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1799-1815

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y Enlightened Despotism

y He believed a governments authority was greater when it held to represent the entire nation.

y 1799-he wrote a constitution and submitted it to aPLEBISCITE or general referendum.y It passed with 3,011,007 to 1,562 votes.

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y

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y A t the close if 1799,military threatsdissolvedRussia

 withdrew from war, they defeated the  A ustria inthe  A lps, and madepeace with Great Britainin 1802.

y Internal Ordery Secret political police

and centralizedadministrativemachine (regionalprefects overseen by Minister of Interior)

 A ppointments:y Exiles: offered general amnesty and

 work for himy Second Consul: Cambaceres- leader in

the Terror

y Third Consul: Lebrun- colleague of Maupeous

y Minister of Police: Fouche-Herbertist-

intrical in the fall of Robespierrey Minister of Foreign

 Affairs:Tallyrand-former bishopand aristocrat-supporter of limited monarchy 

y W hy might Napoleon makethese decisions and appointthese particular men?

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y The Consulate combined what they believed to be thebest of the Old Regime and the Revolution

y Focused on reforming:y role of the Church and religion in society 

y social norms, practices, education

y the economy 

y the legal code and judicial system

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y Napoleon saw religion as a convenience- so he worked to appease the Catholics and the Protestants

y Establish CONCORD A T

y Pope gains control of clergy y Open catholic worship and seminaries opened

y Pope recognized Napoleon and the Republic

y A llowed freedom of religion

y

Promoted Catholicism as great majority and truereligion of France

y Eliminated any political control of Pope

y A ll clergy, Catholic and Protestant on state payroll

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y W elcomed émigrés (nobles) back on good behavior

y No more guilds, class privileges, local liberties

y  Judges, officials and army officers specified salaries

y Promoted officials by merit not nobility y Careers open to talent

y Increased emphasis on education on all social levelsy Set up Lycees (public schools)

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y Established the Napoleonic Code of Lawsy Set of 101 new laws establishing strong sense of law and ordery Many laws still in use today 

y France was legally and judicially uniformy

Equality under the lawy Legal framework for a private economy y Banned organized labor unions and supported employer

over employeey Recognized civil marriages and divorce- male received

power of children and property y Censured newspapersy Restored slavery in French Colonies

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y the character of France, as it has been ever since,SOCI A LLY BOURGEOIS, LEG A LLY EG A LIT A RI A N, A DMINSTR  A TIVELY BURE A CR  A TIC.

y W hat do each of these characteristics mean?

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y In 1802, another plebiscite elected Napoleon FirstConsul for life!!

y In 1804, a third plebiscite declared that thegovernment of the republic is entrusted to anemperor and named Napoleon the Emperor of theFrench.

 W hy, in 1804, was France now an even greater threat tothe patricians of Europe?

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y Many nations were willing to ally with as well as fightNapoleoneventually they will all want him gone!

y GB-building a commercial empirey Russia-interested in Poland and Turkey 

y Prussia-consolidating its territories and striving forleadership in northern Germany 

y A ustria-preoccupied w/Prussia and Russia-butinterested in Balkans and  A driatic

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First Coalition -1792-1802y Main accomplishment

 was partition of Polandy GB- removed army from

continenty Prussia- protector of N.

Germany y Spain allied w/ France due

to hatred over GBy

 Austria signed Peace of Campo Formio gained Venetia and giving Belgiumto France

Second Coaltion-1799-1802y Fared no better than f irsty GB defeat France in Egypty R ussians felt threatened

by GB presence in Med and w/drew from  W . Europey  Austria accepts peacey GB signs Peace of 

 Amiens in 1802-due to

domestic problems

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y Established in 1805- GB,  A ustria and Russia

y 1803- GB and France @ war again

y 1805- A ustria signs alliance with GB

y 1805- Russia joins alliance with GBy Czar A lex I sees himself as arbiter of C. Europe

y GB would pay for Russian soldiers

y GB initiates coalition to create 2-fold defensey A ustro/Russian A rmies in East and Horatio

Nelson/Navy in the  W est

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y  July 1807

y Signed b/w Napoleon and  A lexander I on NiemenRiver in Poland

y Became allies against GBy Nap- Emperor of the  W est

y A lex- Emperor of the East

y Prussia- Napoleon occupies Berlin with forces, took

away all territories west of the Elbey Dissolves the HRE and establishes the Confederation of 

the Rhine and Napoleon as protector

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y Continental Systemy If cant invade GB than weaken their economy 

y BERLIN DECREE: 1806y Forbidding the importation of British goods into any port

allied or dependent of Napoleon

y Russia and Prussia agree to adhere

y Russia, Prussia and  A ustria declare war on GB

y Denmark adheres after British force them away 

y

Needs Spanish coastline so manipulates Spain to give throneto his brother Joe.creates a problemhis Spanish Ulcer

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y The Peninsular  W ar (Iberian Peninsula)y 1808-1814

y Spanish guerrillas fight for nationalism against

Napoleons presencey Supported by GB, led by Duke of  W ellington

y Drags on and Napoleon will lose 300,000

y Napoleons army begins to surrender in some smaller

locations in Spain and Portugalfirst sign of a crack inhis façadeGermans will begin massive anti-Frenchmovement as well.

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y A ustria plans to fight for liberation but fails due to lackof support from Prussia or Russiay Prussia focused on its own nationalist movements

y

Russia convinced by Tallyrands betrayal to wait outNapoleon and choose to sit it out.

y A ustria loses land to Duchy of  W arsaw and some

Balkan territories Nap creates the Illyrian Provincesunder his control

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y Calm before the storm

y Finds a friend in  A ustriaKlemens von Metternichy Sees French as ally against Russia (potential threat)

y Divorces first wife Josephineinfidelity and no male heir

y Marries Marie Louise- daughter of  A ustrian Emperor andniece of Marie  A ntoinettey Has son and names him King of Romey Considered the nephew of Louis XVI (by marriage) and called A ustrian Emperor Father

The Son of the Revolution begins to entrench himself innobility

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y In your groups, write a brief summary of each of the following eventsusing 100 words or less BUT including the terms listed for each event!!

Continental SystemEconomic warfare, blockade,  W ar of 1812, Britisheconomy, European small industry, British unity 

Peninsular  W ar

Spain, guerrillas, Duke of  W ellington, GB, nationalism, Joseph, clericalism

Nationalism in Germany 

conscious of state, volksgeist, romanticism, Fichte,

Herder, PrussiaPrussian Reforms

patriotism, military, abolished serfdom, nationalism,Stein