APUSH Lecture 2C

(covers Ch. 6)

Ms. Kray

Analyze the effectiveness of George Washington’s solutions to problems of the presidency and how as the first president, he affected the office and the nation.

Analyze the ways in which the new nation coped with international problems.

Describe the emergence of political parties, their political philosophies, and their influence in the election of 1800.

Chosen unanimously by Electoral College

Inaugurated Apr. 30, 1789

• From this point on, what the Constitution & its system of checks & balances actually meant would be determined by day to day decisions of Congress, the President, and the Court

• Examples:• Judiciary Act of 1789

– established our federal court system, allowed it to rule on the constitutionality of state laws

• The President’s Cabinet

Alexander Hamilton, Sec. of Treasury

Thomas Jefferson,

Sec. of State

Edmund Randolph, Attorney General

Henry Knox,

Sec. of War

There had always been groups of legislators who formed temporary factions to settle issues. First time these factions are organized across

state lines Political parties were viewed as an evil that

should be avoided

So Why Did They Develop? Debate over ratification

Differing Vision Over the Nature of the New Gov’t Hamilton’s Financial Program French Revolution

• Resolution of ratification did not resolve deep disagreements about the nature of the new

government.

FederalistsLed by Hamilton & Adams feltCountry’s mission was to become a genuine nation-state, w/centralized authority, a complex commercial economy, and proud standing in world affairs.

Democratic-RepublicansLed by Jefferson & Madison felt

society should remain predominantly rural and agrarian; it should have a

central gov’t of modest size; most power left in the hands of the states

and the people

The Economic PlanDebt Assumption

Funding the debt & assume all state debts Then everyone has stake in the government’s

survival

Tariffs and Excise Taxes Hamilton’s Report of Manufacturing – laid out

grand scheme for growth of industry Tariffs to protect infant industries Excise taxes to raise revenue

Creation of a national bank**

Supported by merchants and northern elites

Loose Construction• Believed necessary and

proper clause gives the government power to do things that may not be directly written in the Constitution

• Hamilton’s position

Strict Construction• Believed if the

Constitution doesn’t specifically say it, the government can’t do it

• Jefferson’s position

Federalists Democratic-Republicans

Leaders John Adams Alexander Hamilton

Thomas JeffersonJames Madison

View of Constituti

on

Loose interpretationStrong central gov’t

Strict interpretation

Weak central gov’t

Foreign Policy

Pro-British Pro-French

Military Policy

Large peacetime army & navy

Small peacetime army & navy

Domestic Policy

Aid business, National Bank, favored tariffs

Favor agriculture, no national bank, opposed tariffs

Chief Supporter

s

Northern businessmen, large

landowners

Skilled workers, small farmers,

plantation owners

PA farmers refuse pay excise tax on whiskey Challenge to Constitution and

gov’t authority

Washington sends 15,000 troops

Effects: Put down w/o violence Westerners resented/condemned

gov’t action Jefferson gains supporters

Compare w/Shays’ Rebellion

• Congress tried to get tribal leaders to cede western lands

• 1790s conflicts between U.S. and natives• 1790 & 1791: Chief Little Turtle

defeats U.S. forces

• 1794: Battle of Fallen Timbers• Gen. “Mad” Anthony Wayne

defeats Indians

• 1795: Treaty of Grenville• Natives cede all lands east of

MississippiGrowing evidence British are aiding & encouraging Native Americans in

attacks against the U.S.

• Dominated the foreign policies of our early presidents

• Issues:– Franco-American alliance still

in effect– Most Americans support the

French– Washington worries our young

nation isn’t ready for war

• Solution: Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793

U.S. Policy Options?

Support France Support

France’s enemies

Support no one

Dominated Washington &

Adams’ Presidencies

Objected to Washington’s

Policy of Neutrality

Broke all diplomatic rules by going over Washington’s

head directly to the American

people.

Even Jefferson was outraged by

Genet’s behavior & he was asked to leave the USA

Washington sends Jay to get compensation for

recent British assaults & demand their withdrawal

from western fortsHe returns a year later,Est. undisputed American sovereignty

in the NorthwestProduced a satisfactory commercial

relationship w/BritainPeople are outraged!!!Positive Side Effect: Spain signs

Pinckney Treaty

Spain opened Mississippi and New Orleans to U.S. trade

Right of deposit was granted

Accept U.S. claim for north Florida border

Do not get involved in

European affairs

Avoid “permanent alliances”

No political parties

Avoid sectionalism

John Adams

(Federalist)

Thomas Jefferson

(Dem.-Rep.)

vs.

Adams wins by 3 electoral votes and Jefferson becomes his VP!

• Adams never able to effectively control Federalist Party b/c of Hamilton’s influence

• Jefferson, his VP and leader of the opposition party worked to undermine his presidency from within

• XYZ Affair, 1797– War in Europe has expanded; French seizing American merchant ships– Adams sends American delegation to meet with French leadership– French demand bribes– Americans want war -- “Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute”

• Quasi-War with France– Adams persuades Congress to cut off all trade with France and

authorize American vessels to capture French ships on the high seas

Federalist Party gains control of Congress b/c of anti-French feeling Passed these acts to try to stifle their

Republican opposition

Naturalization Act – increased citizenship requirement to 14 years of residency for immigrants

Alien Act – allowed president to deport any immigrants he felt were dangerous

Sedition Act – illegal for newspapers to criticize the President or Congress

Probably unconstitutional

• Used Locke’s compact theory of government to argue that states had the right to nullify federal laws

• Argued Alien and Sedition Acts violated the 1st Amendment

Jefferson wrote

Kentucky Resolutio

n

Madison wrote

Virginia Resolutio

n

John Adams

(Federalist)

Thomas Jefferson

(Dem.-Rep.)

vs.

Same players at election of 1796, but different circumstances

Federalists have lost popularity Alien and Sedition Acts New taxes

imposed by Federalists to pay for possible war with France.

One of the ugliest campaigns in American history

• Federalists lost control presidency & Congress

• Jefferson and

Aaron Burr tie in Electoral College

• Election thrown to House of Representatives

• Hamilton disliked Jefferson positions on issues but he hated Burr as a person– Used all his influence to get the Federalist

controlled House of Rep. to vote for Jefferson– Burr becomes VP

• Peaceful transition of power from one political party to another

• Legacy of John Adams

“We are all

Republicans, we are

all Federalist

s”

Analyze the effectiveness of George Washington’s solutions to problems of the presidency and how as the first president, he affected the office and the nation.

Analyze the ways in which the new nation coped with international problems.

Describe the emergence of political parties, their political philosophies, and their influence in the election of 1800.