 Sander, 1999 0.023 Lim et al., 2005CH3COCHO 3.2.104 7500 Lim et al., 2005 0.023 Lim et al., 2005
HOC(O)COOH 9.12.103 Lim et al., 2005 0.019 Lim et al., 2005(COOH)2 3.26.106 Lim et al., 2005 0.019 Lim et al., 2005
•Cloud Parameters as in wetS module:LWC_offset=1.e-10 and CC_offset =0.01
•pH is calculated in wetS module•The radius of cloud droplets is 5 μm.
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Some first OXL results with TM4-ECPL
TM meeting, Heraklion, June 2010
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Budget Calculations of Oxalate with TM4-ECPL
Chemical ProductionSinks
BurdenMean Global
LifetimeΟΗ
OxidationDry
DepositionWet
Deposition
33 Tg yr-1
0.1 Tg yr-1
(~0.5%)2 Tg yr-1
(~6%)30 .4 Tg yr-1
(~92.5%)0.5 Tg 5 days
BiogenicVOC
AnthropogenicVOC
30 Tg yr-1
(~91%)3 Tg yr-1
(~9%)
13(41%)15(47%)
5(12%)
Glycolaldehyde
Methylglyoxal
Glyoxal
92.5%
6.0%0.5%
Wet Deposition
Dry Deposition
OH Oxidation
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Oxalate Distributions – First Results
Biogenic Sources
Anthropogenic and biogenic
sources
~1 μg m-3
~0.5 μg m-3
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0
10
20
30
40
50
Ιαν
Φεβ
Μαρ
Απρ
Μαϊ
Ιουν
Ιουλ
Αυγ
Αυγ
Σεπ
Οκτ
Νοε
Δεκ
ng(O
XL
)/m
³
Amsterdam Island (37.5S, 77.3E)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0
100
200
300
400
500
Ιαν
Φεβ
Μαρ
Απρ
Μαϊ
Ιουν
Ιουλ
Αυγ
Αυγ
Σεπ
Οκτ
Νοε
Δεκ
ng(O
XL
)/m
³
Finokalia (35.3N, 25.7E)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
100
200
300
400
500
Ιαν
Φεβ
Μαρ
Απρ
Μαϊ
Ιουν
Ιουλ
Αυγ
Αυγ
Σεπ
Οκτ
Νοε
Δεκ
ng(O
XL
)/m
³
Pay de Dome (45.46N, 2.57E)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Comparison with Measurements – First Results
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Ιαν
Φεβ
Μαρ
Απρ
Μαϊ
Ιουν
Ιουλ
Αυγ
Αυγ
Σεπ
Οκτ
Νοε
Δεκ
ng(O
XL
)/m
³
Schauinsland (47.55N, 7.54E)
ΤΜ4♦ Obs.
ΤΜ4♦ Obs.
ΤΜ4♦ Obs.
ΤΜ4♦ Obs.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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Future Work . . .
Some more tests with the EBI solver in the aqueous phase compare to FACSIMILE
More Validation of OXL results (mainly in C. Africa and the Amazon Basin – extreme VOC emission cases)
Oxalate production also in particulate water (Ervens andVolkamer, 2010, ACPD)
Organic mass aqueous phase production through acid catalysis and with inorganic constituents to form organic acids, oligomers and organosulfates (Lim et al., 2010, ACPD)
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