Chapter 18: The Age of the Cities 1 “Old Immigrants” 1. Saw new immigrants as threats (nativism emerged);

some saw the cheap labor they provided as a bonus, others as a threat; came from West Europe; higher literacy rates; 2. Concurrent with the arrival of New Immigrants (late 1800s, early 1900s) 3. ­ Nativist societies sprung up in reaction & many viewed foreigner as cause of all problems ­ Nativism ­> American Protective Association ­ Nativism ­> Immigrant Restriction League (founded to “screen” immigrants through literacy tests, etc. to see if the person is desirable or not) Beginning to migrate into cities (primarily of the East and Midwest) ­ “immigrant question” (what to do?) ­> Chinese exclusion act of 1882

2. “New Immigrants” 1. Came from Mexico, Latin America, China, Japan, South and Eastern European countries (Slavs, Russian, Poles, Slovaks, Italian, Greeks, etc.); not as well educated or rich as old immigrants; weren’t used to democracy 2. 1860 ­ 1900; 10­18 million immigrants 3. ­ Organized in ethnic communities and encouraged the growth of cities ­ Most important source of urban population growth ­ Most came from Europe ­ Whereas earlier immigrants (such as Germans/Scandinavians...NOT Irish) were able to become prosperous by buying farms in the west, the “new immigrants” had little capital or education ­> most took unskilled jobs in industry/factory (like the earlier Irish) ­ Diversified American ­> nativists became prominent once again ­Unskilled jobs were low paid and limited ­> ethnic tensions rose & “immigrant ghettos” est.

3. American Protective Association 1. Henry Bowers (founder) founded to stop immigrant tide 2. 1887 ­ peak of nativism and immigration 3. ­ popular in NE and Midwest ­ first large political result of nativist demands ­ made by nativists for nativists

4. Social Darwinism 1. Application of Darwin’s theory of evolution to modern social development 2. during the rise of monopolies 3. ­ Liked by the wealthy (esp. monopoly owners) since it justified their position and tactics ­ Herbert Spencer ­ Leading proponent ­ William Graham Sumner ­ (Yale) proponent of social darwinism and laissez faire

5. Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives”

1. ­ Danish immigrant and NY reporter/photographer ­ Wrote How the Other Half Lives (descriptions and pictures of tenement life) 2. 1890 ­ book published 3. ­ as a reformer, advocated razing of the slums without building new housing to replace them ­ showed realities of life in slums

6. Tenements (Dumbbell Tenements)

1. Evolved to describe slum dwellings; previously described only multiple family rental buildings; made for the poor 2. invented in 1850; NY law in 1870 making windows necessary 3. ­ hailed as an improvement in the housing of the poor when invented in 1850 ­> became just as bad (landlords reluctant to invest much in immigrant housing) ­ 1870­ NY law for window per room ­> shafts made (emergence of dumbbell tenements) ­ Dumbbell tenements got narrower towards the center (common hall shared by all residents) ­ Very difficult and unclean life ( How the Other Half Lives ­ Riis)

7. Frederick Law Olmstead 1. Created Central Park (w/ Calvert Vaux); Promoter of the notion of an urban park as a refuge 2. late 19th, early 20th century 3. ­ growing congestion of city landscape ­> more people wanted greenery in cities ­ Central Park/Prospect Park (NY) ­> Olmstead recruited to make parks in Brooklyn, DC, Chicago, and Boston.

8. Realism 1. Effort to recreate urban reality; cultural movement after romanticism 2. late 1800s, early 1900s 3. ­ Stephen Crane ­ author of “The Red Badge of Courage” (more famous), “Maggie: A Girl of the

Streets”; showed the plight of the working class and a grim picture of urban reality ­ Thomas Dreiser ­ author to show social dislocations and injustices (“Sister Carrie” & “An American Tragedy”) ­ Frank Norris ­ “The Octopus” 1901 (struggle btwn rrd companies and oppressed farmers) ­ Upton Sinclair ­ “The Jungle” 1906 (reveal the depravity of capitalism; showed abuses of meatpacking industry ) ­> produced legislative action for problem ­ Kate Chopin ­ “Great Awakening” ­ shocking

9. Naturalism 1. literary movement that incorporated realism to show the reality of social life and position 2. 1880s to 1930s 3. ­ brought scientific determinism into literature/art ­ shocked people ­ Theodore Reiser ­ Jack London ­ Stephen Crane ­

10. Ashcan School of Art 1. Realist school of art; known for portraying scenes of daily life in NY poorer neighborhoods 2. Early 1900s; marked beginning of modernism 3. ­ modernism gloried the ordinary and moved away from “genteel tradition” ­ among first Americans to appreciate expressionism and abstraction ­ exploration of same grim aspect of reality like in literature ­ John Singer Sargent ­ John Sloan ­ urban slums ­ George Bellows ­ prize fights; violence

11. Pragmatism 1. modern society should rely on the test of scientific inquiry for guidance, not on inherent ideals 2. early 1900s 3. ­ spawned by Darwinism and product of America’s changing material civilization ­ Advocates: William James (psychologist), Charles S. Peirce

12. Anthropology 1. social science that studies relations of humans; became popular due to relativistic implications of Darwinism 2. late 1800s early 1900s 3. ­ encouraged scholars to examin other cultures (esp. Native Americans) ­> many thought that natives

had cultures that deserved respect (not popular idea though at the time)

13. Tammany Hall 1. Powerful NY political machine 2. NY; 1860s/1870s 3. ­ got power by giving immigrants the right to vote, patronage, clientelism, kickbacks/corruption, etc. ­ such organizations responsible for helping the city’s infrastructure too (the city had a weak government as the size of the cities were rising ­> power vacuum ­> new problems of sewage, fires, etc.) ­ Machines & Bosses (in general): ­­Product of potential voting power of immigrants; principle source that helped immigrants ­­Function of political boss: win votes for organization by winning loyalty of constituents ­­Most bosses were foreign born or first generation (most Irish) ­­Machines = way to make $

14. Boss Tweed 1. Most famously corrupt city boss of Tammany Hall 2. NY; 1860s/1870s 3. ­ Went to jail for corruption ­ helped immigrants (constituents) to gain votes ­ led the Tweed Reign (corrupted politicians) ­ pg. 514 ­ “Keeping Tammany’s Boots Shined” (cartoon; c. 1887) by Joseph Keppler; police man oiling Tammany Hall’s shoes with “patronage” shine

15. Thomas Nast 1. An artist and a political cartoonist. He did many of the most famous and politically important cartoons of the time. Depicted Irish like monkeys. 2. 1800s/1900s 3. After Nast did a cartoon of “Boss” Tweed and the Tweed Ring,he exposed William Tweed and brought his arrest and imprisonment.

16. Role of Political machines 1. An artist and a political cartoonist. He did many of the most famous and politically important cartoons of the time. Depicted Irish like monkeys. 2. 1800s/1900s 3. After Nast did a cartoon of “Boss” Tweed and the Tweed Ring,he exposed William Tweed and brought his arrest and imprisonment.

17. “Progress and Poverty” 1. A book by Henry George. It tried to explain why poverty existed amid the wealth created by modern

industry. He blamed social problems on the ability of a few monopolists to grow wealthy as a result of rising land values. 2. Published 1879 3. Became one of the best­selling novels in American publishing history. George propose a “single tax” to replace all other taxes, which would return the increment to the people.

18. “Looking Backwards” 1. By Edward Bellamy. A utpoian novel about a Bostonian who went to sleep in 1887 and woke up in year 2000 to find a new society where want, politics,vice were absent. All the trusts combined and the entire society became a great amchine. No class labels. 2. 1888 3. rivaled Progress and Poverty in popularity. Bellamy named the philosophy behind his vision as “nationalism”, and caused over 160 Nationalist Clubs to form.

19. Settlement Houses 1. Young, idealistic people settled into immigrant neighborhoods to learn about the problems of immigrants. They lived in settlement houses. They wanted to provide social services for ppl in the neighborhood. 2. late 1800s­early 1900s 3. The most famous was Hull House in Helped teach English to immigrants, provided schooling, provided music halls, etc. Settlement workers also supported child/women rights, housing reform.

20. Jane Addams 1. A settlement worker who started Hull House. She was also a famous peace activist. 2. began Hull House in 1889, Chicago. 3. She believed in peace and began one of the most famous settlement houses in the US.

21. Social Gospel Movement 1. A number of Protestant clergymen preached the cause of social justice for the poor. (social gospel applied Christian principles to social issues) 2. 1880s and 1890s. 3. Leader­Minister Walter Rauschenbusch. His preaching linked Christianity w the progressive movement + encouraged mid­c protestants to try and solve urban probs

22. Walter Rauschenbusch 1. The leader of the Social Gospel Movement. Worked in NYC’s Hell’s Kitchen + wrote books telling religions to help w social justice. 2. late 1800s early 1900 3. Linked Christianity w the Progressive Reform Movement. encouraged mid­c protestants to try and solve urban probs

23. Salvation Army 1. Imported from England. Provided basic necessities of life for the homeless and the poor, while preaching Christian gospel. 2. 1879 3. Increased wellbeing of some homeless. Increased influence of Christians and the Christian Church in the Progressive reform movement.

24. Mark Twain 1. The pen name of Samuel L. Clemens. The first great realist author. Wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 2. 1884 3. His work revealed the greed, violence, and racism in American society. He also started the trend of realist novels, bringing attention to problems in society and real life.

25. WCTU & Frances E. Willard 1. Women’s Christian Temperance Union. Advocated total abstinence from alcohol. Leader= Frances E. Willard. 2. founded 1874 3. Grew v popular with women, gaining 500,000 members by 1898.

26. Changes in Education Elementary schools cont teaching reading, writing, and arithmetic. New laws inc. # of elementary school kids. Growing interest in early education→ 90% literacy rate. New support for public high schools, which emphasized vocational and citizenship education for an urban society. Also more colleges, incl. women colleges. New trend toward social activities, fraternities, intercollegiate sports. New social sciences­ psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science.

27. W.E.B. DuBois 1. The leading black intellect of his day. First African American to get a doctorate from Harvard.

2. 1800s 3. Used new statistical methods of sociology to study crime in urban areas. Advocated full rights for blacks, integrated schools, etc.

28. Talented Tenth 1. W.E.B. DuBois called for higher education for the “talented tenth” of African American youth. 2. 1800s 3. He was an activist and a supporter of equal rights for African Americans.