Unit 5

(NOTE: most of Unit 5 exam was from Unit 4 exam. Study that as well)

1. Discover/decide whether or not corporations do any or all of the following - protect the company against interstate competition – ; limit the liability of corporate executives – ; raise capital through the sale of shares – ; give their company all of the legal rights of a person – ; separate personal ownership from company management

2. What was a muckraker/what did they seek to accomplish? - before the public could be roused to action, it first had to be well informed about the "dirty" realities of party politics and the scandalous conditions in factories and slums, newspaper and magazine publishers found that their middle-class readers loved to read about underhanded schemes in politics; therefore, in-depth, investigative stories came to characterize much of the journalistic reporting of the era; writers specializing in such stories were referred to as muckrakers by President Theodore Roosevelt; muckrakers included Henry Demarest Lloyd (exposing the Standard Oil Company), Lincoln Steffans, Ida Tarbell (also Standard Oil Company), Jacob Riis (How the Other Half Lives), Samuel Sidney McClure, Theodore Dreiser (industrialist is ruthless), and Frank Norris (railroads = tyranny) 

3. Samuel Gompers - the father of the American Federation of Labor, this colorful Jewish cigar maker was pressed into overtime service once he came to New York because of his strong voice; rising spectacularly in the labor ranks, he was elected president of the AFL every year except one from 1886 – 1924; it was a federation that consisted of an association of self-governing national unions, each which kept its independence, with the AFL unifying overall strategy; Gompers adopted a down-to-earth approach; a bitter foe of socialism, he shunned politics for economic strategies and goals; he had no quarrel with capitalism, but he demanded a fairer share for labor; all he wanted was "more" and "pure and simple" unionism; one of his major goals was the "trade agreement" authorizing the "closed shop" (all-union labor); with him utilizing the walkout and boycott, it was fortunate for the Allied Cause that Samuel Gompers and his American Federation of Labor loyally supported the war.

4. Henry Ford - he was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and the father of modern assembly lines used in mass production; his introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry; he was a prolific inventor and was awarded 161 U.S. patents; as owner of the Ford Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world; he is credited with "Fordism", that is, the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive automobiles using the assembly line, coupled with high wages for his workers; Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace; Ford did not believe in accountants; he amassed one of the world's largest fortunes without ever having his company audited under his administration; Henry Ford's intense commitment to lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents; Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently

5. John L. Lewis - an American leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1920 to 1960; he was a major player in the history of coal mining; he was the driving force behind the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which established the United Steel Workers of America and helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s; after resigning as head of the CIO in 1941, he took the Mine Workers out of the CIO in 1942, then back into the American Federation of Labor in 1944

6. William Green - the president of the American Federation of Labor from 1924 to 1952

7. Bernard M. Baruch - late in the war, and after some bruising political battles, Wilson succeeded in imposing some order on the economic confusion that existed; in March 1918, he appointed the lone-eagle stock speculator Bernard Baruch to head the War Industries Board; but the War Industries Board never had more than feeble former powers, and it was disbanded within days after the armistice

8. Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle- was a catalyst for change in the food industry - people became more aware of the problems that existed in factories, unsafe working conditions and lack of hygiene; thus, the Food and Drug Acts were passed

9. The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act - it was an act passed by Congress that portrayed the evils of child labor; it prohibited the interstate sale of goods manufactured by children; it was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson but was later declared unconstitutional

10. The Fourteen Points- a series of ideas proposed by Woodrow Wilson that aimed at creating peace in Europe at the end of World War I; although Wilson's speech was extremely idealistic, he was still respected by the allies as a leader; the speech was delivered ten months before the armistice and only four of Wilson's points were actually used

11. The Volstead Act: The federal law enforcing the strict prohibition of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages, including liquors, wines, and beers

12. The National Origins Act: Or the National Origins Quota of 1924 was the first limitation immigration system. The point of this act was to keep out “undesirable” immigrants from coming to the United States.

13. The Taft-Hartley Act: An act to check the growing power of unions. Its provisions included outlawing the closed shop (contract requiring workers to join a union before being hired), permitting states to pass “right to work” laws outlawing the union shop (contract requiring workers to join a union after being hired, outlawing secondary boycotts (the practice of several unions giving support to a striking union by joining a boycott of a company’s products), and giving the president the power to invoke an 80-day cooling off period before a strike endangering the national safety could be called. This was a major issue that divided the Republicans and Democrats. 

14. Know the patterns of racial integration, population patterns, and placement of industries in American cities between 1890 and 1930: Many, especially Blacks, migrated north. Cities were divided based on social class and ethnicity

15. “Bread and Butter” unionism: Unionism supporting better pay better pay, higher wages, and improved working conditions. Which labor organizations endorsed the philosophy of “bread and butter” unionism by concentrating of demands for higher wages, shorter hours, and improved working conditions?: The American Federation of Labor.

16. The Molly Maguires: Many historians believe that Irish immigrants brought a form of the Molly Maguires organization into America in the nineteenth century, and continued its activities as a clandestine society. They were located in a section of the anthracite coalfields dubbed the Coal Region, which included the counties of Lackawanna, Luzerne, Columbia, Schuylkill, Carbon, and Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. Irish miners in this organization employed the tactics of intimidation and violence previously used against Irish landlords in violent confrontations against the anthracite, or hard coal mining companies in the 19th century.

17. Progressive Party Platform- An American political party formed in 1912 by Theodore Roosevelt after the Republican Party split between former President Roosevelt and President Taft. The Progressive Party Platform was also commonly known as the Bull Moose Party, after Roosevelt announced that he was “as fit as a bull moose” after being shot during a campaign speech in Milwaukee in an assassination attempt.

18. The principal foreign policy issue confronting the Wilson administration between the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 and United States involvement in the conflict in 1917 was the- Future of United States overseas possessions - Territorial and political integrity of Poland - ***Freedom of the seas- Question of a Pan-American collective security organization- Issue of war debt repayment by the Allies

19. What did the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913 do? (What did the bank do?)- The Federal Reserve is the United States central banking system created in December of 1913 acted the Federal Reserve Act was enacted. This was done mainly because of several financial panics, especially the panic of 1907. Congress created three key objectives in the act for the money policy which included maximum amount of employment, long term interest rates, and stable costs.

20. During Woodrow Wilson’s administration, the federal government attempted to counteract the economic influence of big business by establishing the federal trade.

21. Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy differed from that of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft by its emphasis on- the application of moral principles to foreign affairs

22. All of the following reforms were adopted during the Progressive era except-Stronger antitrust law -Protection of national forests -Lower tariff rates  -Regulation of meatpacking industry -***Federal antilynching law

23. Give me as many reasons for the split in the Republican Party in 1912 as you can. -Because Roosevelt was for progressivism and Taft was republican, they split, and because of that, they both lost, and Wilson won * Which of the following was NOT a reason for the spilt in the Republican Party in 1912? Democratic control of the White House. 

24. Which of the following was least likely to support a proposal for a direct primary? Why or why not? -Robert La Follete - Joseph Cannon - Woodrow Wilson Theodore Roosevelt - William Jennings Bryan 

25. Most Progressive politicians opposed the election of - Theodore Roosevelt in 1904 - William Howard Taft in 1908 - Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 - William Howard Taft in 1912 - Woodrow Wilson in 1912 

26. DW Griffith’s epic film The Birth of a Nation (1915): controversial because… -Negative depiction of Black Americans and White anti-racists, and its positive portrayal of slavery and the Ku Klux Klan 

27. Know the personality traits/characteristics of the following: Woodrow Wilson, William Graham Sumner, William Jennings Bryan, Eugene V. Debs, and Theodore Roosevelt -Woodrow Wilson- Leader of the Progressive Movement -William Graham Sumner- A polymath with numerous books and essays on American history, economic history, political theory, sociology, and anthropology. He is credited with introducing the term “ethnocentrism” -William Jennings Bryan- A dominate force in the Democratic Party, standing three times as its candidate for President. He served in congress briefly as and was the 41st Secretary of State under Wilson. Bryan was a supporter of popular democracy. -Eugene V. Debs- An American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and several times the candidate of the socialist party for president. -Theodore Roosevelt- Noted for his leadership of the Progressive Movement. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived “Bull Moose” Party. 

28. Communism (44 & 45 are the same question)- -A social, political and economic ideology that aims at the establishment of a classless, moneyless, stateless, and socialist society structures upon common ownership of the means of production. 

29. Anarchism -Opposes authority and hierarchical organization in the conduct of human relations. 

30. Dollar Diplomacy -A term used to describe the effort of the U.S under President Taft to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries 

31. Social Darwinism - Applies the principles of Darwinian evolution to sociology and politics. It especially refers to notions of struggle for existence being used to justify social policies, which make no distinction between those able to support themselves and those unable to support themselves. 

32. EW Kemble - An American cartoonist and illustrator known for his depictions of African Americans. 

33. Lockner v. New York - A landmark U.S Supreme Court case case that held a “liberty of contract” was implicit in the due process clause of the 14th amendment. The case involved a NY law that limited the number of hours that a baker could work each day to ten, and limited the number of hours that a baker could work each week to 60. 

34. When were each of the following acts passed: Pure Food and Drug Act, Federal Reserve Act, Medicare Act, Meat Inspection Act, Newlands Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Clean Air Act Pure Food and Drug Act- 1906 Federal Reserve Act- 1913 Medicare Act- 1965 Meat Inspection Act- 1906 Newlands Act- 1902 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation- 1933 Clean Air Act- 1970

35. Main idea of Theodore Roosevelt’s proposed “New Nationalism”- make the federal government an instrument of domestic reform

36. Theodore Roosevelt’s position on trusts (bad/good/etc.)- good trusts should be tolerated while bad trusts are prevented from manipulating markets

37. What were the factors in the failure of the United States to join the League of Nations after the First World War?- After the 1st World War, many in the U. S. were wary of becoming entangled in another war. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge led a group of senators who were afraid the U.S. might get pulled into another war trying to enforce the Leagues wishes..or that the League might try to interfere with the business and wishes of our country

38. What were the reasons for Woodrow Wilson’s decision to ask Congress for a declaration of war?- Germany’s declaration of its intent to wage unrestricted submarine warfare

39. The sinking of the Lusitania - A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

40. Zimmerman Telegram- Secret German message to Mexico (intercepted by the US) which offered to return to Mexico the lands it lost in the Mexican-American War

41. Sussex pledge- A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning, Germany block promise

42. Wilson’s war message to Congress, April 1917- Wilson asked Congress to declare war on April 2, 1917. "The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make." Also, "It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war." Congress declared war on April 6th.

43. Wilson’s decision to break off diplomatic relations with Germany- Due to the reintroduction of the German navy's policy of unlimited submarine warfare, Wilson cut off all ties with Germany

44. Joseph Pulitzer achieved fame and wealth as a – newspaper publisher

45. New Freedom – During Woodrow Wilson's campaign in the election of 1912, he pledged to limit both big business and big government, bring around reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business. With both the House of Representatives and the Senate under Democratic control, Wilson was able to initiate and carry out his reforms with little political opposition. Wilson's election to the Presidency allowed him to reconstruct the floundering Democratic Party, which had arguably been more or less without strong leadership since prior to the Civil War.

46. Burlingame Treaty – Treaty between China and the United States in which both countries were to recognize "the inherent and inalienable right of man to change his home and allegiance, and also the mutual advantage of the free migration and emigration of their citizens and subjects, respectively for purposes of curiosity, of trade, or as permanent residents." The U.S. government had insisted on the free immigration provision to counter the Chinese government's prohibition of its subjects emigrating. Another clause said that Chinese subjects visiting or residing in the United States could enjoy the same rights as citizens of the country. This was aimed at protecting Chinese in the U.S. from discrimination.

47. Kellogg-Briand Pact – Reflected the movement to outlaw war to prevent a recurrence of the carnage of World War I. French foreign minister Aristide Briand initially proposed a bilateral treaty renouncing war as a method of settling disputes between France and the United States and drawing the United States into its defensive system against Germany. U.S. support for the pact came from both ends of the political spectrum. Interventionists thought it would lead to U.S. acceptance of the League of Nations; isolationists and peace groups hoped it would end war. Charles Lindbergh's successful solo crossing of the Atlantic and subsequent landing in Paris in May 1927 also

helped boost Briand's efforts. Secretary of State Frank Kellogg, fearful that signing the treaty could drag the United States into a European war on the side of France, expanded the proposed agreement to a multilateral treaty renouncing war. Briand had no choice but to accept the pact, which was moral in tone but lacked force and did not bind America to any European treaty system. Subsequently, when Japan seized Manchuria in 1931, when Italy took over Ethiopia in 1935, and later when Germany began its expansion in the late 1930s, the Pact was exposed as the toothless treaty it had been all along.

48. Stimson Doctrine - Stimson had stated that the United States would not recognize any changes made in China that would curtail American treaty rights in the area and that the "open door" must be maintained. The Japanese, however, were not dissuaded by non-recognition and continued their aggression, confident that the U.S. would not take stronger action because of the heavy economic restrictions of the Depression.

49. W.E.B. Du Bois - Du Bois was the foremost African-American intellectual of the twentieth century. During the 1950s Du Bois was drawn into leftist causes, including chairing the Peace Information Center. The center's refusal to comply with the Foreign Agents Registration Act led to his indictment with four others by a federal grand jury in 1951. All five were acquitted after a highly publicized trial, but the taint of alleged communist association caused him to be shunned by colleagues and harassed by federal agencies throughout the 1950s. He clashed on occasion with other black leaders over appropriate strategies for black advancement, notably Booker T. Washington (whose strategy of accommodation and emphasis on industrial education for blacks he rejected) and Marcus Garvey (whom he considered a demagogue, although they shared a commitment to Pan-Africanism and the liberation of Africa). Above all Du Bois sought to place African-American experience in its world historical context. Out of this mix evolved his dual projects of building an African socialism and publishing a unifying work of scholarship on the African diaspora.

50. Booker T. Washington – Washington's philosophy and the "Tuskegee machine" won him widespread support among northern white philanthropists as well as acclaim among blacks. In his Atlanta Compromise address, delivered at the Cotton States Exposition in 1895, he struck the keynotes of racial accommodationism: "Cast down your buckets where you are," Washington urged blacks. "In all things that are purely social," he announced to attentive whites, "we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress." His thoroughly bourgeois, antilabor, antidemocratic appeal stood for years as an endorsement of segregation. Growing black and white opposition to Washington's acquiescence in disfranchisement and Jim Crow led to the formation of the Niagara Movement (1905-1909) and the naacp, activist organizations working for civil and political rights as well as against lynching. Washington was a pragmatist who engaged in deliberate ambiguity in order to sustain white recognition of his leadership. Such visibility won him international fame and the role of black adviser to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft.

51. During the First World War, the Committee on Public Information issued propaganda to persuade the American people of supporting the war effort. However, George Creel, the leader of the Committee oversold Wilson's ideals and led the world to expect too much.

52. Woodrow Wilson hardened Senate opposition to the Treaty of Versailles by his refusal to compromise on the issue of E. the unconditional adherence of the United States to the character of the League of Nations 

53. All of the following were part of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points EXCEPT E. a restoration of the balance of power.

54. The primary function of the war boards during the First World War was to… increase cooperation among business, labor and government

55. Jacob Riis- Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

56 The Pure Food and Drug Act- Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

57. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff - Was a tax on foreign goods, an attempt to get American companies, Hoover's attempt to help ease the effects of the stock market crash.

58. The Comstock Law- Said that it was illegal to use the US Postal Service to mail obscene material including medical anatomy textbooks. Under the law, contraceptives were obscene and illicit Margaret Sanger was arrested in 1916 for opening a Birth Control ClinicIn 1936, a Federal appeals court rules that the government could not interfere with doctors providing contraception

59. The Pendleton Act- The Pendleton Act of 1883 made campaign contributions from federal employees illegal, and it established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive examination. It was basically made to stop political corruption. The civil-service reform forced politicians to gain support and funds from big-business leaders.

60. The Dawes Severalty Act- 1887 -law intended to "civilize" Indians by distributing tribal lands to individuals -- Designed to turn Indians into landowners and farmers. -- Emphasized severalty (treatment of Indians as individuals rather than as members of tribes)

61. “Taylorism”- scientific management, encouraged the development of mass production techniques and the assembly line, led to a revolution in American education of social science.

62. Woodrow Wilson’s “New Freedom”- Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

63. Progressive Era Constitutional Amendments- 16th - permitted Congress to levy taxes based on individuals income 17th - gave voters the power to elect their senators

18th - barred manufacture sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages 19th - granted women full voting rights

64. Newlands Reclamation Act- let fed. gov. collect money from the sale of lands in the west & use the money for irrigation projects, Money from the sale of public lands in sixteen western states and territories was to be used to build large dams and canal systems to conserve water for irrigation.

65. Mann-Elkins Act (Taft) - (1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers

66. Hepburn Act 1906 (TR)- This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

67. Result of Wilson, Roosevelt, and Tafts presidencies on government- Roosevelt's foreign policy was the "Big Stick Policy." Speak softly and carry a big stick; he used the American Navy as his stick. Taft's policy was "Dollar Diplomacy." This was a method of maintaining balance by having the United States invest business in other countries, so if one were to disrupt a country that had invested in, the US would supposedly step in. Finally, Wilson's foreign policy was the "Moral Diplomacy" where he tried to spread democracy to the world

68. NAWS (National American Woman Suffrage Association) reasons for women’s suffrage- The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was formed on May 15, 1869 in New York in response to a split in the American Equal Rights Association over Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Its founders, who opposed the Fifteenth Amendment unless it included the vote for women, were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Membership was open to women only. NWSA worked to secure women's enfranchisement through a federal constitutional amendment. Its rival from the split, the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), believed success could be more easily achieved through state-by-state campaigns.[1] In 1890 NWSA and AWSA merged to form theNational American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Adnd Joe LODuca Rules

69. Schenck v. United States- A legal case in which it was ruled that government can limit free speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

70. Clayton Anti-Trust Act- New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions

71. Payne-Aldrich Act- intended to lower tariff rates, but actually retained high rates on most imports, President Taft supported this bill

72. 1912 Election- In 1912 republican convention Taft was re nominated after being picked in 1908 by Roosevelt himself, some republican got mad and started the progressive party and they nominated Roosevelt the democrats were able to win because of the split, Wilson won. Wilson was barely re-elected In 1916

73. 1916 Election- "he kept us out of war" - Wilson was nominated as the Democratic candidate. Republicans nominated Charles Evan Hughes. Teddy Roosevelt was nominated for the Progressive Ticket, but Roosevelt nixed that idea, having learned his lesson about splitting the Republican Party in the 1912 election. Hughes condemned the Democratic tariff, and assaulted the trusts and Wilson's wishy-washiness in dealing with Mexico & Germany. Hughes sort of straddled the fence (in some areas said Wilson should've stood up to the Kaiser, in others was more isolationist-y). Wilson & the Democrats warned that by electing Hughes they would almost certainly be electing a fight. Wilson & the Democrats also pushed the idea that Wilson had kept the country out of war - hinting (though not promising) that this would continue. Midwesterners and westerners voted for Wilson; Easterners voted for Hughes. Wilson barely won. He was probably able to pull through because of the strong support from the working class who counted on Wilson's implicit assurances to stay out of war.