AQUACULTURE MANUAL FINAL...Aquaculture Training Manual for Extension Agents in Uganda’ Improved...
Transcript of AQUACULTURE MANUAL FINAL...Aquaculture Training Manual for Extension Agents in Uganda’ Improved...
Aquaculture Training Manual for Extension Agents in Uganda’
[i]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
Aquaculture Training Manual
for Extension Agents in Uganda
January, 2020
Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries
Ministry of Water and Environment
Partners
Aquaculture Training Manual
for Extension Agents in Uganda
[iv] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
FOREWORD-
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Hon. Vincent Bamulangaki Sempijja (MP)
MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES.
[v]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
CONTENTSFOREWORD ........................................................................................................................ ivCONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... vList of Figures .................................................................................................................... xList of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiiiAcronyms ......................................................................................................................... xv
.......................................................................................................... xvii
MODULE ONE: AN OVERVIEW OF AQUACULTURE IN UGANDA ..................................11.1 Background ..........................................................................................................1
1.2 Key Stakeholders .................................................................................................3
1.3 Opportunities in aquaculture ............................................................................4
1.4 Challenges ...........................................................................................................4
.....................................................................................4
..............................................................5
MODULE TWO: BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISH FARMING IN UGANDA .............................................................................. 7
2.1 Why should I do a preliminary assessment? ...................................................7
2.2 Background Research .........................................................................................8
2.3 Market ..................................................................................................................8
...........................................................9
.............................9
MODULE THREE: AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN UGANDA ...................13 .......................................13
3.1.1 Water quality characteristics .................................................................................... 143.1.2 Fish cultured ................................................................................................................ 14
.............................................................................................. 14 ..................................................................................................... 15
............. 16
3.2 Fish Species Farmed .........................................................................................18 ........................................................... 18 .......................................................... 19
3.2.3 High value indigenous species currently under development ............................................................................................................ 20
3.3 Distinguishing characteristics between major commercial aquaculture species and their close relatives ..................................................21
3.3.1 The Tilapia’s ................................................................................................................. 21 ............................................................................................................... 22
MODULE FOUR: ESTABLISHING A FISH FARM ..............................................................23 ........................................................................23
[vi] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
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4.2 Fish Ponds ..........................................................................................................274.2.1 Site Selection ............................................................................................................... 274.2.1.1 Determining the slope and type of ponds to construct .......................................................... 274.2.1.2 Assessing Suitability of Soils for Pond Construction ............................................................... 284.2.2 Constructing Ponds .................................................................................................... 304.2.2.1 Recommended Pond Standards ................................................................................................ 304.2.2.2 Tools and Equipment for Pond Construction ........................................................................... 334.2.2.3 Steps in Pond Construction ....................................................................................................... 34
....................................... 41
4.3 Fish Tanks ...........................................................................................................42 ..................................................................................... 43
.............................................................................. 454.3.3 Establishing Fish Tanks ............................................................................................. 46
........................................................................................ 47
4.4 Fish Cages ...........................................................................................................474.4.1 Cage types ................................................................................................................... 47
.................................................................................... 484.4.2.2 Environmental Factors Associated with Cage Establishment ............................................... 52
............................................. 544.4.3 Planning the Farm Cages on the Farm ..................................................................... 564.4.4 Cage Construction ...................................................................................................... 574.4.5 Installing Cages at the Farm ..................................................................................... 63
................................................................................................ 66 ....................................................................... 66
4.5 Recirculating Aquaculture Systems ................................................................66
4.6 Integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems ................................................684.6.1 Terrestrial Farm Integrated Aquaculture Systems ................................................. 684.6.2 Aquaponics .................................................................................................................. 69
....................................................................................................70
MODULE FIVE: WATER QUALITY MANAGMENT ............................................................71 ........................................71
5.2 Water Quality and Fish Production. ..............................................................72 ................................................................................................ 75
5.2.2 Temperature ................................................................................................................ 775.2.3 Organic Matter ............................................................................................................ 775. 2.4 Ammonia ..................................................................................................................... 78
.......................................................................... 785.2.6 Dissolved Gases ........................................................................................................... 78
........................................................................... 785.2.8 Fish Density ................................................................................................................. 78
5.3 Carrying Capacity ..............................................................................................79
...................805.4.1 Water Source ............................................................................................................... 805.4.2 Water Quality Management in Earthen Ponds ....................................................... 80
[vii]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
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5.4.2.1 Liming Ponds ............................................................................................................................... 815.4.2.2 Fertilisation .................................................................................................................................. 82
Production Systems .................................................................................................... 89
......................................93
5.6 Water Treatment ...............................................................................................94
MODULE SIX: FISH FEEDING AND NUTRITION ............................................................97 ...............................................97
...............................................................98
.............................................................................................99 ................................................................................................................ 99
................................................................................................. 996.3.3 Nutritionally complete diets ..................................................................................... 99
........................................................................................... 101
......................................................................................................101 ............................................................... 102
................................................................................................. 1036.4.3 Determining the ration ............................................................................................ 1036.4.3.1 Estimating the ration and measuring amount to feed ......................................................... 1036.4.3.2 Adjusting the ration .................................................................................................................. 104
................................................................... 1056.3.4.2 Feeding by Response ................................................................................................................ 106
.......................................................................... 108
............................................................110
6.6 Making Feeds On-Farm ..................................................................................1116.6.1 Formulated Feeds ..................................................................................................... 1116.6.1.1 Ingredients ................................................................................................................................. 1116.6.1.2 Preparing the feed .................................................................................................................... 1126.6.2.3 Other important things to note ............................................................................................... 113
.................................................................................................................. 1136.6.2.1 Artemia (Brine Shrimp) ............................................................................................................. 1136.6.2.2 Cladocerans. .............................................................................................................................. 1156.6.2.3 Rotifers ....................................................................................................................................... 116
MODULE SEVEN: PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ....................................1177.1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................117
7.2 Hatchery Management...................................................................................1187.2.1 Tilapia Hatchery Management ............................................................................... 1207.2.1.1 Broodstock Management ......................................................................................................... 1227.2.1.2 Spawning, Fertilisation, Egg Incubation and Hatching ........................................................ 1237.2.1.3 Production of Single Sex Tilapia .............................................................................................. 125
............................................................................... 1287.2.3 Mirror Carp Hatchery Management ....................................................................... 131
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[viii] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
7.3.1 Handling Fish ............................................................................................................ 1327.3.2 Sampling .................................................................................................................... 1337.3.3 Harvesting ................................................................................................................. 1347.3.4 Sorting and Grading ................................................................................................. 135
7.4 Fish Seed Handling and Transportation .......................................................1367.4.1 Conditioning Fish ...................................................................................................... 137
.................................................................... 137 .................................................. 141
7.5 Grow-Out Management ..................................................................................1417.5.1 Stocking Grow-Out Production Units ..................................................................... 1417.5.2 Tilapia Table Fish Production .................................................................................. 1427.5.1.1 Ponds .......................................................................................................................................... 142
MODULE EIGHT: FISH HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY....................................................1438.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................143
......................................................................................................144
8.3 Stress ................................................................................................................145 ............................................................................................. 145
............................................................................................... 145 ...................................................... 147
8.4.3 Preventing Stress ...................................................................................................... 147
8.4. Fish Disease ......................................................................................................148 .................................................................................. 148
.......................................................................................... 148 ..................................................................... 151
8.4.4 Collecting and sending samples to the laboratory .............................................. 1518.4.4.1 Samples to Send ........................................................................................................................ 1518.4.4.2 Basic Information to Send with Samples to the Lab ............................................................. 152
........................................................................... 1528.4.5.1 Immuno-stimulants and Vaccines ........................................................................................... 1548.4.5.2 Sanitation and Disinfection...................................................................................................... 1558.4.5.3 Treatments ................................................................................................................................. 155
8.5 Common Diseases in Ugandan Aquaculture and their Control.................160 .......................................................................................... 160
8.5.1.1 Environmental (Water Quality) Diseases ................................................................................ 1608.5.1.2. Nutritional Diseases .................................................................................................................. 1638.5.1.3 Physical Trauma ........................................................................................................................ 1648.5.1.4 Genetic Conditions .................................................................................................................... 1658.5.1.5. Tumours ..................................................................................................................................... 165
................................................................................................... 1658.5.2.1 Bacterial Infections ................................................................................................................... 1658.5.2.2 Parasitic Infections .................................................................................................................. 1688.5.2.3 Fungal Infections ...................................................................................................................... 1718.5.2.4 Viral Diseases ............................................................................................................................. 171
............................................................................... 172
8.6 Predator Control ..............................................................................................1738.7.1 National Level ........................................................................................................... 176
[ ]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
8.7.2 Farm Level ................................................................................................................. 176
.........................................................1778.8.1 Zoonotic Diseases ..................................................................................................... 1788.8.2 Anti-Microbial Resistance ........................................................................................ 1788.8.3 Other Potential Communicable and Non-Communicable Health
Hazards Associated with the Aquaculture Environment .................................... 178
.......................................................179
MODULE NINE: POST HARVEST HANDLING AND PROCESSING OF FARMED FISH ................................................................................... 181
9.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................181
9.2 Fish Quality ......................................................................................................181 ........................................................................................................ 181 ....................................................................................................... 183
............................................................................................. 184
9.3 Fish Processing ................................................................................................1849.3.1 Fish Hygiene .............................................................................................................. 1849.3.2 Processing .................................................................................................................. 184
9.4 Packaging .........................................................................................................185
..................................................186
MODULE TEN: MARKETING OF FARMED FISH ............................................................18710.1 What is marketing...........................................................................................18710.1.1 Why Marketing is Important .................................................................................. 19010.1.2 What is a market? ..................................................................................................... 190
...................................................................................................... 190
10.2 Developing a Marketing Strategy ................................................................190
10.3 Collective Marketing .......................................................................................193
MODULE ELEVEN: AQUACULTURE AS A BUSINESS ....................................................19511.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................195
11.2 Record to Keep and their Evaluation ............................................................19611.2.1 Production Records................................................................................................... 19611.2.2. Marketing Records ................................................................................................... 19611.2.3. Financial Management ............................................................................................ 196
11.3 Enterprise Analysis and Business Decision Making ....................................19711.3.1 Enterprise Budgets ................................................................................................... 197
..................................................................................................... 19811.3.3 Risk Analysis .............................................................................................................. 198
11.3 Production and Business Planning ...............................................................199
11.4 Maintaining Farm Income ..............................................................................200QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED BY FARMERS .......................................................................... 201
List of Appendices ..........................................................................................................203 ...........................................................................203
[ ] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
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[ ]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
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Figure 1: Trends in Aquaculture versus Fisheries Production (tons). ............................................. 2Figure 2: Key Actors in the Aquaculture Value Chain ....................................................................... 3Figure 3: Impacts of Land Use for Fish Farming. . ........................................................................... 25Figure 4: Example of a Well-Planned ................................................................................................. 26Figure 5: Water Retention Test ........................................................................................................... 29Figure 6. Basic Features of a Fish Pond............................................................................................. 32Figure 7: Pegging the pond ................................................................................................................ 35Figure 8: Constructing the Core Trench ............................................................................................ 35Figure 9: Constructing the Pond Wall................................................................................................ 36Figure 10: Harvest Basin Inside Pond ................................................................................................. 37Figure 11: Harvest Basin Outside Pond .............................................................................................. 37Figure 12: The Outlet. ........................................................................................................................... 38Figure 13: Smoothening and levelling the Pond Bottom.. ................................................................ 39Figure 14: Finishing the Bank. ............................................................................................................. 40Figure 15: Bird nests in a high Free-board.......................................................................................... 40Figure 16: De-silting Ponds ................................................................................................................... 41Figure 17: Erosion of Pond Walls ......................................................................................................... 41Figure 18: Impact of wave action on pond walls. ............................................................................. 42Figure 19: Tanks ..................................................................................................................................... 42Figure 20: Basic components of a Fish Tank ....................................................................................... 45Figure 21: Types of Fish Cages ............................................................................................................. 48Figure 22: Heavy Algal Blooms.. ........................................................................................................... 50
................................................................................................ 53Figure 24: Example of a Scoring Card for Evaluating Cage Sites ..................................................... 56Figure 25: Basic Components of a Floating Cage .............................................................................. 57Figure 26: Types of Cage frames .......................................................................................................... 57Figure 27: Cage Netting Materials ....................................................................................................... 58Figure 28: Attachment of external sinkers to a large cage. ............................................................ 58
..................................... 59Figure 30: Rigid cages ........................................................................................................................... 61
............................. 61Figure 32: Collars, Floats and Platforms ............................................................................................. 62Figure 33: Attachment for feeding sinking pellets in cages ............................................................. 63Figure 34: Positioning Cages. ............................................................................................................... 64Figure 35: LVHD Cages Properly Aligned in a Single File with Adequate Spacing
Between Cages and Rows. .................................................................................................. 64Figure 36: Chequered Alignment Poorly Positioned with No Spacing. ........................................... 64Figure 37: Basic components of the Mooring ................................................................................... 65
.............................................................. 66Figure 39: Key Components of a RAS System ..................................................................................... 67
[ ] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
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Figure 40: A Backyard RAS System with Four Production Tanks ...................................................... 67 ..................................................................... 68
Figure 42: Illustration of Integrated Fish Farm .................................................................................. 68Figure 43: Integrated Fish Farms ......................................................................................................... 69Figure 44: Adaptation of the RAS into an Aquaponics System ......................................................... 69Figure 45: A simple Aquaponics System ............................................................................................. 70
.................................................... 72 ........................................................ 75
Figure 48: Surface aerators .................................................................................................................. 76Figure 49. Carrying Capacity................................................................................................................. 79Figure 50: Limiting factors and their impact on Standing Crop at Carrying Capacity ................. 79
...................................................... 81 ............................................................ 82
Figure 53. The Secchi Disc ..................................................................................................................... 85Figure 54: How to take Secchi Readings ............................................................................................. 86Figure 55: Application of Organic Manures in Ponds ........................................................................ 87Figure 56: Water Quality Tools and Equipment.................................................................................. 93Figure 57: Forms of Commercial Feeds ............................................................................................. 100Figure 58: Estimating the quantity of Live Feed ............................................................................... 103Figure 59: Graduated bucket .............................................................................................................. 104
........................... 106 ......................................................................................... 109
Figure 62. Feed Storage. Left . ............................................................................................................ 111Figure 63: Life Cycle of Artemia.......................................................................................................... 113Figure 64: Artemia packaged for sale ............................................................................................... 114Figure 65: The Artemia Shell, Cyst and Nauplii ................................................................................ 114Figure 67: Daphnia ............................................................................................................................... 115Figure 68: Rotifers ................................................................................................................................ 116Figure 69: Enriching Live Feeds .......................................................................................................... 116Figure 70: Fish Life Cycle ..................................................................................................................... 117Figure 71: Natural Propagation .......................................................................................................... 118Figure 72: Semi-Natural Propagation ................................................................................................ 119
............................................................................................ 119Figure 74: Tilapia Seed Production ................................................................................................... 121Figure 75: Draining and Harvesting a Spawning Pond. ................................................................ 124Figure 76: Tilapia Egg collection and l Incubation ........................................................................... 124Figure 77: Options for Tilapia Seed Production ............................................................................... 125
.................................................................................... 127 .............................................................................. 128
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............................................................................................ 130Figure 83: Fish Basket. . ....................................................................................................................... 132Figure 84: Grading Fish with a Grader Box in a Hapa. .................................................................. 135Figure 85: Packaging Live Fish in Bags for Transportation ............................................................. 138
...................................................................................... 139Figure 90: The Disease Triad .............................................................................................................. 144
........................................................................................ 145Figure 92: Generalized illustration Warm-Freshwater Fish’s Response to
Environmental Stressors. ................................................................................................. 146
[ ]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
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Figure 93: Description of Mortality and Infection Trends ............................................................... 149Figure 93: Some common Signs of Fish Disease ............................................................................. 149Figure 95: Tilapia piping for air .......................................................................................................... 160Figure 96: Brown Blood Disease ........................................................................................................ 162Figure 97: Gas bubbles in larvae associated with supersaturated levels of
carbon dioxide in water ..................................................................................................... 162 ............................................... 163
Figure 99: Mould and symptoms of Mycosis from Consumption of Mould Feeds ...................... 164 ................................................................................................. 168
Figure 101: Common Fish Parasites .................................................................................................... 169Figure 102: Saprolgenia infection ........................................................................................................ 171Figure 103: Symptoms of TiLV .............................................................................................................. 172
........................ 172Figure 105: Gill lesions in KHV Disease ................................................................................................ 173Figure 106: Common Predatory Wading Birds .................................................................................. 174Figure 107: Ecosystem interactions for healthy food production .................................................... 177Figure 108: Examples of positive (+) and negative (-) impacts related to
aquaculture inputs and resource use (FAO, 2010) ......................................................... 179Figure 109: Aquaculture Products ....................................................................................................... 185Figure 110: Examples of Packaging Used for Aquaculture Products .............................................. 186Figure 111: Components of the Aquaculture Marketing Chain ....................................................... 188Figure 112: Description of the Farmed Fish Value Chain .................................................................. 189Figure 113: Some Aspects of Marketing Aquaculture Products and Services in Uganda ............. 191Figure 114: Local Example of Collective Marketing Approach ........................................................ 194Figure 115: Cash Flow Analysis of Two Tilapia Farms ........................................................................ 198
[ ] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Table 1: Market issues to consider before investing in aquaculture. ........................................... 8Table 2: Guidelines and Regulations for Commercial Aquaculture ............................................... 9Table 3: Comparing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Mono and Polyculture
Production Systems ............................................................................................................. 14Table 4: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Extensive, Semi-Intensive
and Intensive Fish Production Systems ............................................................................ 15Table 5: Scales of Production ............................................................................................................ 15Table 6: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Small, Medium and Large-Scale
Fish Production Systems ..................................................................................................... 16Table 7: Comparing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Open, Semi-Open,
Closed and Hybrid Systems ............................................................................................... 17Table 8: General Factors for Consideration when Selecting a Site for Fish Farming ................. 23Table 9: Implications of site characteristics and production objectives on pond design ......... 29Table 10. Standard Tank Features ...................................................................................................... 44Table 11: Advantages and Disadvantages of Circular and Rectangular Tanks ............................. 46Table 12: LVFO Recommended Water Quality Characteristics for Cage Sites .............................. 49Table 13: Minimum concentrations at cage sites for heavy metal contaminants
in water and sediments ...................................................................................................... 51Table 14: Minimum concentrations persistent organic pollutants (POP) and
pesticides at cage sites and aquaculture parks. ............................................................. 51Table 15: Summary of Physical criteria for cage aquaculture site selection showing
.............................................................. 52Table 16: Recommended minimum Distances above bottom sediment ...................................... 53Table 17: No go areas within proximity of some establishments around candidate sites ......... 54Table 18: Advantages and Disadvantages of Rectangular and Circular Cages ............................ 59Table 19: Advantages and Disadvantages of Small and Large Cages ........................................... 60Table 20. Identifying appropriate cage for a site ............................................................................. 60Table 21: Types of Mooring ................................................................................................................. 65Table 22: Recommended Water Quality Ranges .............................................................................. 73Table 23. Comparison between the water quality characteristics of underground
and surface waters .............................................................................................................. 80Table 24: Comparison between Organic and Chemical Fertilisers ............................................... 83Table 25: Guidelines for Fertilising Tilapia Production Ponds ....................................................... 83Table 26: Challenges with too little or too much pond fertility ..................................................... 84Table 27: Management Requirements for Maintaining Phytoplankton Blooms
.............................................................................................. 86 ....... 89
Table 29: Nutritional Requirements for Farmed Fish ...................................................................... 98Table 30: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Major Types of Feed ......................................100Table 31: Factors to Consider when Selecting Fish Feeds ............................................................101
.......................................................................................102Table 33: When to Feed .....................................................................................................................103Table 34: When to adjust the Ration ................................................................................................104Table 35: Fish Feeding Methods. .....................................................................................................105
....................................................................109Table 37: Description of Stages in Tilapia Production ...................................................................120
[ ]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
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............................................ 146Table 39: Protective Barriers against Infection in Fish .................................................................. 147Table 40: Symptoms of Fish Disease ................................................................................................ 148Table 41: Shipment of Fish Samples. ............................................................................................... 151Table 42: General Approaches to Disease Control ......................................................................... 153Table 43: Factors to Consider for Fish Vaccination ........................................................................ 154Table 44: Methods for Administering Treatments to Fish ............................................................. 156Table 45: Treatment Rates ................................................................................................................. 157Table 46: Bacterial Infections ............................................................................................................ 165Table 47: Basic Elements of a Biosecurity Plan ............................................................................... 176Table 48: Potential Negative Environment Impacts from Aquaculture ....................................... 179Table 49: Principles of the HACCP .................................................................................................... 182Table 50: Freshness Grading Scheme for Fish ................................................................................ 183Table 51: Signs of Spoilage in Smoked and Dried Fish .................................................................. 183Table 52: Signs of Spoilage in Frozen Fish ...................................................................................... 183Table 53: Example Enterprise Budget for Single Pond Cycle for Static-Water Tilapia
Monoculture Ponds Fed Nutritionally Complete Commercial Sinking Pellets ........... 197Table 54: Risk Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 198Table 55: Template for Developing an Aquaculture Business Plan.............................................. 199
[ ] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Acronyms
AMR
DO
GAP
FAO
DFR
MAAIF
MSY
NAGRC-DB
NGO
WHO
TDS
UNBS
UBoS
POPs rganic ollutants
ras
TW
NARO
NEMA
MDA’s
eia
Dwrm esources Management
isheries esources
Uncst ational ouncil of T
naads
cod
bod
TSS Total
lvhd Low Volume igh
hvld Volume Low
MPA
EU
[ ]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
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hdpe
pvc
LSA Lateral
NO
CO2
TDS Total
(N2)
tan
d.a.p i-ammonium
t.s.p
M.a.p
n.p.k
usaid
nda
SOPs
[ ] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
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Acclimate
Ad lib
Aeration
Alkalinity
Anaerobic
Assimilation
Best Management Practices
Capacity
Carrying capacity
Communicable diseases
Climate change vulnerability
Conditioning
Dam wall, dyke
Disease
Disease causing agents
The term disease causative agent biological pathogens (a virus, parasite, fungus bacterium toxins or toxic chemical that cause
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
[ ]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
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Feeding Frequency
Fingerlings
Flocculation
Flushing
Green-Water
Gutting
Hardness
Health
Live Weight Equivalent
Nursery Pond
Obligate pathogen
Opportunistic pathogen
Optimum Ration
[ ] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
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Palatability
Phytoplankton
Piping
Pond Productivity
Production Cycle
Ration
Respiration
Satiation
Sampling
Shooters
Spawning Pond
Standing Crop
Static Water Pond Management
Stock
Susceptible
Transpiration
Turbidity
Virulence
Whole Fish
Zoonotic disease
Zooplankton
[1]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
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1.1 Background
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AN OVERVIEW OF AQUACULTURE IN UGANDA
MODULE ONE:
[2] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
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Figure 1: Trends in Aquaculture versus Fisheries Production (tons).
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Aquaculture Fisheries
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[3]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
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1.2 Key Stakeholders
Figure 2: Key Actors in the Aquaculture Value Chain
Middlemen, traders, transporters
Aquaculture Sub-Sector
Farmers and farmers’ associations
Producers
Hatchery and grow-out producers
Private Sector Service Providers
Input suppliers (feed ingredients – fishermen, crop producers, importers of feed, nets, equipment
Providers of Public Goods and Services
MAAIF, NARO, MaK, FTI, NEMA, DWD, UNBS, NDA, development partners,
CSOs, other stakeholders
Middlemen, traders, transporters Middlemen, traders, transporters
Middlemen, traders, transporters
Markets for Farmed Fish
Homes, restaurants, markets Export to regional markets
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Aquaculture Sub-Sector
[4] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
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1.3 Opportunities in aquaculture
• Favourable climate.
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1.4 Challenges
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gage in sustainable commercial aquaculture
• Fish is nutritious.
•
[5]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
• It is climate smart.
• Good income generating enterprise.
• Greater ability to tailor production to meet market requirements.
• It is socially acceptable
-
Module One
Module Two
Module Three
Module Four
Module Five
Module Seven
Module Eight
Module Nine
Module Ten
Module Eleven
[6] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
[7]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISH FARMING IN UGANDA
-
2.1 Why should I do a preliminary assessment?
••
MODULE TWO:
[8] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
•••
•••••••
2.2 Background Research
2.3 Market
Issue Implication
markets
••••
Market price •
•
Module Ten
[9]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Module Four .
Commercial Aquaculture -
Permit/ When it applies Source
SOCIAL AND ENVIROMENTAL ASPECTS
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
sites for large commercial farms
Waste Discharge Permit
operations require one
(Waste Discharge)
SETTING UP FISH FARMS
Aquaculture Establishment (Aquaculture)
Fish Seed Production (Aquaculture)
[10] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Permit/ When it applies Source
Cage Culture Permit (Aquaculture)
HARNESSING WATER FOR USE ON FARM
Construction Permit harnessing infrastructure
(Waste Discharge)
Drilling Permiton the farm
(Waste Discharge)
Ground Water Permit
water from a borehole (Waste Discharge)
Permit minute or more shall be (Waste Discharge)
MOVEMENT FISH STOCK AND FISH TRADE
Permit (Aquaculture)
Fish Movement Permit
(Fishing)
Fish Import/
(Fishing)
[11]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Permit/ When it applies Source
Fish Sanitary for human consumption
human consumption for
(Quality Assurance)
BIO-SAFETY
Uganda National
Science and Technology (UNCST) Permits
aquaculture(Access to Genetic Resources and
[12] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
[13]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN UGANDA
systems
•••••
MODULE THREE:
[14] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
3.1.1 Water quality characteristics
.
3.1.2 Fish cultured
• Monoculture:• Polyculture: -
Production SystemsAdvantages Disadvantages
Monoculture ••
•
•
•
Polyculture ••
•lower operational cost
••
•
•
•
•
•
[15]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Production SystemsAdvantages Disadvantages
•••
•
•units
•results in low income
•
Semi-intensive ••
•
•
•
Intensive •
•
•••
labour •
•
Tonnage Produced per Year (metric tons/year)
Large scale
[16] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Production SystemsAdvantages Disadvantages
Small-scale ••
•
•in low income
•
•
Medium scale ••
•
•••
negligence occurs
Large-Scale •••
practices resulting in better
•
•••
negligence occurs
and waste
• Open Systems –
• Semi-Closed System
[17]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
• Closed System
• Hybrid Systems
Hybrid Systems
System Advantages Disadvantages
Open Systems
• •
•
•••
•
Semi-Closed Systems
•••
•replacement
•
••
••
•costs
•••
•
Closed Systems
••
•••
•
••
Hybrid Systems
• •
••
[18] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
3.2 Fish Species Farmed
a) Nile Tilapia
c) The Mirror Carp
temperatures
[19]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Key Features
a) Non-indigenous Ornamental Fishes
(Carassius auratus) Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
b. Indigenous Ornamental Fishes - Haplochromines
[20] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
3.2.3 High value indigenous species currently under
a. Ningu
b. Angara, Pebble Fish
[21]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
3.3 Distinguishing characteristics between major commercial aquaculture species and their close relatives
3.3.1 The Tilapia’s
RECOMMENDED AQUACULTURE TILAPIA SPECIES
CLOSE TILAPIA RELATIVES NOT RECOMM-ENDED FOR COMMERCIAL AQUACULTURE
Female (above) and Male (below) Nile Tilapia Blue-spotted tilapia
Advantages
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
of farming this species
[22] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
RECOMMENDED AQUACULTURE TILAPIA SPECIES
CLOSE TILAPIA RELATIVES NOT RECOMM-ENDED FOR COMMERCIAL AQUACULTURE
Singida Tilapia Red Belly Tilapia
Advantages Advantages
Disadvantages
RECOMMENDED AQUACULTURE CATFISH SPECIES
CLOSE CATFISH RELATIVES NOT RECOMM-ENDED FOR COMMERCIAL AQUACULTURE
Nsonzi
Advantages
tilapia
obtaining uniform growth in cagesDisadvantages
Disadvantages
C. gariepinus fry
[23]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
MODULE FOUR:ESTABLISHING A FISH FARM
-
Factor Aspects
1. Production objectives •
•••
•
[24] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Factor Aspects
2. Environment and socio-Economic Factors
••••
3. Topography
4. Hydrology and weather patterns
5. Soil characteristics
6. Water quality Module 5
[25]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Earthen Structure
Description
from natural water source
26
AREA FOR EXPANSION
FARM
BU
ILDI
NG
Farm Housing
Access routes
Water supply channels
Drainage channels
Figure 4. Example of a Well-Planned Farm Plan
[26] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Earthen Structure
Description
inlet channels
channels
natural water source
[27]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
4.2 Fish Ponds
-
•
•••••
4.2.1 Site Selection
•••••••
4.2.1.1 Determining the slope and type of ponds to construct-
a. Diversion Ponds
b. Embarkment Ponds
[28] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
c. Excavated Ponds
d. Partially excavated ponds with low dykes
e. Barrage ponds
•
•
••
-
are recommended
••
not recommended•••
[29]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
•
Figure 5: Water Retention Test.
(a) (b) (c)
How to test ability of soil to Mould•
•
•
General Considerations Design*
Production objectives and management requirements
••••••
•
••
•
aeration within basins
General technical data
•
(c)
[30] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
General Considerations Design*
Topographical surveys
•
•
Hydrological and meteorological data
•in stream
••
•temperatures
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Soil Characteristics
•farm
•
Module 7
4.2.2 Constructing Ponds
• -
• -
••
•
•••
[31]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
••
•• -
•
•
••••
•••••
••
transport
• -
•
••
[32] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
[33]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
4.2.2.2 Tools and Equipment for Pond ConstructionTaking Measurements and demarcation
Tape measure demarcating
Line level
bags or
Earth moving machineryCompaction equipment
Manual hand compactor Motorised compactors rollers
[34] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Containers, small impoundments, jerry cans, hoses and/or sprinklers for holding and conveying water to moisten pond walls during compaction.
••• (optional)•• (optional)••••
Step 1: Preparing the area to construct the pond
•••
Step 2: Mark out the pond, its inlet and drainage
••
•
•
[35]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Figure 7: Pegging the pond. (a) The outer line is the perimeter. The central line shows where the inlet pipe and outlet shall be placed. The central line pegs are points at which levels are
--
Step 3: Construct the core trench
Figure 8: Constructing the Core Trench
(a) Dig a trench around perimeter pegs. Even a shallow core trench allows root zone to be
cut.
(b) Compact trench with good clay soils. Do not allow the core trench to dry and crack
before covering.
[36] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Step 4: Construct the pond walls (dykes)
Figure 9: Constructing the Pond Wall.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Advantages of a gentler slope:
Step 5: Construct the harvest basin
-
Gentle Slope
[37]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
•••
Figure 10: Harvest Basin Inside Pond.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 11: Harvest Basin Outside Pond.
(a) (b)
Standpipe in the harvest basin
Fresh water inlet
harvest basin outlet
Fresh water inlet
pond outlet
[38] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Step 6: Install the Outlet Pipe
a
c
b
c
e f
Figure 12: The Outlet.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
[39]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Step 8: Install the Inlet Pipe
•
•
•
•
•
•••
-
Step 7: Smoothen and compact the pond bottom
••
•
•
Figure 13: Smoothening and levelling the Pond Bottom. The pond bottom should be sloped
Inlet
[40] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Step 8: Strengthen the Dyke Tops and Free-Board Areas
•• a•• b
Figure 14: Finishing the Bank.
(a) (b)
Figure 15: Bird nests in a high Free-board
Inlet
[41]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
-
1. De-silting
ab
c
Figure 16: De-silting Ponds
(a) (b) (c)
2. Reconstructing the pond walla
b)
c
(a) (b) (c)
[42] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
4.3 Fish Tanks
Figure 19: Tanks
Fixed hacthery concrete tanks
Wooden lined tank Plastic tanks
[43]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Collapsible portable tank made of tarpualin emergency use on-farm
Assorted plastic household basins and buckets improvised into hatchery tanks
NB:
hatcheries
personnel
[44] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Table 10. Standard Tank FeaturesCircular Tank Rectangular Tank Raceways
General Features
• ••
accumulation of
•running water
•
accumulation of
Inlet • • •
Water
•
•
•
outlet can present
patterns
• Location of water
pattern
Outlet • • Minimum waste concentration at
•
•
•space
•
treatment
•
Inlet designs
•
•
•or attachments to inlets for
•or attachments to inlets for
Length, diameter, width and depth ratios
•
•
•
for
•
[45]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Circular Tank Rectangular Tank Raceways
Drain types •
•
•
•
of screen area at
litres per minute
•
Black pipe rests above
sediment from bottom (self-cleaning)
Water inlet with valve
white pipe drains water outside the tank
Air supply lines for aeration
Water inletScreen at bottom
alternative designs
-
[46] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Circular Rectangular
Advantages •
•
••
•
•
•
•
aeration
•
• Most popular because use space
•
••
•
Disadvantages •
•
••
••
•
•
•
•
accumulate at inlets hence space
•
4.3.3 Establishing Fish Tanks
-
[47]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
b. Major Features of a Tank-Based Fish Farm• of the farm in account of
• Water delivery and aeration:
NOTE:
•••
4.4 Fish Cages
4.4.1 Cage types
a. Fixed Cages
-
a
b. Floating Cages
b
-
[48] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
-c
d
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(i) Water quality
(ii) (iii)
4.4.2.1 Water Quality
Mod-ule 5
[49]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
k) Chemical Parameters
Parameter Value
phosphate
l) Phytoplankton Blooms
of Microsystis, Anabena, Aphanizomenon Osciallatoria Oscillatoria, Anabena
Microcystis
[50] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Figure 22: Heavy Algal Blooms.
m) Biological Information
-
n) Pollutants and contaminants
Heavy Algal bloom
Demand Feeder
[51]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
sediments Heavy metal Water (mg m-3)
Zinc
Manganese
-
Thallium -
Table 14: Minimum concentrations persistent organic pollutants (POP) and pesticides at cage sites and aquaculture parks.
Persistent organic pollutant/pesticides
-
-
-
-
-
[52] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
o) Disease
Module Eight.
p) Water Exchange
q) Fouling
4.4.2.2 Environmental Factors Associated with Cage Establishment r) Weather
s)
Parameter Acceptable standard
Hydrological criteria
Wind velocity
[53]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Depth
Physical criteria
Current velocity
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
Water temperature
Secchi Depth
t) Currents
• Mooring
u) Water Depth
Table 16: Recommended minimum Distances above bottom sedimentCage Type Depth Range
Uneaten feed pellets have a higher density compared with faeces; thus their displacement will be more concentrated. Given a constant current, the deeper the site, the
[54] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
v)
w) Legal Requirements and Planning‘no-go’
‘no-go-within’
(i) No-Go Areas
NOTE:
(ii) No-Go-Within Areas
Establishment Distance with not go within
[55]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Establishment Distance with not go within
points
NOTE: -
x) Access to services and shore facilities
y)
[56] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Factor Possible Score Actual Score Criteria/Comments
Temperature
aquatic plants
climate
pollution
Total Score
4.4.3 Planning the Farm Cages on the Farm
4.4.3.1 Estimating the number of cages per site
(Module 5
[57]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
4.4.4 Cage Construction
4.4.4.1 Basic Components of Cage
aa) 1. The Frame
(i) Rigid frames
(ii) Frames with joints(iii) Flexible frames -
Rigid frame Rigid frame doubling as work platform
[58] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
bb) 2. The Bag
Figure 27: Cage Netting Materials
Hatchery netting Nursery netting Grow-out cage netting
cc)
-
• The size of cage: -:
Figure 28. Attachment of external sinkers to a large cage.
[59]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
•
a. Cage shape-
Cage Shape Advantage Disadvantage
Rectangular •••
••
•forces at corners which can
is great (Polygonal collars have more corners than rectangular cages so can withstand wave stress better).
•sites
Circular •
rectangular cages•
•
•
•
through cages is lower hence
•
•
is a locally woven cage coated with food-grade bitumen to improve ability to withstand exposure once installed
cage and maintain cage shape
Inner Cage
[60] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Cage Size Advantages Disadvantages
Small cages • •
Large cages • cheaper to construct per unit
cage will cost less to construct
• easier to manage fewer large cages on a farm rather than
•
•
•
Site Characteristics Suitable Cage Type
Shape Size Volume
Sheltered waters Large large
small small
Good water quality large large
Suboptimal water quality
)
small
4.4.4.3 Making the Cage
• weather resistant• fouling resistant
[61]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
1. Rigid Cages-
Figure 30: Rigid cages
(a) (b)
2. Floating Cages
Figure 30. Rigid cages
Figure 31. Forces affecting design criteria and installation of floating cages.
(a) (b)
LAKE BOTTOM
WATER COLUMN
currents
[62] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
(a) Polystyrene blocks attached to the frame to make a collar. Cover them before
installation in water.
(b) pieces then sealed to be water-tight.
Styrofoam
(c) Floating wooden platform
3. Cage Cover
4. Feeding Attachments
[63]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
4.4.5 Installing Cages at the Farm
4.4.5.1 Positioning of Cages
[64] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Buoy showing position of anchor
Smaller buoy showing position where anchor rope connects to cage frame.
Water level
Cage frame
sinker
Knot/joint where both anchor ropes/chains are joined
Anchor ropes Thimble metal loop through which rope is fixed to anchor)
Anchor hook fixing anchor into substrate
dd) Consideration for Making the Mooring
Mooring system Description Comments
Single point
position of least resistance to the
•••
•
because much less surface area is
Multiple point • use up more farm space than the
Water level
substrate
Knot/joint where both anchor ropes/chains are joined
Figure 34: Positioning Cages.
Figure 35: LVHD Cages Properly Aligned in a Single File with Adequate Spacing Between Cages and Rows.
Figure 36: Chequered Alignment Poorly Positioned with No Spacing.
4.5.5.2. Fixing the Cages in Position ‘mooring system’
-
[65]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Buoy showing position of anchor
Smaller buoy showing position where anchor rope connects to cage frame.
Water level
Cage frame
sinker
Knot/joint where both anchor ropes/chains are joined
Anchor ropes Thimble metal loop through which rope is fixed to anchor)
Anchor hook fixing anchor into substrate
dd) Consideration for Making the Mooring
Mooring system Description Comments
Single point
position of least resistance to the
•••
•
because much less surface area is
Multiple point • use up more farm space than the
Water level
substrate
Knot/joint where both anchor ropes/chains are joined
[66] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
4.5 Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
(i)
(iii) Filtration unit
[67]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Figure 40: A Backyard RAS System with Four Production Tanks
[68] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
(b) Submersible Pumps.
4.6 Integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems
4.6.1 Terrestrial Farm Integrated Aquaculture Systems
[69]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Figure 43: Integrated Fish Farms
Water from ponds can be used to irrigate fruits and vegetables The waste feed and poultry droppings go
directly into pond
4.6.2 Aquaponics
[70] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Figure 45: A simple Aquaponics System
farms for irrigation
[71]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
WATER QUALITY MANAGMENT
-
Aquaculture
MODULE FIVE:
[72] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
5.2 Water Quality and Fish Production.
ambient tempera-
-
-
[73]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Tabl
e 22
: Re
com
men
ded
Wat
er Q
ualit
y Ra
nges
Para
met
erRe
leva
nce
to P
rodu
ctio
nRe
com
men
ded
Rang
eW
hat h
appe
ns w
hen
Cons
iste
ntly
bel
ow
reco
mm
ende
d Va
lue
Wha
t hap
pens
whe
n co
nsis
tent
ly a
bove
re
com
men
ded
valu
e
Dis
solv
ed
• • •
• • • •
•
Tem
pera
ture
• •
fast
er in
war
mer
wat
ers
•
oo
•lim
its• • • •
•
[74] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Para
met
erRe
leva
nce
to P
rodu
ctio
nRe
com
men
ded
Rang
eW
hat h
appe
ns w
hen
Cons
iste
ntly
bel
ow
reco
mm
ende
d Va
lue
Wha
t hap
pens
whe
n co
nsis
tent
ly a
bove
re
com
men
ded
valu
e
pH•
• • •
• • •
Alka
linit
y an
d H
ardn
ess
•-
• • •
• •st
ress
•
• • • •
Amm
onia
•
tem
pera
ture
are
with
in
•• •
para
sites
[75]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
a.
• -ing out waste and limiting levels of organic inputs to what is necessary
b. Aeration
1. Submersible Aeration:
Air pump Aquarium air pump
Air blower Tyre tube air blower
Air stones
[76] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
-
Paddle wheel aerator
Dual-prop aerator
Trickle aeration with cascades.
[77]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
-
c. Oxygenation
d. Biological Processes
5.2.2 Temperature
-
-
5.2.3 Organic Matter -
break-down and assimilation
such as ammonia.
Feeds:
[78] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
5. 2.4 Ammonia metabolism -
) ) when the water
-
Controlling levels of Ammonia
5.2.6 Dissolved GasesModule Eight
5.2.8 Fish Density
[79]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
5.3 Carrying Capacity
Figure 49. Carrying Capacity
(ii)
at Carrying Capacity
[80] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Production Systems
5.4.1 Water Source
watersWater Quality Parameter
Under-ground Water
Common Issue
Recommendation Common Issue Recommendation
Dissolved low
aerationor aeration
Temperature low n/a
Alkalinity/hardness
to high
pHation or aeration agricultural lime
Ammonia n/afrom animal establishments
Turbidity n/awaters
Dissolved Gases
high n/a
Organic Matter
n/a
Wild Fish n/a Various aquatic channels clear
Pollution rare
occur
5.4.2 Water Quality Management in Earthen Ponds
[81]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
5.4.2.1 Liming Ponds
NOTE:
-
-ering capacity -
• Increased soil pH
• Increased alkalinity and hardness of water• Flocculate’s suspended soil particles
•
[82] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
NOTE: not acidic
a. Recommended Liming Rates
b. Application of Lime to Ponds
5.4.2.2 Fertilisation-
productivity to enhance -
a. Types of Fertilizers, their Advantages and Disadvantages
1. Organic Fertilisers
[83]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
2. Inorganic Fertilisers-
-
Table 24: Comparison between Organic and Chemical Fertilisers Organic Fertilisers Chemical Fertilisers (eg. DAP, TSP, Urea, MAP)
on the label
substances such as antibiotics
ATTENTION!! -
b. Fertilisation Rates
FertiliserAmounts to Use* Comments
Organic Manure’s
The actual quantities of
/
Variable
Plant Meals
[84] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Too Low Too High
• •
• •
•
•
Measuring Pond Fertility secchi
disc
Figure 53. The Secchi Disc
A secchi disc can easily be made by cutting out a circle of diameter 20 cm from a piece of wooden board or metal. Paint it white and black in equal
quadrants as shown. In the centre, drill a small hole and pass a string or piece of wood through. Graduate
the piece of string or wood in cm.
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
Step 4.
Step 5.
Step 6.
Inorganic Fertilisers
* -
-
-
f. Managing Pond Fertility Levels-
Too Low Too High
• •
• •morning
[85]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Too Low Too High
• •
• •
•
•
Measuring Pond Fertility secchi
disc
Figure 53. The Secchi Disc
A secchi disc can easily be made by cutting out a circle of diameter 20 cm from a piece of wooden board or metal. Paint it white and black in equal
quadrants as shown. In the centre, drill a small hole and pass a string or piece of wood through. Graduate
the piece of string or wood in cm.
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
Step 4.
Step 5.
Step 6.
[86] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Figure 54: How to take Secchi Readings
Secchi Readings.SECCHI DISC READING (cm) COMMENTS
Less than 20 cm
More than 60 cm
g. Application of Fertilisers
(i) Crib Method-
-
(ii) Bag Method
(iii) Directly into the pond
[87]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Bag Method
(i) Granular Fertilisers
--
(ii)
h. Other Important Points to Note on Fertilisation‘static water’
technique.
[88] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
respires
to
3. Trust your Observations
[89]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Wat
er
Qua
lity
Para
met
er
Eart
hen
Pond
sFl
ow T
hrou
gh T
anks
an
d Ra
cew
ays
Cage
sRe
-Cir
cula
tory
Sy
stem
sAq
uapo
nics
Low
DO
•to
o lo
w• • • • •
-wat
er m
anag
emen
t•
• • • • M
aint
ain
optim
um
• •
•
eutro
phic
sites
•ra
tes
•w
ith re
spec
t to
betw
een
cage
s
cage
s•
• • • • M
aint
ain
optim
um
• • • •
• • •w
aste
• M
aint
ain
optim
um w
ater
• • •
Low
te
mpe
ratu
re•
wea
ther
•ar
eas
gree
n-ho
usin
g
•
wea
ther
•ar
eas
gree
n-ho
usin
g
•
to s
easo
nal o
r w
eath
er
•
to s
easo
nal o
r w
eath
er•
units
•
•to
sea
sona
l or w
eath
er
[90] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Wat
er
Qua
lity
Para
met
er
Eart
hen
Pond
sFl
ow T
hrou
gh T
anks
an
d Ra
cew
ays
Cage
sRe
-Cir
cula
tory
Sy
stem
sAq
uapo
nics
Low
Al
kalin
ity/
hard
ness
•(a
gricu
ltura
l lim
e)•
lime)
••
(agr
icultu
ral l
ime)
•(a
gricu
ltura
l lim
e)
Too
high
pH
•
chan
ges
•(a
gricu
ltura
l lim
e) to
•
• •ra
tes
• •
• •ch
ange
site
s
• • •re
gim
es•
• • • •
Low
pH
• •
• • •ra
tes
• •
• • •ch
ange
site
s
• •
• •
Amm
onia
• • •
•ra
tes
• •
• •
• •
• • •te
chni
ques
[91]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Wat
er
Qua
lity
Para
met
er
Eart
hen
Pond
sFl
ow T
hrou
gh T
anks
an
d Ra
cew
ays
Cage
sRe
-Cir
cula
tory
Sy
stem
sAq
uapo
nics
•
botto
m
•
mat
ter
•
•
tech
niqu
es•
rate
s•
orga
nic
mat
ter
•
with
hig
h w
ater
• •
orga
nic
mat
ter
•
Hig
h Tu
rbid
ity
Clay
turb
idit
y •
cons
truc
tion
crite
ria•
eros
ion
• •m
anur
e to
enh
ance
whe
re c
onst
ruct
ion
soil
Plan
kton
•ra
tes
•
•en
terin
g w
ater
sou
rce
• •
was
te)
•
tech
niqu
es
• sit
e se
lect
ion
• •
is in
orga
nic
or
• • • •
tech
niqu
es
• • • •
[92] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Wat
er
Qua
lity
Para
met
er
Eart
hen
Pond
sFl
ow T
hrou
gh T
anks
an
d Ra
cew
ays
Cage
sRe
-Cir
cula
tory
Sy
stem
sAq
uapo
nics
Org
anic
M
atte
r•
mat
ter
•
• •
•
high
org
anic
mat
ter
•w
ith re
spec
t to
curr
ents
to w
ash
was
tes
at b
otto
m
•
• •
out w
aste
• •
• •
Wild
Fis
h an
d pr
edat
ors
• • •
••
farm
•fa
rm•
[93]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Parameter-
Figure 56: Water Quality Tools and Equipment
Meters
Oxygen meter pH meter Other meters used in aquacultureTest strips
Multi-purpose
Test kits
Turbidity/transparency
Temperature
can measure temperature
Thermometer
[94] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
ee) Collecting and sending water quality samples to a laboratory
laboratories• Label the bottle with sites information
-mitting samples at times
5.6 Water Treatment-
Alum Alum
[95]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Zeolite Zeolite
Rock Salt (Magadi) Rock salt
Salt Salt
[96] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
[97]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
MODULE SIX:FISH FEEDING AND NUTRITION
Feed?
[98] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
-
Nutrient Uses Desired Levels in Diet
Tilapia Mirror Carp
Protein
Dietary Energyprotein
proteinprotein
Fats
components as well as structural
(increase as protein
increases)
Carbohydrates
well enough for them to be their
Fibre
[99]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Nutrient Uses Desired Levels in Diet
Tilapia Mirror Carp
Minerals and Vitamins
soft tissues
balance
ppm
Module Five
‘live feeds’ (see Section 6.6.2.
6.3.3 Nutritionally complete diets
[100] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Powders Crumbles Pellets Flakes
Feed Type Advantages Disadvantages
Natural Food
• cheaper
amounts to meet nutritional
Supplementary Feeds
Complete Diets (pellets)
hatching in some species
[101]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Table 31: Factors to Consider when Selecting Fish Feeds Factor Reason
1. Species ••
•
••
•
3. Fish size (weight) •
•
•
4. Production unit and culture system
••
•
5. Cost •
•
••••
[102] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
fed ad lib to satiation) -ad lib
ad lib.
•••••
Factors Eat less Eat more
Characteristics •
•
same
•
•
stage
Water Quality •
•
gases in water•
•
•acceptable limits
Stress and health status
•
•
•
••
Fish behaviour •
•
••
[103]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Table 33: When to FeedWhen to Feed When not to Feed
• In ponds and other outdoor units:
.
••• Low temperature••••••
•
• Indoor units: •••••••
6.4.3 Determining the rationThe ration
6.4.3.1 Estimating the ration and measuring amount to feed(i) Pond productivity
Module 5(ii)
-
glass Petri-dish
[104] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
(iii) Dry Feed
Measuring out the Quantities to Feed-
weight-volume
Figure 59: Graduated bucket.
6.4.3.2 Adjusting the ration
Table 34: When to adjust the RationFactor Remarks
••
b. Growth rate ••
c. Environmental conditions and
••
•
d. Carrying capacity •
••
••
2 kg of feed
5 kg of feed
[105]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Table 35: Fish Feeding Methods. Broadcasting.
Demand Feeders.
Feeding Ring. .
Automatic Feeders.
Trays.
[106] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Pouring.
•
6.3.4.2 Feeding by Response
•
•
• appetite
DO NOT OVER-FEED
[107]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
a. Assessing the feeding responseextremely important
(especially for outdoor units)
‘dumping’ the not
b. Criteria for judging the feeding response
NOTE:
c.
same place in the pond and at about the same time every day.
-
[108] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Do not trickle
The Feed Conversion Ratio
total amount of food given kgFCR =
total amount of fish produced kg Equation 1
This means a total of 1.4 kg
‘
[109]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
b.
Maize bran a Complete diet/pellets
Note: a
c. Managing FCRs
-The Water quality
[110] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
give, whether or not to adjust or withhold feeding, how best to administer the feed, what
Quality Quantity.
The species being raised.
The water quality within the production pond
-
--
a) Dry Feeds• -
•
•
•
•
•
[111]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
•••
••
NOTE:
b) Moist and Live Feeds•
6.6 Making Feeds On-Farm
6.6.1 Formulated Feeds
6.6.1.1 Ingredients
a. Proteins
[112] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
d.
grains well because plants are
e. Fats
f.
-
• Preservatives - -
6.6.1.2 Preparing the feeda)
• – nutritional pro-
• • Finely ground•• Each ingredient is prepared as recommended
•
Least cost formulation for
for an e
[113]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
c) Mixing the Ingredients
6.6.2.3 Other important things to note•
••
•
-
Ovoviviparous reproduction to produce live young
adult artemia
Optimal environmental conditions 100 – 300 nauplii/ female every 4-5
days
Sub-optimal conditions (periods of high salinity) Oviparous reproduction to produce cysts
100 - 300 cysts/female
every 4-5 days
Cysts can be stored for several years
Optimal environmental conditions
Cysts hatch into nauplii
14 days
14 days
[114] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Disadvantage
Preparing artemia cysts for feeding
Figure 65: The Artemia Shell, Cyst and Nauplii
Shell 1st instar nauplii
Decapsulated cyst
[115]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Step 2: Hatching of artemia
6.6.2.2 Cladocerans.a) Moina
Figure 66: Moina sp.
Production of Moina in Outdoor Tanks
Requirements
hours after fertilising water
Recommended Growing Conditions
• low ammonia
b. Daphnia
Figure 67: Daphnia
[116] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Production outdoors
because of the straw in the manure)
6.6.2.3 Rotifers
g. Enrichment of live feeds-
Figure 69: Enriching Live Feeds
[117]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
7.1 INTRODUCTION
MODULE SEVEN:
[118] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
a) Hatchery Management –
b) Grow-out Management
7.2 Hatchery Management
a) Natural Propagation -
Figure 71: Natural Propagation
(i)(ii)
(a)
[119]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Figure 72: Semi-Natural Propagation
[120] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
7.2.1 Tilapia Hatchery Management
Production Stage
Description ProductFarm
Phase 0
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
Phase 5
[121]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Figu
re 7
4:
Tila
pia
Seed
Pro
duct
ion
[122] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
c) Natural Propagation in Ponds
Key Objectives
Pond Preparation
Stocking
Stocking Rate: Stocking Ratio:
Feeding Feeding options: after spawning
Pond Management
o
Harvesting
NB:
nests
7.2.1.1 Broodstock ManagementKey Objectives
Pond Preparation
Stocking genetically pure stock
known source
Never ever
Size to stock:
Physical Condition:
Stocking Rate: )
Pond Management
Feeding
Harvesting and Handling
[123]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
c) Natural Propagation in Ponds
Key Objectives
Pond Preparation
Stocking
Stocking Rate: Stocking Ratio:
Feeding Feeding options: after spawning
Pond Management
o
Harvesting
NB:
nests
[124] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Figure 75: Draining and Harvesting a Spawning Pond.
Figure 76: Tilapia Egg collection and l Incubation
(a) Hapas for Female Broodstock. (b) Eggs within Mouth of a Female Brooder.
[125]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
(c) Incubating fertilized tilapia eggs in McDonald Jars
(d) Method for harvesting female brooders and early fry from hapas.
Larval rearing to fry
Production Phase
Descriptionand Hand-
Phase 0
in appropriate
the same stage
than swim-up
are easier
[126] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Production Phase
Descriptionand Hand-
Phase 1 contamination with other
Phase 2
management focuses at g each
Phase 3
Phase 4 This phase optional for
This phase optional for
This phase optional for
on grow-out farmers
Phase 5grow-out in
[127]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Key Objectives
Pond Preparation and Management
Do not stock
Stocking Hapa Size:
Stocking Rate:
Feeding
Hapa Management
Sampling, grading and Harvesting
e)
and male (below) tilapia of the same age(b) Female (left) and Male (right)
[128] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
a) Broodstock Management
•••
Large abdomen in a gravid female Ripe eggs will be brownish-green with
a black dot
[129]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
• -
•
•••
••
••
g) Larval Rearing
h) Rearing Fry to Fingerlings
Flow through Tanks
[130] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Ponds
frogs
[131]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
7.2.3 Mirror Carp Hatchery Management
a) Natural Method
j) Nursery Ponds
7.3 Harvesting, Handling, Grading and
Module 8
[132] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
of
7.3.1 Handling Fish
o
dip
Figure 83: Fish Basket.
[133]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
7.3.2 Sampling
-
-
Do not sample when:
-
[134] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
7.3.3 Harvesting
Spawning Units slowly
Fingerling and broodstock units
,
k) Temporary Holding Fish after Harvest
[135]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
7.3.4 Sorting and Grading
l) How to Grade Fish
Passes (approximately 95%) are stocked in hapas
Holds (approximately 5%) are stocked in a reservoir pond
[136] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
b. Do not Touch Fish with your Hands.
c. Minimise Physical Trauma.
d. Water quality -
e. Keep grading records. -
7.4 Fish Seed Handling and Transportation
a) Maintain Optimum Water Quality within Transport Containers• Do not use
[137]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
b) The Fish’s Condition
7.4.1 Conditioning Fish-
a) In Closed Polythene Bags
Packaging in Bags for Live Transportation.
[138] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
a) Packing Fingerlings for Live Transportation in Bags with Oxygen.
b) Packed Bags Ready for Transportation c) Transporting Fingerlings Packed in Bags to Farm.
[139]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
b) Tanks
[140] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Packaging in Tanks for Live Transportation.
-
N.B.
c) Labelling Containers and Bags
-
• Fish Species • • • Lot or Batch No.
• Estimated DOBeach other)
[141]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
• e.g. Johns farm, pond C
7.5 Grow-Out Management
7.5.1 Stocking Grow-Out Production Units
Do not
-
-
-
NOTE:
[142] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
b) Guidelines for stocking from Transport Tanks/Containers
-
NOTE:
7.5.2 Tilapia Table Fish Production
7.5.1.1 Pondsii)
Activity/Item Recommendations
1. Pond Preparation
(Module 4)
2. Stocking
[143]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
FISH HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY
MODULE EIGHT:
8.1 Introduction
-
[144] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Figure 90: The Disease Triad
welfare -
pathogens)
-
-
Aquaculture Producers
Supporting Industries (
Countries
[145]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
8.3 Stress
Population Density Diet Composition Micro and Macro-organisms Aggressive fish behavior Predators
Handling Transporting Stocking Treating
Temperature Light Sound Low Dissolved Oxygen
Water Chemistry Pollution Metabolic Wastes Diet quality (e.g. type of protein and amino acids)
Alarm Reaction.
Resistance. pipe
Fatigue.
[146] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
NORMAL
ESCAPE
ADAPT
FATIGUE
EXHAUSTION
Figure 92: Generalized illustration Warm-Freshwater Fish’s Response to Environmental Stressors.
Fish ResponseEnvironmental Factor
pH Ammonia Temperature
Long-term tolerance limit
Lower optimum limit
Long-term tolerance limit
pipepipe
[147]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
(immune system)
Protective Barrier
Normal Function
Mucus (slime coat)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Common causes of mucus loss:
chemical
Scales and skin
• •
• Common causes of damage:
• ••
Antibodies •
organisms•
•
•
8.4.3 Preventing Stress
[148] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
8.4 Fish Disease-
a. Characteristics of the Infection.-
b. Type of Pathogen
(iii) Viruses
Parameter
Feeding ••
Behaviour •swimming)
••• piping
Physical Appearance
•••••••
Mortality ••
[149]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
-
Brownish gills Pale gills
Eroded gills and excess mucus Gas bubbles within gills
[150] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Fluid behind eye (pop-eye) Fluid in abdomen (ascites)
Body deformities and wounds Bleeding
Changes in skin colouration
[151]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
8.4.4 Collecting and sending samples to the laboratory-
(a) Fish Samples. moribund and not:
Fish Samples Shipment Conditions
Live Samples • Module Seven
Very Fresh Dead •• NOT wet• DO NOT allow the ice or water to touch the sample
Frozen Samples •••
•••
[152] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
(b) Aquatic plants -
(c) Pesticide analysis- Water sample-
N.B: Always:
(not all samples may be necessary)
-
--
[153]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Table 42: General Approaches to Disease ControlWhat to control/Observe Control Measures in Event
Fish ••
life •
•
•
•
•
•treatment
••
Culture System
•••••• Management practices•
••
•
•
•• Quarantine••••
Disease ••
•
•
etc)•
gametes)•
•
••
•
••
factors•
control measures for the
•measures
[154] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
8.4.5.1 Immuno-stimulants and Vaccines-
Advantages and Disadvantages of Bacterins
Advantages Disadvantages
BacterinsLow cost
Fish Vaccineorganism
•be immuno-competent
•
functions•
immune responses•
•
•
• The organism•
•••
•
•
••••••
[155]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
-
Do not stock
Also Note:
8.4.5.3 Treatments-
NOT
a) Types of Treatment
b) Determining whether to treat
c) How to Give Treatments to Fish
[156] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
TreatmentDescription Advantages Disadvantages
Topical •to lesion
•lesion
•
•
Injection •
•
• •
•
Food additives
• • •
•
Dip •concentration of chemical for up to
•
• •
•to high chemical concentration which
• Labor requirements
Bath •
•process
•
•
•
•
•
Flushing •
•
•
•
•
•
chemical
• ••
•
•
•
chemical is not
[157]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
d) Calculating the Required amount of Treatment
How to estimate water volume in different shaped containers (Adapted from FAO).
• Disease: • Fish:• Culture system:• Chemical:
f) Common Treatments
Table 45: Treatment RatesChemical Administration Rate Indications Contra-indications
A: TOPICAL TREAMTENTS
Formalin •
•
•
Monogenic
fungal infections on eggs
•
•
•
rates•
[158] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Chemical Administration Rate Indications Contra-indications
••
•••
• Chelated copper –
inorganic or organic
• Treatment of
parasites such as ‘Ichthyophillus mulitphillisFlavobacterium columnare infections
•caution in water
•
•
Potassium permanganate
••
•- Pond
water
time
- Tank
•
F. columnare infections
••
rate
Salt ••
Organophosphate )
• Monogenetic
crustacean parasites
Lernea spArgulus sp
•
humans
antibiotic•
•
systems, ornamentals;
•
[159]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Chemical Administration Rate Indications Contra-indications
Romet (ormetoprim
•
••
•
• ••
problems
Terramycin
species before slaughter
•treat motile Aeromonas infections
•F. columnare
•
•
time frame is
or treatment
o *antibacterial resistance*
•treatments are
because of antimicrobial resistance
Tranquilisers •
•
•
[160] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
8.5 Common Diseases in Ugandan Aquaculture and their Control
8.5.1.1 Environmental (Water Quality) Diseases
Diagnosis
Management of Low Dissolved Oxygen Levels
• Manage algal blooms
Temperature
[161]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
b. Low pH
Treatment
c. Ammonia Poisoning
d. Excessive Levels of Dissolved Carbondioxide (Hypercarbia)
Diagnosis:
Treatment:
[162] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
e. Nitrite Poisoning (Brown Blood Diseases)
Diagnosis
Treatment
f. Gas Bubble Disease (Gas supersaturation)
Figure 97: water
Figure 96: Brown Blood Disease
[163]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
8.5.1.2. Nutritional Diseases-
a)
b)
-
Control and Treatment:
• Module 6)••
[164] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
i) Mycotoxins in Feed
a. Good Pellets. b. Mouldy Pellets. (c) Gross lesions (right)
Preventive Measures
8.5.1.3 Physical Trauma
-
Control
-
[165]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
8.5.1.4 Genetic Conditions
than the entire population
Prevention and Control
8.5.1.5. Tumours
8.5.2.1 Bacterial Infections
Common Causes Remarks
Bacterial Septicaemia
•• Vibrio anguillarium•
columnaris
•
•
Skin and gill ••
columnaris
•lesions
•
••
•
[166] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
a. Columnaris disease (Flavobacterium columnaris in-fection)
Clinical signs••••
‘cigar-mouth’ or ‘saddle-back’
Diagnosis•••
Treatment and Control
•
•
NB:
-
b. Aeromonas hydrophila infection
Clinical signs•••••• Mortalities
Diagnosis••
Treatment and Control-
[167]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
••
S. iniaeother bacterial cocci such as Enterococcus Lactococcus
Clinical signs•••••
Diagnosis••
•(NB: external clinical signs look very similar to Aeromonas hydrophila above. Pictures courtesy of B. Mudenda)
Treatment and control•••••
Clinical signs•••• Loss of weight•••
Diagnosis•••
[168] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Treatment and Control•
8.5.2.2 Parasitic Infections
• Leeches
o
213
Crustacea: Argulus (fish louse), Lernaea (anchor worms) Trematodes (flukes): Monogenic and digenic trematodes Cestodes (tape worms) Nematodes (round worms) Leeches
Parasites gain access to fish via an intermediate host (figure 100).
It takes three to five days for the parasite to complete this cycle when water temperatures are about 20oC
Most of the parasites that affect the gills, fins and skin are opportunistic organisms. Their ability of cause infection and the severity of disease depends on the immune status of the fish. Fish that are stressed, poorly fed, raised under sub-optimal environmental conditions (poor water quality), have a disease condition, injured and juveniles are more susceptible to parasitic infestations.
Parasites attach and cause damage to the lining of the gills, fins or skin. This causes irritation and points of entry for other pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. The affected area becomes inflamed, excess mucus secretion and sometimes there is bleeding. When the gills are affected, ability to take up oxygen is impaired and fish show signs of anoxia (section 8.5.1.1.). On the skin and fins, there is often a change in pigmentation and fin erosion at the affected area. Irritation of these tissues causes discomfort to the fish and causes them to loose appetite, swim erratically, congregating at the surface or inlets where water quality is often better and become lethargic and anaemic.
Free swimming mature parasite
Parasite encysts and sub-divides into many juveniles at bottom of pond or tank
Juveniles escape from cyst
[169]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Figure 101: Common Fish Parasites
Trichodina sp. Capriniana (Tricophrya)
Apiosoma (Glossatella)
Icthyobodo
Epistilis sp. Leeches
Treatment and Control•
8.5.2.2 Parasitic Infections
• Leeches
o
213
Crustacea: Argulus (fish louse), Lernaea (anchor worms) Trematodes (flukes): Monogenic and digenic trematodes Cestodes (tape worms) Nematodes (round worms) Leeches
Parasites gain access to fish via an intermediate host (figure 100).
It takes three to five days for the parasite to complete this cycle when water temperatures are about 20oC
Most of the parasites that affect the gills, fins and skin are opportunistic organisms. Their ability of cause infection and the severity of disease depends on the immune status of the fish. Fish that are stressed, poorly fed, raised under sub-optimal environmental conditions (poor water quality), have a disease condition, injured and juveniles are more susceptible to parasitic infestations.
Parasites attach and cause damage to the lining of the gills, fins or skin. This causes irritation and points of entry for other pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. The affected area becomes inflamed, excess mucus secretion and sometimes there is bleeding. When the gills are affected, ability to take up oxygen is impaired and fish show signs of anoxia (section 8.5.1.1.). On the skin and fins, there is often a change in pigmentation and fin erosion at the affected area. Irritation of these tissues causes discomfort to the fish and causes them to loose appetite, swim erratically, congregating at the surface or inlets where water quality is often better and become lethargic and anaemic.
Free swimming mature parasite
Parasite encysts and sub-divides into many juveniles at bottom of pond or tank
Juveniles escape from cyst
[170] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Grypdactylus Dactylogyrus
Argulus sp.
Anchor Worms Lernaea sp.
Diagnosis••••
Prevention and Control• -
• -
Treatment•
•
[171]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
b. Internal Parasites
8.5.2.3 Fungal InfectionsSaprolgenia
Prevention and Treatment•••
8.5.2.4 Viral Diseases
Fungal growth a sequel to wound
infection
Wound
[172] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
a. Tilapia Lake Virus
Aphanomyces invadans
Barbus sp. (right).
[173]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
c. Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) Diseases
Figure 105: Gill lesions in KHV Disease
• -
•
Manual of Diagnostic tests for Aquatic Animals – use latest versions•
8.6 Predator Control
[174] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
1. Humans Beings
2. Frogs and Snakes.
-
3. Birds
4. Monitor Lizards and Otters.
-
Figure 106: Common Predatory Wading Birds
[175]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
c. The Grey Heron d. The Jacana
e. The Hammerkop f. Goliath heron
8.7 Biosecurity Control
[176] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
8.7.1 National Level
8.7.2 Farm Level-
•
•
•••
aquaculture establishment •••••
personnel••
establishment•
•
••
•
1 Some are general and would apply to both.
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A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
(i) species
-
[178] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
8.8.1 Zoonotic Diseases
•••• Leeches
8.8.2 Anti-Microbial Resistance-
8.8.3 Other Potential Communicable and Non-Communicable Health Hazards Associated with the Aquaculture Environment
a. Non-Communicable Diseases
b. Communicable Diseases
Mitigation Measures
[179]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
and resource use (FAO, 2010)
Environmental Risk Suggested Mitigation Measures
Biodiversity losses ••
•
•
•
••
much as possible
[180] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Environmental Risk Suggested Mitigation Measures
••
••
••
[181]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fish Quality
•••
-
MODULE NINE: POST HARVEST HANDLING AND PROCESSING OF FARMED FISH
[182] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
--
Steps in the HACCP
Preliminary Steps • The focus is on
•
•
•
Conduct a Hazard Analysis
•
•
Control Points (CCP)
•
Determine Critical Limits (CL)
•
Determine Monitor-ing Procedures
•
Determine Corrective Actions
•
•
cation Procedures
•
•
Keeping Procedures •
*NOTE:-
[183]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Grade A B
Skin and scalesshinning loss of bloom
Outer Slime transparentclotting
Eyes
translucent cornea
opalescent cornea
Gillsmucus translucent opaque
Peritoneum
Gill and internal odours
Prevention Measures
•
••
ammonia)••••
••••••
••
Prevention Measures
•
• Lighter weight••
•
••
[184] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
9.3 Fish Processing
••••••
9.3.1 Fish Hygiene
9.3.2 Processing
[185]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Figure 109: Aquaculture Productsa) Live, Fresh and Chilled Whole Fish
Live tilapiadelivered to local market
Chilled tilapia from cages
b) Smoked Fish Products
c) Value-Added Products
Fillets Fish sausages
9.4 Packaging
[186] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Crates for bulk fresh or dry. The packaging may go straight to a restaurant, school or
hotel where bulk cooking is done.
Well labelled attractive packaging is preferable for retail outlets
where cold storage is available) in paper boxes
•
•• Module 7)
[187]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
-
10.1 What is marketing
cre-ating, distributing pricing
MODULE TEN:MARKETING OF FARMED FISH
[188] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
-
•• awareness• Motivating buying decision• buy and use• buy again
SuppliesFeed ingredients
FeedsChemicalsFertilisers
ConsumablesEquipment
Water quality kitsNets
Life jackets
EquipmentConstruction farm facilities
(ponds, tanks, cages)Boats
FarmingHatcheryNursery
Grow-out
Processing
Handling Dressing
freezingSmocking
Saltingstoring
Distribution
BrokeragePromotion
Wholesalingretailing
Consumption
HouseholdRestaurants/hotels
SupermarketsExport
Fishermen (bait)Recreation
[189]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
[190] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
10.1.1 Why Marketing is Important -
10.1.2 What is a market?-
-
10.2 Developing a Marketing Strategy -
[191]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
-
•
• What is the competitive advantage your enterprise as a company?
•
• What is your position in the market?
• Build good relationships
•
• How can you communicate your product?
• What are your marketing options?
•• Right these down on paper
a) Grading, weighing and icing to ensure right quality get to the market.
[192] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
in rural and urban areas.
d) Labelling and branding facilitate standardisation and
recognition of products.
[193]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
(f) Aquaculture information on my smart-phone. This AgroMarket Day
(g) Brochures to disseminate information.
10.3 Collective Marketing
[194] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
[195]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
AQUACULTURE AS A BUSINESS
11.1 Introduction
-
MODULE ELEVEN:
[196] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
-
11.2 Record to Keep and their Evaluation-
-
11.2.1 Production Records
11.2.2. Marketing Records
11.2.3. Financial Management-
[197]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
11.3 Enterprise Analysis and Business Decision Making
11.3.1 Enterprise Budgets
-
Monoculture Ponds Fed Nutritionally Complete Commercial Sinking PelletsItem Amount Unit Cost (USh) Total Cost (USh)
Production Targets
Major Variable Costs
Labour
Total Variable Costs 1,492,789
Production
Sales
Total Revenue 748 kg 3,000 2,244,000
Income above variable costs 751,211
%
[198] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
(a) Sales done when pond is ready to harvest, (b) Several small ponds sized to market
demand and an all-in-all out-production system.
a) Three large ponds
11.3.3 Risk Analysis
Table 54: Risk AnalysisPeriod JUNE JULY AUGUST
Products
Targ
et
Num
ber t
o pr
oduc
e
Actu
al
Num
ber
Prod
uced
VARI
ANCE
Targ
et
Num
ber t
o pr
oduc
e
Actu
al
Num
ber
Prod
uced
VARI
ANCE
Targ
et
Num
ber t
o pr
oduc
e
Actu
al
Num
ber
Prod
uced
VARI
ANCE
Remarks
Month
[199]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
11.3 Production and Business Planning-
Chapter Objective Content
1. Background ••••
2. Situation Analysiscurrent status of
•••
•businesses
3. Needs Assessment
there are in
business
•
[200] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Chapter Objective Content
4. Business Analysisthe business
•
•••••
5. Production Planning
••
•
6. Marketing Plan ••
•
7. Investment Strategy
business
•
••
8. Enterprise and Financial Assessment
••
••••
9. Conclusions and Recommendations
•
10.Monitoring and Evaluation
••
11.4 Maintaining Farm Income
-
[201]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
• Lowering FCRs to optimum levels.• Lowering labour costs.
• Improving returns to land
• Making and adopting the appropriate investment and management decisions.
-
QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED BY FARMERS
•••••••••••••••••••••••••
[202] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
MARKETING•••
•••
[203]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
1. Nile Tilapia
Physical Appearance
Natural Habitat
Feeding
List of Appendices
[204] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Reproduction
Attributes
aquaculture
strategies
Physical Appearance
Habitat
Diets and
Nile tilapia nests at bottom of pond
[205]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Reproduction
Distribution
Aquaculture
3. Mirror Carp
Physical appearance
Habitato
Diet and Feeding
aquatic plants
Reproduction
Distribution
[206] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Aquaculture
4. Ningu
Physical Appearance
Habitat
Diet and Feeding
Reproduction
Distribution
Aquaculture
5. Angara, Pebble Fish
Physical Appearance
Habitato
Diet and Feeding
[207]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Reproduction
Distribution
Aquaculture
6. Mamba/Marbled Lung FishPhysical Appearance
Habitat
Diet and Feeding
Reproduction
Distribution
Aquaculture
[208] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Estimating the number of cages per site
capacity
size in small bays close to shore
Criteria Score Given Score
Distance to nearest to obvious source
More than 1,000 mBetween 500 to1,000 mLess than 500m
321
Transparency (secchi disk visibility)
More than 200 cmBetween 100 to 200 cmLess than 100cm
321
Dissolved
08.00 am in the morning
bottom
bottom
bottom
l
l
Water depth at proposed
cages
The connection
the lake
Characteristics
Currents between bay and lake
TOTAL SCORE
1 to <77 to 1011 to 1718 to 21
Unacceptable
[209]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Overall site ratinginput(kg/ha)
c.f.
Key Parameters Input Levels
Small-holder Medium Scale Large-Scale3)
System
cage carrying capacity is equal to optimum
density per cage
Water Quality management
Feed
Yield
Source:
Note:
[210] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
TILAIPA FEEDING CHART
Weeks in Production
Size (g) Growth (g/day)
Daily Feed (% BW)
Daily Feed/Fish (g)
Type
Protein %CP - size (mm)
Feedings/Day
[211]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Weeks in production
Fish Size (g)
Growth (g/day)
Daily Feed (% BW)
Daily Feed/Fish (g)
est FCR Type
Protein %CP - size (mm)
Feedings/Day
*Recommended Size at Stocking
*1 10
[212] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
[213]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
[214] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Soya bean meal 45 CP 22
Maize 10% CP 13
[215]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
The pituitary gland
Collecting pituitary glands by cutting open the head
Extraction of pituitary gland
Preserving pituitary glands
[216] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Extracting gonadotropic hormones from pituitary glands -
The most common method of administering injection into the dorsal muscle.
Equipment for crushing pituitary gland
[217]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Pond
Amt
to
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thur
Fri
Sat
Sun
Tot k
gsO
bser
vati
ons
Feed
ing
Resp
onse
:
[218] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Pond: Size: . Function:
Date
Stoc
k
Trea
t
Sam
ple
Har
vest
Dra
in Description (species, numbers, Total # Total Weight
[219]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Interpretation of Tilapia Pond Management Records
Pond Record Possible Causes What Should I do?
A) Not much positive gain in between samplings in total pond biomass
B) Sudden Mortalities and Fish Floating on
with Opercula Open
every dayproblem
[220] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Pond Record Possible Causes What Should I do?
D) Polluted waters, pond still below carrying capacity compounded with high FCR
pond.
E) Add recommended amounts
pond but it never turns green
(water loss) through the
vis-a-vis
F) Pond too green,
up piping most mornings, poor growth
[221]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
Interpretation of Trends in Feeding Response and FCR
FCR Trend Possible Causes What Should I do?
A) FCR is much lower than what is suggested
chart while at the same time the
is continuously
Mortalities – there
real
B) Increase (high) in FCR and
responsearise when there is
upon response
response
of the full ration)
too big or small
[222] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
C) Increase in FCR
response remains
response
to become less
in water temperature
growth good in
ponds
obtaining enough to
[223]Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
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http://
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-http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4021e.pdf
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[224] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
A q u a c u l t u r e T r a i n i n g M a n u a l f o r E x t e n s i o n A g e n t s i n U g a n d a ’
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIESP.O Box 102, Entebbe Plot 16-18, Lugard Avenue, Entebbe-Uganda
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