APUS History – Chapters 25

The Wave

• True Story!– 1967 California Middle

School Social Studies– Experiment was

terminated after 4 days because the teacher felt it was spinning out of control

• 1981 Movie• 2008 German Movie

New Deal Essay

• Before you submit:1. Underline your thesis statement2. Place an * next to your evidence in

paragraphs 2, 3, 4 that supports your thesis.

3. Place a $ next to any outside information within your essay.

A People’s War?

• On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following:– According to Zinn, why was WWII

not a people’s war? (one paragraph)• Provide at least three examples (one

paragraph)

10 Steps to WWII

1.The Versailles Treaty1.The Versailles Treaty

2.The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations

2.The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations

No control of major conflicts.No control of major conflicts. No progress in disarmament.No progress in disarmament. No effective military force.No effective military force.

3.The “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory

3.The “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory

German soldiers are German soldiers are dissatisfied.dissatisfied.

4.The Great Depression4.The Great Depression

5.The Manchurian Crisis, 1931

5.The Manchurian Crisis, 1931

Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

6. Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935

6. Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935

Emperor Emperor Haile Haile

SelassieSelassie

7. Germany Invades the Rhineland

March 7, 1936

7. Germany Invades the Rhineland

March 7, 1936

TheNational

Front[Nationalists]

TheNational

Front[Nationalists]

ThePopularFront

[Republicans]

ThePopularFront

[Republicans]

8.The Spanish Civil War:1936 - 1939

8.The Spanish Civil War:1936 - 1939

The Spanish Civil War:A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?

The Spanish Civil War:A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?

Italian troops in Madrid

Italian troops in Madrid

9.The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937

9.The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937

10.The “Problem” of theSudetenland

10.The “Problem” of theSudetenland

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938

Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do

business with.

Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do

business with.

British Prime Minister Neville British Prime Minister Neville ChamberlainChamberlain

Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939

The “Pact of Steel”

The “Pact of Steel”

The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939

The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939

Foreign Ministers Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & von Ribbentrop &

MolotovMolotov

Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939

Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939

Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]

Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]

German Troops March into Warsaw

German Troops March into Warsaw

3 Things to Remember….

1. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact: Both countries agreed not to fight each other and to split Poland

2. Germany attacks Poland: Start of WWII because Britain & France declare war on Germany

3. Blitzkrieg: Lightening War – multiple attacks by air and land to produce a highly mobile fast moving army

The “Phoney War” Ends:

Spring, 1940

The “Phoney War” Ends:

Spring, 1940

Dunkirk EvacuatedJune 4, 1940

Dunkirk EvacuatedJune 4, 1940

France SurrendersJune, 1940

France SurrendersJune, 1940

A Divided FranceA Divided France

Henri PetainHenri Petain

The French ResistanceThe French Resistance

The Free The Free FrenchFrench

General Charles General Charles DeGaulleDeGaulle

The MaquisThe Maquis

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:The Tripartite PactSeptember, 1940

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:The Tripartite PactSeptember, 1940

Now Britain Is All Alone!Now Britain Is All Alone!

Battle of Britain:

The “Blitz”

Battle of Britain:

The “Blitz”

Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”

Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”

The London “Tube”:Air Raid Shelters during the

Blitz

The London “Tube”:Air Raid Shelters during the

Blitz

The Royal Air ForceThe Royal Air Force

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill

The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter Roosevelt and Roosevelt and

Churchill sign Churchill sign treaty of treaty of friendship in friendship in August 1941.August 1941.

Calls for League Calls for League of Nations type of Nations type organization organization after the end of after the end of WWII.WWII.

Lend-LeaseLend-Lease

More Things to Remember:

1. Germany takes over most of Europe leaving Britain to fight alone

2. Britain survives the Battle of Britain and avoids invasion because its air force successfully fights off the Germans

3. Lend Lease Act – allows the US to lend or lease military goods to any country considered vital to the defense of the US

Operation Barbarossa:Hitler’s Biggest MistakeOperation Barbarossa:

Hitler’s Biggest Mistake

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941

3,000,000 German 3,000,000 German soldiers.soldiers. 3,400 tanks.3,400 tanks.

Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943

Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943

German Army Russian Army1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men

10,290 artillery guns

13,541 artillery guns

675 tanks 894 tanks

1,216 planes 1,115 planes

What about the United States?

US Reasons for Isolation

• Memories of WWI• Relationship / relatives on both sides• Economic issues

Three Stages of US Involvement

• Stage 1 – Isolationism• Stage 2 – Assistance

– Lend Lease Act• Supplies, Cash to allies

• Stage 3 - Involvement

U. S. Neutrality Acts:1934, 1935, 1937, 1939

U. S. Neutrality Acts:1934, 1935, 1937, 1939

America-First Committee

America-First Committee

Charles Lindbergh

Charles Lindbergh

Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 million

The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 million

The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941

U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto

Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot

Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot

Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941

A date which will live in infamy!

President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of WarPresident Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War

USS Arizona, Pearl HarborUSS Arizona, Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor MemorialPearl Harbor Memorial

2,887 Americans 2,887 Americans Dead!Dead!

Why?

• Japan wanted to conquer East Asian nations to secure raw materials

• Japan wanted to control East Asia• US supplied aid to China (Japan’s

enemy)• US froze Japanese assets in

American banks• US blocked the export of vital

resources (including oil) to Japan

Impacts of Pearl Harbor

1. US Naval power in the Pacific greatly weakened – creates the opportunity for Japan to conquer significant territories

2. Mobilizes Americans for WAR!1. Industry, Armed Services Volunteers,

Draft, Financial Support

3. Greatly expands anti-Japanese attitudes

1. Fear of additional attacks2. Fear of espionage

Japanese Internment Camps

• During the winter of 1942, in the first months of America’s war with Japan, the United States government ordered tens of thousands of people of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them American citizens, to report to assembly centers throughout the West for transfer to internment camps.

• Approximately 120,000 people• Hundreds of millions in personal property

lost

Why?

Why?

Japanese Internment Camps

Population and Location

Relocation Camp

Horse Stalls for Homes

America on the Home Front

The “Big Three”The “Big Three”

Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph StalinStalin

European Theatre

• Why did the Allies focus on Europe 1st?

– Allies needed to invade Europe to regain lost territory

– Russia wanted Allied invasion as soon as possible to reduce German pressure on Russian troops

D-DayD-DayJune 6, 1944June 6, 1944

D-DayD-DayJune 6, 1944June 6, 1944

The invasion would begin on the beaches of Normandy, France.

The largest amphibious force in the history of warfare.

Considered by some to be the greatest military achievement of the 20th century.

PreparationPreparationPreparationPreparation 9 battleships

23 Cruisers

104 destroyers

71 U-boats

150,000 troops set to cross the English Channel in the invasion of Hitler’s fortress of Europe – 1st Wave

500,000 first 24 hours

Germans Anticipated Germans Anticipated attack in 1944attack in 1944

Germans Anticipated Germans Anticipated attack in 1944attack in 1944

D-Day LeadersD-Day LeadersGeneral Dwight D. EisenhowerGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower

D-Day LeadersD-Day LeadersGeneral Dwight D. EisenhowerGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower

The success of the invasion was far from a certainty in Eisenhower's mind.

In advance, he wrote a short speech for the potentially catastrophic failure.

D-Day LeadersD-Day LeadersGeneral Dwight D. EisenhowerGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower

D-Day LeadersD-Day LeadersGeneral Dwight D. EisenhowerGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower

Our landings have failed and I have withdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the best information available. The troops, the air and the navy did all that bravery could do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt it is mine alone.

"to preserve … our civilization and to set free a suffering humanity." - Franklin D. Roosevelt

“The whole of the South Coast of England is a bastion of defense against the invasion of Hitler; you've got to turn it into the springboard for our attack." - Winston Churchill

“I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty, and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less than full victory.”

- General Dwight D. Eisenhower

D-Day LeadersD-Day LeadersField Marshall RommelField Marshall RommelD-Day LeadersD-Day Leaders

Field Marshall RommelField Marshall Rommel

Commander of the 7th German Army.

Told Hitler about the severity of the invasion but was rejected.

Planned with other officers to possibly overthrow Hitler in hopes of negotiating with the Allies.

Rommel accused of assassination attempt on Hitler—Suicide!

Real D-Day Planning MapReal D-Day Planning MapReal D-Day Planning MapReal D-Day Planning Map

German Defense SystemGerman Defense SystemGerman Defense SystemGerman Defense System

Invasion at Utah Invasion at Utah BeachBeach

Invasion at Utah Invasion at Utah BeachBeach

I remember seeing all the dead bodies littering the beach. Some were killed on the first landing. They were fodder for the Germans gun. Others were washed in by the tide where their boats had been caught.

- Sr. Bernard Morgan

““Welcome to Hell”Welcome to Hell”““Welcome to Hell”Welcome to Hell”

Normandy Landing

(June 6, 1944)

Normandy Landing

(June 6, 1944)

Higgins Landing Higgins Landing CraftsCrafts

German German PrisonersPrisoners

FatalitiesFatalities FatalitiesFatalities

4,500 Allied and 4,500 Allied and American American troops deadtroops dead

National D-day Memorial National D-day Memorial FoundationFoundation

National D-day Memorial National D-day Memorial FoundationFoundation

D-Day: Turning the D-Day: Turning the Tide of WarTide of War

D-Day: Turning the D-Day: Turning the Tide of WarTide of War

Invasion of Normandy was the decisive Allied victory that turned the tide of World War 2.

Success of the invasion was necessary for the Allies to launch an attack to liberate France.

Allies moved permanently to the offensive as the armies marched through Europe to liberate the other conquered nations.

July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot

July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot

Major Claus Major Claus vonvon

StauffenbergStauffenberg

July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot

July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot

1. Adolf Hitler 2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel 3. Gen Alfred von Jodl 4. Gen Walter Warlimont 5. Franz von Sonnleithner 6. Maj Herbert Buchs 7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz 8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein 9. Col Nikolaus von Below10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured)13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured)

 

TThe Liberation of Paris:August 25, 1944TThe Liberation of Paris:August 25, 1944

De Gaulle in De Gaulle in Triumph!Triumph!

U. S. Troops in Paris, 1944

U. S. Troops in Paris, 1944

French Female Collaborators

French Female Collaborators

The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last Offensive

The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last Offensive

Dec. 16, 1944Dec. 16, 1944toto

Jan. 28, 1945Jan. 28, 1945

Yalta: February, 1945Yalta: February, 1945 FDR wants quick Soviet entry into FDR wants quick Soviet entry into

Pacific war.Pacific war. FDR & Churchill concede Stalin FDR & Churchill concede Stalin

needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak spheres of influence and a weak Germany.Germany.

Churchill wants Churchill wants strong Germany strong Germany as buffer as bufferagainst Stalin.against Stalin.

FDR argues FDR argues for a ‘United for a ‘United Nations’.Nations’.

Hitler’s “Secret Weapons”:

Too Little, Too Late!

Hitler’s “Secret Weapons”:

Too Little, Too Late!V-1 Rocket:V-1 Rocket:

“Buzz “Buzz Bomb”Bomb”

V-2 V-2 RocketRocket

Werner von Werner von BraunBraun

Mussolini & His Mistress,

Claretta Petacci

Are Hung in Milan, 1945

Mussolini & His Mistress,

Claretta Petacci

Are Hung in Milan, 1945

US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River:

April 25, 1945

US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River:

April 25, 1945

Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945

Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945

The FThe Füührer’s hrer’s BunkerBunker

Cyanide & PistolsCyanide & Pistols

Mr. & Mrs. HitlerMr. & Mrs. Hitler

V-E Day (May 8, 1945)V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

General Keitel General Keitel

V-E Day (May 8, 1945)V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

Singapore Surrenders[February, 1942]

Singapore Surrenders[February, 1942]

U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,

the Philippines [March, 1942]

U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,

the Philippines [March, 1942]

Bataan Death March: April, 1942

Bataan Death March: April, 1942

76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] 76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to

POW camps in the Philippines.POW camps in the Philippines.

4th Marines Patch

Bataan Death March

Details of the March• The only way to get the men to

the camp was to make them march the 70 miles. The Japanese High Command believed that it should only require a few days, but the men taken as prisoners of war were not in good health and were malnourished. That set the stage for an onslaught of inexcusable brutality. – Japanese soldiers committed random beatings

and killings of all kinds – 1000 soldiers died on the nine day hike

Bataan: British SoldiersBataan: British Soldiers

A A LiberateLiberated British d British

POWPOW

Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”

Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”

“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien

Island

“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien

Island

Farthest Extent of Japanese Conquests

Farthest Extent of Japanese Conquests

Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942

Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942

Japanese Kamikaze Planes:

The Scourge of the South Pacific

Japanese Kamikaze Planes:

The Scourge of the South Pacific

Kamikaze Kamikaze PilotsPilots

Suicide Suicide BombersBombers

Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to the

Philippines! [1944]

Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to the

Philippines! [1944]

US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,

Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]

US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,

Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]

WW II Casualtie

s

WW II Casualtie

s

Country Country Men in war Men in war Battle deaths Battle deaths WoundedWounded

Australia Australia 1,000,000 1,000,000 26,976 26,976 180,864180,864

Austria Austria 800,000 800,000 280,000 280,000 350,117350,117

Belgium Belgium 625,000 625,000 8,460 8,460 55,51355,51311

BrazilBrazil22 40,334 40,334 943 943 4,2224,222

Bulgaria Bulgaria 339,760 339,760 6,671 6,671 21,87821,878

Canada Canada 1,086,3431,086,34377 42,04242,04277 53,14553,145

ChinaChina33 17,250,5217,250,521 1

1,324,516 1,324,516 1,762,0061,762,006

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia — — 6,6836,68344 8,0178,017

Denmark Denmark — — 4,339 4,339 ——

Finland Finland 500,000 500,000 79,047 79,047 50,00050,000

France France — — 201,568 201,568 400,000400,000

Germany Germany 20,000,0020,000,000 0

3,250,0003,250,00044 7,250,0007,250,000

Greece Greece — — 17,024 17,024 47,29047,290

Hungary Hungary — — 147,435 147,435 89,31389,313

India India 2,393,891 2,393,891 32,121 32,121 64,35464,354

Italy Italy 3,100,000 3,100,000 149,496149,49644 66,71666,716

Japan Japan 9,700,000 9,700,000 1,270,000 1,270,000 140,000140,000

Netherlands Netherlands 280,000 280,000 6,500 6,500 2,8602,860

New Zealand New Zealand 194,000 194,000 11,62511,62544 17,00017,000

Norway Norway 75,000 75,000 2,000 2,000 ——

Poland Poland — — 664,000 664,000 530,000530,000

Romania Romania 650,000650,00055 350,000350,00066 ——

South Africa South Africa 410,056 410,056 2,473 2,473 ——

U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. — — 6,115,0006,115,00044 14,012,0014,012,0000

United Kingdom United Kingdom 5,896,000 5,896,000 357,116357,11644 369,267369,267

United States United States 16,112,5616,112,566 6

291,557 291,557 670,846670,846

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 3,741,000 3,741,000 305,000 305,000 425,000425,000

1. Civilians only.2. Army and navy figures.3. Figures cover period

July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps.

4. Deaths from all causes.5. Against Soviet Russia;

385,847 against Nazi Germany.

6. Against Soviet Russia; 169,822against Nazi Germany.

7. National Defense Ctr., CanadianForces Hq., Director of History.

Massive Human Dislocations

Massive Human Dislocations

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two

Superpowers of the later 20c

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two

Superpowers of the later 20c

The Creation of the U. N.

The Creation of the U. N.

The Nuremberg War Trials:

Crimes Against Humanity

The Nuremberg War Trials:

Crimes Against Humanity

Japanese War Crimes Trials

Japanese War Crimes Trials

General General Hideki TojoHideki Tojo

Bio-Bio-Chemical Chemical

ExperimentExperimentss

7 Future American Presidents Served in World War II

7 Future American Presidents Served in World War II

Early Computer Technology

Came Out of WW II

Early Computer Technology

Came Out of WW II

Mark I, 1944Mark I, 1944

Admiral Grace Admiral Grace Hooper, 1944-1992Hooper, 1944-1992COBOL languageCOBOL language

Colossus, Colossus, 19411941