European History January 30-February 3 2017

Well comrades the day has finally arrived. Your manifesto is due Friday. Remember to bring your paper and not a bunch of excuses. If you do not have it in class please do not be surprised by a rather stiff penalty.

This week we will round out a look at the liberal nationalist revolutions of the earlier century using the text/sources. Then we will transition into the mid-century and our discussions will culminate with several critical events: The Crimean War, the Rise of Germany and Italy, the Franco-Prussian War, and the establishment of the Third French Republic

The next unit test will be during the week of February 6-10

MONDAY Examine the changing nature of nationalism in the late 19th century Examine France under the Second Empire of Napoleon III

Materials Formatppt and video Lecture-discussion

Introduction Well we have been dealing with the nationalism for a while now. A few weeks ago, we saw that liberal

nationalist movements were spawned all across Europe as a result of the Napoleonic wars. In most cases the nationalist movements failed with the revolutionary demands or independence crushed by resurgent conservatism (with Belgium and Greece being exceptions). Also, we saw that with few real exceptions the more liberal demands were also crushed. In some cases, such as France and England liberalism did see notable gains. In France two revolutions created more responsive governments in 1830 and 1848. However, as we are about to see, conservatism under Napoleon III is going to make a comeback. Not surprisingly England would become truly more democratic due to the Second Great Reform Bill in 1867.However only grudgingly will these reforms by applied to parts of the empire such as Ireland and India.

However, the latter half of the 19th century will see important developments. A new wave of nationalism will sweep across Europe but this time it would be the forces of conservatism at the helm! The unification of both Germany and Italy will occur but this will be led by conservatives and not liberals. However, in some cases liberal ideas were used to strengthen the new states. In Austria the monarchy will continue to resist liberal reform and see its empire shrink with the loss of its German lands and those in Northern Italy. Only the renewed threat of a Hungarian revolt will foster any true reform, the result of which will be the creation of the Dual Monarchy, Austria-Hungary.

Another country that will be a major focus of our discussions will be Russia. We basically left Russia under Czar Alexander I the conservative master of Europe in 1815. However, Russia during this period would continue to be terribly backwards and caught on a rollercoaster ride of reform and collapse. A revolution in1830 will be crushed. The Crimean War (1853-1856) will see a major wave of reform after their defeat by Turkey and its allies (Britain and France) only to see a duel calamity in 1905 with a defeat at the hands

Bon Soir, Je m'appelle Napoleon III.

Comment allez vous mes amies.

of newly rising power Japan and then another major revolution, a precursor to the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. In addition to this Russia will face more palace instability because of assassinations.

The events in Europe during this time are also a backdrop for the "bell epoche" in that while instability gripped several countries individually, Europe as a whole only saw two small scale regional wars (Franco-Prussian War in 1870-71 and the Crimean War 1853-1856). This was also the growing age of empire that we shall discuss in the next unit.

Probably more than at any time since we discussed the mechanizations of the 30 Years War did Europe resemble a strategic chess match when events in one country impacted strategy in others. Some of these moves will also set the stage for World War One. We will begin the unit with events in France from the fall of the Second Republic to the rise of the Second French Empire 1852 - 1870.

France and the Second Republic We last left France following the success of the 1848 French Revolution. This was an important event if for

no other reason than it was the end of French monarchy. Gone were the days when a dynastic family would control France. One byproduct of the 1789 revolution was the guarantee that France would be more responsive to popular voting. This was guaranteed by the willingness of popular revolts in 1830 and 1848. The result was that the French government became a multi-party system with many (maybe too many) voices represented in the bicameral government. While property qualifications still existed, they were far below even those in Britain. However, there was an important issue that plagued France and this was the continued rise of socialism and communism and attempts by liberal-conservative forces to subdue them. Not unlike the feelings that facilitated the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte in this period the population soon tired of labor instability and divisive political groups and turned to a stronger executive branch to return a sense of stability.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte became the president of France following the 1848 revolution. However he certainly was not handed the job without some nervousness. Perhaps the member of the provisional government then forming worried that he might have a genetic predisposition to empire given his name. In February 1848 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, heir to the throne of Napoleon I, lived in exile in London. Despite his status as an escaped prisoner after trying to topple Charles X in 1830, he boldly landed at Boulogne and arrived in Paris February 27, three days after Louis Philippe abdicated. However after seeking to be appointed president by the provisional government he was initially refused. In March Louis Napoleon sent a representative to France to ascertain if he should be an assembly candidate for the planned April elections. Advised against this, he refused to stand for election. Nevertheless, three of his cousins, including Pierre Bonaparte (son of ex-King Jerome of Westphalia) and Lucien Murat (son of Caroline, ex-Queen of Naples) were elected to the national assembly on April 23. . In May an attack on the assembly was erroneously attributed to Bonapartists. The deputies retaliated, renewed the 1814 ban on Bonapartes living in France and, again, Louis Napoleon protested. By September he was allowed to return to France and was elected to the assembly.

The November 4, 1848 constitution (inaugurated November 12) was politically democratic and based on universal suffrage. There was a seven hundred fifty-member unicameral legislature, elected for a three-year term, and a strong president independent of the assembly, elected for a four-year term. Can you see any potential problems there? Almost immediately Louis Napoleon set his sights higher than assemblyman.

Although Louis Napoleon's presidential campaign centered on the restoration of order, even his political enemy General Cavaignac's supporters cheered when reminded of his courageous attempted coup at Strasbourg in 1836. Results of the presidential election on December 10, 1848 became known on December 13 and were formally proclaimed on December 20, the date he was sworn in as president.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte won by a landslide with 5,434,226 votes. His nearest rival, General Cavaignac, received 1,448,107 votes and other candidates fell far behind.

The President Becomes Emperor The move from President to Emperor was not immediate and may not have been a foregone conclusion.

The first major challenged that he faced was in forming a cabinet. He reached out to the opposition to form his government but most turned him down. So, as a result his cabinet became populated mostly by his more

conservative supporters. The four-year term of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was ending a term limits did not allow him to be re-elected. His administration had been hugely popular:

1. He had encouraged private investments that strengthened the economy. This of course gained him wide support among the middle class. His capital investment in railroad building the infrastructure and urban improvement of Paris was accomplished in part with government contracts to private contractors. In fact one of the reasons that this was the belle epoche was the average wages across the board improved and the middle class grew much larger.

2. Another important move made by the President was his relationship with the always restive urban working classes. For them he revoked the old Chapelier Laws and made unions and strikes legal. The right to unionize had been one of the major demands of early socialists. Another important improvement that made all classes happy was the strengthening of banking and credit unions through stricter government oversight.

Now with all of this popularity one can see why it might be easy for him to want another term. By December 1851 the President began to form a plan to topple the government through a coup d'etat against the assembly…. sound familiar??? The coup was launched and while there was some resistance in parts of France, these were easily put down with the aid of the army. Taking the cue for his uncle, the President put the coup d'etat to a vote and by 92% he was elected now to a 10-year term as President. In 1852 the next step was taken. 97% of the electorate named him hereditary emperor for life. He took on the regal title Napoleon III. Why not the II? Because this honorary title was given to his cousin who only lived for one year. If he had lived and if Napoleon I empire had lasted, then he would have been the successor.

The Empire under Napoleon III The record for the Second French Empire meaning Napoleon III because he was its only emperor was

mixed. He did continue to work for economic improvement and seems to have truly believed that France should continue along the lines of a republican government. For example, universal male suffrage was proclaimed. However, he clearly had no intention of allowing a true opposition party. Government contracts were used as a way to smooth opposition. Tax money for local projects was a way to guarantee some support would remain even if opposition candidates were elected. Think this sounds corrupt? Our government does much the same toward state governments. By the mid-1860s true opposition was growing in certain areas. An economic downturn was caused in some part by weakening textiles due to cotton imports falling as a result of our Civil War. This would lead to falling wages impacting the urban middle class…and you know where that usually leads. Another failure was the failed attempt to construct a canal across Panama. The canal would of course be built by the US in 1914 but French government investments and cost overruns result in millions of lost revenue.

The true source of trouble for the emperor was in the field of foreign policy. We will discuss this in relation to other lectures in more detail. However, suffice it to say that much of the foreign policy issues lay with attempts to refocus domestic issues with foreign policy intrigues.

1. 1853-1856: French involvement in the Middle East will lead in part to their role in the Crimean War. While on the winning side of the war little was gained for the cost in French lives and treasure.

2. Nationalists wanted to work against the Prussian moves of Chancellor Bismarck to unify Germany and Catholics wanted to support a nationalist uprising in Italy (which will occur and help lead to an independent Italy in the 1860s)

3. A boneheaded invasion of Mexico for not paying debts to France. France clearly did this because the U.S. was embroiled in our Civil War and despite protests by the Lincoln Administration that the Monroe Doctrine was being violated. Wasn't Britain supposed to help keep this from happening? This was a failure and Cinqo de Mayo is still celebrated because the French were defeated. Relations between the US and France would be sour for years to come.

ConclusionBy the late 1860s France was once again concerned about security of its borders. The recognition of an independent Italy was a reflection of attempting to secure friendly relations to the south. In the east the looming specter of a strongly unified Germany was a source of great concern. Ironically the country that would be the final source of difficulty for Napoleon III was the one that caused his uncle's "ulcer;" Spain. Their call for a German to take the vacant throne is what led to the Ems Despatch, the Franco-Prussian Way 1870-71 and finally Napoleon III dethroning (after being captured by the Germans).

HomeworkThis will be due in class on WEDNESDAY along with your bookAnswer questions from text pp: 725 - 733 Rich and Poor and Those in Between1. What is the definition of real wages and , what was happening with this economic indicator?

2. What relationship was forming between the traditional aristocracy and the upper middle class?

3. What statistics show how much wealth was maintained in the upper rungs of the social ladder?

4. In what way was Karl Marx's prediction about class struggle incorrect and why?

5. See primary source 22.2 and answer the Evaluate evidence questions.

6. Read the section The People and Occupations of the Middle Classes and define the levels described there. Be certain to include occupations and social identifiers (traits that define the class).

7. Read the section Middle Class Culture and Values: Define these values (often times called "Victorian") in the following ways

Diet Manner of attire Homes Leisure time pursuits Manners and behavior

8. Read People and Occupations of the Working Class: Follow the same procedure that you did for the Middle Class and be sure to include the two bold print phrases.

9. Read the Section Working Class Leisure and Religion and answer the questions below Why was there a "culture of drinking" among the lower classes? How was religion different in the later 19th century (This should be familiar if you recall

Romanticism) How were religious trends different in the U.S. (for veterans this was the Gilded Age and

Progressive Periods)?

10. Read the sections Middle Class Marriage and Courtship and also Middle and Working Class Sexuality. How had the idea of love and marriage changed by the late 19th century? How were the values different in the working class

**If you wanna read the Prostitution section, feel free…. I know Dr. McKay would just love it**

TUESDAY Examine the causes and effects of The Crimean War (1853-1856)

Materials Strategy/FormatPPT Lecture-discussion

Introduction While a little known event today, the Crimean War was a pivotal event with short and long range

implications for European (and world history). Against the backdrop of failed liberal nationalist revolutions in the early part of the century, this event came as a shock to most conservative powers. The origins of the conflict are best discussed by first taking a look at what was going on in several countries at the time

Nicholas I decided that with his reign now secure that he would expand his empire at the expense of the "sick man of Europe," the Ottoman Empire. The ultimate objective, as it had been for much of Russian history was a warm water port access from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. This involved the straights of Dardanelles, a strategic choke point to this day. Also, he hoped to pluck lands from Ottoman control in

the Balkans region. However, the pretense for starting this war actually involved a series of events between the French and the Ottoman Empire.

Our old buddy Napoleon III, exploited Turkish weakness to secure concessions for the Catholic church in Palestine, hoping to gain conservative support for his planned coup d’etat which occurred as you know December 2, 1851 When Czar Nicholas I of Russia retaliated, sending a mission to recover Greek Orthodox rights, the Turks simply gave way to both parties, and hoped the issue would go away.

In July 1853, Russia occupied the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Walachia) to pressure Istanbul, but this threatened Austria’s economic lifeline - the Danube. For a ‘sick man’, The Ottoman sultan proved remarkably dexterous and aggressive. Outwitting Austria, Britain and France, who still favored a diplomatic settlement, they declared war in October 1853 and attacked the Russians. The sultan well understood that especially Britain did not wanted to see a stronger and more bold Russia because they could threaten their "line of communication with India."

After an ultimatum to withdraw from the Black Sea area passed, Britain, France, and Austria declared war on Russia. At the outbreak of war, an allied army of 60,000 was already in Turkey to defend Istanbul. Austria (though they did actively send troops) then joined French and British demands that Russia evacuate the Danubian Principalities, whereupon Nicholas I actually agreed, thereby calling the allies' bluff. He was wrong.

The first major battle was a series of attacks at Sevastopol in the Crimea. The Battle of Balaclava on 24 October, ended with the legendary British ‘Charge of the Light Brigade’, which was, although misguided, an astonishingly successful operation of war, with relatively light casualties - only 118 killed out of 620. The Russians were so frightened by the cold courage of the British troopers, they never again dared face them in the open field. In the spring of 1855, the allies, heavily reinforced with French troops and employing improved logistics, began to batter their way into Sevastopol, and British gunboats cut Russian supply lines across the Sea of Azov. After a last despairing counter attack in August, the Russians were resigned to defeat. One reason for this change of heart was the death of Nicholas I in 1855 and the new czar Alexander II realized that the war would probably be lost.

The Treaty of Paris, signed on March 30, 1856, Russia returned southern Bessarabia and the mouth of the Danube to Turkey; Moldavia, Walachia and Serbia were placed under an international rather than a Russian guarantee; the Sultan promised to respect the rights of his Christian subjects; and the Russians were forbidden to maintain a navy on the Black Sea. For Russia, the defeat was another stinging reminder of their failures. For Russia, the loss of a million men mostly due to poor conditions and supply set the stage for a wave of reforms. The loss for the French was about 100,000 men and the opposite of what Napoleon III hoped for actually occurred. The French did not rally to him but started to question his worth. Britain could be called the only clear winner. Though they lost 25,000 men, the" line of communication" was saved. The main result of the war was the end of the Concert of Vienna from 1815. Not only did Austria refuse to join, neither did the Prussians who, as we know, were just then making plans for their own unification of Germany.

The Period of Russian Reforms The Russian Performance during the Crimean War and the death of Nicholas I (of pneumonia) heralded a

period of somewhat liberal reforms in Russia. His successor, Emperor Alexander II, ascended to the throne, whose reign was a period named by his contemporaries the epoch of Great reforms. The most important reform was the 1861 abolition of serfdom.

The peasant reform of February 19, 1861, was of special importance, because it not only resolved the most painful problem in Russia, but also opened the road for an intensive economic development of the country. From the first years of the reign of Alexander II society began to actively discuss the need for transformations. In numerous political projects and deliberations, which were often distributed in hand-written form, the problem of the abolition of serfdom was put to the fore. This bolstered up the conviction of the emperor that the transformations he was thinking about were really necessary. The abolition of

serfdom created a new class of Russian peasants called “kulaks” who managed to attain a small level of wealth and landownership.

Alexander II also realized that the Russians could never advance as long as they were lacking heavy industry. In all European nations they ranked near the bottom with the Ottoman Empire ahead of them in production. So to develop the economy he took a cue from the Germans who were subsidizing the development of railroads and other infrastructure. The Russians also capitalized on coal resources to become a major exporter and a steel manufacturer. Of course, this will be hugely important because the nature of industry will be worsening and the same time that it was improving elsewhere. The urban workers though small at first, became the missing piece of the puzzle that made Marx believe that a revolution in Russia was less likely**

Another important reform was the allowance of local government autonomy. These were called zemstovs. This was an important step toward liberalizing the government but was regrettably short-lived. The Czar also initiated civil law reforms similar to the Napoleonic Code.

Not surprisingly given the performance of the Russians during the Crimean War, important military reforms were initiated.

Conclusionwe will later on come back and look at this period of Russian History later in the month as we do a mini-unit that will take us up to the last Russian czar.

Homework (textbook tomorrow)Turn in your text questions assigned on Monday night

WEDNESDAY (Textbook Required) Analyze sources on late 19th century gender roles (secondary sources) Analyze the of the so-called “New Science” and the development of cultural realism in the arts and

literature

Materials Strategy/FormatText-documents Guided and Close-text reading

Instructions Using the textbook you will be completing a few guided questions on the rest of chapter 22

The sections will involve the middle class views of child rearing and roles for women.

The second part will involve a discussion of how science and the arts had changed by the late 19th-early 20th century

HomeworkPut any finishing touches on the Manifesto that you might need to Complete if you need to or just take a break if you are finished…I have given you many days to complete it and now the time has come.

THURSDAY and FRIDAY (Manifesto Due Today) Examine German Unification 1850s-1860s Explain the causes and effects of the Franco-Prussian War

Materials Strategy/FormatPPT, quiz, and video Assessment & Lecture and Discussion

Introduction Take quiz on Napoleon III Why did the 1848 rebellion and the Frankfort Assembly fail in 1848? Some historians have suggested that

the Germans were not revolutionary enough and that there was still too much attachments to various regions. Add to this the fact that parts of Germany were conservative and still under the nominal control of the Hapsburgs. Throughout the 1850s the spirit of unification grew stronger behind a name as enigmatic as Napoleon. Otto von Bismarck. The reason why I say this is that in some ways this avowed conservative was liberal in his political nationalism.

First a little Historical BackgroundThe First Reich and Second ReichYou might have heard Hitler refer to Nazi Germany as the Third Reich. The idea of Reich simply means state. The First Reich had been a reference to the reign of the Holy Roman Empire starting with Charlemagne Now Bismarck proposed to do this for all of Germany with his Kaiser as the leader.

1. Politics in Prussiaa. constitutional monarchy under Hohenzollern dynastyb. Split in upper class between liberal industrialists and the old Junker aristocracy.c. The liberals hoped to have parliament in control but the Junkers still controlled the officer corps.d. 1862 Kaiser William (Wilhelm) I appointed Otto von Bismarck to be his chief minister

2. Bismarck Himselfa. On old landlord from the eastern part of Germany. He was generally conservative.

He hated anything smacking of liberalism, thought western Europe was unstable because of its liberalism and saw the events of 1848 as proof. He believed the stability of king, God, and state. The problem was that Prussian liberals held the government. So, the “iron chancellor” had to try other means of rallying support for a stronger Germany

b. Here is where the picture blurs: Realpolitik: a return to Machiavellian approach to politics. For example the series of wars that you read about last night.

c. What was the kleindeutsch theory about German unity? What caused the Danish War of 1864 and why did this seem to contradict the “small Germany” idea?

d. The Seven Weeks War or Seven Weeks War (1867) cause? The Prussians were largely effective because of a new type of gun and superior tacticsThe North German Confederation: Prussia plus 21 other states, cities, etc. in 1867 The rest of what would become Germany was left to their own devises…..for a while.

e. The diplomatic effort: support Russia and helped suppress another Polish uprising, friendly relations with Napoleon III

f. The new government and constitution: bicameralism Bundesrat and Reichstag. Unprecedented power for a non-royal. What were some of the examples?

The Franco-Prussian War 1870-71It was clear to Bismarck that great strides had been made toward German unification but, with the southern region still outside, the North would always have to fear the French and Austrians.

Two Sides Needing a Good War1. Bismarck: A war between North German Confederation and France might frighten Bavaria in particular to forming its own southern alliance or perhaps joining w/ North Germany.

a. Bismarck played up fears of French aggression by showing that they may need a war also, he convinced them that the newly unified Italian policy of Italia Irrentia must ultimately invade parts of the southern German states (which they had already prepared to do)

2. Napoleon III: The 2nd Republic under Napoleon III was in trouble. A fiasco in Mexico, the rise of Germany and a unifed Italy placed France in a terrible position (remember also that Anglo-French relations were still not good).

3. Even Bismarck was reticent about actually starting a war. What he needed was an excuse and better, to get the French to start the war!

The Spanish Situation and the Ems Dispatch

1. There had been an overthrow of its queen and the provisional government asked a Hohenzollern, Leopold I to assume the throne. Why might France have a real problem with this? King William 3X refused. Okay, how do I get the Spanish to try one last time and piss off the French?

2. Bismarck “accepted” the Spanish offer on behalf of the king (who knew nothing about it). Then met with an angry French minister at Ems. But, the King found out and for a 4th time refused and so the French seem to have won a victory.

3. Then the French screwed up! They asked for assurances that this would never again be considered. Bismarck took the William’s official communiqué, reworded it to make the French minister (and Napoleon III) look like idiots. Then, he had it published in major newspapers. This came to simply be called the “Ems Dispatch” and was seen as the spark that started the Franco-Prussian War in 1870

4. Napoleon III and the 2nd Empire declared war July 1870. As expected…….

The Disaster for FranceThe Germans, with a national army organized under universal military service, efficient use of railroads and innovative Group artillery quickly proved their superiority to the French and won a decisive battle at Sedan on Sept 1 - 2 1870,where Napoleon III was captured

The End of the WarOn Jan 18, 1871 at Versailles ( which was made the German military headquarters ) William I was proclaimed The German emperor ( Kaiser ) . The creation of a unified German Empire destroyed the balance of power that had been

created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Under the new constitution the south German states were virtually annexed by the North German Federation . There were 25 states in the new German Empire : 4 kingdoms ( Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg ), 6 grand duchies, 5 duchies, 7 principalities and 3 free cities . The Kingdoms of  Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg each had their own armies which formed the German army under the emperor's command in time of war.

Germany quickly established itself as the main power in Europe with one of the most powerful and professional armies in the world . In France, anger at the Germans over the loss of Alsace and Lorraine and the large indemnity would led to a permanent state of crises between the two states and their seeking revenge with a large indemnity against Germany after their defeat in World War I and trigger events which would lead to World War IISo, we finally have a Germany!!!!! Almost immediately there was angst across Europe because not only had the new German state swiftly defeated France, many of her neighbors (Russia particularly) worried about German intentions in the future. Tomorrow and Wednesday we will head off to Russia……so dress warmly comrades!!

HomeworkQuia.com 2016-2017 Review of French History. Its gonna be a long one….50 questions covering all of French History that we have covered so far.