apush period 3American revolution
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The American RevolutionUnit Two
Possible Quick Write Questions
A. Compare and contrast British and American views regarding the results of the French and Indian War.
B. Explain the connection between the ideas of the Enlightenment and the protest movement in the colonies against British Imperial policy.
C. Compare and contrast the Townsend Acts of 1767 and the Intolerable Acts of 1774 in terms of (a) British reasons for enacting the laws and (b) the nature of the laws
French, Spanish and English Settlers
Each country had different motives and settlement patterns
French- friendly relations with Indians (comparatively), tried to convert Natives to Christianity, came in small numbers, extractive economic activity (fur trade), explored deep into continent, Catholic, had economic motives
Spanish- came to conquer (conquistador), looked for and found precious minerals, tried to convert Indians, blended their culture with Native culture, explored deep into continent to look for wealth, Catholic
English- came in larger groups (especially NE), settled and “improved” land, more religiously tolerant, wiped out Indian culture, established their own “footprint”, did not explore deep into continent, mostly Protestant
The Duel for North America1608-1773
I. France Finds a Foothold in Canada
Latecomer to colonizing New World
Louis XIV took interest in colonial expansion
First successful colony Quebec 1609
Samuel de Champlain explore, solider, leader early French colonial efforts
Colony known as New France Problems with Iroquois
hampered French conquest of Ohio River Valley
French colonies autocratic, no representative assemblies, no right to fair trail
Favored Caribbean colonies because of sugar trade
II. New France Fans Out
Most valuable resource in New France- beaver fur
Fur trappers (voyageurs) trapped beaver, recruited Indians into fur business
Traveled deep into wilderness, created ecological disaster by eliminating most of beaver population
French Missionaries attempted to “Christianize” Indians
Voyageurs, missionaries vital role as explorers, geographers
II. New France Fans Out
French try to block British and Spanish expansion
Detroit (1701), keep out BritishLaSalle claims Mississippi River Valley for
France (Louisiana) French fortify posts along river to keep out
Spanish, protect beaver trade Establish New Orleans (1718) to keep fur
and grain flowing to mother country, keep MS River from Spanish
III. Clash of Empires
Four wars in the 17th and 18th century for economic control of Americas
King Williams War 1688-1697, Queen Anne’s War 1701-1713
Did not involve large numbers of troops, America not seen as worthy of commitment from European powers
Usually involved French and Indian allies attacking English colonial settlements
Deerfield, MA; Schenectady, NY scenes of most violence
III. Clash of Empires
Treaty of Utrecht 1713 British defeat French England controlled most of Canada except land along St. Lawrence
River End of war begins period of “salutary neglect” War of Jenkins Ear 1739 between British and Spanish, mostly in
Caribbean, some fighting in GA King Georges War 1744-1748 Colonists and British capture fort at
entrance to St. Lawrence River Peace treaty 1748 gives it back to France, enrages colonists As a result of wars British military more involved in colonies
IV. George Washington Inaugurates War with France
Ohio River Valley becomes source of problems between British, French
Key to continent for French, linked colonial holdings
Region key to economic security for French
Land hungry British colonists attempt to secure “rights” to region
French building forts to secure region
IV. George Washington Inaugurates War with France
1754 Governor of VA sends group of militia to secure claims, led by George Washington
Encounter small group of French soldiers near Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh)
French initially defeated, return with reinforcements
Washington forced to surrender 1755 British authorities uproot
4,000 French from Nova Scotia, deportees end up in LA (Cajuns)
Beginning of French and Indian War
V. Global War and Colonial Disunity
War began in America, others began in EuropeEngland and Prussia vs. France, Spain,
Austria, and RussiaBloodiest battles in Germany“America conquered in Germany” British
statesman William PittFrench and Indian War beginning of colonial
unity Before certain colonies had enjoyed
advantage of remoteness, now needed to come together to fight French
V. Global War and Colonial Disunity
1754 Colonists meet Albany, NY
Plan to keep Indians in check, achieve colonial unity, common defense against French
7 of 13 colonies show upBen Franklin “Join or Die”
slogan, presents Albany Plan for colonial home rule (rejected by British), colonists could not agree on details
First sign of colonial unity
VI. Braddock’s Blundering and Its Aftermath
Indians allied with French, worried about British settlement First part of war went badly for British Slow moving, heavy artillery Poorly supplied, poorly disciplined colonial militia Smaller French force defeated them at Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburg) Opened up frontier from NC to PA to Indian attack Losses began to pile up for British
VII. Pitt’s Palms of Victory
1757- William Pitt becomes leader of London gov’t
Stopped concentrating on West Indies, focused on Canada
Understood colonial concerns Offered colonists a compromise: colonial loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br.
would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs.
Remove oppressive gov’t. officials Result was improved colonial morale by 1758 1758 Louisbourg defeated 32 year old James Wolfe (BR) commanded
troops that attacked and defeated Quebec (1759)
1760 Montreal falls, last French stronghold 1763 Treaty of Paris French give up all
claims in NA Spain received all land west of MS River and
New Orleans British emerged as dominant regional power,
worlds most powerful navy
VIII. Restless Colonials
Effects of the war on the coloniesColonists came out of war confident, shattered
myth of British invincibility Colonists began to feel part of British EmpireBarriers of disunity began to dissolve Colonists found unity in language, tradition,
idealsColonials felt they deserved credit for war effortBritish position – colonists demand rights,
without paying dues, war increased British debtBritish said they did not support causeFriction between colonials and British officersSmuggling by colonists helped FR and SP
IX. War’s Fateful Aftermath
With French gone colonists could roam freely across Appalachian Mts.
Spanish, Indian threat reducedIndians could not play Br and Fr against each other1763 Ottawa chief Pontiac led attacks on settlersBritish retaliated (gave Indians smallpox infected
blankets) British saw need to stabilize frontier now that it
was open to settlement
IX. War’s Fateful Aftermath
Proclamation of 1763Prohibited settlement
west of Appalachian Mts.
Designed not to oppress colonists but to solve Indian problem
Colonists viewed it as form of oppression
Settlers went west anyway in defiance of royal authority
The Road to Revolution
1763-1775
I. Deep Roots of Revolution
Victory in Seven Years War costlyAfter 1763 British wanted colonists to take on
financial burdenCrown began to exercise more authority (end of
salutary neglect)Change in policy reinforced sense of American identity American experience caused colonists to question
ways of the Old World, colonists felt fundamentally different from British
Americans had grown accustomed to running own affairs, shock when British try to crack down
Two ideas emerged in Britain during colonial experience- republicanism, ideas of Whigs
I. Deep Roots of Revolution
Republicanism Society where citizens
subordinate selfish interests to common good
Stability of government depended on authority of “good” government
Opposed to authoritarian institutions (monarchy, aristocracy)
Whig Political ThoughtResult of more royal
authority Threat to liberty by
monarch Warned citizens to be on
guard against corruption People should be
represented by elected officials, not monarchs
II. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances
British authorities embraced policy of mercantilism (countries wealth measured by gold and silver, needed to export more than import, colonies needed to supply mother country with raw materials)
Colonists felt if handcuffed American trade Colonies provided raw materials, acted a market for
finished products Enumerated goods, certain products could only be
shipped to England To the British the Americans were tenants, not built for
economic self sufficiency or self government
II. Merits and Menace of Mercantilism
Merits of MercantilismBritish tried to regulate colonial trade (Navigation Acts 1660,
1663, 1673, 1696)Before 1763 Navigation Laws (with some exceptions) not
a burden, lack of enforcement called “salutary neglect”Tobacco planters had a monopoly in Britain Americans had some form self-government. British mightiest army and navy in the world, colonists
didn’t have to pay for it. Repressive laws weren’t enforced much, average
American benefited much more than the average Englishman.
Mistakes that occurred didn’t occur out of malice, at least until revolution.
France and Spain embraced mercantilism, enforced it heavily.
II. Merits and Menace of Mercantilism
Menace of Mercantilism After enforcement of mercantilist policies fuse
of revolution was lit Stifled economic initiative Dependent on British agents and creditors State of perpetual economic adolescence The South, which produced crops that weren’t
grown in England, was preferred over the North Colonists felt British were taking advantage of
them
III. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances
Currency shortage in coloniesRegularly bought more than they sold to Britain, trade
with West Indies drained cash Colonies needed hard currencyParliament prohibited colonies to print money, they did
anywayColonists saw interests being sacrificed for British
commercial interests British also could nullify any colonial legislation (did not
happen often) Principle weighed more heavily than practice
IV. The Stamp Tax Uproar
Half of British debt came from Seven Years War, wanted colonists to pay for own defense
Britain began to redefine relationship with colonies
1763- Prime Minister George Greenville began to enforce Navigation Acts
1764- Parliament passed Sugar Act- duty on imported sugar
1765- Quartering Act, required certain colonies to provide food and lodging troops
IV. The Stamp Tax Uproar
1765 worst of all the Stamp ActMandated the use of stamps, certifying payment
of tax. Required on bills of sale for about 50 trade items
and on certain types of commercial and legal documents.
Both the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act offenders tried in the admiralty courts, where defenders were guilty until proven innocent
Greenville felt taxes were justified, British paid much heavier tax
IV. The Stamp Tax Uproar
Colonists angry at fiscal aggressionColonial assemblies refused to provide
supplies for troopsFelt unfairly taxed for unnecessary
army, lashed out against the stamp tax. Americans formed the battle cry, “No
taxation without representation!” Angered, to the principle of the matter Americans denied the right of Parliament
to tax Americans, since none were in Parliament.
British idea of “virtual representation,” every Parliament member represented all British subjects (so Americans were represented).
Americans rejected “virtual representation”, began to consider political independence
V. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act
1765- Stamp Act Congress drew up statement of rights and grievances, asked king and Parliament to repeal tax
Congress made colonies feel unified against common cause
Colonists began to boycott imported British goods, more effective than congress
Ordinary people began to participate in colonial protests, opportunity for women “spinning bees”
V. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act
Sons and Daughters of Liberty took the law into their own hands
Punished people who purchased British goods, stormed the houses of important officials
Machinery to collect tax broke down, no officials to collect taxes
Hit England hard (25% of exports purchased by colonies)
Parliament confused, Britons had to pay much heavier taxes
1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, passed the Declaratory Act, defined British had unqualified sovereignty over the colonies
VII. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston Massacre
Americans in rebellious mood after victory over Stamp Act
1767 Charles “Champagne Charley” Townshend persuaded Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts
Taxes on lead, paper, paint, and tea, later repealed, except tea.
Revenue to pay salaries of royal officials in America
1767- New York’s legislature suspended for failure to comply with the Quartering Act.
Tea became smuggled, to enforce the law, Brits had to send troops to America
VII. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston Massacre
March 5, 1770, a crowd of about 60 townspeople in Boston were harassing some ten Redcoats. One fellow got hit in the head,
another got hit by a club. Without orders but heavily
provoked, the troops opened fire, wounding or killing eleven “innocent” citizens, including Crispus Attucks, a black former-slave and the “leader” of the mob in the Boston Massacre. Attucks became a symbol of freedom (from slave, to freeman, to martyr who stood up to Britain for liberty).
Only two Redcoats were prosecuted, represented by John Adams
VIII. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence
1770- King George III good person, but a poor ruler who surrounded himself with “yes men”, like Lord North.
Townshend Taxes repealed, except for the tea tax, kept alive idea of parliamentary taxation
1772- Resistance kept alive through Committees of Correspondence, organized by Samuel Adams
1773- Inter-colonial committees established, exchanged letters, ideas and information, kept alive opposition across all colonies
IX. Tea Brewing in Boston
1773- British East India Company, overburdened with unsold tea, was facing bankruptcy.
The British decided to sell it to the Americans, Seen as an attempt to trick the Americans with
the bait of cheaper tea to pay tax. December 16, 1773, some whites, led by
patriot Samuel Adams, disguised themselves as Indians, opened 342 chests and dumped the teainto the ocean in this “Boston Tea Party.” People in Annapolis did the same and burnt
the ships to water level. Reaction was varied, from approval to
outrage to disapproval.
o British felt they had no alternative but to whip colonists into shape
X. Parliament Passes the Intolerable Acts
1774- Parliament passed a series of repressive acts to punish the colonies, namely Massachusetts.
Called the Intolerable Acts by Americans. The Boston Port Act closed the harbor in Boston. Self-government limited by forbidding town hall meetings without
approval. The charter to Massachusetts was revoked
The Quebec Act Intended by British to administer conquered territory
Guaranteed Catholicism to the French-Canadians, retain their old customs, extended the old boundaries of Quebec all the way to the Ohio River (areas off limits by Proclamation of 1763)
Americans saw their territory threatened, aroused anti-Catholics, lack of representative assemblies or trial by jury seen as a dangerous precedent, land speculators see huge area taken away
XI. Bloodshed
Philadelphia 1774- First Continental Congress met to discuss problems.
Not wanting independence yet, came up with a list of grievances, ignored in Parliament.
12 of 13 colonies met, only Georgia didn’t have a representative there.
Came up with a Declaration of Rights. Boycott of British goods Began to arm colonists
Split into three groups- moderates (wanted relationship with GB repaired) radicals (wanted complete split, minority) and conservatives (wanted to restore pre-1763 relationship)
XI. Bloodshed
The “Shot Heard ‘Round the World” April 1775, the British
commander in Boston sent troops to nearby Lexington and Concord, seize supplies, capture Sam Adams and John Hancock.
Minutemen, after having eight of their own killed at Lexington,fought back at Concord, British retreat to Boston
Beginning of American Revolution
XII. Imperial Strength and Weakness
Britain had the heavy advantage: 7.5 million people to America’s 2 million superior naval power great wealth, could hire mercenaries (German Hessians) Little popular support in Britain Whigs wanted American victory, feared George III arbitrary
rule Generals poor, soldiers well trained Provisions scarce Fighting far from home American geography, lack of population centers gave
Americans time, British fits
XII. American Pluses and Minuses
Advantages Great leaders -George Washington (giant general), and Ben
Franklin (smooth diplomat). French aid (indirect and secretly), provided the Americans
with guns, supplies, gunpowder, etc… Marquis de Lafayette a great asset.
Fighting in a defensive manner, and they were self-sustaining.
They were better marksmen. A competent American rifleman could hit a man’s head at 200 yards.
Americans enjoyed the moral advantage in fighting for a justcause
XII. American Pluses and Minuses
Disadvantages Lacking in unity 1.Colonies resented the Continental Congress’ attempt
at exercising power 2.Sectional jealousy over the appointment of military
leaders Americans had little money. Inflation also hit families
of soldiers hard, and made many people poor. Colonial money worthless, inflation of prices for
basic goods Americans had no navy.
XIII. A Thin Line of Heroes
American army was desperately in need of clothing, wool, wagons to ship food, and other supplies.
Many soldiers had also only received rudimentary training. German Baron von Steuben, who spoke no English, whipped the soldiers into shape African Americans fought in the beginning, many colonies barred them from
service. By war’s end, more than 5,000 blacks had enlisted in the American armed forces. African-Americans also served on the British side. 1775, Lord Dunmore, royal governor of Virginia, issued
a proclamation declaring freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia whojoined the British Army.
End of war more than 1,400 Blacks were evacuated to Nova Scotia, Jamaica, and England.
Many people also sold items to the British, because they paid in gold. Many people just didn’t care about the revolution, raising a large number of troops
was difficult Select few threw themselves into the cause with passion
America Secedes from the Empire
1775-1783
Possible Quick Writes
Compare and contrast the background of Loyalists and Patriots.
Agree or disagree: “The writings of Thomas Paine had a greater impact on American independence that any single event in the American Revolution”. Explain why you agree or disagree
I. Congress Drafts George Washington
May 1775 all colonies meet 2nd Continental Congress
No well defined sentiment for independence
Adopted measures to raise money for army and navy, sent list of grievances to George III
Most important action was selecting George Washington as military commander (moral force, great military mind)
Selection largely political , from VA, most revolutionaries from New England area
Military Strategies
The Americans
Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].
Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]
Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.
The British
Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.
Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.
“Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.
II. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings, Abortive Conquest of Canada
Americans fighting war, but did not declare independence for a 15 month period ( April 1775- July 1776)
1775 Americans capture Ft. Ticonderoga, get gunpowder and cannons
June 1775 Bunker Hill American hold off British attack until gunpowder runs out
August 1775 King George formally proclaims colonies were in rebellion, begins to hire German (Hessian) troops, Americans were guilty of treason
Fall 1775 British capture Falmouth, Maine, Americans plan attack on Canada, they are not successful
III. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense
1776- Thomas Paine published the pamphlet Common Sense, urged colonials to stop war of inconsistency, stop pretending loyalty, and just fight.
Nowhere in the universe did a smaller body control a larger one, it was unnatural for tiny Britain to control gigantic America.
He called King George III “the Royal Brute of Great Britain.”
V. Paine and the Idea of Republicanism
Idea that there should be a “republic” where representative senators, governors, and judges should have their power from the consent of the people (POWER FLOWS FROM PEOPLE TO THE GOV’T)
Ideas with Biblical imagery, familiar to common folk. Rejecting monarchy and empire and embrace an
independent republic fell on receptive ears in America, ideas already existed. The New Englanders already practiced this type of
government in their town meetings. Some patriots, favored a republic ruled by a “natural
aristocracy” (John Adams), thought too much liberty would destroy social order (runaway republicanism)
VI. Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Independence
2nd Continental Congress gradually moved toward a clean break with Britain. June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee urged for complete independence, adopted
on July 2, 1776. Congress appointed Thomas Jefferson to write Declaration of Independence.
Contained a list of grievances against King George III explaining why the colonies had the right to revolt.
His “explanation” of independence also upheld the “natural rights” of humankind (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness).
Congress approved it on July 2nd, but because of editing and final approval, it was not completely approved until July 4th, 1776.
VII. Patriots and Loyalists
War within a war, not all colonials were united. Patriots, who supported rebellion and were called
“Whigs.” Loyalists, who supported the king and who often went
tobattle against fellow Americans, also called “Tories.”
Moderates in the middle and those who didn’t care either way. These people were constantly being asked to join one side or another.
British proved that they could only control Tory areas, because when Redcoats packed up and left other areas, the rebels would regain control
Patriots good at political reeducation, agents of revolutionary ideas
VII. Patriots and Loyalists
Typical Loyalist (Tory) Generally conservatives,
educated, older, war divided families
Loyalists were most numerous where the Anglican Church was strongest (the South).
Loyalists were less numerous in New England, where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourished.
Loyalists were more numerous in the aristocratic areas such as Charleston, SC
VII. Patriots and Loyalists
Typical Patriot The Patriots were generally the
younger generation (Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry)
From places where self-government was strong and mercantilism weak or contested
The Patriot militias constantly harassed small British detachments.
Patriots typically didn’t belong to the Anglican Church (Church of England) but were Congregational, Presbyterian, Baptist, or Methodist.
There were also “profiteers” who sold to the highest bidder, selling to the British and ignoring starving, freezing soldiers (i.e. George Washington at Valley Forge).
VIII. The Loyalist Exodus
After the Declaration of Independence, Loyalists and Patriots sharply divided
Patriots often confiscated Loyalist property to resell it (an easy way to raise money)
Loyalists attacked and harassed, no reign of terror like France or Russia
50,000 Loyalists served the British in one way or another (fighting, spying, etc…), British did not make enough use of them
Phase IPhase I:: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]
Bunker Hill (June, 1775)Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40% casualties.
Phase IIPhase II::
NY & PANY & PA[1777-1778][1777-1778]
Washington Crossing the Washington Crossing the DelawareDelaware
Saratoga: Saratoga: “Turning Point”“Turning Point” of the War? of the War?
Britain’s Southern Strategy
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
Southerners not as vocal in support of Revolution, thought it might inspire slave revolt
Southern resources more valuable/worth preserving.
British win small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]
Georgia 1778-1779, Charleston, SC 1780 Carolinas, Patriots bitterly fought their
Loyalist neighbors. 1781, rebel victories King’s Mountain,
Cowpens in NC Quaker- reared Gen. Nathanael Greene
strategy of delay. Retreating and losing battles but
winning campaigns, clear the British out of most of Georgia and South Carolina.
XII. The Land and Sea Frontier
1777 -the “bloody year” on the frontier Most Indians supported Britain, believed they would
stop American expansion into the West Mohawk chief Joseph Brant, recently converted to
Anglicanism, and his men attacked the backcountry of Pennsylvania & New York defeated 1779.
1784, pro-British Iroquois signed the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the first treaty between the U.S. and an Indian nation.
Indians ceded most of their land. Pioneers continued to move west 1778-1779 George Rogers Clark, captured British
forts American navy never really hurt the British warships,
but it did destroy British merchant shipping, carried the war into the waters around the British Isles.
Privateers captured ships forced them to sail in convoys.
IX. REVOLUTION IN DIPLOMACY?
France wanted revenge on Britain, secretly supplied the Americans throughout much of the war.
Continental Congress sent delegates to France; delegates were guided by a “Model Treaty” sought no political/military connections, only commercial ones.
Ben Franklin, American diplomat to France, exemplified a raw new America
After Saratoga (1777), the British offered the Americans a measure that gave them home rule—everything they wanted except independence.
IX. REVOLUTION IN DIPLOMACY?
After Saratoga, France enters war against Britain. If Britain regained control, might then try to capture the
French West Indies for compensation Did not want to risk a stronger Britain with its reunited
colonies. France, 1778, offered a treaty of alliance, offering
Americaeverything that Britain had offered, plus recognition of independence.
The Americans accepted agreement with caution, France was pro-Catholic, but since the Americans needed help, they’d take it.
Official recognition of American independence by European power
1779 Other European powers (Armed Neutrality) join war against Britain, can’t handle them all
XI. Blow and Counterblow
Britain, decided to evacuate Philadelphia, concentrate forces in New York, Washington bottled up British in NY
1780 –French reinforcements arrive in Rhode Island.
Feeling unappreciated and lured by British gold, Gen. Benedict Arnold turned traitor by plotting with the British to sell out West Point.
When the plot was discovered, he fled with the British.
XIII. Yorktown and the Final Curtain
1780-1781 inflation continued to soar, government was virtually bankrupt, could not repay debts
In the Chesapeake Cornwallis was blundering into a trap
Retreating to Chesapeake Bay Cornwallis instead was trapped by Washington’s army, Rochambeau’s French army, and the French navy
King George wanted to continue the war, fighting continued for about a year after Yorktown mostly in the south
Patriot/ Loyalist fighting Washington had to keep army
happy, unified for next year after war
XIV. Peace at Paris
Brits were weary of the war, suffered heavily Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay met in Paris for a peace deal. Jay suspected France would try to keep the U.S. cooped up east of the
Alleghenies and keep America weak. Jay, thinking that France would betray American ambition to Spain, secretly
made separate overtures to London (against instructions from Congress) Came to terms quickly with the British, who were eager to entice one of their
enemies from the alliance. The Treaty of Paris of 1783
Britain formally recognized U.S. granted generous boundaries, Mississippi River to thewest, Great Lakes on the north, Spanish Florida on the South.
Yankees retained a share in fisheries off Newfoundland. Americans couldn’t persecute Loyalists, though, and Congress could only
recommend legislature that would return or pay for confiscated Loyalist land.
Did not keep obligation to Loyalists
XV. A New Nation Legitimized
Britain ceded so much land because it was trying to entice America from its French alliance.
American-friendly Whigs were in control of the Parliament
France approved the treaty, though with cautious eyes.
America came out the big winner
Building the New Nation
The Confederation and the Constitution
1776-1790
Chapter 9
Quick Write Questions
Analyze the role and influence of each of the following in the debate about ratification: Anti-federalists and the Federalist Papers
Compare and contrast the views of Jefferson and Hamilton while they were members of Washington’s cabinet, discuss at least two specific differences
Discuss American’s foreign policy, formulated by
Washington and Adams, which had as its goal the avoidance of war. Include in your answer the Jay Treaty, Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality and the XYZ Affair.
I. The Pursuit of Equality
More evolution than revolutionMost not disturbed by fightingChanges in social customs, political
institutions, ideas about society, government and gender
Loyalist exodus removed conservative upper class, allowed for more egalitarian ideas
New patriot elite emerges
The“VirtuousRepublic”
The“VirtuousRepublic”
Classical view of
a model republic
Classical view of
a model republic
“City on a hill”
[John W
inthrop]
“City on a hill”
[John W
inthrop]Ideal citizen
[Cincinnatus]
Ideal citizen
[Cincinnatus]
1. Govt. gets its authority from the citizens.
2. A selfless, educated citizenry.
3. Elections should be frequent.
4. Govt. should guarantee individual rights & freedoms.
5. Govt.’s power should be limited [checks & balances].
6. The need for a written Constitution.
7. “E Pluribus Unum.” [“Out of many, one”]
8. An important role for women raise good, virtuous citizens.[“Republican Womanhood”].
Enlightenment
Thinking
Enlightenment
Thinking
I. Pursuit of Equality
After Revolution, most states reduced property qualifications for voting
By 1800 indentured servitude unknown Growth of trade organizations, removal of inheritance laws
(primogeniture) The fight for separation of church and state resulted in
notable gains. Congregational church continued to be legally established
(tax supported) by some New England states Anglican Church, reformed as the Protestant Episcopal
Church Fight for separation fierce in VA, Virginia Statute of Religious
Freedom (1786)
I. Pursuit of Equality
Challenges to institution of slavery
1775 Quakers est. first antislavery society
1774 Continental Congress called for abolition of slave trade
Many northern states called for abolition or gradual emancipation
No state south of Penn. abolished slavery
Laws discriminated against free blacks and slaves (jobs, education, marriage)
Idealism of freedom sacrificed for political expediency, fight would fracture national unity
I. Pursuit of Equality
Women still were unequal to men, even though some had served (disguised as men) in the Revolutionary War.
Achievements for women such as New Jersey’s 1776 constitution which allowed women to vote (for a time).
Mothers devoted to their families developed idea of “republican motherhood” , elevated women to higher status, keepers of the nation’s conscience
Women raised the children, held the future of the republic in their hands
II. Constitution Making in the States
1776- Continental Congress called upon states to draft constitutions, form governments Sovereignty would come from people, contracts defined powers of government States had written documents that represented a fundamental law. Many had a bill of rights, required annual election of legislators. All of them deliberately created weak executive and judicial branches, distrust of
central power In most states, the legislative branch given sweeping powers
Massachusetts- special convention to draft its constitution, could only be changed through another constitutional convention.
Thomas Jefferson, warned “173 despots [in legislature] would surely be as oppressive as one.”
Many state capitals followed the migration of the people and moved westward ( New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia)
Movement reflected recently enfranchised poorer districts away from seaports
III. Economic Crosscurrents
After war states seized Loyalist, crown lands
Easily available land spread economic democracy, this preceded political democracy
Inflation was a problem Many worse off financially War caused dislike of taxes and law War caused American
manufacturers to make their own goods (British trade cut off)
America remained agriculturalist by a large degree.
Prior to war, Americans had great trade with Britain, and now they didn’t, could now trade with foreign countries, a privilege they didn’t have before.
Yankee shippers ventured into far off places (East Asian markets)
IV. Shaky Start Toward Union
Revolution caused responsibility of creating and operating new central government
America more a name than nation New patriot elite open to ideas of experimentation and innovation in
government Revolution provided opportunity for Washington, Madison,
Jefferson, Hamilton, and John Adams, became great political leaders 1784-1786- low point for new republic British flood Americas with cheap goods, American industry
suffered However, the states all did share similar constitutions, had a rich
political inheritance from Britain
V. Creating a Confederation
13 sovereign states coined money, raised armies, erected tariff barriers
1777-Articles of Confederation adopted1781- ratified by all states Main problem- what to do with western
lands? Some states had holdings west of Allegheny
Mts., some did notLand rich could sell off land to pay debts,
others had to tax heavily to raise revenue
V. Creating a Confederation
States eventually surrendered land to central government
Used to make future states
Result was that it bonded union to central authority
Pioneers bought land from federal government, benefit to nation
Weakened state powers
VI. Articles of Confederation: America’s First Constitution
Loose confederation, acted together to deal with common problems (foreign defense)A. No executive, judiciary left up to statesB. Each state one voteC. Hard to amendD. No power to regulate commerce, states had
different trade lawsE. No power to tax, states paid what they wanted
National government could not control statesPositives of Confederation- Outlined general
powers of government, provided idea of union
VII. Landmarks in Land Law
Congress of Confederation passed farsighted legislation, dealt with public domain of Old Northwest
Land Ordinance of 1785 1. land sold to settlers to pay
public debt2. land surveyed before sale
and settlement, led to orderly settlement
3. sixteenth section set aside to benefit education
VII. Landmarks in Land Laws
Northwest Ordinance 1787Dealt with how to govern new territoryA.Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to
govern the territory.B.When population reached 5,000 adult male
landowners elect territorial legislature.C.When population reached 60,000 elect delegates
to a state constitutional convention, with all privileges of other states
D.Forbid slavery in Old NorthwestE.Ideas carried to other frontier areas
VIII. World’s Ugly Duckling
British- refused to repeal navigation laws, closed trade to US in the West Indies
Along northern frontier held trading posts on US soil, agitated Indians that kept US from effectively settling territory
British justified action because Americans failed to keep promises about debts and Loyalists
Some wanted to impose restrictions on British imports but Congress could not control imports
VIII. World’s Ugly Duckling
Spain- openly unfriendly to US
1784- Closed MS River, people in KY, TN and Old Northwest could not ship goods
Claimed large area of territory granted to US by British
Schemed with and agitated Indians to be hostile with US settlers
VIII. World’s Ugly Duckling
France demanded payment of debts, restricted trade with West Indies
Pirates of North African States (Barbary States) took American ships, enslaved Yankee sailors
America too poor to bribe officials to get release of sailors
Too weak to stop them
VIII. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy
1780’s ability of national government to collect money was limited
Interest on debt piling up, nation’s credit evaporating abroad
States had trade disagreements, levying duties on goods from neighbors, states issued depreciated paper currency
Problems came to a head in Shay’s Rebellion in 1786
VIII. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy
1786- Farmers in western Mass. losing farms to taxes and foreclosure
Daniel Shay’s led group of agitators to enforce demands
Mass. authorities raise army and put down rebellion
After rebellion legislature passes debt relief laws
VIII. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy
Rebellion terrified propertied classesRevolution created monster of “mobocracy”Stronger central government neededConservatives wanted to protect position,
propertyDebtors, poorer people wanted feared powerful
central government (would have to pay debts)All groups agree need to change, question was
how?How would nationalists and states rightists be
reconciled?
IX. A Convention of Demigods
1786- Convention called in Ananapolis, MD to figure out what to do about interstate commerce
5 of 13 states show up, could not do anything to solve problem
Alexander Hamilton asked Congress to call a convention to rework the Articles
Congress reluctant, states elect delegates anyway
IX. A Convention of Demigods
Only Rhode Island did not send delegates
May 1787- 55 delegates meet in Philadelphia
George Washington leader, Ben Franklin elder statesman
Washington legitimized convention
Sessions held in secretJames Madison, age 36,
known as father of Constitution, profound student of government
Alexander Hamilton, 32, advocate of super powerful central government
X. Patriots in Philadelphia
55 delegatesConservative, wealthy (lawyers, merchants,
land speculators)Young- avg. age 4219 owned slavesNationalists, wanted stable political structureCentral authority needed genuine powerWanted to preserve union, protect property
from “mobocracy”, curb unrestrained democracy
Wanted central government to control nation, international commerce
XI. Hammering Out a Bundle of Compromises
Began to completely scrap ArticlesOverthrow existing government by peaceful meansLarge state plan vs. small state plan over
representation in legislative branchDeadlock broken by Great Compromise ( 2 house
legislature on represented by population, one all representation equal)
Executive branch created, but power check by legislative branch
Indirect method of electing president (prevented unrestrained democracy)
XI. Hammering Out a Bundle of Compromises
Sectional ProblemsHow to count slaves? 3/5 Compromise- gave southern states more power
(counted slaves as 3/5 of citizen) How to control trade? North – Congress should be able to regulate foreign and
interstate trade South – Thought Congress would tax exports (goods sold to
other countries) South sold agricultural products to other countries, would
cost them $$$ South worried Congress would stop slaves from coming to US In a compromise, the southern states agreed that Congress
could regulate trade as long as they would not tax exports, interfere with the slave trade before 1807
XII. Safeguards for Conservatism
All at convention agreed, needed stronger central government, sound monetary policy, protection of private property, manhood suffrage
Put up safeguards to excesses of mobFederal judges selected for life, indirect election of
president, senateOnly House of Representatives elected by peoplePower based on consent of people, government limited
by written constitutionPeople guarantee liberty, not the government
XIII. Clash of Federalists and Antifederalists
Framers knew it would be hard to ratify Constitution
Plan was once 9 states ratify it became law of the land
Many surprised at new constitution, saw power of states swallowed up
Antifederalists- against stronger federal government, distrust form colonial experience
Wanted states rights, typically backcountry people, poorer classes, saw Constitution as plan to steal their power
Insisted on Bill of Rights to protect individual freedoms
Federalists- from settled areas, wealthier, better educated, controlled established press
XIV. The Great Debate in the States
Special Elections held in statesSmall states quickly ratify constitutionMass. First real challenge, many suspicious of
government power, worried about absence of Bill of Rights
Federalists said this would be taken care of and it passed
XV. The Four Laggard States
VA fierce opposition, but realized it could not continue as an independent state
NY Series of articles published, The Federalist Papers, seen as propaganda, became the best commentary ever written on Constitution
They presented reasons why each provision of the Constitution was necessary, written by Madison, Hamilton and Jay
James Madison, Federalist No. 10, refuted conventional wisdom that republican government was not possible in large territory
NY shortly afterward ratified NC, RI always centers of individualism ratified in the end All four states realized they could not make it on their own
XVI. A Conservative Triumph
Minority won twice- 1. Revolution to get rid of British2. Peaceful revolution to overthrow government (under Articles)
Only ¼ of adult males had property to voteConservatism had erected safeguards against
mob rule, republican gains of revolution conserved, federalists restored economic and political stability
Every branch of government represented by the people (though indirectly in some cases), self limiting system of checks and balances
Reconciled conflicting principles of liberty and order
Elevated ideals of Revolution and set boundaries on them
Launching the New Ship of State
1789-1800Chapter 10
I. Growing Pains
Over a twelve year period Americans got rid of British rule and established a central ruling authority they viewed as a necessary evil
New government had enormous debt, worthless paper money and unlimited potential
1789- population doubling every 25 years, coastal cities growing (Philadelphia, NY, Boston, Charleston)
90% rural, 5% lived west of Appalachian Mts. Most in KY,TN, OH
Foreign visitors looked down on AmericansWestern US territory- Spanish controlled mouth of
MS River, British agents moved about the Old Northwest stirring up trouble
II. Washington for President
George Washington unanimously drafted as president by Electoral College
Commanded by strength of character, not as a politician
Established cabinet (not specifically mentioned in Constitution)
Three departments (War- Henry Knox, Treasury- Alexander Hamilton, Sec. of State- Thomas Jefferson)
III. The Bill of Rights
Antifederalists were promised Bill of Rights during ratification James Madison drafted them and pushed them through
Congress1791- ratified, safeguarded basic American principles
(freedom of religion, speech, assembly, petition, right to trial by jury, protection from cruel and unusual punishment and arbitrary seizure of private property by the government)
Ninth Amendment protected states rights, Tenth Amendment gave all rights not specified to the states
First Congress established federal courts, office of Attorney general and Supreme Court (John Jay first chief justice)
IV. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit
Key figure in Washington’s government – Alexander Hamilton Loyalty questioned to America (America was his adopted country) Main rival Thomas Jefferson Hamilton a financial wizard, shaped fiscal policies to favor
wealthier groups First objective- restore national credit Wanted government to pay off debts at face value plus interest Raised revenue by selling bonds, raising excise taxes and tariffs Wanted Congress to assume debts of states, would chain states to
federal government States with heaviest debt were happy VA not happy with plan, made deal that if federal government
assumed debts they would get federal district for future nations capital
V. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank
Hamilton proposed Bank of the United States
Private institution, major stockholder US government
Treasury would deposit surplus monies in bank
Federal funds would stimulate business, print money for sound, stable national currency
Was it constitutional?
V. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank
Jefferson against it, no specific authorization in Constitution, saw those powers reserved for the states (strict construction)
Hamilton believed what Constitution did not forbid it permitted, invoked necessary and proper clause (loose construction)
Hamilton prevailed, most support for the bank in northern commercial and financial centers, agricultural south opposed bank
1791- Bank chartered for 20 years, stock was put on sale and it sold out in less than 2 hours
VI. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania
1794- Whiskey Rebellion flares in Penn. Over excise tax on whiskey
Whiskey was not a luxury but a medium of exchange, easier to transport as liquid than raw corn
Distillers defied taxes and tax collectors, brought collection to a halt
Washington called out militia of several states and put down rebellion
Showed the force of the federal government in stop insurrection, if citizens wanted change they needed to do it peacefully, constitutionally
VII. The Emergence of Political Parties
Hamilton’s fiscal feats put the US on sound financial ground
We could borrow funds from European countries on good terms
Financial schemes seen as an infringement on states rights by some
Opposition began to build, rivalry between Hamilton and Jefferson became a political rivalry
Founders did not predict political parties, thought it would disrupt national unity
Formal parties a few years off in 1790’s Jefferson and Madison opposed programs of
Hamilton, newspapers spread their political message and political parties began to emerge
Competition for power good for democracy, creates balance, no group gets too much power
VIII. Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality
French Revolution scared many AmericansBy mid-1790’s France entered war with
BritishFrench wanted US to help defend West IndiesD-R’S favored allianceWashington wanted to avoid war, US too
weak, politically not united1793- Neutrality Proclamation- first formal
declaration of aloofness from European conflicts, US policy until 20th century
VIII. Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality
Citizen Genet- French diplomat, tried to raise armies to invade Spanish FL and LA, also BR Canada
Did not think neutrality reflected true wishes of Americans
Genet removed from USNeutral stance aided FR, they
needed our foodstuffs in West Indies, if we declared war on British they would blockade American coast and cut off all shipping
IX. Embroilments with Britain
Policy of neutrality tried by British Kept forts on US soil, agitated Indians along frontier 1790-1791- Miami Confederacy attacks US soldiers 1794- Gen. “Mad Anthony” Wayne defeated Indians in the Battle of
Fallen Timbers (OH), forced them to sign Treaty of Greenville Confederacy gave up huge amounts of land in return for payment
and certain rights Royal navy seized American ships and sailors, angered Americans Federalists resisted efforts to punish British, would hurt American
economy
X. Jay’s Treaty and Washington’s Farewell
1794- Chief Justice John Jay sent to London
Jeffersonians unhappy with decision
Treaty favorable to British, BR consented to abandon forts, pay for seizures of ships (did not promise to stop doing it)
Bound US to pay pre- Revolutionary debts, BR most favored status
Crystallized support for Jeffersonians
Southerners would have to pay most debt, northern shippers would collect money for damages
Pinckney’s Treaty 1795- Spain gave US access to Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL
X. Jay’s Treaty and Washington’s Farewell
After second term Washington decided to retire
Began two term tradition of presidents
1796- Farewell Address published in newspapers across countries
Advised against “permanent alliances”, favored temporary alliances
Basic message was unity at home, independence abroad
Washington’s contributions enormous- legitimized central government, kept nation out of war
US economy expanding and population was moving westward
XI. John Adams Becomes President
Federalists turn to John Adams (Hamilton not popular)
D-R’s turn to JeffersonPolitical passion high, election based
on personalityAdams squeezed through electoral
collegeAdams “prickly” intellectual, little
appeal to masses, hard to follow Washington
Hamilton headed High Federalist party, conspired against Adams
XII. Unofficial Fighting With France
Inherited problems with France Upset about Jay’s Treaty French seize American merchant ships Adams sends envoy’s to France to
reach agreement XYZ Affair (1797) Envoys approached by French agents
(X,Y,Z) demand bribe to meet with French prime minister
Way business done in Europe, negotiations broke down
US beginnings war preparations Navy Dept. created Marines reestablished, army
authorized 1798-1800- most battles at sea French ships captured, American
merchant ships destroyed
XIII. Adams Put Patriotism Above Party
France did not need another enemy British supplied Americans war
supplies Adams realized weak America
needed to avoid war 1799- sends envoys to France,
again Napoleon now ruled France,
wanted to get rid of American problem
Convention of 1800- ends alliance, pay damage claims to American shippers
Adams kept America out of war, paved path to future acquisition of Louisiana
XIV. Federalist Witch Hunt
1798- Congress passes laws to keep opposition quiet, Alien and Sedition Laws
Alien Laws- raises residence requirement of citizens
Violated traditional American open door policy and speedy assimilation
President could deport, imprison dangerous foreigners
Viewed as an arbitrary grant of power, laws never really enforced
XIV. Federalist Witch Hunt
Sedition Laws- aimed at newspapers and critics of Federalist government
Anyone who impeded policies of government liable to fine, imprisonment
Seen a violation of freedom of speech, pressMany editors and others indicted under act
(“Spitting Lion”)Direct conflict with Constitution, Federalist
court did not want to hear caseActs did have popular support,
Congressional elections in1798-1799 Federalist gained many seats
Laws expired 1801
XV. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Jefferson worried that Federalists would wipe out Constitutional guarantees,
Fearing prosecution he secretly wrote the Kentucky Resolution (1798,1799 approved by KY legislature)
Madison drafted less extreme statement, adopted by VA legislature, Virginia Resolution (1798)
Adopted the compact theory- 13 sovereign states created government, national gov’t a creation of states
Had exceeded powers with Alien and Sedition Acts Rightful action was “nullification” If state disagreed with federal laws, they could be
voided Federalist argument- people created government, only
Supreme Court could nullify VA, KY Resolutions extreme states’ rights views,
crystallize opposition to Federalists
XVI. Federalists vs. Democrat- Republicans
FederalistsBelieve in strong central
gov’tRule by best peopleDistrusted full blown
democracyPromote foreign tradeLittle gov’t. Interference
in businessSupported by wealthySupporters along Atlantic
seaboardPromote American
interests overseasPro- British
Democrat- Reps. (Jeffersonians)
Weak central gov’t.Power held by statesAppeal to middle class,
farmers, laborersNational debt needed to
be paid offNo special privileges for
any classPro- FrenchProtect democracy at
homeSupported by
southerners, westerners