Aquatic Invasive Alien Species

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DATO’ JUNAIDI CHE AYUB

Director- General of 

Fisheries Malaysia

MESSAGE FROM

THE HONOURABLE

Most countries are signatories to one or moreinternational agreements that include provisions for theprotection of biodiversity from the negative impacts of aquatic Invasive Alien Species (IAS). Under the

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Malaysiaas one of the signatory nations is committed to developnational strategies, plans or programs for theconservation and sustainable use of biological diversityresources. Alien species introduced into the localhabitats may cause serious threats to native speciesand its ecosystem. The introduction of invasive alienspecies is one of the main recorded causes of biodiversity loss which could lead to economic lossand health hazard. For centuries, most alien specieshave been introduced into and between Asian countrieseither intentionally or unintentionally to the inland water 

ecosystems through aquaculture practices andaquarium trade. Some alien pathogens could have alsobeen introduced through discharge of ballast water atports and air transport systems. Government agencies,industry, conservationists and the public have all playeda part in the process.

 As globalisation and transportation becoming morerapid, expanded opportunities are being provided for plants, animals and microorganisms to move beyondtheir natural range. Majority of the alien species donot harm species, habitats and ecosystem and insteadprovide significant benefits for fish farmers, aquarium

fish traders and the fishers. However, some speciesmay become invasive and can be costly for industry,competent authorities, site managers and society asa whole. Some impacts on the biodiversity andecological functions may be irreversible. Thus, theissue and threat of invasive alien species are very realand significant as exemplified by cases such as shrimpWhite Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), EpizooticUlcerative Syndrome (EUS) and Koi Herpes Virus(KHV). They have incurred losses to the aquacultureindustry amounting to millions of Malaysian Ringgits.

It is acknowledged that alien species play an importantrole in aquarium trade and aquaculture industries inMalaysia. The Action Plan for Aquatic IAS recognises

that there are many alien species in Malaysian waterswhich need to be further assessed and analysed beforebeing classified as invasive. The existing regulationsneed to be further strengthened to minimize new

introduction of alien species and to curtail any negativeimpacts on the environment. Alien species from ballastwater need to be addressed to minimize massive lossto the aquaculturists and impact to human health andsafety. I wish to congratulate the Technical WorkingGroup (TWG) for coming up with the Action Plan for  Aquatic Invasive Alien Species and urge all players inthis field to come forward and together strive towardsachieving the targets and goal of the CBD Program of Work as this will ensure of the continued sustainableuse of the biological resources of not only Malaysiabut also the world at large. I hope this plan will be also

used as a guide to those responsible to formulate manyother related plans of action so that systematic andcoordinated efforts could be conducted by the myriadsof organizations formed.

This action plan on aquatic IAS for fishery in Malaysiawill provide continued efforts to increase theawareness and information to the various stakeholderson the importance of aquatic alien species and waysto tackle them in balancing conservation andmanagement of aquatic resources with continuedeconomic growth. Finally I look forward to thesuccessful implementation of the plan along with

continuing and strong financial support from the Central Agencies of the Government of Malaysia.

Thank You,

Dato’ Junaidi Che Ayub

Director General of Fisheries,Department of Fisheries MalaysiaPutrajayaDecember 2007

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 Article 8(h) of the CBD states that ContractingParties to the Convention should, as far as possibleand appropriate, prevent the introduction of, controlor eradicate those alien species which threaten

ecosystems, habitats or species.

The Government has given high priority setting for alien species. Many workshops, meetings, seminarsand trainings have been conducted which pertainedto quarantine, health, import and export of alienspecies in ASEAN over the years. Among these were‘Asia Regional Technical Guidelines on HealthManagement for the Responsible Movement of Live Aq ua tic An im als, Be ij ing Consensus an dImplementation Strategy, Meeting on Current Status

of Transboundary Fish Diseases in Southeast Asia:Occurrence, Surveillance, Research, and Trainingin June 2004 in Manila organised by AQD SEAFDECand Fish Disease Project of the Government of Japan-Trust Fund.

 A workshop on ‘Building Capacity to Combat Impactsof Aquatic Invasive Alien Species and AssociatedTransboundary Pathogens in ASEAN Countries’ washeld in Penang, Malaysia in July 2004, supported byUS, Department of State, hosted by DoF Malaysiaand organized by NACA in collaboration with ASEAN,

FAO, the World Fish Centre and Penang State. Therewere 2 other workshops in the region in 2002 and2003 which dealt on prevention and managementof IAS and International Mechanisms for the controland responsible use of alien species in AquaticEcosystems

Following initiatives made by various governmentalagencies in Malaysia such as Department of  Agriculture, Department of Veterinary, Departmentof Health, Department of Forestry and Department

of Environment and non-governmental agencies toprevent, control and mitigate on IAS, there is also aneed to formulate a plan of action spesifically on IASin both marine and inland water ecosystems. This

plan of action has been formulated with the firstmeeting held in mid 2005 by members of the TWGIAS as listed in Appendix 7 and followed by series of meetings to strengthen the document. The

document highlights some technical measuresincluding strategies to overcome problems inpreventing, controlling and mitigating of issuespertaining to alien species which include informationon the biological parameters of many species andtheir identification, public awareness, expertise,coordination effort and funds. We hope this plan willprovide some basic information on aquatic IAS inMalaysia in order to balance conservation andmanagement of aquatic resources with increasingeconomic growth for the benefits of our futuregeneration.

On behalf of the TWG, I would like to take thisvvopportunity to sincerely thank the Honourable Dato’Junaidi bin Che Ayub for his continuedencouragement, support and guidance throughoutthe formulation of this action plan. A special thank toMr. Raja Mohammad Noordin bin Raja Omar in hiscapacity as the Chairman of CBD for DoF, Mr. Ismail Awang Kechik (Director of Fisheries ResearchInstitute), Mr. Ismail Ishak for their constructivesupports and criticisms on the document and Ms.Mahyam Mohd. Isa for her advisory role in IAS issuesand guidance in documenting this plan. Finally,

I would like to thank the Malaysia IAS TechnicalWorking Group from various divisions of theDepartment of Fisheries (DoF), Department of Marine and Malaysian Institute of Maritime (MIMA)for their continued commitments and works in their contribution to finalize this document.Thank You

Faazaz Abd. Lati ff Leader of TWG - Invasive Alien Fish SpeciesDepartment of Fisheries Malaysia

MS. FAAZAZ ABD. LATIFFTeam Leader for 

Technical Working Group (TWG)

 –Aquatic Invasive Alien Species

FOREWORD

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 AS Alien SpeciesBDIWE Biodiversity of Inland Water EcosystemsCCRF Code of Conduct for Responsible FisheriesCBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CHM Clearing House MechanismCITES Convention on International Trade in Threatened and Endangered SpeciesDNA Deoxyribonucleic AcidDIAS Database on Invasive Alien SpeciesDoFM Department of Fisheries MalaysiaDWNP Department of Wildlife and National ParksEEZ Economic Exclusive ZoneEUS Epizootic Ulcerative SyndromeFAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UNFDAM Fisheries Development Authority of MalaysiaGMO Genetically Modified OrganismsHAB Harmful Algal Bloom

IAS Invasive Alien SpeciesICAO International Civil Aviation OrganisationICES International Council for the Exploration of the SeaIMN Infectious MyonecrosisIMO International Maritime OrganizationIPPC International Plant Protection ConventionIUCN International Union Conservation for NatureKHV Koi Herpes VirusKPI Key Performance Indicator  MCBD Marine and Coastal BiodiversityMIMA Malaysian Institute of MaritimeMOAABI Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based IndustryNRE Natural Resources and the Environment

OIE Office International des Épizooties(the World Organisation for Animal Health)

PSP Paralytic Shellfish PoisoiningPCR Polymerase Chain ReactionSPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary AgreementTSV Taura Syndrome VirusTWG Technical Working GroupUN United NationsWHO World Health OrganisationWSSD World Summit on Sustainable DevelopmentWSSV White Spot Syndrome VirusWTO World Trade Organization

LIST OF  ACRONYMS

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Glossary

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Term Definition

 Al ien species  A species, subspecies or lower taxon, introduced outside its natural past or presentdistribution; includes any part, gametes, seeds, eggs, or propagules of such species

that might survive and subsequently reproduce.

Ballast water   Any water and associated sediments used to manipulate the trim and stability of a vessel.

Baseline port survey Biological surveys that determine the baseline level of introduced marine speciesin a port.

Establishment The process of an alien species in a new habitat successfully producing viableoffspring with the likelihood of continued survival.

 Aquatic Species Includes any of the varieties of marine, brackish water or fresh water fishes,crustaceans, aquatic molluscs, marine sponges, sea cucumber, aquatic plants

and other aquatic life but does not include turtles or their eggs.

Fouling organisms  Animals and plants, such as barnacles, mussels and seaweeds that attach tohuman-made substrates, such as piers, navigation buoys and the bottom of ships.

Intentional introduction The deliberate movement and/ or release by humans of an alien species outsideits natural range.

Introduction The movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range (past or present). This movement can be either within a countryor between countries or areas beyond national jurisdiction.

Invasive alien species  An alien species whose introduction and/ or spread threaten biological diversity.

Native species  A native species is a species, subspecies or lower taxon occurring within itsnatural range and dispersal potential (i.e., within the range it occupies naturally or could occupy without direct or indirect introduction or care by humans.

Pathway  As applicable: The geographic route by which a species moves outside its naturalrange (past or present); The corridor of introduction (e.g road, canal, tunnel) and /or The human activity that gives rise to an intentional or unintentional introduction.

Probiotic  A live microbial adjunct which has a beneficial effect on the host by modifying thehost-associated or ambient microbial community, by ensuring improved use of thefeed or enhancing its nutritional value, by enhancing the host response towardsdisease, or by improving the quality of its ambient environment.

Risk The likelihood and magnitude of an event.

Risk analysis 1. Assessment of the consequences of the introduction and of the likelihood of establishment of an alien species using science-based information (i.e. riskassessment), and 2. Identification of measures that can be implemented to reduceor manage these risks (i.e., risk management), taking into account socio-economicand cultural considerations.

Unintentional  All other introductions which are not intentional.introduction

Vector  The physical means or agent (i.e. aeroplane, ship) in or on which a species istransported or moves outside its natural range (past or present). Ballast water,ships’ hulls, and the movements of commercial oysters are examples of vectors.

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Of the 100 world’s worst invasive alien species (IAS)listed by the Invasive Species Specialists Groups(ISSG), at least four of the eight fish species arepresent in Malaysia. Invasive species areconsidered to be one of the major threats to marinebiodiversity, as well as posing significant economicand public health problems. Today, alien invasion issecond only to habitat loss as a cause of speciesendangerment and extinction. Every major international conference on the environment in thelast decade, including the United Nations Conferenceon Sustainable Development in 1992, theConferences of Parties to the Convention onBiological Diversity (CBD), the World Summit onSustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002 and theFifth World Congress on Protected Areas in 2003,have highlighted the issue of invasive species, andcalled upon governments and industry to act.Malaysia signed the CBD during the Earth Summitand was the 65th country to ratify it on 24 June 1994.The 7th Meeting of COP to the CBD was held in KualaLumpur, Malaysia from 9-20 February 2004. IAS wasdiscussed as one of the items under the agenda on

Cross-Cutting Issues: Progress Reports onImplementation.

In the program of work of the CBD, IAS are akey cross-cutting issue relevance to fivethematic areas: Marine and Coastal Biodiversity(MCBD), Agricultural Biodiversity, Forest Biodiversity,Island Biodiversity and Biodiversity of Inland Water Ecosystems (BDIWE).

This global treaty requires Parties under Article 8(h),

as far as possible and as appropriate, (to) preventthe introduction of, control or eradicate those alienspecies which threaten ecosystems, habitats andspecies. A ‘Three-stage hierarchical approach’ has been setas the basis for all action on IAS:

• Prevention of IAS introductions betweenand within States is generally far more cost- effective and environmentally desirablethan measures taken after IASintroduction and establishment;

• If an IAS has been introduced, early

detection and rapid action are crucial toprevent its establishment: the preferredresponse is often to eradicate theorganisms as soon as possible;

• Where eradication is not feasible or resources are not available, containmentand long-term control measures should beimplemented (CBD Guiding Principle 2)

Department of Fisheries, Malaysia (DoFM) hasstarted to focus on achieving some of the targetsand goals that are enshrined in the CBD Program of Work particularly on two thematic areas of MCBDand BDIWE. The management structure of implementing the biodiversity programme is asshown in the Flowchart Diagram 1. below. The Actionplan for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Fishery Resource Biological Diversity of Malaysiaprepared by DoFM was established on July 2006. As a follow up to this action plan, an Action Plan on Aquatic IAS is developed according to the globaltreaty as set out by the Parties under Article 8(h).

1. Introduction

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Departmental Biodiversity Technichal Committee

Working Group onMarine and CoastalBiological Diversity

(MCBD)

NationalCommittee on

MCBD

MOAABI

CBD

National

Focal

Point

(NRE)

NationalCommittee on

BDIWE

Working Group onBiological Diversity

of Inland Water Ecosystem

(BDIWE)

Working Group on Cross Cutting issues

• Invasive Alien Species (IAS)

• Protected Areas (PAs)

• Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS)

• Global Taxonomy Initiative (GTI)

• Ecosystem Approach• Sustainable US

(In italics: To be established if necessary)

Department of Fisheries Malaysia

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Flowchart Diagram 1: Management Structure in the Department of Fisheries

In relation to Implementing the Aquatic Biodiversity Studies

 And the Lingkages to the CBD National Focal Point

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2. Overall Objectives of Action Plan for  Aquatic Invasive Alien Species

• To unders tand the causes o f theintroduction of alien species andgenotypes and the impact of suchintroductions on biological diversity

• To identify gaps in existing or proposedlegal instruments, guidelines andprocedures to counteract the introductionof and the adverse effects exerted by alienspecies and genotypes; paying particular attention to transboundary effects

• To collect information on national andinternational actions to address the above-mentioned problems, with a view toprepare for the development of ascientifically-based global strategy for 

dealing with prevention, control anderadication of those alien species thatthreaten the habitats and species in bothmarine and inland ecosystems;

• To establ ish an ‘incident l is t ’ onintroductions of alien species andgenotypes, through national reportingprocess or any other appropriate meansand

• To promote awareness of IAS issuesamong senior level officials, policy makers,community stakeholders, industry and thegeneral public through media, educationalcurricula and other communicationmeans.

3. General Overview of Aquatic AlienSpecies in Malaysia

Fish species have been moved from one place toanother since time immemorial. No proper inventorisation and documentation on fish specieshas been established for Malaysia to classify them

as either indigenous or alien ones except for a paper written by Ang, et. al. in 1998 and Zakaria - Ismail(1994) which noted that 41% of the native speciesin the Gombak river basin were lost during the last25 years. Currently, there is little research work being

conducted on IAS. There is also a lack oncoordination between government, nongovernmental organizations, private sectors anduniversities to mitigate the problems caused by IAS.

People generally take fish for granted and they lackthe awareness of the negative impacts of the IASfor fish in the long term. We need an authority tofocus on IAS in various sectors in order to managethe above-mentioned problems.

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4. Status of Aquatic Alien Species inMalaysia

In Malaysia many species had been introduced asearly 19th century but there is still no comprehensivecatalogue or coordinated monitoring programme of IAS and thus no official statistics on the total number and types of IAS for fish species. However, thereare lists of native and alien aquarium freshwaterfishspecies, freshwater food fish, marine food fish,aquatic plants and marine dinoflagellatesfound in Malaysian waters.

4.1 Aquaculture (Food Fish: Freshwater 

and Marine)

The rapid expansion of aquaculture has increasedthe movement of live fish and other marineorganisms. Fresh water species has been estimatedto be around 522 species. The Malaysian marineenvironment contains a diverse range of marineorganisms with over 4,000 identified species. Appendices 1 and 2 show lists of freshwater foodfish and marine food fish in Malaysia, respectively.

Introduction of the Chinese major carps (grass carps,bighead carp, silver carp and common carp) andthe practice of polyculture started in the 1800s(Welcomme, 1981). The introduction was associatedwith the immigration of Southern Chinese whobrought along the techniques of culture (Ang et al,1989). It also marks the beginning of aquaculture inMalaysia. The first successful induced spawning of the bighead carp was reported in 1969 at the thenTropical Fish Culture Research Institute, BatuBerendam, Malacca (Chen et al, 1969).

The Indian major carps were introduced intoMalaysia between late 50s and early 60s. A total of 2,960 fingerlings were brought to Malacca in 1957and 1961 (Khan and Jhingran, 1975). Catla, rohuand mrigal were imported from Calcutta in 1960 andraised at the Tapah Fish Breeding Station and later part of the stock was sent to Malacca.

Javanese carp, known locally as ‘lampam jawa’, isone of the most important freshwater fishes culturedin the country. Described originally as Puntius

 javanicus by Bleeker in 1850, it was reclassified byhim as Puntius javanicus in 1855 (Mohsin and Ambak, 1983), and more recently as Barbodesgonionotus by Rainboth (1981). The fish was firstintroduced in 1953 from Indonesia (Welcomme,1981) and was bred by DoF for distribution to fishfarmers. In 1992, some 120,000 Javanese carp werereleased in mining pools, rivers and reservoirsthroughout the country. In an effort to expand thegene pool, subsequent reintroductions of the fishfrom Indonesia and Thailand, where the fish is knownas Thai silver carp, were undertaken by theGovernment in the late 1970s and mid-1980s.

The followings are some of the important alien fishspecies for food in Malaysia:

1. Carps

Javanese carp or Puntius gonionotus

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Black tilapia, Oreochromis mossambique

2. Tilapia (Oreochromis mozambique,O. nilotica)

Tilapias were introduced into Malaysia by theJapanese in the 1940s as a cheap protein source(Hickling, 1959). The most popular species for cultureis the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Pullin,1983). Two other species of tilapia used for culture

include the Mozambique tilapia (O.mossambique)and the blue tilapia (O. aureus).

There have been activities for cage culture of thespecies in Lake Kenyir by the DoFM and privatesectors since two decades ago. The Department hascarried out studies on the potential and impact of aquaculture in the lake and has recommended thetilapia as one of the cultured species in the cage asit is technically feasible, economically viable andsocially acceptable. The area designated for it is theSungai Como. A permanent change in ecosystem isunlikely because naturally or biologically tilapiacannot breed in deep water in the lake and they areeasily preyed by the indigenous species of the lakesuch as Baung, Toman and Sebarau. All necessarymeasures to prevent it from escaping into the lakehave been put forward in Good Aquaculture Practicesand Skim Pensijilan Ladang Akuakultur Malaysia.

Red tilapia, Tilapia niloticus

3. Catf ishes (Clariidae: Clarius gariepinus/lazera)

 African catf ish/sharp-tooth/ Nile catf ish) is from Africa in 1988 and hybr id C. macrocephalusx C. gariepinus, Ictaluridae - ictalurus spp. Channelcatfish, Pangasidae – pangasius sp, ikan patin.Most of the clarias currently being cultured is of the

Catfish hybrid, Clarias sp

4. The snakeskin gouramy

(Trichogaster pectoralis)

It is known locally as ‘sepat siam’. This anabantidhas been introduced from Thailand as early as thelate 19th century in the Krian rice scheme in Perak(Ang et al, 1989).

5. Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus)

It has been introduced and actively promoted by theDoF as red pomfret or bawal merah. This fish is anative of the Amazon and Orinoco river systems of 

South America and brought to Malaysia in the early80s for the purpose of culture as both a food andornamental fish. Research was initiated in 1985 atFreshwater Fisheries Research Centre, BatuBerendam, Malacca with the first successfulspawning in 1989 (Mohd. Zaini et al, 1991).

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In Malaysia, the species mentioned above have notbeen designated as invasive with the exception of the pacu which belongs to the same family as the

piranha (Serrasalmus natterei). They have verydifferent behaviour and feeding habits. Unfortunately,the morphological features of both juvenile fish stagesare extremely difficult to distinguish, the Governmentbanned the culture of this red pomfret to avoid thepossibility of accidental importation of piranha inconsignments of the red pomfret seeds. With thesuccessful induced spawning and domestic seedproduction of red pomfret in 1989, however theGovernment lifted the ban on the culture of the fish.However, the importation of red pomfret seed is stillprohibited.

hybrid type. Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS)was reported from farms in northern states of Peninsular Malaysia which used imported fingerlingsof Channa striata and Clarias macrocephalus.

Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus)

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Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus)

Pacu on sale at one of the markets in Serian, Sarawak

6. Japanese eel ( Anguilla japonica)

 About 5,000 Japanese eels fry (elvers) wereimported from Japan and Taiwan by the Song Chenggroup in 1990s. The world’s largest eel farm waslocated in Nenasi, Pahang and Malaysia becamethe 5th largest producer after Japan, Taiwan, SouthKorea and China in 1994. Supply of fry depends on

wild and this has become the main obstacle in theculturing industry. South Korea and Taiwan havebanned the export of elvers. The group now haschanged its culture species.

7. Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

The fingerlings which were imported from Taiwanhad spread red sea bream irido viral disease to seabass stocks which were kept in cages in closeproximity (Oseko, 2004).

8. Golden snapper (Lutjanusargentimaculatus / L. malabaricus)

These two species: Lutjanusargentimaculatus(jenahak or) and L. malabaricus (Red snapper or ikan merah) have been brought in from Taiwan andHong Kong.

Red snapper 

10. White shrimp

(Litopenaeus vannamei)

The shrimp was introduced from South America into

 Asia experimentally in 1978-1979 but commerciallysince 1996 into Mainland China and Taiwan. It hasbeen brought illegally into Malaysia in early 2000s. A ban on it was initiated at first but it has been liftedin 2005. The shrimp has contributed to about 80percents of the totalaquaculture shrimp

production(2005). A long with

this shrimp a highlymutable virus called TauraSyndrom Virus (TSV) capable of mutating into

more virulent strains, able to infect other species

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) broodstock

Golden snapper or Lutjanus argentimaculatus

9. Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

The impact from release is not clear but trait showreduced quality of local bred cobia.

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11. Redclaw freshwater crayfish(Cherax quadricarinatus)

It was from Australia and introduced to Malaysia in1990 and for culture at Kluang, Johor (Southern partof the Peninsular). A risk analysis on the species hasbeen documented in 1999 after it had been firstexperimentally cultured in 1998 by DoFM. The currentstatus of this species in Malaysia whether it is meantfor human consumption or for aquarium is still uncertain.

Redclaw freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus)

12. Abalone from New Zealand (Haliotis iris)

The species is locally known as “siput mentiah” or Paua in the Maori language and it has been farmedat NZ Silverdale Marine Hatchery Sdn. Bhd. inKampong Koh, Sitiawan, Perak since 2004.

has been detected in 1993 in Latin America. In 2003infectious myonecrosis (IMN) was experimentallydemonstrated as the new causative virus agent inthis shrimp which was earlier identified in northeasternBrazil. IMN presents a disease with an acute onset of gross signs and elevated mortalities, but progresseswith a chronic course accompanied by persistent low-

level mortalities (D.V.Lightner; C.R.Pantoja;B.T.Poulos; K.F.J.Tang; R.M. Redman; T.Pasos-de- Andrade & J.R.Bonami, 2004).

In addition viruses imported with Penaeus monodonwere White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) firstdetected in 1994 and yellow head virus (YHV) in1992 have been implicated in the slow growthproblems currently encountered.

 Abalone (Haliotis sp.

4.2 Aquarium Fish, Live Bait and Live Feed

Malaysia is one of the leading producers of aquariumfish in the world, producing more than 550 varietiescomprising over 250 species mostly freshwater al-ien species (186) as shown in Appendix 3. Malaysiaproduced 407.8 million pieces of aquarium fish in

2002 of which 95% were exported, with the Euro-pean Union being one of the main markets. Thoughthe numbers of alien species for aquarium is largeonly a few have become successfully established innatural water bodies (Johnson 1963). DiscusSymphysodon hybrid (Cichlidae) with 25 varietieshas been one of the popular aquarium alien speciesand currently being cultured in Penang. Importationof various species for aquarium trade has exposedlocal ecosystem to introduction of invasive species.King algae sucker, peacock seabass and flower hornare examples of species purportedly escaped andbred locally. Red claw are found in many aquariumshops.

The following aquarium species are popular amongaquarists but known to be invasive and yet to beproven scientifically by local competent authority.These species include:

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Sturgeon fish

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1. A lgae suckermouth cat fi sh (Loricariidae:Hypostomus plecostomus)

This species originated from South America. Algaesuckermouth catfish or armoured catfish or themunicipal fish or ‘Ikan Bandar Raya’ as it is popularlyknown has been found in the Klang-Gombaktributaries in Selangor. They are vegetarians feedingon detritus and algae. Feeding is done by plowingalong the substrate and using the thick-lipped toothymouth to scrape plant materials (filamentous algae,diatoms) from hard surfaces or to suck up finesediments. Specimens in aquaria may live more thanten years. Suckermouth catfishes are capable of breathing air by swallowing it and extracting oxygenthrough the gut lining (Jan Jeffrey Hoover, K. JackKillgore, and Alfred F. Confrancesco, 2004). Once itgrows bigger in size the aquarists remove them outof the aquaria but how they dispose the fish are notdocumented. Of course the easiest way is to release

them into the drains. Attempts to rehabilitate andrestore the ecology of the river failed. A number of indigenous species were displaced especially thecyprinids which once dominated the river. (Thalathiahet al, 2005).

Mouth of the alga sucker fish

 Algae suckermouth catf ish

(Hypostomus plecostomus)

2. Prohibited species

Species that are prohibited mainly because of their biological characteristics which pose danger to thepublic include  Arapaima gigas, Collossomamacropomum and Mylossoma sp. The later two havesharp piercing teeth and resemble piranha species

which are known to be very carnivorous andvoracious. The Arapaima gigas can attain a giganticsize in captivity.

 A gigantic Araipaima gigas

3. Flower Horn (Cichlidae: Cichlasoma rajah)

Flower horn or Luo Han or Lump Head Cichlid is avery aggressive and hardy fish. It has beenintroduced into Malaysia from Taiwan in early 1990s.It can survive under harsh conditions even in drains.It has very high reproduction rate and together withits voracious appetite, has the potential to wreakecological damage in eco system. During the craze

of keeping, though it fetches high demand, not allthe fish bred are qualified enough for high price. Thehigher the hump of the fish, the more the luck thefish is believed to bring to the owner. Some of thelow quality fish were disposed at nearest pond or waterway for convenience.

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Japanese Koi

There were reports of the fish causing serious troublein the country. An experiment was carried out oncein seven of the lakes in Kelana Jaya, Selangor, in2003. Bread was scattered into the water, and tothe observers’ horror, most of the fish which arosewere Flowerhorn, some of them hideously mutated.Fishes like fighting fish, three-spotted gouramy and

snakehead were also badly affected by the releaseof flowerhorn to the wild.

To overcome this situation, equally aggressive localfishes, such as the Giant Snakehead, the Malaysian jungle perch and the Featherback were released intothe lakes. This solution seemed to have worked sincethe Flowerhorn has been reduced and the speciesaffected have begun to recover.

This is a classic case of ecological havoc broughtby man when alien species is introduced into a newhabitat.

4. Koi (Cyprinidae: Cyprinus carpio)

The exact date of Koi or fancy carp (10 varieties) or locally known as ‘kap Jepun’ being introduced toMalaysia is not known. Though it has increased thefishery’s revenue, it has indirectly brought diseasessuch as Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) to the aquariumindustry. KHV is a viral disease contagious to fishand may cause a significant morbidity and mortalityin Koi. It was positively identified in Israel in 1998.

Since then, other cases have been confirmed in theUnited States, Europe, Indonesia, Japan and Korea(Kathleen et al 2004, Claudia 2005). KHV diseasemay cause about 80-100% mortality in affectedpopulations. Since March 2002, KHV has spread tothe Asian region with the first infection occurring inIndonesia followed by Japan in October 2003. TheDoFM has also detected positive cases for KHV fromUlu Kinta areas in Perak in 2006 by using PCRmethods. Its new formal designation is Cyprinidherpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) by Waltzek et al. in 2005.

6. Aquat ic p lants

They are mainly freshwater types and include water hyacinths or Eichornia crassipes or ‘keladi bunting’in Malay, can be found floating in rivers and thereare plants which are cultivated for decorating aquaria.

Some of the aquatic plants (Appendix 4) whichcommand variable commercial values have beenreported by Baki et al and Azmi et al (1992). Water hyacinths in hydro-electric dams at Tasik Ringlet,Cameron Highlands, proliferate when not cleared intime could choke up the turbines. Water hyacinthsin water supply canals in rice fields also could affectwater flow.

5. Peacock bass (Cichlidae: Cichla ocellaris)

The Peacock Bass, or Peacock Cichlid, is a nativeof South America. It has been introduced deliberatelyby anglers as a popular game fish into several smallponds and in mining pools at Batu Gajah and Air Kuning in Perak. From Malaysian Fishing Forum it

has been reported to be seen in Lake Chenderoh.The threat is that this lake is interconnected to Air Ganda, Bersia and Temengor. This bass is veryaggressive, a fast breeder and preys on smaller native fish. It has been identified as a potential causefor ecological imbalance in its adapted habitats. Theywill only eat live foods.

Peacock bass (Cichlidae: Cichla ocellaris)

Eichornia crassipes (Keladi Bunting)

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hygrophila rosanervis

Hygrophilla sp.

cryptocoryne becketii

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echinodorus scaber 

limnophila aquatica

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7. L ive Bai ts

Some examples of live baits are Chanos-chanos or milk fish. The fry have been imported for culture inMalaysia as bait for tuna industry. There is a culturistin Johor who started his culture back in 2000 andnow own 18 cages producing an average of 20

tonnes per month. More than 1 million pieces of frywere obtained from Taiwan and Indonesia.

Imported blood worm

8. Live Feed and Probiotics

 An example of live food is blood worm which isimported from China in frozen form.

Chanos chanos cage culture in Johore.

4.3 Aquatic Organisms from

Ballast Water 

Roughly 10 billion tons of ballast water aredischarged globally each year, and carried along withthis ballast are potentially invasive species that causemillions of dollars of environmental harm. Classicexamples of invasive species include the zebramussel, green crab and comb jellyfish amongst manyothers. Local data generated from EconomicExclusive Zone (EEZ) and oceanographic surveysprovide the baseline information on marine speciesas far back from 1974 (Pathansali et al., MohammedShaari et al. & Jothy et al.). The plankton data canalso be found in papers by several other authors(Lokman et al, 1999,  Anton, A.; M. N. Normawaty &Y. Fukuyo. 2000).

The DoFM Programme on Sanitary andPhytosanitary Marine started in 2000 has includedthe monitoring of harmful algae bloom as one of theprojects to look into. Sea water samples from 30predetermined sites have been brought to

laboratories in West Malaysia. A Prorocentrumminimum bloom was first detected in waters off southern part of Johore in 2002. In Sabah, there is aregular monitoring on the Paralytic ShellfishPoisoning (PSP) causing dinoflagellate, Pyrodiniumbahamense var. compressum. In late 2003, another new dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, a‘fish killer’ in Korea and Japan, has now formed abloom in Sabah and Northern part of Sarawak for the first time. In February 2006, Pyrodiniumbahamense var. compressum was first detected inWest Malaysia from water samples taken from Sg.

Rengit, Pengerang, Johore. These two speciesmaybe transported into these new areas through‘ballast water’ or transplanted aquatic organism. Alist of known dinoflagellate is shown in Appendix 5.

Generally, probiotics are applied in the feed or addedto the culture tank or pond as preventive agentsagainst infection by pathogenic bacteria. Mostprobiotics proposed as biological control agents inaquaculture belong to the lactic acid bacteria(Lactobacillus, Carnobacterium, etc.), to the genusVibrio (V. alginolyticus, etc.), to the genus Bacillus,or to the genus Pseudomonas, although other genera or species have also been mentioned. Theuse of probiotics as biological control agents andbioremediations should be considered to be a kind

of risk insurance that may not provide any notablebenefit when the culture is performing under optimalconditions and in the absence of (opportunistic)pathogens, but that will be very helpful if infectious

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diseases break out (Laurent Verschuere, GeertRombaut, Patrick Sorgeloos and Willy Verstraete,2000). Monitoring of the use of probiotics need tobe addressed urgently for any negative impacts onthe host and the environment since there are manykinds of probiotics being imported into the country.

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5.1 Nat ional Level

Section 40 of the Fisheries Acts 1985 provides for thecontrol of live fish for import and export (see Appendix6 for details). Movement of live fish requires a permitissued by DoF under the quarantine measures on fishhealth and disease control policy. For import and export,it requires the importer or exporter to have import or export license issued by Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia (FDAM), a sister agency under the Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry.

5.2 Regional and Global Levels

Most countries are signatories of one or moreinternational agreements that include provisions for the protection of biodiversity from the impacts of aquatic IAS. Under the CBD signatory nations arecommitted to developing national strategies, plans

or programs for the conservation and sustainableuse of biological diversity.

5. Legislation, Laws and Regulations

Malaysia is a member of the Office International desÉpizooties (OIE, the World Organisation for AnimalHealth). Under the World Trade Organization’s(WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (SPS) Agree me nt , th e OIE is re cogni zed as theinternational organization responsible for thedevelopment and promotion of international animalhealth standards, guidelines and recommendationsaffecting trade in live terrestrial and aquatic animalsand their products. Several codes and conducts,international guidelines binding and non-binding

related to IAS issues have been designed and somehave been implemented by several countries. Theseare listed in Appendix 7.

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National strategies, coordinated through nationalfocal points, should be based on impact assessmentand management of aquatic alien species, wherethey are already established. In general,management strategies and control measures for such species are aimed to prevent, eradicate, contain

6. Institutional Framework andCoordinating Mechanism

or effectively control, should its entry andestablishment take place. Legislation, regulationsand procedures are also provided to smoothlyimplement these measures. Table1 shows theagencies which are involved, their roles andresponsibilities in managing aquatic AS.

Table 1: Agencies involved and their roles and responsibilities in managing aquatic Alien Species

Ministry

Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry

Ministry of Science,Technology and Innovation

Ministry of NaturalResources andEnvironment

Ministry of Health

Ministry of InternationalTrade and Industry

Ministry of Transport

Ministry of Finance

Ministry of Agriculture andFisheries, Sabah

 Agency/ Department

Department of Fisheries,Malaysia

Fisheries Development Authorityof Malaysia (FDAM)

Department of Environment

Department of Drainage andIrrigation

Conservation and EnvironmentalDivisionDepartment of Public Health

Institute of Medical ResearchDivision of International Trade

Maritime Institute of Malaysia(MIMA)

Marine Department

Royal Customs and ExciseDepartment

Department of Agriculture, Sabah

 Areas of Responsib il ity

Fisheries and other aquatic lifeand related quarantine services(regulation, research andextension)

Environment protection,pollution control

Inland waters

Conservation, Biodiversity

Regulations and public health

Research and Development(diseases and vectors)

Multilateral and bilateral traderelations

 Administration of port relatedactivities

Policy matters on marine IAS

Import/ export enforcement,quarantine

Regulations and extension:marine and freshwater fisheries,drainage and irrigation (incl.quarantine services)

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Ministry of Agriculture of Sarawak

Ministry of Higher Learnings

Non-governmentorganizations

Stakeholders

Department of Fisheries, Sabah

Department of Agriculture

University of Malaya

Science University of Malaysia

Putra University of Malaysia

National University of Malaysia

Malaysia University of Sarawak

Malaysia University of Sabah

World Fish Center 

 Aquarium operators

 Aquaculturists

 Anglers

Fish and fishery productoperators

Research, development andextension services in fishingindustry

 Agricultural research andextension: inland fisheries andfarmers’ institutions

Teaching and research

Teaching and research

Teaching and research

Teaching and research

Teaching and research

Teaching and research

Extension, dissemination of information

Trading

Trading

Tourism

Public Health

Though more attention has focused on the adverse

impacts of Alien Species (AS), not all AS speciesare bad. As in aquaculture, aquatic alien specieshave contributed to an improvement of humanwell-being in many areas. The production of tilapiain Asia is much higher (>700,000 mt in 1996) than inmost African countries (32,245 mt). Chile supportsa thriving introduced-salmon industry which accountsfor about 20% of the world’s farmed salmon. Thepractice of using alien species to increase productionor profitability can be expected to continue. The issueis not to ban alien species, or to abandon regulationof their movement, but rather, as stated in

international codes of practices (ICES 1995) and theCBD, to assess the risks and benefits associatedwith their use and then, if appropriate, develop andimplement a plan for their responsible use (Bartley,

7. Issues and Challenges in AquaticInvasive Alien Species

D. & Christine V. Casal, 1998).

The “invasiveness” of a species depends on thespecific environment, potential disturbances to theenvironment and society’s perception of what makethem invasive. When alien species become invasive,their detrimental effects are both biological and socio-economic. Malaysia is facing medium to high levelof challenges in implementing the provisions of the Articles of the Convention for (8h) - Alien species.

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The main issues facing Malaysian fisheries onaquatic IAS are:

7.1 Biological and Socio-economic Information

of Aquatic IAS

• Shortage and inaccessibility of scientificinformation on basic biology and ecological

impacts of aquatic IAS• Insufficient information on socio-economic

status of fish farmers, aquarium fish tradersand fishers

• Lack of information sharing among localsand foreign experts

7.2 Conservation and Management

• Incomplete risk analysis and EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (EIA) have beencarried out before introduction of aquatic AS into the country

• No proper monitoring and evaluation on thestatus of introduction of aquatic AS is inplace

• Weak coordination between DoF, FDAMand Customs for responsible introductionof aquatic AS

• Overemphasize on aquaculture productionaffect the ecological balance of inlandwater bodies

• Inadequate capacity to react promptly tonatural disasters and environmentalchange due to institutional weakness

7.3 Public Awareness and Education

• Lack public awareness campaigns to thestakeholders on the aquatic IAS issues

• Limited public participation and stakeholder involvement

• Lack of public education and awarenessat all levels

7.4 Rules and Regulations

• No specific rules and regulations in theexisting Fisheries Act 1985 ontransboundary movement of aquatic AS

• Inadequate enforcement of ex is tinglegislative instruments due to shortage of technically trained personel and limitedsupply of adequate quarantine and riskassessments facilities

• No coordinated mechan ism amongagencies (DoF, Customs, FDAM, Port Au th or it y, Ai rpo rt Au th or it y, etc .) toimplement rules and regulation

7.5 Coordinated Research and Expertise

• Limited specific research studies have

been carried out to ascertain the fate of aquatic IAS

• Inadequate scientific research capacities toprevent, control, eradicate and mitigateaquatic IAS

• Lack of collaborative studies among local,regional and international institutions onaquatic IAS

7.6 Financial and Infrastructure Support

• Insufficient financial support to carry outstudies related to aquatic IAS

• Lack of political will and support to manageaquatic IAS issues

• Limited availability of adequate quarantineand risk assessments facilities

7.7 Human Resource Development

• Insufficient trained personnel on fishtaxonomic identification

• Limited availability of expertise on aquaticIAS

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8. Strategies

In order to provide a much-needed, truly effectivenational monitoring and early-warning system,researches, studies, surveys and monitoring shouldbe ‘mainstreamed’ into the routine environmental andmanagement activities of all fisheries projects,marine protected areas, ports, harbours and marinas.They should be carried out as ongoing, long-termmonitoring programs and linked into a global IASinformation system.

Management strategies of fisheries IAS need tocover three main issues namely prevention;containment and eradication; and control. Theprevention of aquatic AS introduction is the firstpriority in managing them because containment,eradication and control are very difficult, very costlyand most unlikely effective. When prevention fails,management options will depend on how widely theaquatic AS has spread. If the area involved is small,containment and eradication of the aquatic AS are

still possible and practical. In order to curb andminimize the introduction and also to enhancepreventive mitigation of the aquatic AS, programsas follows have been proposed by DoFM for theConservation and Sustainable Use of FisheryResource Biological Diversity of Malaysia to beimplemented under the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010):

• Conservation of Inland Fishery Resources• Enhancement o f Breeding and Cul ture

Technologies• Fisheries Biotechnology and Fish Health

Research• Research on Aquarium Fish and Aquatic Plants• Fish Feed Development

The implementation of the plan will be carried outuntil 2015.

Strategy 1:

Strengthen Biological and Socio-economic Information of Aquatic IAS

• 1 database for aquatic AS• Update information on new introduction of 

aquatic AS per year • Update information on aquatic IAS per year • Document on Impact Risk Assessment of 

newly introduced species

Issue No 2: Insufficient information on socio-economic status of fish farmers, aquarium fish

traders and fishers1. Under take gather ing and compilat ion o f  

information on socio-economic of fish farmers,aquarium fish traders and fisher.

• 1 database on fish farmers, aquarium fishtraders and fishers

• Update information on new players everyyear 

Issue No. 3:  Lack of information sharing among locals and foreign experts

1. Strengthen information sharing among localsand foreign experts by incorporating aquatic IASconsiderations, including monitoring,reporting and notification of threats into regionalagreements.

2. Establish information on aquatic IAS status andtrends available through the Clearing HouseMechanism (CHM) and other regionalinformation systems.

• Regional meeting every three years• Local seminar/ workshop every two years

• Establish NaFISH as CHM on aquatic IAS

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1. Establish systematic studies for biologicalresource inventories and update information onaquatic IAS

2. Undertake studies on ecological impacts of aquatic IAS

Issue No 1: Shortage and inaccessibili ty of scientific information on basic biology and ecologicalimpacts of aquatic IAS

No. Key Actions Key Performance Index (KPI)

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Strategy 2:

Implement Effective Conservation and Management Measures

No. Key Actions KPI

Issue No. 1: No risk analysis and environmental impact assessment (EIA) have been carriedout before introduction of aquatic AS into the country

1. Review and update existing lists of aquatic ASand prohibited species by carrying out goodand sound risk analysis:• minimize the risks that serious pathogens

and diseases will be transferred betweentrading partners,

• justify sanitary measures (e.g., restrictionson species and/or sources of origin, healthcertification requirements, quarantine,treatment, etc.); and

• minimize restrictions to trade

2. Enforce regulation to ensure proper introduc-

tion of aquatic AS through specified procedure

• One coordinating body to oversee theintroduction of aquatic AS

• 1 document of SOP on risk assessmentanalysis

• Official application form for approval before

introduction of aquatic AS•  Ad-hoc inspection at farm sites by authorisedpersonnel

Issue No. 2: No proper monitoring and evaluation of the status of int roduction of AS in place

1. Conduct proper monitoring and evaluation of the status of introduced aquatic AS

2. Enhance skills, capabilities and competence for extension and enforcement officers

3. Develop control measures to regulate andminimise introduction of aquatic AS

• 1 guideline for monitoring and evaluationprogramme

•  Ad-hoc inspection at farm sites by authorisedpersonnel

• 2 training courses per year 

• 1 guideline for surveillance and controlprogramme

1. Encourage more land-based aquaculturesystem and reduce over-dependency oninland water bodies

2. Control the population of aquatic IAS throughproper mechanisms

3. Strictly regulate movement and release of alien species at national level especially in or near vulnerable ecosystems, biodiversityhotspots, and protected areas

• 1 guideline for proper management of inlandwater bodies

• Zonation of Aquaculture area for inlandaquaculture

• SOPs to eradicate aquatic IAS

• Scheduled enforcement activities• Monthly progress report

Issue No. 3: Weak coordination between DoF, LKIM, Customs, Port Au thority and Airport Author ity for responsib le introduct ion of aquatic AS

1. Schedule regular meetings with DoF, FDAMand Custom on aquatic IAS issues

2. Enhance skills, capabilities and competencefor FDAM, Custom, Port Authority and Airport Authority officers

• Quarterly progress report

• 1 scheduled training/ year 

Issue No. 4: Overemphasis on aquaculture production affect the ecological balance of inland

water bodies

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Issue No. 5: Inadequate capacity to react promptly to natural disasters and environmental change

due to insti tutional weakness

1. Establish response team in order to containand eradicate potentially invasive species assoon as they appear 

2. Develop cont ingency plans with v iew to

prompting emergency action, identify research,development and operational needs

3. Increase target inspection and surveillanceefforts

4. Proactively engage relevant stakeholders,indigenous and local communities in aquatic IASplans, including awareness raising and trainingas well as through design and implementationof appropriate incentive measures

• 1 Rapid Response Team• Rapid response mechanism in place

• 1 contigency plan

• Monthly surveillance reports

• Incentive measures identified• 4 stakeholder meetings/ year 

Strategy 3:

Promote Public Awareness and Education Programmes

No. Key Actions KPI

Issue No. 1: Lack of publ ic awareness campaigns to the stakeholders on the aquatic IAS issues

1. Disseminate information on aquatic IAS tostakeholders (anglers, retailers, dealers, public,education agencies)

2. Continuously upgrade fisheries programmesbased on latest scientific knowledge of aquaticIAS to ensure optimum utilisation of fisheriesresources in line with good managementpractices

• 5 coverages on aquatic IAS in mass mediaper year 

• At least 1 map on distribution status of themost problematic aquatic IAS per year 

• At least 2 pamphlets on aquatic IAS per year 

• 1 scheduled training for stakeholder per year 

Issue No. 2: Limited public participation and stakeholder involvement

1. Implement pilot projects on control, mitigate anderadication of aquatic IAS with involvement of stakeholder 

2. Ensure participation and access to relevantinformation by all stakeholders including localcommunities in development andimplementation of laws and regulations

• 1 pilot project per state

• Regular stakeholder meetings/ dialoguesessions

Issue No. 3:  Lack of public education and awareness at all levels

1. Promote public awareness and engagementat all levels of society

2. Design educational programmes on aquaticIAS for field staff, managers, specialists andpolicy and decision-makers, including supportfor community empowerment to deal with earlydetection and control of aquatic IAS

3. Foster regional and sub-regional cooperationsin risk assessment, prevention, eradication,control as well as sharing of information andexperiences

• Regular stakeholder meetings/ dialogue ses-sions

• 1 educational program• 1 Educational Kit

• 1 regional workshop in three years

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No. Key Actions KPI

Issue No. 1: Limited specific research studies conducted to ascertain fate of aquatic IAS

1. Undertake more specific research studies onaquatic IAS

2. Under take more concerted effor t oncoordinated research and capacity building

3. Increase research activities in all aspects of 

aquatic IAS management to developtechnologies to contain and control aquatic IAS

• At least 1 proposal per year 

• 1 proposal for coordinated research betweenagencies

• At least 3 M.Sc. and 1 Ph.D. for duration of five years interval

• 1 technology on contain and control

• 1 paper on management of aquatic IAS

Strategy 5:

Encourage Research in aquatic IAS

Strategy 4:

Review Rules and Regulations on Aquatic IAS

No. Key Actions KPI

Issue No. 1: No specific rules and regulations in the existing Fisheries Act 1985 on transboundarymovement of aquatic AS

1. Review relevant policies, rules and regulationin existing Fisheries Act 1985 to identifyconflicts, gaps, weaknesses and inconsistencieson the transboundary movement of aquatic AS

2. Review and update exist ing sanitary andphytosanitary measures or other relevantlegislation, regulations and procedures to makethem more effective in dealing with aquatic IAS

3. Regulate and manage import of live aquatic AS

4. Enhance skills, capabilities and competencefor quarantine, Custom and other border officials

• 1 workshop• Annual review on rules and regulation on

import and export of live aquatic species

• Annual review on SPS Programme

• 3 stop-centres• SOP on import of live aquatic AS

• 1 training per year 

Issue No. 2:  Inadequate enforcement of exist ing legislative instruments due to shortage of technically

trained personel and limi ted supply of quarantine and risk assessments facilities

1. Enforce rules and regulation on introduction of aquatic AS into waterbodies

2. Upgrade the exist ing quarantine and riskassessments facilities

• 1 guideline on do’s and don’ts• At least 3 trained-manpowers in early

detection and control of aquatic IAS• Annual report on surveillance

• 3 upgraded laboratories

Issue No. 3: No coordinated mechanism among agencies (DoF, Customs, FDAM, Port Authority, Airport Author ity, etc.) to implement rules and regulation

1. Establish coordinat ing mechanisms andprocess between different levels anddepartments of government

• 1 coordinating body• 4 meetings/ year 

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Issue No. 2: Inadequate scientific research capacities to prevent, control, eradicate and mi tigate

aquatic IAS

1. Intensify extension activities so that prevention,control, eradication and mitigation efforts onaquatic IAS technologies can be effectivelydisseminated and adopted

2. Strengthen infrastructure for research as wellas research networks that incorporate riskassessment, risk management and researchapproaches on aquatic IAS

• SOPs on prevention, control, eradication andmitigation efforts on aquatic IAS technologies

• 1 laboratory / clearing house

1. Intensify extension activities so that prevention,control, eradication and mitigation efforts onaquatic IAS technologies can be effectivelydisseminated and adopted

2. Strengthen infrastructure for research as wellas research networks that incorporate riskassessment, risk management and researchapproaches on aquatic IAS

Issue No. 3: Lack of collaborative studies among local, regional and international institutions

• 1 laboratory / clearing house1. Col laborate with other relevant agencies,organizations, initiatives and conventions (e.g.,FAO, WHO, IMO, CITES, OIE, ICAO and IPPC,etc.)

Strategy 6:

Establish Financial and Infrastructure Supports

No. Key Actions KPI

Issue No. 1: Insufficient financial support to conduct studies related to aquatic IAS

1. Monitor the efficacy of interventions, includingattempting to understand the returns oninvestment

2. Allocate adequate financial resources to buildcapacity in effective mitigation, border controland quarantine measures, with a view toimprove synergies with policies relating totrade, food security, human health andenvironment protection, scientific research andexchange of information

• 1 scientific paper 

• 1 collaborative paper on trade

Issue No. 2: Lack of polit ical will and support to manage aquatic IAS issues

1. Monitor the efficacy of interventions, includingattempting to understand the returns oninvestment

2. Allocate adequate financial resources to buildcapacity in effective mitigation, border controland quarantine measures, with a view toimprove synergies with policies relating to trade,food security, human health and environmentprotection, scientific research and exchange of information

• 1 business proposal

• 1 paper on budget requirement Fundingfrom central agency

Issue No. 3: Limited availability o f adequate quarantine and risk assessments facilities

1. Enhance the upgrading of quarantinefacilities through providing of appropriateequipment and facilities

2. Provision of advanced equipment/ tool kits at

all quarantine centres

• 1 paper on Recruitment

• 1 paper on provision requirement at all

quarantine centres

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Strategy 7:

Enhance Skills, Capabilities and Competence

No. Key Actions KPI

Issue No. 1:  Insufficient number of trained personnel on fish taxonomic identification

1. Ini tiate t ra in ing programs in-country andoversea at all levels of intervention

2. Socio-economic collaborative studies with thestakeholders on the importance of trade relatedissues on aquatic IAS

• 1 yearly training program• 1 regional training program

• 1 collaborative paper on trade• 1 technical socio-economic paper 

Issue No. 2: Limited political will and supports to manage aquatic IAS issues

1. Monitor the efficacy of interventions, includingattempting to understand the returns oninvestment

2. Allocate adequate financial resources to buildcapacity in effective mitigation, border control

and quarantine measures, with a view to im-prove synergies with policies relating to trade,food security, human health and environmentprotection, scientific research and exchange of information

• 1 business proposal

• 1 paper on budget requirement Funding fromcentral agency

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9. Implementation Schedules

Strategy 1: Strengthen Biological and Socio-economic Information of Aquatic IAS

Strategy 2: Implement Effect ive Conservation and Management Measures

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Activi tiesNo.

1. Establish systematic studies for biologicalresource inventories and update informationon aquatic invasive alien species

2. Undertake studies on ecological impacts of IAS

3. Undertake gathering and compilation of information on socio-economic of fishfarmers, aquarium fish traders and fisher 

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Activi tiesNo.

1. Review and conduct sound risk analysis on AS already in the list of prohibited species

2. Update and enforce regulation to ensureproper introduction of aquatic AS throughspecified procedure

3. Enhance skills, capabilities and competencefor extension and enforcement officers

4. Develop control measures to regulate andminimise introduction of alien invasive

5. Schedule regular meetings with DoF, FDAMand Custom on IAS issues

6. Enhance skills, capabilities and competencefor FDAM, Custom, Port Authority and Airport Authority officers

7. Introduce policy to encourage more land-based aquaculture systems and reduce over-dependency on inland water bodies

8. Control the over-population of IAS throughproper management and introduce strict

regulations to control movement and releaseof AS in or near vulnerable ecosystems,biodiversity hot spots and protected areas

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4. Strengthen information sharing among localsand foreign experts by incorporating aquaticIAS considerations, including monitoring,reporting and notification of threats intoregional agreements.

5. Establish information on aquatic IAS statusand trends available through the ClearingHouse Mechanism (CHM) and other regionalinformation systems.

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9. Establish response teams in order to containand eradicate potentially invasive species assoon as they appear 

10. Develop contingency plans with view toprompting emergency action, identify research,development and operational needs

11. Introduce target inspection and surveillance

efforts

12. Ini tiate engagement wi th relevantstakeholders, indigenous and localcommunities in IAS plans, includingawareness raising and training as well asthrough design and implementation of appropriate incentive measures

Strategy 3: Promote Public Awareness and Education Programmes

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 ActivitiesNo.

1. Disseminate information on aquatic IAS tostakeholders (anglers, retailers, dealers,public, education agencies)

2. Continuously upgrade fisheries programmesbased on latest scientific knowledge of aquatic IAS to ensure optimum utilisation of fisheries resources in line with goodmanagement practices

3. Implement pilot projects on control, mitigateand eradication of aquatic IAS with

involvement of stakeholder 

4. Ensure participation and access to relevantinformation by all stakeholders includinglocal communities in development andimplementation of laws and regulations

5. Promote public awareness and engagementat all levels of society

6. Design educational programmes on aquaticIAS for field staff, managers, specialists andpolicy and decision-makers, includingsupport for community empowerment to dealwith early detection and control of invasivealien species

7. Fos te r reg iona l and sub-reg iona lcooperations in risk assessment, prevention,eradication, control as well as sharing of in-formation and experiences

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Strategy 4: Review Rules and Regulation on Aquatic IAS

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 ActivitiesNo.

1. Review relevant policies, rules and regulationin existing Fisheries Act 1985 to identifyc o n f l i c t s , g a p s , w e a k n e s s e s a n dinconsistencies on the transboundarymovement of aquatic AS

2. Review and update existing sanitary andphytosanitary measures or other relevantlegislation, regulations and procedures tomake them more effective in dealing withaquatic IAS

3. Regulate and manage import of live aquatic AS

4. Enhance skills, capabilities and competencefor for quarantine, Custom and other border officials

5. Enforce rules and regulation on introductionof aquatic AS into waterbodies

6. Upgrade the existing quarantine and riskassessments facilities

7. Establish coordinating mechanisms andprocess between different levels anddepartments of government

Strategy 5: Encourage More Concerted Effort on Coordinated Research

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 ActivitiesNo.

1. Undertake more specific research studies onaquatic IAS to develop technologies tocontain and control aquatic IAS

2. Strengthen infrastructure for research as wellas research networks that incorporate riskassessment, risk management and researchapproaches on aquatic IAS

3. Enhance capacity building to identify, record

and monitor invasions and develop lists atnational level of potential and establishedIAS

4. P rovide adequa te tr aining fo r R&D,(quarantine staff and extension personnelto develop the required level of diagnosticcapabilities)

5. Provide relevant expert to train the local staff and standardize diagnostic procedures onrapid detection of newly introduced IAS

6. Collaborate with other relevant agencies,organizations, initiatives and conventions

(e.g., FAO, WHO, IMO, CITES, OIE, ICAOand IPPC, etc.)

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Strategy 6: Establish Financial and Infrastructure Supports

Strategy 7: Enhance Skills, Capabilities and Competence

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 ActivitiesNo.

1. S u b m i t b u d g e t a r y p r o p o s a l f o r  implementation of the strategic plan

2. Set up a national level management and

implementation secretariat

3. Monitor the efficacy of interventions,

4. Allocate adequate financial resources to buildcapacity in effective mitigation, border controland quarantine measures, with a view toimprove synergies with policies relating totrade, food security, human health andenvironment protection, scientific researchand exchange of information

5. Enhance the upgrad ing o f quaran tinefacilities through providing of appropriateequipment and facilities

6. Provision of advanced equipment/ tool kitsat all quarantine centres

7. Support closer coordination between nationalfocal points of relevant internationalinstruments, regional institutions andinternational conventions and programmes

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 ActivitiesNo.

1. Initiate training programs in-country andoversea at all levels of intervention

2. Undertake socio-economic collaborativestudies with the stakeholders on theimportance of trade related issues on IAS

3. Mon itor t he e ff icacy of i ntervent ions ,including attempting to understand thereturns on investment

4. Intensi fy extension ac ti vi ti es so tha tprevention, control, eradication andmitigation efforts on aquatic IAS technologiescan be effectively disseminated and adopted

5. Enhance capacity building to identify, recordand monitor invasions and develop lists atnational level of potential and established IAS

9.1 Monitoring, Evaluation and Assessment of 

NPOA - IAS

The lead agency pertaining to fish movement in andout of the country is the sole responsibility of theDepartment of Fisheries Malaysia (DoFM) and itssister’s agency, the Fisheries Development Authority

of Malaysia (FDAM) or LKIM. The DoFM isimplementing regulations on the import of alien speciesfor aquaculture. In implementing the control of these

species, other agencies (Department of Wildlife andNational Parks (DWNP), Information, Immigration,Custom and Excise, Health, Transportation andForestry Departments) are needed to complement it.

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CONCLUSION

With the above deliberation, the issue is not to ban aquatic alien species but to have risk assessments andto evaluate the benefits associated with their use. Appropriate regulations of their movement will be in place. A comprehensive list of aquatic alien species and aquatic invasive alien species and their status pertainingto fisheries in Malaysia will be documented. Introductions of aquatic invasive alien species through all vectorswill be reduced. More officials will be trained to prevent and manage aquatic invasive alien species and to

implement domestic, regional and international requirements; and cooperation to establish scientific networksand information exchange. Communication among the public relevant to addressing aquatic invasive alienspecies will be increased. Educational materials would be developed to inform public of the dangers posedby the species. These materials would be incorporated into public out-reach programs (e.g., for schools,youth groups), news coverage (e.g., in newspapers, local publications), and in science-oriented events(e.g., at nature centers and natural history museums, at meetings of aquarium societies, aquariums andangling associations).

References

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S.S. De Silva (ed.) Exotic aquatic Organisms in Asia. Proceedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Asian Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ.3, 154p. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila,Philippines.

 Anton, A.; M. N. Normawaty & Y. Fukuyo. 2000. Occurrence of harmful dinoflagellates in the Malacca Straitsand its impact on aquaculture. In Towards Sustainable Management of the Straits of Malacca. M. Shariff,F. M. Yusoff, N. Gopinath, H. M. Ibrahim & R. A. Nik Mustapha (eds.), p. 155-163. Malacca StraitsResearch and Development Centre (MASDEC), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia

 Azmi, M., Baki, B.B. & Mashhor, M. 1992. Weed communities in rice granary areas in Peninsular Malaysia.In: Proceedings of the First International Weed Control Congress 2, pp 57-60.

Baki, B.B. & Azmi, M. 1992. Integrated management of paddy and aquatic weeds in Malaysia: Current statusand prospects for improvement. In: Proceedings of the International Seminar “Biological Control andIntegrated Management of Paddy and Aquatic Weeds in Asia” in Tsukuba, Japan. October 1994, pp46-77.

Bartley, D. & Christine, V. Casal. 1998. Impacts of Introductions on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of  Aquatic Biodiversity. Presented at Session 4 of the Int. Conf. on Sustainable Use of Aquatic Biodiversity:Data, Tools and Collaboration 1. ACP-EU Fisheries Research Initiative, 3-5 September 1998, Lisbon,Portugal.

Carlton, J.T. & G.M. Ruiz (in press) Principles of Vector Science and Integrated Vector Management, in H.Mooney et al. (eds.), Best Practices for the Prevention and Management of Alien Invasive Species.Island Press

Claudia Harper (2005). Koi Herpesvirus (Cyprinid herpesvirus 3). Aquaculture Magazine. November/December 2005

D.V.Lightner; C.R.Pantoja; B.T.Poulos; K.F.J.Tang; R.M. Redman; T.Pasos-de-Andrade & J.R.Bonami,

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Faazaz, A.L. & Othman M . 2002 . Observation on a red tide bloom occurrence of Prorocentrum minimum inSouth Johor Waters. Paper presented in Fisheries Research Symposium, Department of FisheriesMalaysia, Kota Bahru, Kelantan

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Jan Jeffrey Hoover, K. Jack Killgore, & Alfred F. Confrancesco, 2004. Suckermouth Ctfishes: Threats to Aquatic Ecosystems of the United States? Aquatic Nuisance Species Research Program ANSRPBulletin, Vol-04-1 February 2004

Jothy, A. A., Rauck, R., Mohd. Shaari, S.A.M., Ong, K.S., Liong, P.C. & Carvalho, J.L. 1975. Demersal fishresources in Malaysian waters – 3. Second trawl survey of the coastal waters off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia (March-May, 1971). Fisheries Bulletin No. 4. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural

Development, Malaysia: 1-17.

Kathleen H. Hartman, Roy P. E.Yanong, B. Denise Petty, Ruth Francis-Floyd & Al len C. Riggs. 2004. KoiHerpes Virus (KHV) Disease. Fact Sheet VM-149. Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences(College of Veterinary Medicine), Florida Cooperative Extension Services.

Laurent Verschuere, Geert Rombaut, Patrick Sorgeloos & Willy Verstraete, 2000. Probiotic Bacteria asBiological Control Agents in Aquaculture. Micro. And Molec. Bio. Reviews, Dec 2000, p. 655-671

Lokman,S.; Abd.Hamid Yasin; Solahudin Abdul Razak & Mohd Shukri Yusoff 1996. Microplankton(Including Dinoflagellate and Foraminifera) in the South China Sea, Area I: Gulf of Thailand andPeninsular Malaysia. P. 310-335.

Mat Hassan Othman & Abdul Kadir Abu Hashim 2002. IAS in Malaysia. Paper presented during GlobalInvasive Species Programme in Thailand

Mohammed Shaari, S.A.L., Rauck, G., Ong, K.S. & Tan, S.P. 1974. Demersal fish resources in Malaysianwaters -2. Trawl survey of the coastal waters off the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia (12 th December 1970 – 22nd January 1971). Fisheries Bulletin No. 3. Ministry of Agriculture Malaysia.

MRC Technical Paper No.9 May 2003. The Impacts of Introductions and Stocking of Exotic Species in TheMekong Basin and Policies for their Control

N. Gopinath & Tarlochan Singh. 1998. Aquaculture Practices in Malaysia. Malaysian Fisheries Society. Animal Health Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, UPM, Serdang, Selangor.

Oseko, N. 2004. Detection of Iridovirus isolated from diseases sea bass (Lates calcarifer ) and red drum(Sciaenops ocellatus) causing mass mortality in Malaysia. Unpublished (abstract) data National Instituteof Aquaculturer, Japan/ NAFISH Malaysia (personal communication).

Pathansali, D., Rauck, G., Jothy, A.A., Mohd. Shaari, S.A.M. & Curtain, T.B. 1974. demersal fish resourcesin Malaysian waters – 1. Trawl survey off the coastal waters off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.Fisheries Bulletin No.1 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Malaysia. 1-13.

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Thalathiah, S. & V. Palanisamy 2004. Country paper: Malaysia. The Way Forward: Building Capacity toCombat Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Alien Species and Associated Trans-Boundary Pathogens in ASEANCountries. In Final report of a workshop hosted by DoFM, Penang Malaysia, 12-16 th July 2004. NACAMarch 2005

Waltzek, T.B.; Kelly, G.O.; Stone, D.M.; Way, K.; Hanson, T.; Fukuda,T.T.; Hirono, I., Aoki; T.; Davison &

 A.J. Hedrick, R.P. 2005. Koi herpesvirus represents a third cyprinid herpesvirus (CyHV-3) in the familyHerpesviridae. J. Gen. Virol.86(pt 6):1659-67

Yong A.H. 2003. Phytoplankton Monitoring in Sarawak. Malaysian Fisheries Journal Vol.3(2) December 2004.

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Yong Ai Hua, 2003 . Blooms of fish killer Cochlodinium polykrikoides in water of Labuan and Kota Kinabalu. APaper from Fisheries Research Institute Sarawak Branch

Zakaria-Ismail, M. 1994. Zoogeography and biodiversity of the fresh-water fishes of South East Asia.Hydrobiologia 285, 41-48.

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List of Aquarium Fishes Cultured in Malaysia

 Append ix 1

No. Scientific Name Common Name Variety Family Alien Local

1.  Acanthoptosis Long Nose Loach 1 Cobitidae 1choirorhynchus

2.  Acarichthys heckeli Thread Finned Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

3.  Aequidens curviceps Flat Dwarf Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

4.  A. maroni Keyhole Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

5.  A. pulcher  Blue Acara 1 Cichlidae 1

6.  A. rivulatus Green Terror 1 Cichlidae 1

7.  Anabas testudineus Climbing Perch 1 Anabantidae 1

8.  Aphyocharax anistsig  Argentina Blood Fin Tetra 1 Characidae 1

9.  A. paraguayensis killie White Spot Tetra 1 Characidae 1

10.  Aphyosemion australe Lyretail Killie 1 Characidae 1

11.  A. gardneri Gardner’s Killie 5 Characidae 1

12.  A. sjoestedti Blue Killie 2 Characidae 1

13.  Apistogramma agassizii  Agassizi 3 Characidae 1

14.  A. borelli Umbrella Dwarf Cichlid 1 Characidae 1

15.  A. ramirezi Ramirez 5 Characidae 1

16.  Aplocheilus normani Lamb Eye 1 Cyprinodontidae 1

17.  Aplocheilus annulatus Clown Killie 1 Cyprinodontidae 1

18.  A. dayi Rainbow Panchax 1 Cyprinodontidae 1

19.  A. panchax Blue Panchax 1 Cyprinodontidae 1

20.  Astronotus ocellatus Oscar 6 Anabantidae 1

21.  Astyanax mexicanus Blind Cave Tetra 1 Characidae 1

22.  Aulonocara jacobfreibergi Freiberg’s Peacock 1 Cichlidae 1

23.  Aulonocara nyassae Nyassae Peacock 3 Cichlidae 1

24. Badis badis Badis badis 1 Nandidae 1

25. Bagrichthys hypselopterus Camel catfish 1 Bagridea 1

26. Balantiocheilos melanopterus Silver Bala Shark 1 Cyprinidae 1

27. Barbodes everetti Clown Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1

28. B. fasciatus Stripped Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1

29. B. hexagona Six Banded Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1

30. B. lateristriga T’ Spanner Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1

31. B. nigrofasciatus Black Ruby Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1

32. B. pentazona Five Banded Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1

33. B. schewanenfeldii Tinfoil Barb 2 Cyprinidae 1

34. B. tetrazona Tiger Barb 6 Cyprinidae 1

35. B. hesellti 1 Anabantidae 1

36. Betta embellish Local Fighting Fish 1 Anabantidae 1

37. B. pugnax Mouthbrooding Betta 1 Anabantidae 1

38. B. splendens Fighting Fish 8 Anabantidae 1

39. Boehlkea frecochui Blue Tetra 1 Characidae 1

40. Botia hymenophysa Tiger Loach 1 Cobitidae 1

41. B. lecontei Yellow Tail Botia 1 Cobitidae 1

42. B. macracantha Clown Loach 1 Cobitidae 143. B. modesta Red Tail Botia 1 Cobitidae 1

44. Brachydanio albolineatus Pearl Danio 1 Cyprinidae 1

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45. B. Frankie Leopard Danio 2 Cyprinidae 1

46. B. rerio Zebra Danio 4 Cyprinidae 1

47. Brachygobius doriae Bumble Bee Catfish 1 1

48. Brochis splendens Green Catfish 1 1

49. Capoeta arulius Longfin Barb 2 Cyprinidae 1

50. C. oligolepis Checkered Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1

51. C. titteya Cherry Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1

52. Carrassius auratus Goldfish 18 Cyprinidae 1

53. Chaca bankanensis Frogmouth Catfish 1 Chacidae 1

54. Channa asiatica Snake Head 1 Channidae 1

55. C. micropeltes Red Snake Head 1 Channidae 1

56. Chlilodus punctatus Head Stander 1 Characidae 1

57. Cichla ocellaris Peacock Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

58. Cichlasoma coryphaenoides Chocolate Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

59. C. cynoguttatum Texas Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

60. C. fastivum Flag Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

61. C. managuense Managuense Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

62. C. meeki Firemouth 1 Cichlidae 1

63. C. nigrofasciatum Zebra Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

C. rajah Flower Horn

64. C. severum Severum Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

65. C. synspilus Red Headed Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

66. Clarius anglolensis Walking Catfish 3 Claridae 1

67. Colisa chuna Honey Gourami 1 Anabantidae 1

68. C. labiosa Thick Lip Gourami 2 Anabantidae 1

69. C. lalia Dwarf Gourami 7 Anabantidae 1

70. Colossoma sp. Red Pacu 1 Characidae 171. Corydoras aeneus Bronze catfish 1 Callychthyidae 1

72. C. julli Leopard Catfish 1 Callychthyidae 1

73. C. paleatus Peppered Catfish 2 Callychthyidae 1

74. Cyprinus carpio Fancy Carp 10 Cyprinidae 1

75. Danio malabaricus Giant Danio 1 Cyprinidae 1

76. Dermogenys pusillus Malayan Halfbeak 1 Hemiramphidae 1

77. Dorychthys martensii Pipe Fish 1 Syngnathidae 1

78. Epalzeorhynchos bicolor  Red Tail Black Shark 1 Cyprinidae 1

79. E. frenatus Rainbow Shark 2 Cyprinidae 1

80. E. kalopterus Flying Fox 1 Cyprinidae 181. Esomus mtallicus Flying Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1

82. Etrplus maculatus Red Chromide 1 Cichlidae 1

83. Geophagus jurupari Horse Face Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

84. G. steindachneri Redhump Geophagus 1 Cichlidae 1

85. Glossolepis incisus Red Rainbow 1 Atherinidae 1

86. Gymnocorymbus ternetzi Black Widow 5 Characidae 1

87. Gyrinocheilos aymonieri Chinese Algae Eater 1 Characidae 1

88. Hampala macrolepidota Red Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1

89. Haplochromis ahli Electric Blue Haplochrom 1 Cichlidae 1

90. H. annectens Chunky Hap. 1 Cichlidae 191. H. boadzulu 1 Cichlidae 1

92. H. borleyi Borleyi Hap. 1 Cichlidae 1

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93. H. brownie Browns’ Mouthbrooder 1 Cichlidae 1

94. H. chrysonotus Yellow-nape Haplochrom 1 Cichlidae 1

95. H. compressiceps Malawi Eye Biter 1 Cichlidae 1

96. H. electra Deep Water Hap. 1 Cichlidae 1

97. H. grenedene 1 Cichlidae 1

98. H. leuciscus 1 Cichlidae 1

99. H. livingstoni Livingston Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

100. H. moorii Blue Lumphead 1 Cichlidae 1

101. H. polystigma Polystigma Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

102. H. sp. Rainbow Haplochromis 1 Cichlidae 1

103. H. taeniolatus Spindle Haplochromis 1 Cichlidae 1

104. H. venustus Venustus Haplochromis 1 Cichlidae 1

105. Helostoma temmicki Kissing Gourami 1 Anabantide 1

106. Hemichromis bimaculatus Jewel Cichlid 2 Cichlidae 1

107. Hemigrammus Beunos Aerus Tetra 2 Characidae 1caudovittatus

108. H. erythrozonus Glowlight Tetra 1 Characidae 1109. H. nanus Silver Tip Tetra 1 Characidae 1

110. H. ocellifer  Head & Tail Light Tetra 1 Characidae 1

111. H. pulcher  Pretty Tetra 2 Characidae 1

112. H. rhodostomus Rummy Nose Tetra 1 Characidae 1

113. H. rodwayi Gold Tetra 1 Characidae 1

114. Hemirhamphodon Common Halfbeak 1 Hemiramphidae 1pogonognathus

115. Homaloptera orthogoniata Malayan Orchid Loach 1 Homalopteridae 1

116. Hyphenssobrycon flammeus Flame Tetra 1 Characidae 1

117. H. Herbert Black Neon 1 Characidae 1

118. H. pulchripinus Lemon tetra 2 Characidae 1

119. H. rosaceus Rosy Tetra 1 Characidae 1

120. H. rubrostiga Bleeding Heart Tetra 1 Characidae 1

121. H. scholzei Black Line Tetra 1 Characidae 1

122. H. serape Serpae Tetra 4 Characidae 1

123. Hypostomus plecostomus  Algae Sucker Catfish 2 Loricaridae 1

124. Iodotropheus sprengerae Rusty Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

125. Iriatherina wemeri Thread Fin Rainbw 1 Antherinidae 1

126. Jordanella floridae  American Flag 1 Cyprinodontidae 1

127. Julidochromis dickfeldi Dickfield’s Julie 1 Cichlidae 1

128. J. regain Striped Julie 1 Cichlidae 1

129. J. transcriptus Masked Julie 1 Cichlidae 1

130. Kryptopterus bicirrhis Thailand Glass Fish 1 Siluridae 1

131. K. macrocephalus Malayan Glass Fish 1 Siluridae 1

132. Labeo chrysophekadion Black Shark 1 Cyprinidae 1

133. Lebeotropheus fuelleborni Fuelleborn’s Cichlid 1 Cyprinidae 1

134. L. trewavasae Red Toppe Trewavase 1 Cyprinidae 1

135. Labidochromis fryeri White Labido 1 Cichlidae 1

136. Lamprologus brichardi Brichardi 1 Cichlidae 1

137. L. moori Moore’s Lampro 1 Cichlidae 1

138. Leiocassis siamensis Giant Bumble Bee Catfish 1 Bagridae 1

139. Lepomis megalotis Logear Sunfish 1 Centrachidae 1

140. Leptobarbus hoeveni Red-finned Cigar Shark 1 Cyprinidae 1

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141. Luciosoma setigerum  Apollo Shark 1 Cyprinidae 1

142. Macrognathus armatus Spiny Eel Tire Track 1 Mastecembelidae 1

143. M. siamensis Spiny Eel Spotted Fin 1 Mastecembelidae 1

144. Macropodus opercularis Paradise Fish 2 Anabantidae 1

145. Mastercembelus Fire Eel 1 Mastecembelidae 1erythrotaenia

146. Megalamphodus Black Phantom Tetra 1 Characidae 1megalopterus

147. M. sweglesi Red Phantom Tetra 1 Characidae 1

148. Melanochromis exasperatus Exasperatus Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

149. M. johanni Johanni Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

150. Melanotaenia boesemani Boeseman’s Rainbow 1 Atherinidae 1

151. M. maccullochi  Australian Rainbow 1 Atherinidae 1

152. M. peacock Peacock Rainbow 1 Atherinidae 1

153. Metynnis schreitmuelleri Silver Dollar 1 Characidae 1

154. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Weather Loach 2 Cobitidae 1

155. Moenkhausia Red Eye Tetra 2 Characidae 1

sanctaefilomenae156. Monodactylus argenteus Monos 1 Monodactylidae 1

157. Mystus sp. Estuarine Catfish 1 Bagridae 1

158. Nannostomus anomalus Golden Pencil 1 Characidae 1

159. N. unifasciatus One-lined Pencil Fish 1 Characidae 1

160. Nematobrevecon palmeri Emperor Tetra 1 Characidae 1

161. Noemacheilus bartulus Stone Loach 1 Cobitidae 1

162. Nomorhamphus liemi Celebes Halfbeak 1 Hemiramphidae 1

163. Nothobranchius rachovi Ranchow’s Notho 5 Cyprinodontidae 1

164. Notopterus chitala Clown Knifefish 1 Notopteridae 1

165. N. sp. Black Knifefish 1 Notopteridae 1166. Osphronemus goramy Giant Gourami 2 Anabantidae 1

167. Osteochilus hasselti Hard-lipped Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1

168. Oxyleotris marmoratus Marble Goby 1 Eleotridae 1

169. Pangasius sutchi Silver Catfish 1 Bagridae 1

170. Pangio javanicus Black Coolie Loach 1 Cobitidae 1

171. P. kuhlii Coolie Loach 1 Cobitidae 1

172. P. myersi Giant Coolie Loach 1 Cobitidae 1

173. P. semicinctus Red Coolie Loach 1 Cobitidae 1

174. Paracheirodon innesi Neon Tetra 1 Characidae 1

175. Pelvichromis pulcher  Kribensis 2 Cichlidae 1176. Petrotilapia tridentiger  Lavender Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

177. Phenocogrammus Congo Tetra 1 Characidae 1interruptus

178. Poecillia latipina Molly 30 Poeciliidae 1

179. P. reticulate Guppy 26 Poeciliidae 1

180. Pnobrama filigera Glass Loodfin Tetra 1 Characidae 1

181. Pristella maxillaris Pristella Tetra 5 Characidae 1

182. Pseudogastromyzon myersi Borneo Loach 1 Cobitidae 1

183. Pseudomungil gertrudae Blue Lamp Eye 1 Atherinidae 1

184. Pseudotropheus “kennyi” Kennyi Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

185. P. auratus  Auratus Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

186. P. auraora  Aurora Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

187. P. chamaelee Chamaelee Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

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188. P. dinghani Dinghan Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

189. P. greberi Greber Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

190. P. kingsizei Kingsize Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

191. P. ornatus Bumble Bee Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

192. P. socolofi Scolof Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

193. P. species Ice Blue Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

194. P. tropheops Black Tropheops 1 Cichlidae 1

195. P. zebra Zebra Cichlid 7 Cichlidae 1

196. Pterophyllum scalare  Angelfish 22 Cichlidae 1

197. Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps Red Algae Sucker Catfish 1 Loricariidae 1

198. Puntius conchonius Rosy Barb 8 Cyprinidae 1

199. P. conchonius Hybrid Odessa Barb 1 Cyprinidae 1

200. P. sachsi Golden Barb 4 Cyprinidae 1

201. Rasbora baropetensis Red-tailed Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1

202. R. caudimaculata Red scissor-tail rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1

203. R. dorsiocellata Emerald Eye Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1

204. R. einthoveni Blue Striped Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1

205. R. elegans Elegant Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1

206. R. heteromorpha Harlequin Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1

207. R. kalochroma Clown Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1

208. R. maculate Spotted Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1

209. R. pauciperforata Red Striped Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1

210. R. trilineatus Scissor Tail Rasbora 1 Cyprinidae 1

211. Rhodeus ocellatus Bittering 1 Cyprinidae 1

212. Scatophagus argus Green Scat 1 Scatophagidae 1

213. S. argus Red Scat 1 Scatophagidae 1

214. Sclerophagus formosus  Arowana, Dragonfish 2 Osteoglossidae 1215. Sphearichthys Chocolate Gourami 1 Anabantidae 1

osphromenoides

216. Steatocranus casurius Lionhead Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

217. Stigmatogobius Knight Gobby 1 Gobiidae 1sadannundio

218. Symphysodon hybrid Discus 25 Cichlidae 1

219. Tanichthys albonubes White Cloud Mountain 1 Cyprinidae 1

220. Telmatherina ladigesi Celebes Rainbow 1 atherinidae 1

221. Tetraodon biocellatus Figure Puffer 1 Tetradontidae 1

222. T. fluviatilis Spotted Puffer 1 Tetradontidae 1

223. Thayeri oblique Penguin Tetra 1 Characidae 1

224. Tilapia aurea Orange Firemouth 1 Cichlidae 1

225. Toxotex jaculator   Archer Fish 1 Toxotidae 1

226. Trichogaster leeri Pearl Gourami 1 Anabantidae 1

227. T. microlepis Moonlight Gourami 1 Anabantidae 1

228. T. pectoralis Snake Skin Gourami 1 Anabantidae 1

229. T. trichopterus Three Spot Gourami 1 Anabantidae 1

230. Trichopsis vittatus Croaking Gourami 1 Anabantidae 1

231. Uaru amphiacanthoides Triangle Cichlid 1 Cichlidae 1

232. Xiphophorus helleri Swordtail 30 Poeciliidae 1

233. X. maculates Platy 24 Poeciliidae 1

234. X. variatus Parrot Platy 5 Poeciliidae 1

506 186 50

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List of Freshwater Food Fish

 Append ix 2

No. Scientific Name Common Name Local Name Origin Year Introduced

1.  Anguilla sp. Eel Belut

2.  Aristichthys nobilis Big Head Carp Kap kepala Besar China Early 19th

century3. Catla catla Catla Katla India 1960

4. Channa micropeltes Red Snake Head Toman local

5. Channa striatus Striped Snakehead Aruan, Haruan, localToman Paya

6. Cherax quadricarinatus Freshwater crayfish Udang kara Australia 1999air tawar 

7. Cirrhina mrigala Mrigal Mrigal India 1960

8. Clarias batrachus Walking Catfish Keli Kayu local

9. C. grapieneus  African Catfish Keli Afrika

10. C. macrocephalus Walking Catfish Keli Bunga Thailand 1950

11. Colossoma sp Pacu Bawal Merah, SouthPacu America

12. Ctenopharyngodon idellus Grass Carp Kap Rumput China Early 19th century

13. Cyprinus carpio Common Carp Lee Koh China Early 19th century

14. Etroplus suratensis Sri Lanka 1975

15. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Silver carp Kap Perak China Early 19th century

16. Ictalurus ictalurus Channel catfish Cuba 2001

17. Labeo rohita Rohu Rohu India 1960

18. Leptobarbus hoevenii Sultan Fish Jelawat

19. Macrobrachium rosenbergi Giant Freshwater Prawn Udang Galah local

20. M. lancestrei Glass Shrimp Udang Gantung Local

21. Micropterus salmoides Florida 1984

22. Monopterus albus Freshwater Eel Belut

23. Mystus nemurus River Catfish Baung Local

24. Oreochromis mossambicus  African Tilapia Tilapia Afrika Java, 1944Indonesia

25. O. niloticus Nile Tilapia Tilapia Thailand 1979

26. O. sp. Red Tilapia Tilapia Merah Taiwan 1980

27. Oxyeleotris marmoratus Marble Goby Ketutu Local

28. Pangasius sutchi Striped Catfish Patin Thailand

29. Probarbus jullieni Temoleh Temoleh Local

30. Puntius gonionotus Javanese Carp Lampam Jawa Indonesia 195831. P. schwanenfeldii Tinfoil Barb Lampam Sungai Local

32. Salmo gairdneri Scotland 1935New Zealand 1968

33. Trichogaster pectoralis Snake Skin Gourami Sepat Siam Thailand 1921

34. Tor tambroides Red Masheer Kelah Local,

35. Tor sp. Masheer Kelah -like Sumatra 2006

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List of Marine Food Fish in Malaysia

 Append ix 3

No. Scientific Name Common Name Local Name Origin

GROUPERS

1. Cromileptes altiveles Humpback grouper kerapu Taiwan2. Epinephelus bleekeri Yellow-spotted grouper kerapu Taiwan

3. E. coioides Orange-spotted grouper; Kerapu TaiwanEstuary cod; Greengrouper 

4. E. fuscoguttatus Tiger grouper; Brown Kerapu Taiwanmarbled grouper;Flowery cod

5. E. lanceolatus Giant grouper kertang Taiwan

6. E. malabaricus Malabar grouper kerapu Taiwan

7. E. suillus grouper kerapu Taiwan

8. Plectropomus leopardus Blue-dotted coral trout kerapu bara Taiwan

9. Lates calcarifer  seabass siakap ThailandIndonesia

10. Lateolabrax japonica Japanese seabass siakap Jepun Jepun

SNAPPER

11. Lutjanus argentimaculatus Mangrove Ikan merah Taiwansnapper 

12. L. johnii Golden snapper Ikan merah Taiwan

13. L.ruselli snapper Ikan merah Taiwan

14. L. erythropterus Red snapper celoreng Taiwan

15. L. sebae Emperor red snapper Ikan merah Taiwan

16. Pinjalo-pinjalo Pinjalo snapper Ikan merah Taiwan

JACKS

17. Caranx ignobilis Giant trevally gerong-gerong Indonesia

18. Trachinotus blochii Taiwan pomfret, bawal merah Taiwansnub-nose pompano

19. Carangoides sp. Trevally gerong-gerong Indonesia

20. Gnathanodon speciosus Golden trevally gerong-gerong Indonesia

OTHERS

21. Rachycentron canadum Cobia Aruan tasik Taiwan

22. Sciaenops ocellatus Red drum senangin Taiwan Taiwan 2000

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List of Aquatic Plants in Malaysia

 Append ix 4

No. Scientific Name Common Name Family Alien Remarks

1. Eichhornia crassipes Keladi bunting Pontederiaceae Africa cosmopolitan2. Hymenachne pseudointerrupta

3. Hymenachne acutigluma

4. Hydrilla verticillata Hydocharitaceae cosmopolitan

5. Oryza rufipogon

6. Scirpus grossus

7. Ludwigia adscendens

8. Ludwigia hyssopifolia

9. Polygonum barbatum Polygonaceae

10. Ipomea aquatica

11. Eleocharis dulcis12. Eleocharis ochrostachys

13. Eleocharia variegata

14. Nymphaea nouchali

15. Pistia stratiotes Water lettuce Araceae Tropics

16. Limnocharis flava

17. Limnophila aromatica Scrophulariaceae Tropical Asia

18. Fimbristylis miliacea

19. Leersia hexandra

20. Utricularia aurea Lentibulariaceae Tropics

21. Cyperus distans22. Cyperus iria

23. Monochoria hastata

24. Ottelia alismoides Hydrocharitaceae South Asia

25. Lemna perpusilla

26. Lemna minor 

27.  Azolla pinnata

27. Salvinia molesta

29. Ceratopteris thalictroides Indian fern Pteridaceae Tropics

30. Marsilea crenata Marsileaceae South East Asia

31.  Alocasia macrorhiza

32. Ceratophyllum demersum Ceratophyllaceae cosmopolitan

33. Nymphoides indica Gentiaceae Tropics

34. Najas graminea

35. Nelumbo nucifera

36.  Alternanthera sessilis  Amaranthaceae Tropics

37. Salvinia cucullata

38. Echinochloa stagnina

39. Echinochloa crus-galli

40. Echinochloa colona

41. Isachne globosa

42. Ischaemum rugosum

43. Leptochloa chinensis

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44. Paspalum vaginatum

45. Bacopa rotundifolia

46. Microcarpea minima Scrophulariaceae Australia Asia

47. Monochoria vaginalis

48. Monochoria hastata

49. Rotala indica Lythraceae Asia

50. Sagittaria guyanensis

51. Sphenoclea zeylanica

52.  Acorus gramineus  Aroraceae Temperate

53.  Acorus gramineus var. Pusillus  Aroraceae

54.  Acorus gramineus var. Viridialbus  Aroraceae

55.  Aglaonema nitidum  Araceae Philippines Malaysia

56.  Aglaonema simplex  Araceae Philippine Malaysia

57.  Alternanthera ficiodes var. Amaranthaceae BrazilBettzickiana Green

58.  Alternanthera ficiodes var. Amaranthaceae BrazilBettzickiana Red

59.  Alternanthera reinkii Variegated Amaranthaceae

60.  Alternanthera ocipus  Amaranthaceae

61.  Alternanthera reineckii  Amaranthaceae Brazil

62.  Alternanthera sesilis  Amaranthaceae Tropics

63.  Alternanthera sesilis ‘Lilacina’  Amaranthaceae

64.  Alternanthera sesilis var. Orforma  Amaranthaceae

65.  Ammania gracilis Lythraceae TropicalWest Africa

66.  Ammania latifolia Lythraceae

67.  Anubias affinis

68.  Anubias auriculata69.  Anubias barteri var. Barteri Araceae West Africa

70.  Anubias barteri var. Variegated Araceae West Africa

71.  Anubias congensis  Araceae

72.  Anubias congensis var. Crassispadix Araceae

73.  Anubias heterophylla  Araceae TropicalWest Africa

74.  Anubias heterophylla Lancelata Araceae TropicalWest Africa

75.  Anubias barteri var nana Dwarf anubias Araceae Cameroon

76.  Anubias undulata  Araceae

77.  Aponogeton boivinianus  Aponogetonaceae NorthernMadagascar 

78.  Aponogeton capuroni  Aponogetonaceae NorthernMadagascar 

79.  Aponogeton crispus  Aponogetonaceae South East Asia

80.  Aponogeton fenestralis  Aponogetonaceae

81.  Aponogeton henkelianus  Aponogetonaceae

82  Aponogeton longiplumulosus  Aponogetonaceae North-EastMadagascar 

83.  Aponogeton madagascariensis  Aponogetonaceae Madagascar 

84.  Aponogeton natans  Aponogetonaceae Sri Lanka

85.  Aponogeton rigidifolius  Aponogetonaceae Sri Lanka86.  Aponogeton stachyosporus  Aponogetonaceae India, Thailand,

Burma

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87.  Aponogeton ulvaceus  Aponogetonaceae Madagascar 

88.  Aponogeton undulatus  Aponogetonaceae India, Thailand,Burma

89.  Azolla japonica  Azollaceae

90. Bacopa caroliniana Lemon bacopa/ Scrophulariaceae USAGiant Bacopa

91. Bacopa lanigera Scrophulariaceae South America

92. Bacopa monniera Dwarf Bacopa Scrophulariaceae America, Africa Tropical Asia

93. Bacopa myriophylloides Scrophulariaceae South America

94. Barclaya longifolia Nymphaeaceae South East Asia

95. Barclaya motleyi Nymphaeaceae

96. Blyxa auberti Nymphaeaceae

97. Blyxa japonica Nymphaeaceae Tropical Asia

98. Bolbitis heteroclita Lomariopsidaceae Tropical Asia

99. Bolbitis heudelotii Lomariopsidaceae West Africa

100. Cabomba aquatica Cabombaceae Central America

101. Cabomba australis

102. Cabomba caroliniana Green Cabomba Cabombaceae Central America

103. Cabomba piauhyensis Cabombaceae South America

104. Caladium humboldtii - red Heart  Araceae

105. Caladium humboldtii - red/white spot  Araceae

106. Caladium humboldtii - white  Araceae

107. Caladium humboldtii - white spot-mini  Araceae

108. Cardamine Iyrata Chinese Ivy Brassicaceae Subtropical Asia

109. Cephalomanes oflongifolium

110. Ceratophyllum demersum Hornwort Ceratophyllaceae Cosmopolitan

111. Ceratopteris comuta Pteridaceae

112. Ceratopteris thalictroides Pteridaceae Tropics

113. Chlorophytum bichetii Liliaceae

114. Colosacia esculenta

115. Corayline terminalis

116. Crinum aquatica  Amaryllidaceae

117. Crinum calamistratum  Amaryllidaceae Cameroon

118. Crinum natans  Amaryllidaceae Tropical west Africa

119. Crinum thaianum  Amaryllidaceae Thailand

120. Cryptocoryne affinis  Araceae Malaysia

121. Cryptocoryne balansae  Araceae122. Cryptocoryne beckettii  Araceae South East Asia

123. Cryptocoryne bullosa  Araceae

124. Cryptocoryne ciliata  Araceae Thailand Malaysia

125. Cryptocoryne ciliata var. Latifolia  Araceae

126. Cryptocoryne griffithii  Araceae Malaysia

127. Cryptocoryne johorensis  Araceae Borneo Malaysia

128. Cryptocoryne lingua  Araceae Borneo Malaysia

129. Cryptocoryne lucens  Araceae Sri Lanka

130. Cryptocoryne minima  Araceae

131. Cryptocoryne parva Tiny cryp Araceae Sri Lanka132. Cryptocoryne petchii  Araceae Sri Lanka

133. Cryptocoryne pontederrifolia  Araceae Sumatra

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134. Cryptocoryne retrospiralis  Araceae

135. Cryptocoryne undulata  Araceae Sri Lanka

136. Cryptocoryne walkeri  Araceae Sri Lanka

137. Cryptocoryne wenditti – brown  Araceae Sri Lanka

138. Cryptocoryne wenditti – green  Araceae Sri Lanka

139. Cryptocoryne willisii  Araceae Sri Lanka

140. Didiplis diandra Lythraceae North America

141. Dieffenbachia maculate  Araceae North America

142. Draceana deremensis – striped Araceae Tropics

143. Draceana deremensis  Araceae Tropics

144. Draceana sanderiana  Araceae Tropics

145. Draceana variegates  Araceae Tropics

146. Echinodorus amazonicus  Amazon Alismataceae South Americasword plant

147. Echinodorus asiris  Alismataceae

148. Echinodorus asiris – Rose  Alismataceae

149. Echinodorus asiris ‘Barthii’  Alismataceae150. Echinodorus bleheri  Alismataceae South America

151. Echinodorus cordifolius  Alismataceae South America

152. Echinodorus cordifolius Variegatus  Alismataceae

153. Echinodorus grandiflorus  Alismataceae South America

154. Echinodorus horemanii  Alismataceae Brazil

155. Echinodorus horemanii – green  Alismataceae

156. Echinodorus horemanii – red  Alismataceae

157. Echinodorus horizontalis  Alismataceae

158. Echinodorus intermedius  Alismataceae

159. Echinodorus latifolius  Alismataceae Central America160. Echinodorus macrophyllus  Alismataceae South America

161. Echinodorus major   Alismataceae Brazil

162. Echinodorus paiculatus  Alismataceae

163. Echinodorus parviflorus  Alismataceae South America

164. Echinodorus parviflorus ‘Tropica’  Alismataceae

165. Echinodorus quadricostatus dwarf sword plant Alismataceae

166. Echinodorus quadricostatus  Alismataceae Central America‘Madalen’

167. Echinodorus schlueteri var. Leopard  Alismataceae

168. Echinodorus tenellus  Alismataceae South America

169. Egeria densa  Argentine acharis Hydrocharitaceae South America

170. Eichhornia crassipes Pontederiaceae cosmopolitan

171. Eichhornia natans

172. Eleocharis acicularis Cyperaceae Temperate zone

173. Eleocharis vivipara Cyperaceae Tropics

174. Eleocharis xingua

175. Eustralis stellata Lamiaceae Tropical Asia

176. Fittonia verschaffeltii

177. Glossostigma elatinoides Scrophulariaceae Australia,New Zealand

178. Gratiola sp.179. Gymnocoronis spilanthoides  Asteraceae South America

180. Hemigraphis alternata

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181. Hemigraphis alternata var.

182. Hemigraphis repanda  Acanthaceae

183. Heteranthera zosterifolia Pontederiaceae Brazil

184. Houttuynia cordata Saururaceae East Asia

185. Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocharitaceae cosmopolitan

186. Hydrocotyle aquatica

187. Hydrocotyle leucocephala Brazilia Pennywort Apiaceae South America

188. Hydrocotyle wilfordi

189. Hygrophila angustifolia

190. Hygrophila corymbosa  Acanthaceae South East Asia

191. Hygrophila corymbosa var. Globra

192. Hygrophila difformis  Acanthaceae South East Asia

193. Hygrophila difformis – Variegatus  Acanthaceae

194. Hygrophila guianensis

195. Hygrophila lacustris  Acanthaceae Thailand

196. Hygrophila lancea

197. Hygrophila polysperma dwarf hygrophila Acanthaceae Tropical Asia

198. Hygrophila polysperma var. sunset

199. Hygrophila salicifolia

200. Hygrophila stricuta

201. Ipomoea aquatica

202. Lagarosiphon madagascariensis Hydrocharitaceae Madagascar 

203. Lagarosiphon major  Hydrocharitaceae Madagascar 

204. Lilaleopsis brasiliensis  Apiaceae Australia,New Zealand

205. Limnobium laevigatum Hydrocharitaceae South America

206. Limnophila aquatica Scrophulariaceae S.E.Asia207. Limnophila aromatica Scrophulariaceae Tropical Asia

208. Limnophila heterophylla

209. Limnophila sessilifora Dwarf Ambulia Scrophulariaceae S.E.Asia

210. Lindernia pyxidaria

211. Lindernia sp. Scrophulariaceae

212. Lobelia cardinalis – Big Leaf  Companulaceae USA

213. Lobelia cardinalis – Small Leaf  Scarlet Lobelia- CompanulaceaeCardinal flower 

214. Ludwigia arcuata Needle leaf Onagraceae USALudwigia

215. Ludwigia grandulosa Onagraceae East Asia216. Ludwigia inclinata Onagraceae South America

217. Ludwigia mullertii

218. Ludwigia palustris Onagraceae Warm temperate

219. Ludwigia peruensis

220. Ludwigia repens Creeping Ludwigia Onagraceae America

221. Lymnocharis flava

222. Lysimachia nummularia Creeping penny Primulaceae Europe

223. Marsilea angustifolia Marsileaceae Australia

224. Marsilea crenata Marsileaceae S.E.Asia

225. Marsilea quadrifolia Marsileaceae Tropics226. Mayaca fluviatilis Mayacaceae Brazil

227. Micranthemum micranthemoides Scrophulariaceae USA & West Indies

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228. Micranthemum unbrosum Scrophulariaceae Central America

229. Microsorium pteropus Java fern Polypodiaceae Asia

230. Myriophyllum aquaticum Haloragaceae

231. Myriophyllum elatinoides Haloragaceae S.America

232. Myriophyllum hippuroides Haloragaceae USA & Mexico

233. Myriophyllum mattogrossense Brazilian Milfoil Haloragaceae S.America

234. Nesaea pedicellata Lythraceae TropicalWest Africa

235. Nesaea sp. Lythraceae TropicalWest Africa

236. Nitella flexilis

237. Nuphar japonicum Nymphaeaceae S.E.Asia &Japan

238. Nymphaea lotus var. Green Nymphaeaceae Tropical Africa

239. Nymphaea lotus var. Red Nymphaeaceae Tropical Africa

240. Nymphaea rubra Nymphaeaceae Tropical Africa

241. Ophiopogon jaburan Liliaceae

242. Ophiopogon japonicum Liliaceae243. Ophiopogon japonicus Liliaceae

244. Physostegia sp.

245. Pistia stratiotes  Araceae Tropics

246. Plygonum thunbergii

247. Polygonum hastata-sagittatatum

248. Riccia fluitans Ricciaceae cosmopolitan

249. Rorippa aquatica Brassicaceae USA

250. Rotala indica Lythraceae Asia

251. Rotala macrandra Lythraceae India

252. Rotala macrandra sp. Lythraceae253. Rotala wallichii Lythraceae

254. Sagittaria eatoni

255. Sagittaria graminea

256. Sagittaria pusilla

257. Sagittaria subulata  Alismataceae North America

258. Sagittaria teres

259. Salvinia cucullata

260. Salvinia natans Floating fern Salviniaceae cosmopolitan

261. Samolus parvilorus Primulaceae Europe

262. Saururus cernuus Primulaceae USA263. Schismatoglottis sp. Liliaceae

264. Scindapsus sp.

265. Selaginella wildenowii Peacock fern Selaginellaceae Vietnam, MalaysiaHimalayas

266. Selenodesmium cobsucum

267. Shinnersia rivularis  Asteraceae Mexico

268. Shinnersia rivularis Variegatus  Asteraceae Mexico

269. Spathiphyllum wallisii  Araceae South America,Central AmericaSouth East Asia

270. Syngonium podophyllum Goose foot plant Araceae Central America271. Trapa natans Water chestnut Trapaceae cosmopolitan

272. Triadenum japonicum

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273. Utricularia aurea Lentibulariaceae Tropics

274. Utricularia vulgaris Lentibulariaceae Tropics

275. Vallisneria asiatica Hydrocharitaceae Tropics

276. Vallisneria dubyana

277. Vallisneria gigantea Hydrocharitaceae Tropics

278. Vallisneria natans Hydrocharitaceae Tropics

279. Vallisneria spiralis Hydrocharitaceae

280. Vallisneria tortissima

Remarks: *Local / ** Asia / ***Cosmopol itan

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Peridinium

Peridinium quinquecorne

Phalacroma rapaPolykrikos shwartizii

Prorocentrum micans

Prorocentrum minimum

Protoceratium sp

Protoperidinium sp

Protoperidinium excentricum

Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum

Tuberculodinium vancampoae

Gonyaulacaceae (6 species),

Protoperidiniaceae (9 species)Pyrophacaceae (1 species)

Unidentified family (2 species)

List of Marine Dinoflagellates Found in Malaysian Waters

 Appendix 5

 Alexandrium tamarensis

 Alexandrium minutum Alexandrium tamiyavanichi

 Alexandrium fraterculus

 Alexandrium leei

 Alexandrium cohorticula

 Amphidinium spp

 Amphisolenia globifera

Ceratium arietinum

Ceratium furca

Ceratium lumulus

Ceratium symmetricumCeratium fusus

Ceratium pentagonum

Ceratocorys sp

Chattonella sp

Coolia

Cochlodinium polykrikoides

Dinophysis caudata

D. rotundata

Gambierdiscus toxicus

Gymnodinium catenatumGymnodinium sanguineum

Gonyaulax spinifera

Heterosigma sp

Noctiluca scintillans

Operculodinium centrocarpum

Ornithoceros

Ostreopsis

Name of Species

Spiniferites bulloides (cyst of Gonyaulax scrippsae)

Spiniferites ramosus (cyst of Gonyaulax spinifera complex)Spiniferites cf. mirabilis (cyst of Gonyaulax spinifera complex)

Spiniferites ramosus (cyst of Gonyaulax spinifera complex

Spiniferites cf. mirabilis (cyst of Gonyaulax spinifera complex)

Name of Species

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1. Fisheries Acts 1985

Section 40 - Control of Live Fish

(1) Any person who:

a) Imports into or exports out of Malaysia;

b) Transport from West Malaysia into the FT of Labuan, states of Sabah and Sarawak;c) Transports from FT of Labuan or the state of Sabah and Sarawak into West Malaysiad) Transport from Federal Territory of Labuan into the state of Sabah and Sarawak;e) Transport from the state of Sabah into the Federal Territory of Labuan or the state of Sarawak; or f) Transport from state of Sarawak into Federal Territory of Labuan or State of Sabah

Live fish without a permit or in breach of any condition in a permit issued by the Director General under this section shallbe guilty of an offence

(2) The Director General may impose such conditions as he thinks fit in the permit, including conditions concerning thestate of cleanliness of the fish to be exported, imported or transported and measures to avoid the spread of communicable fish diseases, or to avoid the release into the natural environment of non-indigenous species of fish.

Section 61 – Power of Minister to make regulations

61 (ag) – to prescribe regulations for the control of movement of fish within Malaysia

61 (ai) – to prescribe measures for the control of fish diseases

Fisheries Regulations

Fisheries (Prohibition of import, etc., of fish ) Regulation 1990

2. Prohibition

(1) No person shall import into, sell, cultivate or keep live fish of the genus as specified in the Schedule to theRegulations except with the written permission of the Director General.

(2) The Director General may impose any conditions he deems fit in the written permission granted pursuant toparagraph (1)

The followings are prohibited for import by special directives from the Director General of Fisheries:

1) Tiger shrimp broodstock2) All exotic species for research purposes, without written approval from the Director General of Fisheries3) All species of piranhas which included Colosomma / Piaractus, these fishes are now accepted as a food

finfish and very popular species in sport fishing

3. Penalty

 Any person who contravenes the provision of regulation 2(1) or any condition imposed in the written permission grantedby the Director General under regulation 2(2) shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to a fine not exceeding onethousand ringgit or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding one year or both.

Exports of Live Food Finfish

Export prohibition

The followings are prohibited for export by special directives from the Director General of Fisheries:

1. Tiger shrimp broodstock >178mm2. All types of hard corals3. Cockles ( Anadara granosa) < 25mm4. Grouper fry < 150 mm)

 Append ix 6

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Penalties

Part VI, Section 25(b):

(b) In any other cases, a penalty of not more than RM 20, 000.00, or jailed term not more than 2 years or both

Lists of legislations related to movement of live aquatic animals under the Fisheries Act 1985

Control of import of live aquaticanimals

• Fisheries Act 1985 under section• Sec 40 (1)(2) - Control of live fish• Fisheries Regulations (Import, Export, Transport and

Quarantine of Fish and Species in the CITES List 2006• Fisheries (Control of Endangered Species of Fish)

Regulations 1999• Fisheries (Prohibi tion of Import, etc., of Fish)

Regulations 1990• Fisheries (Marine Culture System) Regulations 1990• Custom Act 1967 (Act 235) & Custom Regulations

1977 – Schedule 2 & 4• Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia Act 1971• National CITES Legislation Malaysia (Daft) 2006• Directives of Director- General, Department of Fisher-

ies Malaysia 1986• Sec 25 (b) - Offences under Act

Control of export of live aquaticanimals

Live aquatic animal movementwithin the country (domestic)

Legislation to ensure that importedlive aquatic animals are not divertedto other purposes

- NIL -

Export-Import Permit /license fee

Health certification/Statement of origin

• Fisheries Act 1985 under section• Fisheries Act 1985 under section• Sec 40 (1)(2) - Control of live fish• Fisheries Regulations (Import, Export, Transport and

Quarantine of Fish and Species in the CITES List 2006• Fisheries (Control of Endangered Species of Fish)

Regulations 1999

• Fisheries (Prohibi tion of Import, etc., of Fish)Regulations 1990

• Fisheries (Marine Culture System) Regulations 1990• Custom Act 1967 (Act 235) & Custom Regulations

1977 – schedule 2 & 4• Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia Act 1971• National CITES Legislation Malaysia (Daft) 2006• Directives of Director- General, Department of 

Fisheries Malaysia 1986• Sec 25 (b) - Offences under Act

• Section 40(1) (b) – (f), Fisheries Act 1985• Sarawak Government Gazette Part II – The Fisheries

(Adoption) Ordinance 1994Introducing new/ exotic species • Technical Committee of Malaysia’s National Policy on

Biological Diversity for Fisheries (Department of Fisheries Malaysia)

• Technical Working Group for Invasive Alien Species

• Fisher ies Development Author i ty of Malaysia(license fee)

• CITES permit fee (Department of Fisheries)

* Live food (Ministry of Health) for food safety. DOF onlyon Health Status of the Fish

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International Agreements and Guidelines Addressing Aquatic Alien Species

n Convention on Biological Diversityhttp: //www.biodiv.org/convention/articles.asp

n Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: Text of the Protocolhttp: //www.biodiv.org/biosafety/protocol.asp

n World Trade Organization, Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsagr_e.htm

n Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/v9878e/v9878e00.htm

n International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Position Statement on Translocation

of Living Organisms: introductions, reintroductions and re-stocking.

http: //www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/pubs/policy/transe.htm

n Asia Regional Technical Guidelines on Health Management for the Responsible Movement of Aquatic Animals and the Beijing Consensus and Implementation Strategyhttp://www.enaca.org/NACAPublications/AsiaRegionalTechnicalGuidelines.pdf 

n International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Code of Practice on Introductions andTransfers of Marine Organismshttp://www.ices.dk/reports/general/2003/Codemarineintroductions2003.pdf 

n International Plant Protection Conventionhttp: //www.ippc.int/IPP/En/publications.htm

n European Information System on Invasive Alien Species. Legislation and regulations on invasivealien species on the global level.http://www.zin.ru/rbic/legisl_global.asp

 Append ix 7

Partners and Organizations

n Office International des Épizooties, Aquatic Animal Health Codehttp://www.oie.int/eng/normes/fcode/a_summry.htm

n Convention on Biological Diversity, Alien Species: Guiding Principals for the Prevention, Introductionand Mitigation of Impacts.http://www.biodiv.org/doc/meetings/sbstta/sbstta-05/official/sbstta-05-05-en.pdf 

n Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Manual on Risk Analysis for the Safe Movement of  Aquatic Animals, May 2004 – Provides basic guidance and procedures aimed at developing

countries on how to conduct ri sk analyses for aquatic animals.

http://www.apecsec.org.sg/apec/publications.html

n Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC),Capacity and Awareness Building on Import Risk Analysis

(IRA) for Aquatic Animals, Proceedings, May 2004 – A collection of papers dealing with variousaspects of risk analysis for aquatic animals.

http://www.apecsec.org.sg/apec/publications.html

n Office International des Epizooties, International Aquatic Animal Health Code (2004) - Assures the

sanitary safety of international trade in aquatic animals (fish, molluscs and crustaceans)

and their products through the detailing of health measures to be used by the veterinary

authorities of importing and exporting countr ies to avoid the transfer of pathogens of aquatic

animals, while also avoiding unjustif ied sanitary barriers.

http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/fcode/A_00007.htm

n Office International des Epizooties, Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (2003) - Provides

a uniform approach to the diagnosis of the diseases listed in the OIE International Aquatic

 Animal Health Code), so that the requirements for health certi fi cation in connect ion wi th

trade in aquatic animals and aquatic animal products can be met.http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/fmanual/A_summry.htm

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n NACA/OIE Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease Reports – Provides information on the occurrence

of serious disease outbreaks of aquatic animals in the Asia-Pacific region.

http://www.enaca.org/modules/mydownloads/viewcat.php?cid=59

n Asia Diagnostic Guide to Aquatic Animal Diseases. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 402/2 - Provides

a comprehensive guide to the most economically signi ficant diseases affecting mol luscs, fish

and crustaceans in the Asia-Pacific region. Includes information on laboratory and diagnostic

techniques, causative agents and distribution, host range, clinical aspects, screening methods,

diagnostic procedures, modes of transmission, control measures.http://www.enaca.org/NACA-Publications/ADG-complete.pdf 

n Polistes Global Mapper – Example of a global dist ribution map (for plants). Good example to

build aquatic organism database around, contains li st of all sightings with s ite coordinates.

http://pick4.pick.uga.edu/mp/20m

n Invasive Species Information Management in the NorthEast -Report highlighting the need for an

international monitoring network to assess the distribution, rate of spread and population

dynamics of marine invasive species.

http://www.aquatic-invasive-species-conference.org/powerpoint_pdf/Session C/Wednesday/

 jay_baker.pdf 

n Aquaculture, Fisheries and Forestry – Australia (AFFA) - Current import r isk analysis:

freshwater crayfishhttp://www.affa.gov.au/content/publications.cfm?

Category=Biosecurity%20Australia&ObjectID=104993BA-243A-4014-  8F5DCE881F4DFA78

n Aquaculture, Fisheries and Forestry – Australia (AFFA) - Current import risk analysis: freshwater 

finfish

http://www.affa.gov.au/content/publications.cfm?

Category=Biosecurity%20Australia&ObjectID=FF33C2C8-3E16-41CE-  8E770ABDD800BA28

n Aquaculture, Fisheries and Forestry – Australia (AFFA) - Current import risk analysis: non-

viable bivalve molluscs

http://www.affa.gov.au/content/publications.cfm?

Category=Biosecurity%20Australia&ObjectID=9A1BF387-33DB-4FAF-  8C73AE1BD779ACFF

n Aquaculture, Fisheries and Forestry – Australia (AFFA) -Current import risk analysis: prawnsand prawn products

http://www.affa.gov.au/content/publications.cfm?

Category=Biosecurity%20Australia&ObjectID=27B461A7-E098-4522-B4B00184796DBEE3

n New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) - Import health risk analysis: salmonids

for human consumption

http://www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/pests-diseases/animals/risk/salmonids-ra.pdf 

n New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) - Supplementary import risk analysis –

head-on, gill-in Australian salmonids for human consumption

h t t p : / / w w w .m a f . g o v t . n z/ b i o s e c u r i t y / p es t s - d i s e as e s / an i m a l s / r i s k / s a l m o n i d s -

supplementary.pdf 

n New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) - Import risk assessment: juvenileyellowtail king fish (Seriola lalandi) from Spencer Gulf, South Aust ralia

http: //www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/pests-diseases/ animals/risk/yellowtail-kingfish-ra.pdf 

n CSIRO Marine Research - A Review of Ecological Risk Assessment Methodologies. Center 

for Research on Introduced Marine Pests Techn. Rep. No. 13.

http://crimp.marine.csiro.au/reports/CRIMPTechReport13.pdf 

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Technical Working Group for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species in Malaysia

No. Names Designation

1. Mr. Raja Mohammad Noordin Raja Omar Director, Marine Fisheries for Research andResource Management Department,Kuala Trengganu, Trengganu

2. Ms. Faazaz Abd. Latiff Senior Fisheries Research Officer,Fisheries Research Institute, Penang

3. Ms. Mahyam Mohd. Isa Senior Research Officer, Marine Fisheriesfor Research and Resource ManagementDepartment, Kuala Trengganu, Trengganu

4. Mr. K. Subramaniam Head of Brackish Water Research Centre,Gelang Patah, Johor 

5. Mr. Mohamad Zaini Suleiman Fisheries Research Officer, Freshwater FishResearch Centre, Gelami-lemi, Jelebu,Negeri Sembilan

6. Mr. Arthur Besther Sujang Fisheries Officer, Section Quarantine and FishHealth, Department of Fisheries Headquarters,Putrajaya

7. Ms. Fauzidah Othman Head, Section Quarantine and Fish Health,Department of Fisheries Headquarters,Putrajaya

8. Ms. Farah Juhaidah Arifin Marine Department,Port Klang, Selangor 

9. Ms. Zaihatun Mahani Zakariah Malaysian Maritime Institute,Kuala Lumpur