APUSH Content Review #6

12. WW2, Cold War, & 1950s

13. JFK-Nixon (1960-1974)

14. Ford-Reagan (1974-1988)

Cold War & 1950s Review

Which was NOT an example of Containment under Harry Truman?

1. Marshall Plan 2. Suez Crisis 3. NSC-68 4. Berlin Airlift

Harry Truman aided the cause of civil rights by

1. denouncing Southern support in the 1948 presidential election

2. desegregating the armed forces3. integrating the public schools4. integrating restaurants, movie

theaters, and interstate travel

Eisenhower & Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, used the Cold War strategy of

1. flexible response 2. Strategic Defense Initiative3. zero option policy4. massive retaliation

Critics of McCarthyism in the 1950s stressed the idea that

1. the government should always be on guard against Communism

2. fears of Communism can lead to the erosion of constitutional liberties

3. loyalty oaths can prevent espionage4. the House Un-American Activities

Committee should demand loyalty oaths from government officials

President Eisenhower was associated with each of the following EXCEPT

1. ending almost all of FDR’s New Deal programs of the 1930s

2. construction of the interstate highway system

3. forcing school integration in Little Rock, Arkansas

4. warning against the influence of the military-industrial complex

The Soviet Union's launching of Sputnik in 1957 immediately led to

1. massive federal aid to American higher education

2. the Suez Crisis3. ending the Korean War by signing

an armistice4. the U-2 Incident

The 1956 Montgomery bus boycott1. started with sit-ins after Martin

Luther King’s March on Washington 2. led to the creation of the Southern

Christian Leadership Conference3. lasted for three weeks and failed to

achieve its goal4. resulted from the assassination of

Martin Luther King, Jr

All of the following factors helped the growth of suburbs EXCEPT

1. low-cost gov’t loans for housing 2. expanded road and highway

construction3. laws outlawing racial segregation in

the suburbs 4. increased automobile production

The mood of the "Beat Generation" is best reflected with

1. Jack Kerouac's On the Road2. F. Scott Fitzgerald's This Side of

Paradise3. Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman4. J. D. Sallinger's Catcher in the Rye

Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring 1. argued that the use of pesticides were

dangerous to the environment 2. criticized the boring lives of American

suburban housewives3. criticized American materialism and

consumer spending4. described the lack of political activism

of most Americans during the 1950s

Cold War DivisionsAt Yalta, Stalin agreed to allow self-determination in Eastern Europe

By Potsdam, Stalin had extended his control over Eastern Europe to create a buffer zone

between the USSR & its future enemies

Foreign Policy: Foreign Policy: ContainmentContainment

Marshall Plan

Truman Doctrine

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Domestic Policy: Domestic Policy: Gov’t ChangesGov’t Changes

NSC-68

CIA

Dept of Defense & Nuclear Weapons

Truman: Berlin Airlift, China, & Korea

Truman: Red Scare & McCarthyism

Eisenhower: Massive Retaliation, Sputnik, Vietnam

Eisenhower: NASA, Suburbs,

Interstate Highways

America in the 1950s

■ $64,000 Question■ 21 Questions■ Bonanza■ The Untouchables ■ I Love Lucy■ 1950s TV networks

Kennedy-Nixon (1960-1974)

Review

During the Kennedy-Khrushchev era, the U.S. & USSR came close to war over Cuba

and?1. Vietnam 2. Berlin3. China4. the Middle East

Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress and Peace Corps can be most accurately

called an added dimension of

1. the Truman Doctrine

2. Wilson’s League of Nations

3. Franklin Roosevelt' Lend-Lease Act

4. Franklin Roosevelt' Good Neighbor policy

Until 1964, civil rights leaders used all of the following tactics to end discrimination

EXCEPT

1. "sit-ins" at public lunch counters.

2. March on Washington

3. extensive violence by blacks

4. "freedom riders" on public buses

Kennedy decided to remove Diem from the presidency of South Vietnam when Diem

1. massacred a large number of Viet Cong

2. attacked the country's Buddhists3. refused to allow U.S. soldiers to

engage in combat4. had his own brother shot for treason

The centerpiece of Lyndon Johnson's “war on poverty” was the

1. Department of Family Services, with an emphasis on social work

2. Head Start program, with an emphasis on pre-school

3. Office of Economic Opportunity, with an emphasis on job training

4. Agency for Economic Advancement, with an emphasis on minority hiring

Lyndon Johnson received authorization for the use of force in Vietnam through the

1. Truman Doctrine

2. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

3. Tet Offensive

4. War Powers Act of 1973

Both the New Frontier and Great Society shared the idea that

1. foreign trade should be cut to a minimum

2. the federal gov’t should meet the needs of the less fortunate

3. taxes should be raised to stimulate consumer spending

4. key industries should be nationalized

The use of poll taxes to inhibit black voters in the South was outlawed by the

1. 24th Amendment

2. Civil Rights Act of 1964

3. Voting Rights Act of 1965

4. War on Poverty

In both the Korean War and Vietnam War1. the U.S. was locked in a stalemate

with the Communist forces2. United Nations sanctioned the U. S.

efforts to stop Communism3. U.S. fought for years without a

Congressional declaration of war4. lack of U. S. success led to a large

anti-war movement at home

Of the 5 major civil rights acts passed during the period 1957-1968, the Voting Rights Act

of 1965 is the most far-reaching because:1. prior to 1965, there was no legal

guarantee of the right to vote for blacks2. voting rights would put an end to riots

and racial violence3. voting is a means whereby other basic

rights could be secured4. Malcolm X was a strong advocate of

the Voting Rights Act of 1965

In Miranda v. Arizona, the Supreme Court declared that

1. police had to advise a suspect of his constitutional right to remain silent

2. affirmative action quota systems are unconstitutional

3. all people accused of crimes have a right to an attorney

4. racially segregated schools are inherently unequal

The counter-culture of the 1960s promoted all of the following EXCEPT

1. free love and a sexual revolution

2. attacking the war in Vietnam

3. a new emphasis on religion

4. the questioning of government and university policies

The invasion of Cambodia by U. S. and South Vietnamese forces in 1970:

1. resulted in a crushing defeat of the U. S. forces

2. revived the antiwar and led to large demonstrations

3. was the last major encounter of the war involving U. S. troops

4. led to Chinese intervention on the side of the North Vietnamese

All of the following occurred during the presidency of Richard Nixon EXCEPT

1. the Watergate break-in and consequent Congressional hearings

2. diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China

3. an attempt to end the Arab-Israeli conflict through "Shuttle Diplomacy“

4. the end of Carter’s Vietnamization policy

Which is generally regarded as THE major success of the Nixon administration?

1. the Watergate scandal

2. War Powers Act of 1973

3. the SALT I Agreement

4. détente with the USSR and China

The 1971 Supreme Court decision the New York Times Company v. U.S. (Pentagon

Papers case) is important because:1. it forced Nixon to end his “enemies list”2. the 1st Amendment protected the

publication even if it threatened national security

3. It forced Nixon to resign as president4. it revealed that the Watergate break-in

was more involved than previously thought

The Cold War: 1948-1975Cold War under Kennedy & Johnson: 1961-1968Gulf of Tonkin Resolution & Tet Offensive

Civil RightsCivil Rights

Brown v BOE overturned Plessy v Ferguson

Central H.S. in Little Rock, Arkansas

MLK: Montgomery Bus Boycott, SCLC, March on Washington

Violence in Birmingham led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Violence in Selma led to the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Black Power: SNCC & Black Panthers

Drugs

Sex

Rock ‘n’ Roll

Is this the nation’s youth??

Mostly children from upper-middle

class families

No work ethic?

19681968

Tet Offensive & the height of Vietnam War

Democratic National Convention

Assassinations of Martin Luther King & Robert Kennedy

Harry Truman1945-1953

Dwight Eisenhower1953-1961

John F. Kennedy1961-1963

Lyndon Johnson1963-1969

Richard Nixon1969-1974

Cold War Philosophy?

Containment Brinksmanship/

Massive Retaliation Flexible Response

JFK-Style Flexible Response

Détente

3 Most Important Foreign Policy

Decisions?

Potsdam Conference 1st atomic bomb Creation on

Containment:o Truman Doctrineo Marshall Plano NATO

Berlin Blockade./Airlift

Loss of China Korean War begins NSC-68

Ended Korean War New look: nuclear

missiles Sputnik & space race Eisenhower Doctrine

in the Middle East CIA-sponsored coups

in Iran & Guatemala Proposed nuclear

disarmament Supported France in

Vietnam

Hoped to gain first-strike capability; expansion of nuclear weapons

Peace Corps Space race to the

moon Berlin Wall Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Assassination of

Diem

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Commitment of troops to Vietnam

Tet Offensive CIA-sponsored coups

in Latin America

Vietnamization & “peace with honor” in Vietnam in 1973

“Knockout blow” in Vietnam: Laos & Cambodia

Recognition of China SALT with USSR End to Yom Kippur

War in Middle East CIA covert ops

Term for their Domestic Agenda?

Fair Deal Modern Republicanism New Frontier Great Society Reducing the size of the

national gov’t

3 Most Important Domestic Policy

Decisions?

Reorganization of Gov’to CIA o Dept of Defenseo National Security

Council Integration of military Failed attempt to

made the New Deal more equitable

Created FHA and the Dept of Health, Education, & Welfare

Interstate Highway Ended McCarthyism Creation of NASA National Defense in

Education Act Warned of Military-

Industrial Complex Central High in Little

Rock

Tax cut in 1963 Bolstered Civil Rights

Committee, Dept of Justice

Laid foundation for Civil Rights Act of 1964

Expansion of NASA

War on Poverty: Job Corps, Office of Economic Opportunity

Medicare & Medicaid Improved funding for

schools Civil Rights

o24th AmendmentoCivil Rights ActoVoting Rights Act

Shifted responsibility for social programs from to state gov’ts

Named 4 conservative S.C. justices

EPA & OCHA Ended gold standard 90-day freeze on

wages & prices Watergate scandal

Identify 2 significant social aspects of this era

Red Scare (McCarthyism)

Baby Boom

Civil Rights, Brown v BOE

Suburbs & consumerism

Rock n roll & youth culture

Nonviolent protest of Civil Rights

Counter-culture & student protest

Feminist movement

• Largest student protest: Kent State & Jackson State

• Rise of the Sunbelt • Public distrust of the

government

Ford—Reagan(1974-1988)

Review

The Ford administration was different from any other in history because

1. the vice president was also the Attorney General

2. Ford made no appointments to the Supreme Court

3. neither the president nor the vice president had been elected to office

4. Congress asserted power in the field of foreign policy

Which was NOT a major issue under Jimmy Carter?:

1. Iranian hostage crisis2. inflation 3. pardoning Nixon for Watergate 4. the Camp David Accords

The first candidate to nominate a woman (Geraldine Ferraro) as his vice-presidential

running mate was

1. Carter in 1976

2. Reagan in 1980

3. Mondale in 1984

4. Dukakis in 1988

In his first year in office, President Reagan tackled the issue of inflation by

1. establishing a Dept of Energy2. encouraging Congress to pass a

new tax law reducing income taxes3. repealing the minimum wage law4. increasing military spending to an

effort to win the Cold War

Reagan faced his gravest foreign policy challenge over his illegal support for:

1. Nicaraguan Contras

2. the Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran

3. the Strategic Defense Initiative

4. the MX missile system

The conservative movement by 1980 was supported by all of the following EXCEPT

1. the Moral Majority2. opponents of affirmative action3. advocates of women’s abortion rights4. supporters of supply-side economics

The INF Treaty negotiated by Reagan and Gorbachev

1. ended the Cold War by forcing the USSR into economic collapse

2. eliminated intermediate-range nuclear missiles

3. doubled the amount of wheat sold annually to the Soviet Union

4. heightened the Cold War between the two superpowers

Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan George Bush

Years in office & elections

1974-1977(never elected)

1977-1981(1976)

1981-1989(1980, 1984)

1989-1993(1988)

Political Party? Republican Democrat Republican Republican

Foreign Policy Philosophy?

Continue Nixon-era détente with USSR

Commitment to Human Rights

Restoring America’s supremacy in the world

“A New World Order”

3 Most Important

Foreign Policy Decisions?

Failed to handle the OPEC crisis, 1974

Panama Canal Treaty Camp David Accords,

1979 Failure of SALT II USSR Afghanistan

invasion led to boycott of Olympics & embargo of USSR

Iranian hostage crisis

Hostages returned Marines to Beirut Troops to Grenada Troops to Nicaragua Iran-Contra Affair “Star Wars” (SDI) Negotiations with

Gorbachev ended the Cold War

End of Berlin Wall & reunification of Germany

Collapse of USSR Invasion of Panama Persian Gulf War North Atlantic Free

Trade Agreement

Domestic Policy

Philosophy?

Heal the nation after Watergate

No clear domestic agenda Neo-Conservativism “Kindler, gentler nation”

3 Most Important Domestic

Policy Decisions?

Pardoned Nixon Failed to end stagflation Revealed CIA overt

operations Vetoed 39 bills

Dept of Energy Dept of Education Deregulated airlines Failed to end stagflation “National malaise”

speech

Reduced gov’t restrictions on business

PATCO strike O'Connor to the SC "Supply-side economics" Huge gov’t deficits Drug war AIDS epidemic

Savings & loan scandal “No new taxes”

2 significant social aspects

of this era

•  “Me Generation” • Third Wave of Immigration• Moral Majority• Movement from Rustbelt to Sunbelt

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