AQUACULTURE AND AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH IN EUROPE: CURRENT AND EMERGING DISEASES IN MEDITERRANEAN MARICULTURE

Dr. Panos Christofilogiannis

Managing Director, AQUARK www.aquark.gr

“Caring for health and welfare of fish: A critical success factor for aquaculture” Brussels, 16 -17 May 2013 - International Auditorium, Boulevard Roi Albert II 5, Brussels, Belgium

DRIVERS • Diversification - New cultured species

• Introduction of Alien species

• Global warming – Climate Change

• Intensification – Strategic decisions – Spatial Planning

DIVERSIFICATION

DIVERSIFICATION

DIVERSIFICATION

Seriola dumerilii Greater amberjack

Polyprion americanus Wreck fish Octopus vulgaris

Mullus surmulletus Striped red mullet

ALIEN SPECIES

GLOBAL WARMING – CLIMATE CHANGE

GLOBAL WARMING – CLIMATE CHANGE

EATiP projection APR 5%

Optimistic projection APR10% Sea bream

Sea bass

Meagre

Turbot Sole

INTENSIFICATION / SPATIAL PLANNING

Epidemiology on the fish farm JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MARAPR MAY JUN JUL AUGSEPTOCT NOV DECEpidemiology Med AQUA

Myxobacteria

vibriosis periodvibriosis period North MedPasteurellosis periodPasteurellosis period North Med

Nodavirus (Sea bass)MonogeneaMicrocotyle infestation (sea bream)

Pasteurellosis Vibriosis

MAIN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS

Bacterial Pathogen Species Listonella anguillarum (=Vibrio anguillarum)

Sea bass

Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida

Sea bass Sea bream

Tenecibaculum maritimum (=F. maritimus)

Sea bass Sea bream

Nocardia spp J Fish Dis. 2013 Feb;36(2):141-9.

Meagre

Aeromonas spp Sea bass

Streptocossus iniae Sea bass

Argyrosomus regius

VIBRIOSIS • Vibrio anguillarum (I + II) / (V. ordalii = biotype II) • Sea bass (During ALL production circle) • Seasonal disease (Spring & Autumn) • Rapid temperature fluctuations can cause outbreaks • Outbreaks often stress-related • Haemorrhagic Septicaemia • Dark fish, Anaemia (gills very pale) • Haemorrhages around the mouth, fin edges and skin • Systemic septicaemia, Petechial haemorrhages on intestine • Renal and Heart necrosis • Spleen enlarged (and cherry red) • Inoculate from kidney onto TSA (non-selective) or TSBS agar • Incubate at 25oC for 24h

PASTEURELLOSIS * Sea bass (During ALL production circle) * Sea bream (Mainly up to 40g) * Seasonal disease (June to October) * Haemorrhagic Septicaemia * Petechiae - Haemmorhagies in gut and gills * Renal and Heart necrosis * Nodules / necrosis in spleen (Chronic Pasteurellosis) * Inoculate from kidney onto TSA (non-selective) or TSBROTH / BHI agar * Incubate at 25oC for 48h (Pasteurella) * Bacterium appears as very small smooth, convex “grey-white” colonies (TSA)

DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL DISEASES ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT

Tenacibaculum Vibrio spp

ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT Different strains showing resistance

different antibiotic sensitivity profiles

• Oxytetracycline • Oxolinic Acid

• Flumequine

•Potentiated Sulphonamides

VIRAL ENCEPHALOPATHY AND RETINOPATHY (VER) ANNUAL ESTIMATED COST: MORE THAN 18 MILLION EUROS

Sea Bass and Sea Bream Pathogens

Lymphocystis

Monogeneans

Cryptocaryon Epitheliocystis Trichodina Ceratomyxa

Myxidium

Sphaerospora

Major need for licensed antiparasitic compounds

MICROCOTYLE INFESTATION

1 hour - 200ppm Formalin bath 30 min - 300ppm Formalin bath

Repeat after 5 days

Organic Iron: 2000 ppm in feed for 15-20 days

Red lesions in Sea bream Intracytoplasmatic organisms (Chlamydia like)

Source: Sito Padros

Lernathropus kroyeri in sea bass

Lernathropus kroyeri in sea bass

Diplectanum aequans Ceratothoa oestroides

Tenacibaculum maritimum

Solea senegalensis Solea solea

Parasitic Pathogen

Host

Philasterides dicentrarchi

Turbot, sole

Enteromyxum scophthalmi

Turbot

Microsporidium sp

Turbot

Trichodina sp Turbot, Sole, Red Sea Bream, Striped red mullet, octopus

Ceratomyxa sp Red Sea Bream, Striped red mullet

Icthobodo sp Turbot, Solea, Red Sea Bream, Striped red mullet

Copepod sp Wild sole

Bacterial Pathogen Species Listonella anguillarum (=Vibrio anguillarum)

Turbot, Solea, Red Sea Bream Striped red mullet

Tenecibaculum maritimum (=F. maritimus)

Turbot, Senegalensis sole, Commun sole

Aeromonas salmonicida subsp salmonicida

Turbot

Vibrio sp (V. splendidus, V pelagius, V harveyi..)

Turbot, Solea, Red Sea Bream, Striped red mullet, octopus

Pseudomonas Turbot, Solea, Red Sea Bream, Striped red mullet, octopus

Edwarsiella tarda Turbot

Pseudomonas anguilliseptica

Turbot

Pseudomonas sp Turbot, Solea, Red Sea Bream, Striped red mullet, octopus

Streptococcus parauberis

Turbot

Scophthalmus maximus

Enteromyxum scophthalmi

Philasterides dicentrarchi

VACCINATION STRATEGIES – SEA BASS

VACCINATION STRATEGIES – SEA BREAM

Vaccine technologies-delivery Need to fast track approval of new generation vaccines

Recombinant vaccines for aquaculture: IPNV, SRS ,ISAV (only salmon)

• Immersion (V+P) vaccine market : 800.000 Euros • Injection (V+P) vaccine market: 2.5 mio Euros • Relatively Low Vaccine Dose Cost: Double injection vaccination strategy cost is 4 times lower per Fish than salmon (5valent strategy cost) • Introduction of NODAVIRUS vaccine is going to Double the vaccine market in the Med.

Current market of fish vaccines 3,5 million Euros

Future fish health management

• Increased application of vaccination programmes • Faster development of new generation vaccines (EU initiative required) • Increased vaccine market value (motivation) due to:

• increased vaccination adoption (e.g. Spain) • increased expected production • new vaccines (Nodavirus etc) • new fast growers pathologies

• New licensed antiparasitic compounds • Effective genetic selection programmes (“robustness”)

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

“Caring for health and welfare of fish: A critical success factor for aquaculture” Brussels, 16 -17 May 2013 - International Auditorium, Boulevard Roi Albert II 5, Brussels, Belgium