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Transcript of APUSH Semester Review - HomeworkHelpForYou - …homeworkhelpforyou.webs.com/APUSH Semester...
N. American Discovery-
reasons, impact • Explorations
– Religion
• Protestant Reformation in Europe
– Northern Europe against auth. of pope in Rome led to religious conflicts between Cath/Protestants
– Trade – Europe with Africa, China, India
– Trying to find new route
– Technology improvements – Renaissance
– Enlightenment
– Columbus 1492
• American colonies support European countries
Columbus
• 8 yrs trying to get $
– Succeeded 1492: Isabella and Ferdinand (Spn)
• Legacy
– Columbian Exchange
• To New World:
– Horses, Pigs
– Guns
– Disease
» Small-pox, measles
» Mortality rate of Native Americans: >90%
• From New World:
– Potato, Beans, Corn, Tomatoes
– Tobacco
– Syphilis
Spanish-Indian Relations
• Triangular Trade
– Slaves from Africa
• Middle Passage to W
Indies (very harsh)
– Sugar from W Indies in
exchange for slaves
• Used to make rum in New
England
– Rum from New England
• Sold in Africa for slaves
Colonies
• New England Colonies
– Harbors and fur trapping
– Bad soil, so farming wasn’t as important
– Fishing, shipbuilding, lumber, and trade
– Small towns=centers of local government
• Middle Colonies
– Excellent for farming, and natural harbors
• Typically trade raw materials for manuf. Goods
• Southern Colonies
– Grew own food
– 3 important cash crops: tobacco, rice, and indigo
– Spread-out plantations hindered growth of towns
Colonies: Virginia, Connecticut,
Rhode Island • Virginia-became Royal Colony in 1624
– Jamestown
– Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay
• Connecticut
– Thomas Hooker and followers left Mass Bay and founded in Connecticut River Valley
• Rhode Island
– Roger Williams- banished from Mass Bay; found Providence
– Anne Hutchinson founded Portsmouth which combined with Providence for make Rhode Island
Colonies: New Hampshire, Maryland,
and North and South Carolina
• New Hampshire
– John Mason founded
• Received land in New England in 1622
• Maryland
– Founded by Lord Baltimore
– Haven for Catholics at first; Toleration Act of 1649 allowed all Christians
• North Carolina and South Carolina
– Charters from King Charles II in 1663
– Main port=Charles Town (Charleston)
– 1729: North and South Carolina became separate royal colonies
Colonies: New York, New
Jersey, and Pennsylvania
• New York
– Dutch owned “New Netherland”
– 1664, Duke of York took over
• New Jersey
– Duke of York granted land to Sir George Carteret and
Lord John Berkeley (became NJ)
– Grants of land and freedom of religion
• Pennsylvania
– Quakers- William Penn
– “holy experiment”
Colonies: Delaware and Georgia
• Delaware
– Duke of York got New Sweden and renamed
• Had been founded by Peter Minuit
– Became part of Pennsylvania till 1703
• Georgia
– Founder: James Oglethorpe
– Became a royal colony in 1752
Jamestown
• King James I of Engl. chartered the Virginia Co.
– Joint-stock company that estab Jamestown 1607 (first permanent English settlement in America)
• Hardships
– Indian attacks, famine, disease
– Poor choice of location; swampy area full of disease
• Leader: Captain John Smith
– Forceful leadership
• John Rolfe
– Establish tobacco industry- key to survival!
• First used indentured servants, then some slaves too
Plymouth
• Group of Puritans want to organize completely separate church- Separatists
– Pilgrams=Separatists
– After Holland didn’t suit their liking, set up entirely new haven in New World
• Leaders: Captain Miles Standish and *Governor William Bradford*
• First settlers were helped by friendly Native Americans- first Thanksgiving in 1621
• Mayflower Compact: simple agreement to form crude govt and submit to common interest
– Promising step to self-government
King Philip’s War
• A Wampanoags chief named Metacom (King Philip) united tribes against settlers
– Thousands on both sides died
– Towns and villages burned
– Colonists (helped by the New England Confederation) eventually prevail, killing King Philip
• Virtually ending Native American resistance in New England
Rebellions: Bacon
• Chesapeake region
• Berkley’s government favored large planters rather than backwood farmers
– These poor farmers resented Berkley’s friendly relations with the Indians
• When Berkley refused to protect them from Indian raids, they took matters into their own hands:
• Murdered Indians, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, and torched capital
– Ended when Bacon died of disease
• Major disputes: class differences based on $ and colonial resistance to royalty
• Also: lordly planters now looking for new laborers
Rebellions: Shay
• Western Massachusetts 1786
• Again, impoverished backcountry farmers
• Losing farms cuz bad econ; demand cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and suspension of property take-overs
• Crushed by small Massachusetts army but:
– Struck fear in propertied class (again)
• “mobocracy” – self-interest and greed
– Did the new republic need a stronger central govt?
Rebellions: Whiskey
• Rebellion against Hamilton’s high excise tax on whiskey
– Whiskey=econ necc and medium of exchange
• Tar and feather revenue officers
• Washington calls militia from neighboring states- 13k men crush the rebellion
– Shows that govt was strengthened
• But a sledgehammer to kill a gnat?
Rebellions: Stono
• The Stono Rebellion was the largest rebellion mounted by slaves against slave owners in colonial America. –1739
• 20 slaves 1st, recruited (or forced) others to help
• Militia ended; heads posted as a warning
• Led to Negro Act
– Prohibition on importing slaves from Africa
– Mandatory militia patrols
– Restrict slaves’ lives
Rebellions: Nat Turner
• 9-11, 1831 – Nat Turner hanged in
Jerusalem, Virginia (lots of irony…)
• Led a band of rebels that killed 57 white
men, women, and children over 3 days.
• Was caught 6 weeks later and was hung
with 16 others involved.
New England Confederation
• 1640s, New England colonies faced with
Native American, French, & Dutch threats
• 1643, four colonies form this mil. Alliance
– 2 representatives from each colony on board
– Important precedent for unified action toward
a common purpose (1 of first examples-key!)
Albany Congress
• 1754- intercolonial congress in Albany, NY
– Only 7/13 colonies’ delegates showed up
• Immediate purpose: keep Iroquois tribes loyal to
Brit in coming war (Fr&Ind/7yrs)
• Longer-range purpose: achieve greater colonial
unity-bolster common defence
– Benjamin Franklin’s “Join, or Die.” snake
• Propose Albany Plan of Union, but individual colonies
spurned it
– Set a precedent for a more revolutionary congresses 1770s
Hartford Convention
• Most spectacular manifestation of New England Federalist discontent in War 1812
• 26 prominent men met in secrecy for 3 wks
• Demanded:
– Financial assistance form Washington to compensate lost trade
– Proposed constitutional amendments requiring 2/3 vote for embargo, new states, or decl. war
– Abolish 3/5 clause
– Prohibit election of 2 successive presidents from same state (“Virginia Dynasty”)
• Ended up killing Federalist party
Nashville Convention
• Delegates from 9 slave states met in 1850
to discuss a possible course of action if
slavery were banned from the new
Mexican territory
– Some talk of succession, but moderated by
Whigs and Democrats
• Paved the way for the compromise of 1850
Mercantilism
• Trade, colonies, and wealth is basis for a country’s military and political strength
– Colonies provide raw materials for mother
• Navigation Acts (1650-1673):
– Only English or colonial ships and crews
– All goods to the colonies must pass through England’s ports first
– Enumerated goods could only be exported to England
• The Navigation Acts were resented by the colonies, especially New England
Maryland-Act of Toleration
• Supported by Catholics in Maryland;
passed in 1649
• Guaranteed toleration to all Christians
– But decreed death for those who denied
divinity of Christ (like Jews or atheists)
• One result: after colonial era, Maryland
sheltered more Roman Catholics than any
other English-speaking colony in New
World
French and Indian War
• Wars between England and France spread to the
New World
• Started when George Washington attack French
forts in Ohio River Valley
• Immediate effects:
– Gave Great Britain supremacy in North America and
established as dominant naval pwr
– Brit convinced that colonial mil effort=weak
– Colonists, on the other hand, were proud of their
performance- boost confidence
• Not impressed with Brit troops or leadership
Quebec Act
• Coincidentally passed at the same time as the Coercive Acts
– Organize Canadian lands from France
– Established Roman Catholicism as official religion of Quebec
– Set up a govt w/out representative assembly
– Extended Quebec’s boundary to Ohio River
• Colonists were angered
Pre-Revolution Laws (1763-66)
• Proclamation of 1763: prohibit colonists to settle
west of App. Mtns
• Sugar Act: duties on foreign sugar and certain
luxuries-raise $ and stop smuggling
• Quartering Act: provide “quarters” and food for
British soldiers
• Stamp Act: (See next slide)
• Declaratory Act: passed when Parliament
repealed the Stamp Act- asserted right to tax and
make laws for colonies “in all cases whatsoever”
Stamp Act of 1765
• Taxed stamps required on most printed
paper in the colonies
– Including legal documents, newspapers, etc.
• First direct tax paid by colonists who buy
goods rather than just merchants who
import them
• Protest- Patrick Henry, Stamp Act
Congress, Sons and Daughters of Liberty,
boycotts
More Pre-Rev Laws (1767-73)
• Townshend Acts: new duties on imports of tea, glass, and paper
– Pay crown officials; not liked by colonists
– Also allow search for smuggled goods
• Not protested at first but then…
– John Dickinson’s “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” – argue no taxation w/out representation
– Boycotts and more smuggling
• Intolerable Acts: directed mainly at Boston and Massachusetts (cuz of Boston Tea Party)
Revolutionary Battles
• Lexington and Concord- started the war
• Bunker Hill- British win cuz colonists run outa gunpowder, but suffer huge casualties
• Washington crossing the Delaware (Dec 26) and defeats Brit at Princeton
• Burgoyne’s blunder at Saratoga- revived faltering colonial cause and made foreign aid from France possible
• Yorktown- France, not Brit, dominated seas briefly; lead to Cornwallis being trapped and colonists to win the war
Colonies’ Advantages and
Disadvantages
• Advantages
– Outstanding leadership (Franklin, etc)
– Foreign aid (later)
– Fighting defensively
• Disadvantages
– Badly organized
– Individual states/sectional jealousy
– Economic difficulties- “not worth a Continental”
Britain’s Advantages and
Disadvantages • Advantages
– Population. 7.5 mill vs 2.5
– Monetary wealth and naval power
– Professional army (and Hessians, loyalists, and Indians)
• Disadvantages
– Had to detach troops to Ireland
– Government=confused and inept
– Many Britons didn’t want to kill Amer cousins
– 2nd rate generals
– Few and gross provisions
– Distance and communication
– No crippling city
First Continental Congress
(1774) • Determine how the colonies should react to the threat to
their rights and liberties
– NOT desire for independence yet
• Diverse group of delegates- conservative to radical
– Radicals: Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and John Adams
– Moderates: George Washington, John Dickinson
– Conservative: John Jay and Joseph Galloway
• Adopted these measures:
– Reject Intolerable Acts
– Declaration of Rights and Grievances
– The Association- urged complete boycott
– Plan to meet again 1775 if rights not recognized (see next slide)
Second Continental Congress
(1775) • This time, all colonies represented
• Hopefully drafted new appeals to Brit people and king
– Spurned
• Adopt measures to raise $ and army/navy
– Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms
• Select George Washington to head army
• Olive Branch Petition- pledged loyalty and asked King George III to secure peace and protection of colonial rights
Declaration of Independence
• Richard Henry Lee initially proposed
independence
• Declaration really is an “explanation”
– Serves to appeal for other Brit colonies in
Americas, invite foreign help, and rally
resistance at home
– Invoking “natural rights” of humankind
– Long list of tyrannous misdeeds
Thomas Paine
• Common Sense
– Best-selling pamphlet
– It’s only common sense to rebel against “the Royal
Brute of Great Britain”
• “Republicanism”
– Power from the people themselves
• Deism
– Reason rather than revelation; science,~Bible
– Denied original sin
– Supreme Being who created and stepped back
Articles of Confederation
• First written constitution
• Linked independent states in dealing with common problems
• No executive branch and judicial left to sts
• Each state had only 1 vote
• Amending required unanimous votes
• Two main handicaps: inability to regulate commerce and couldn’t enforce taxing
• Land laws: – Land Ordinance of 1785: surveyed and divided land
– Northwest Ordinance of 1787: govern Old Northwest- temporary tutelage, then permanent equality