APT-18 2018 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook
Transcript of APT-18 2018 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook
APT-18
2018SouthCarolinaPestManagementHandbook
TableofMeasurementsandConversions
StandardMeasure MetricConversionLength:1ft=12in1yd=3ft1mi=5,280ft1mph=88ft/1min
Length:1in=25.4mm=2.54cm1ft=304.8mm=30.48cm1yd=914.4mm=91.44cm=0.914m1mi=1,609m=1.61km1mm=0.03937in1cm=0.394in=0.0328ft1m=39.37in=3,281ft1km=3,281ft=0.621mi
Area:1sqin=0.007sqft1sqft=144sqin1sqyd=1,296sqin=9sqft1ac=43,560sqft=4,840sqyd
Area:1sqin=6.45sqcm1sqft=929sqcm1sqyd=8,361sqcm=0.8361sqm1ac=4,050sqm=0.405h1sqm=1,550sqin=10.76sqft1h=107,600sqft=2.47ac
Volume:1tsp=0.17floz1tbs=3tsp1floz=2tbs=6tsp1cup=8floz=16tbs1pt=2cups=16floz1qt=2pt=32floz1gal=4qt=8pt=128floz=231cuinNote:Toconvertliquidouncestogallons,multiplyby0.0078125(.008)
Volume:1floz=29.5ml=0.0295L1pt=437ml=0.437L1qt=945ml=0.945L1gal=3,785ml=3.785L1ml=0.033floz1L=33.8floz=2.112pt=1.057qt=0.264gal
Weight:1oz=0.0625lb1lb=16oz1ton=2,000lb1galofwater=8.34lb
Weight:1oz=28.35g1lb=454g=0.4536kg1ton=907kg1galofwater=3.786kg1g=0.035oz1kg=35.27oz=2.205Lb
Concentration:1partpermillion(ppm)=0.00001percent=0.013ozin100galofwater1percent=10,000ppm0.1 percent=1,000ppm0.01 percent=100ppm0.001percent=10ppm
Concentration:1partpermillion(ppm)=1milligram/liter=1milligram/kilogram1percent=10grams/liter0.1percent=1,000milligrams/liter0.01percent=100milligrams/liter0.001percent=10milligrams/liter
Temperature:ToconvertdegreesCelsius(°C)todegreesFahrenheit(°F):multiplyby1.8andadd32.Example:30degrees°C=86degrees°F.(30x1.8+32)ToconvertdegreesFahrenheit(°F)todegreesCelsius(°C):subtract32multiplyby0.56.Example:50degrees°F=10degrees°C(50‐32x0.56).Abbreviations:ac=Acre;cm=Centimeter;floz=Fluidounce;ft=FootorFeet;g=Gram;gal=Gallon;h=Hectare(1h=10,000squaremeters);in=Inch;kg=Kilogram;km=Kilometer;L=Liter;lb=Pound;mi=Mile;oz=Ounce;pt=Pint;m=Meter;mg=Milligram;min=Minute;ml=Milliliter;mm=Millimeter;qt=Quart;sq=Square;tbs=Tablespoon;tsp=Teaspoon;yd=Yard.
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2018
2018SouthCarolinaPestManagementHandbook
ThePestManagementHandbook isasetofrecommendationsdevelopedbyClemsonUniversityExtension pestmanagement specialists and university researchers for South Carolina growers.These recommendations were derived from various sources of information available to thesecontributors at times prior to publishing this handbook and represent their current views onmanaging field crop pests based on pesticide labels, their own research or experience, and/orthroughothersources.Thechemicalrecommendationsprovidedherearebasedonpesticideactiveingredients.Pesticideproductsmentionedhereareforapplicatorconvenienceandareexamplesonly.TheinformationinthispublicationwascurrentasofJanuary16,2018andappliesonlytoSouthCarolina.Itmaynotbeappriopriateforotherstatesorlocations.The 2018 Pest Management Handbook is also available as an electronic copy on the ClemsonUniversityExtensionwebpage:http://www.clemson.edu/extension/rowcrops/
DISCLAIMERThementionisofthepesticideproductisnotanendorsementnordiscriminationagainstanyotherproductbyClemsonUniversityExtensionService.Pesticideproductsnotmentionedheremayalsobeefficaciousandtheirabsencefromtheserecommendationsdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheyare not also effective pestmanagement tools. These recommendations are notmeant to be anexhaustiverecommendation,andassociatedcomments,givenhereareinallcasesaresupersededbythepesticideproductlabels.Itisyourresponsibilityasapesticideusertoreadandfollowtheinstructionsontheproductlabelin deciding your pesticide purchases and in their use, including mix/loading of the product,application, clean‐up, and thedisposal of unwantedproduct, rinsates, and clean emptyproductcontainers.Remember:TheLabelistheLaw.Forfurtherassistance,pleasecontactyourlocalExtensionoffice.
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2018
2018TECHINCALCONTRIBUTORSMikeMarshall
ExtensionWeedSpecialist,2018PMHEditorEdistoResearchandEducationCenter
64ResearchRoadBlackville,SC29817(803)284‐[email protected]
JeremyGreene
ExtensionEntomologistEdistoResearchandEducationCenter
64ResearchRoadBlackville,SC29817(803)284‐[email protected]
DavidGunter
ExtensionFeedGrainSpecialistEdistoResearchandEducationCenter
64ResearchRoadBlackville,SC29817(803)284‐[email protected]
FrancisReay‐Jones
ExtensionEntomologistPeeDeeResearchandEducationCenter
2200PocketRoadFlorence,SC29506(843)662‐[email protected]
JohnMueller
ExtensionPlantPathologistEdistoResearchandEducationCenter
64ResearchRoadBlackville,SC29817(803)284‐[email protected]
DanAnco
ExtensionPeanutSpecialistEdistoResearchandEducationCenter
64ResearchRoadBlackville,SC29817(803)284‐[email protected]
KatieMoorePesticideSafetyEducationCoordinatorDepartmentofPesticideRegulation
511WestinghouseRoadPendleton,SC29670(803)417‐5198
PaulPetersonResearchPlantPathologist
PeeDeeResearchandEducationCenter2200PocketRoadFlorence,SC29506(843)307‐2966
JenniferTsurudaExtensionApiculturistClemsonUniversity109FBarreHall
Clemson,SC29634(864)656‐2218
CoryHeatonStateWildlifeSpecialist
SandhillResearchandEducationCenter900ClemsonRoadColumbia,SC29229(803)699‐3190
JayCrouchAreaAgronomyAgent
NewberryCountyExtensionOffice1860WilsonRoadNewberry,SC29108(803)276‐[email protected]
BrianBeer
AreaLivestockAgentLancasterCountyExtensionOffice
107SouthFrenchStreetLancaster,SC29721(803)283‐[email protected]
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2018
TABLEOFCONTENTSIntroduction
SprayerCalibration....................................................................................................................................................................1SprayDriftManagement.........................................................................................................................................................4SprayerEquipmentCleaning.................................................................................................................................................4PesticideSprayAdditivies......................................................................................................................................................6PesticideStorageandDisposal.............................................................................................................................................6PesticideResistanceManagement......................................................................................................................................7PesticideApplicationRecordkeeping................................................................................................................................9ApplicationRecordkeepingRequirementsforDicambaTolerant(DT)Crops..............................................12DicambaApplicationRecordkeepingandTrainingRequirementForm..........................................................13HoneybeeStewardship..........................................................................................................................................................14ModeofActionforHerbicides............................................................................................................................................16CropReplantandRotationGuideFollowingHerbicideApplication..................................................................18
CornWeedControlinCorn.............................................................................................................................................................23CornInsectControl..................................................................................................................................................................56
CottonWeedControlinCotton..........................................................................................................................................................78CottonInsectManagement................................................................................................................................................109CottonDiseaseControl........................................................................................................................................................123CottonNematodeControl..................................................................................................................................................127
ForagesGrassForageWeedControl...............................................................................................................................................130PastureandHayInsectManagement............................................................................................................................148
GrainSorghumWeedControlinGrainSorghum.....................................................................................................................................154GrainSorghumInsectControl..........................................................................................................................................164
PeanutWeedControlinPeanut......................................................................................................................................................172PeanutInsectControl..........................................................................................................................................................189PeanutDiseaseManagement............................................................................................................................................195PeanutNematodeControl..................................................................................................................................................206
SmallGrainsWeedControlinSmallGrains..........................................................................................................................................207SmallGrainInsectControl.................................................................................................................................................216SmallGrainDiseaseControl..............................................................................................................................................221
SoybeanWeedControlinSoybean...................................................................................................................................................224SoybeanInsectControl.......................................................................................................................................................259SoybeanDiseaseControl....................................................................................................................................................270SoybeanNematodeControl...............................................................................................................................................276
SunflowerWeedControlinSunflower...............................................................................................................................................277
TobaccoWeedControlinTobacco...................................................................................................................................................283TobaccoInsectControl........................................................................................................................................................287TobaccoDiseaseManagement.........................................................................................................................................297TobaccoNematodeManagement...................................................................................................................................306
AquaticWeedControl...............................................................................................................................................................307
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INTRODUCTION
SPRAYERCALIBRATIONMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
Accurateapplicationofpesticides is essentialto adequately control target pests, avoidexcessive crop injury, andminimize chemicalcosts andharm to the environment. This hasbecome evenmore critical in recent years assomepesticideuse ratesgo frompoundsperacre to fractions of one ounce per acre.Unfortunately, sprayer calibration is oftenneglectedoravoided.Therearemanywaystocalibrate a sprayer, somemore difficult thanothers. If you have a reliable method withwhich you are comfortable, stickwith it. Thefollowing is a guide to a straightforwardmethod.Sprayercalibrationshouldbedonewithcleanwater,notwith the chemicalmix in the spraysystem. Before you calibrate your sprayer,thoroughlycleanit.Also,besuretocheckfornozzleoutputuniformity,asdefectsorunevenwear will cause some nozzles to put outsignificantlymorethanothersofthesametype.To do this, catch andmeasure the output ofeach nozzle for a specific length of time (30seconds, 1 minute, etc.) and determine theaverage output per nozzle (total combinedoutputofallnozzlesdividedbythenumberofnozzles).Discardand replaceanynozzle thatvariesmorethan5percentfromtheaverage.1/128acremethod:This isperhapsthemost frequentlyusedandquickest method of calibration. It involvesmeasuring a specific driving distance ratherthananarea.Followthesestepstocalibratebythe1/128acremethod.
1. Measure a specific distance in a fieldaccording to table 1. Select a driving
distancewhichmatchesthenozzlespacingon your boom (for broadcast sprays) orrow spacing you use (for bandapplications). The distance should bemeasuredinafieldtypicalofthoseyouwillbespraying,ratherthanasmoothsurface.
2. Selectagearandenginespeedcombinationwhichwillallowyoutocomfortablydriveacross your fields and develop adequatespraypressurefortheselectednozzlesonyour rig. Drive the measured distance atyour preselected gear and engine speedcombinationandrecordthetimerequiredtodrivethedistanceinseconds.Toimproveprecision, you may want to time two ormoreseparaterunsandtaketheaverageoftworuns.
Table1.DistancecalibrationtableforsprayersNozzleorRowspacing(inches)
Distancetotimefor
calibration(feet)
NozzleorRowspacing(inches)
Distancetotimefor
calibration(feet)
40 102 26 15738 107 24 17036 113 22 18534 120 20 20432 127 18 22730 136 16 25528 146 14 291
3. Park the sprayer and, using ameasuringcuporbucket,catchthesprayoutputfromasinglenozzleforthelengthoftimeittookyoutodrivethemeasureddistanceinstepone.Besurethatthesprayerisrunningatthesameenginespeedandspraypressure.Note:Forbandingrigswhereyouusedrowspacingtodeterminethedistanceinstep1and where more than one nozzle is
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directedtotherow,catchtheoutputforallnozzlesdirectedtoasinglerow.
4. The total amount of water, measured inounces,collectedpernozzleorrowinstep3equalsgallonsperacre(GPA).
Determininghowmuchherbicideproducttoaddtothespraytank:Nowthatyouhavesuccessfullycalibratedyoursprayer, the next step is to determine howmuch chemical you need to add to the tank.
1. Dividethetankcapacitybygallonsperacretoget thenumberofacresa full tankcanspray:
[Tankcapacity(gallons)÷GPA]=Number
ofacrescoveredbyonefulltank
2. Multiply the recommended pesticide ratefromthelabel(pt/A,oz/A,lb/A,etc.)bythenumber of acres covered by a full tank(fromstep1.)
3. Note:Allpesticide rates in thishandbook
are given as broadcast rates. For bandapplications,youmustadjusttherateusingthe following formula:
[BandWidth×BroadcastRate]÷RowWidth=BandRateExamplesofcalibration&howmuchtoputinthetank.BroadcastApplication:Youplantospraygenericglyphosateherbicide,plusanonionicsurfactantforburn‐downpriortoplantingcotton.Yoursprayerhasauniformnozzle spacing of 18 inches. You havethoroughlycleanedyoursprayerandreplaced
all non‐uniform nozzles (and yes there weresome!)
1. FromTable1,notethatthedistancetodriveis227feet.Measurethisdistanceinthefieldtobesprayed.
2. Setyourthrottleanddrivethe227feetfor several runs. Let’s say that it tookyouanaverageof39secondstodrivethisdistance.
3. Now, at the sameengine speedand atyourdesired spraypressure, andwithyour sprayer standing still, catch theoutput in ounces for 39 seconds fromanyonenozzle,theaveragetimeittookyourrigtotravelthe227feet.Youcatch20 ounces during the 39 second timeperiod.Therefore,yoursprayeroutputis20GPA.
4. After reading the generic glyphosatelabel and the weed controlrecommendations for cotton, youdecide to spray glyphosate at 1 qt/A,plusanonionicsurfactantat1qt/100gallonsofspraymix.Let’sassumeyouhave a 500‐gallon spray tank.How many acres will one tank loadcover?
[500galtank÷20GPA]=25acrescovered
byonetankloadSo,1qt/A×25acres=25quarts(~6.25gallons)ofglyphosatepertankload
Whataboutthesurfactant:
500gal×(1qt/100gal)=5qts.surfactantperspraytankload.
BandApplication:You plan to apply Staple herbicide plusnonionic surfactant ina19 inchband on38inch rows. Your banding rig is set up withthreenozzlesdirectedtothebandoneachrow.
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Yoursprayerhasbeenthoroughlycleaned,andthe nozzles are uniform in output, afterreplacingthoseoutofrange.
1. Usingthechartagain,thedistancetotravelfora38inchrowis107feet.Youmeasureyour course drive it several times. Let’sassumeittookanaverageof18seconds.
2. Park the sprayer and at the same enginespeed and your desired pressure, collecttheoutputofeachofthethreenozzlesfor18seconds.Ifthecombinedtotaloutputofthe three nozzle band cluster is, forexample,25ounces,thesprayerisapplying25gallonsperacre.
3. Now, let’s say your sprayer has a 200gallontank.ThebroadcastrateforStapleis2.2floz/A,andnonionicsurfactant istobeaddedat1qt/100gal.ofspraymix.
[200galtank÷25GPA]=8acrescoveredpertank
4. Now,reducetheratefora19inchband:[19inchband÷38inchbroadcast]×2.2oz/AStapleproduct=1.1oz/AStaple
Therefore:8acres×1.1floz/A=8.8floz
Stapleneededpertank
Surfactantneededpertankis,200gallontank×(1qtsurfactant/100gallonspray).=2
qts.nonionicsurfactantpertankNote: the surfactant rate in this example iscalculatedbasedonamountpervolumeofspraymix, rather than amount per acre, it iscalculated the same as for broadcastapplications.Post‐DirectedandHoodApplications:Youplantouseahoodedsprayertomakepost‐directed and hooded applications in your38inch row cotton. Given, the gallon per acre
(GPA)underthehoodneedstomatchascloseas possible to the GPA of your post‐directedband. The hooded rig is set up to use twonozzlespost‐directingona13inchbandandhasthreenozzlesunderthehoodsprayinga25inchband.Scenario1:Onepumpapplyingonetankmix.
1. Thedistancetotravelfora38inchrowis107 feet (Table 1). You measure yourcourseanddriveit.Let’sassumeittookanaverageof18seconds.
2. Park the sprayer and at the same enginespeed and at the desired pressure, andcollect the output of the three nozzlesunder the hood for 18 seconds. Combinethe output of the three nozzles andmeasure.The combined total, forexample20 ounces, equals the application rate inGPA.Inthiscaseyourhoodsareapplyingat20GPA.
3. Next, with your sprayer running at thesameenginespeedandpressure,collecttheoutputofthetwopost‐directingnozzles.Combine the output from these twonozzlesandmeasure.Thecombinedtotal,for example 13 ounces, equals theapplicationrateinGPA.Inthiscasethepostdirectingnozzlesareapplyingat13GPA.
4. Remember, youwant the application ratetobethesameforboththepost‐directedandhooded application. To accomplish this,decide which application rate fits yourneeds.Inthisexample,wewillassumethat13GPApost‐directedisideal.Togetyourhoodedapplicationtobe13GPA,insteadof20 GPA, reduce the size of the spray tipsunderthehoodandre‐runthecalibrationprocedure.Continuethisprocessuntilyourhoodedapplicationrateandpost‐directedapplicationratearesimilar.
Scenario 2. Two (2) pumps applyingseparatetankmixes.
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1. FromTable1, thedistanceto travel fora38 inch row is 107 feet. Your course ismeasuredandyoudriveit.Let’sassumeittook 18 seconds.
2. Park the sprayer and at the same enginespeed and desired pressure, collect theoutputofthethreenozzlesunderthehoodfor18seconds.Combinetheoutputofthethreenozzlesandmeasure.Thecombinedtotal, for example 18 ounces, equals theapplication rate in GPA. In this case thehoods are applying at 18 GPA.
3. Next,withthesprayerrunningatthesameenginespeedanddesiredpressure,collectthe output of the two post‐directingnozzles. Combine the output from thesetwo nozzles and measure. The combinedtotal, for example 15 ounces, equals theapplicationrateinGPA.Inthiscasethepostdirectingnozzlesareapplyingat15GPA.
4. Remember,youwanttheapplicationratetobe the same forboth thepost‐directedandhooded application. To accomplish this,decide which application rate fits yourneeds.Inthisexample,wewillassumethat15GPApost‐directedisideal.Togetyourhoodedapplicationtobe15GPAinsteadof18GPA,youhavetwo(2)options.a) First reduce the pressure for the pumpapplyingunderthehood.Caution:Besurethatafterreducingthepressurethespraytip still produces an acceptable spraypattern. Repeat the calibrationprocedure.Continue this process until your hoodedapplication rate and post‐directedapplicationratearesimilar.b) The second option is to change to asmaller spray tip size under the hood toreduce the application rate to 15 GPA.Repeatthecalibrationprocedure.Continuethisprocessuntilyourhoodedapplication
rateandpost‐directedapplicationratearesimilar.
SPRAYDRIFTMANAGEMENTMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
A variety of factors including weatherconditions (e.g., wind direction, wind speed,temperature, and relative humidity) andmethodofapplication(e.g.,ground,aerial,andairblast) can influence pesticide drift. Theapplicatormustevaluateallfactorsandmakeappropriate adjustments when applyingpesticides.
READ the PESICIDE LABEL for guidelinesonpreventingdrift!
Select a nozzle that maximizes productperformance(i.e.,smalldropletsforcontactherbicides, such as paraquat) andminimizesspraydriftpotential (i.e.,ultra‐coarse droplets for auxin type herbicides,suchasdicamba).
Use recommended spray pressureaccording to the nozzle manufacturerguidelines.
Don’t apply pesticides under windy orgustyconditions(donotspraywhenwindspeedsaregreaterthan15mph).
Usetheminimumboomheightaccordingtonozzle manufacturers recommendations.Spray drift increases as boom heightincreases.
Useahand‐heldanemometertodeterminewindspeedanddirectionattheapplicationsite.
Don’t spraywhen thewind is less than 3mph to avoid spraying in temperatureinversionswhereverticalmixingoftheairislimited.
Maintain required buffer zones accordingthelabelinstructions.
Utilize drift control/reduction agents inyourtankmix.
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If possible, don’t spray when thetemperatureisabove90–95OF.
Before spraying, document yoursurroundings, especially the location,direction,anddistanceofsusceptiblecropsand sensitive sites relative to the treatedsite.
Asanapplicator,YOUareresponsibleforwherethechemicalsfromyoursprayriggo!
SPRAYEREQUIPMENTCLEANINGMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
Residuesofpesticidesolutions left insprayertankorlinescancauseseveredamagelaterifapplied to susceptible crops. For example,traces of growth regulator type herbicidesused for burndown and/or pasture weedcontrol, including 2,4‐D amine/ester, cancreateseriousproblemsifaccidentlyappliedtosusceptiblebroadleafcropsincludingtobacco,cotton,tomatoesfruitingvegetables,andothersusceptible plants. Most of these herbicides,particularlytheoilbasedformulationsof2,4‐DandCrossbow,aredifficulttothoroughlywashout of a sprayer. Therefore, we recommendusing a dedicated sprayer for application ofgrowthregulatortypeherbicides.The sulfonylureas and imidazolinonesherbicides, including Accent, Classic, Exceed,Staple,andScepter,havealsocreatedsprayercleaning challenges. These herbicides have ahighunit activity (a small amountofproductthatisleftinthesprayerisveryactiveonaperacre basis). Tiny amounts of these drymaterials can cause severe damage to non‐target,susceptiblecrops.Somepesticideshavespecificclean‐outinstructionsoutlinedonthelabel and should be followed explicitly topreventsubsequentcontaminationandinjuryof the next sensitive crop sprayed by theapplicator.
Yourtankisonlyonepartofthesprayer.Youcandoanexcellentjobofcleaningthetank,butif chemical residues are left in the hoses,strainers,andpump,seriouscropdamagecanstilloccur.Pesticidescanbeabsorbedintothelines,inadditiontopolyethyleneorfiberglasstanks,wheretheycanremainforalongtime.Some dry flowable and wettable powderformulations can precipitate out of solutionand accumulate on the bottom of the spraytankandsuctionline,particularlyinsprayerswithpooragitation.The longeraspraymix isleft in the system, the greater is the potentialcontamination problem the next time you usethesprayerunit.Sprayersshouldbecleanedas soon as possible and pesticide spraymixtures (especially dry pesticideformulations suspended inwater) shouldneverbeallowedtodryinthesprayer.Personal protective equipment that isrecommeded on the pesticide label for thatproduct should be worn during clean‐up.Donotcleansprayersnearwells,sinkholes,creeksor other surface water, or near desirablevegetation.Many herbicide labels have specific sprayercleanupproceduresonthelabel.Forexample,Valor product label recommends a specifictank mix cleaner product (i.e., Valent tankcleaner) after each use of a flumioxazincontaining product. Other pesticidesrecommend adding household ammonia at 1gallon of ammonia for each 100 gallons ofwater. Ammonia is also useful for removing2,4‐Desterresiduesleftinthesprayerbecauseammoniachangesthelesssolubleesterintoamorehighlywater‐soluble ammonium salt of2,4‐D. Many commercial tank cleaners areavailable and most do an excellent job, ifproperlyused,ofcleaningasprayertankandcomponents.Theyarejustlikeammoniainthatplenty of water and proper procedure arerequired.
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Sprayercleaningprocedureforpesticides1. Afterspraying,drainthesprayer,boomand
lines in an area appropriate for rinsatedisposal.Donotallowthespraysolutiontoremaininsprayboomlinesovernightpriortoflushingthesystem.
2. Flush the tank, hoses, boom, and nozzleswith clean water. Open boom ends andflushifappropriate.
3. Inspectandcleanallstrainers,screens,andfilters.
4. Prepare a commercial detergent, sprayercleaner, or ammonia according to themanufacturer’sdirections.
5. Take care to wash all parts of the tankincluding the inside top surface. Startagitation in the sprayer and thoroughlyrecirculatethecleaningsolutionforatleast15 minutes. All visible deposits must beremovedfromthesprayingsystem.
6. Flushhoses,spraylines,andnozzlesforatleast1minutewiththecleaningsolution.
7. Repeatthepreviousstepsfor2additionaltimes to accomplish an effective triplerinse.
8. Removenozzles,screens,andstrainersandclean separately in the cleaning solutionafter completing the above procedures.Drainthesump,filter,andlines.
9. Rinse the complete system with cleanwater.
10. Cleanandwashofftheoutsideoftheentiresprayerandboom.
11. Disposeofrinsatefromallthestepsabovein an appropriate manner that complieswithallapplicable local,state,andfederalrequirements,laws,andregulations.
SprayercleaningprocedureforXtendimax,Engenia, FeXapan, Enlist One, Enlist Duoherbicides:
1. Completely drain the spray systemincludingpumps,lines,andsprayboomforatleast5minutes.
2. Fill the spray tankwith cleanwater to atleast 10% of the total tank volume andcirculate the solution through the entiresystem so that all internal surfaces arecontacted for at least 15 minutes tocomplete the first rinse of the applicationequipment. Spray the solution from thetankoutthroughtheboom.
3. Completely drain the spray systemincludingpumps,lines,andsprayboomforatleast5minutes;removeandcleanfiltersandstrainers.
4. During the second rinse, fill the containerwithcleanwatertoatleast10%ofthetotaltankvolume.Theadditionoftankcleaningagentsmaybeusedat themanufacturer’srecommendedrates.Circulatethesolutionthroughtheentiresystemforatleast15to20 minutes. Let the solution stand forseveral hours or overnight. Spray thesolutionoutofthetankthroughtheboom.
5. Completely drain the spray systemincludingpumps,lines,andsprayboomforatleast5minutes.
6. Fill the spray tankwith cleanwater to atleast 10% of the total tank volume andcirculate the solution through the entiresystem so that all internal surfaces arecontacted for at least 15 minutes tocompletethethirdrinseoftheapplicationequipment. Spray the solution out of thetankthroughtheboom.
7. Completelydrainthespraysystem,removenozzles tips and strainers and clean themseparately.
8. Cleanandwashofftheoutsideoftheentiresprayerandboom.
9. Disposeofrinsatefromallthestepsabovein an appropriate manner that complieswithallapplicable local,state,andfederalrequirements,laws,andregulations.
Important: Remember to clean all otherassociated application equipment. Personalprotectiveequipment,asprescribedonthelabel,shouldbewornduringtheclean‐upprocessand
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do not clean sprayers near wells, sink holes,creeksorothersurfacewater,orneardesirablevegetation.
PESTICIDESPRAYADDITIVESMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
SprayAdditivesAsprayadditiveisanysubstanceaddedtoanherbicide tank mix to enhance performance.Adjuvants are classified based on their useratherthanchemistry.Adjuvantstypesincludesurfactants, emulsifiers, wetting agents,stickers, de‐foamers, compatibility agents,cropoils,anddriftcontrolagents.TypesofSprayAdditives:Surfactants (surface‐active‐agent): Are usedtoimproveemulsifying,dispersing,spreading,wetting,orothersurfacemodifyingpropertiesof a liquid. Three types of surfactants areemulsifiers,wettingagents,stickers.Chooseanon‐ionic surfactantbasedon composition.Asurfactant with 80% or greater activeingredientisadesirablechoice.Emulsifiers: Substances that promotesuspensionofone liquid inanother.Theyaremostcommonlyusedtodisperseoilinwater.These are usually contained in the herbicidepackageformulation.Wetting agents: Reduce interfacial tensionsbetween surfaces that would normally repeleach other. These allow a spray solution tospread and adhere better towaxy cuticles ofplants.Nonionicsurfactants(NIS)arethetypeusuallyadded toa spray tank.Theyaregooddispersing agents, stable in cold water, andhavelowtoxicitytoplantsandanimals.Stickers:Adjuvantsthatpromoteadherenceofherbicides to the plant foliage. They reducerunoff potential during application andwash
offbyrainfall.Theseareusuallyblendedwithwettingagentstoprovidebettercoverageandarecalledspreader‐stickers.AntifoamingAgents:Thesematerialsreducefoaming tendency of some pesticides in asprayersystemsothatpumpsandnozzlescanoperateeffectively.Compatibility Agents: Aid in holdingherbicides in solution when mixed withpesticidesorfertilizers.Crop Oils: These are non‐phytotoxic lightpetroleum or vegetable oils that containsurfactants. Crops oils are used much like asurfactant; but they tend to temporarly burncrop foliage. Choose crop oil which contains80%orgreateroil,andtherestassurfactantsoremulsifiers.DriftControlAgents:Materialsusedtoreducethe number of fine particles in the spraypatternwhichcouldmovefromtheapplicationsiteandresultindriftdamage.
PESTICIDESTORAGEANDDISPOSAL
MikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialistStore pesticides in a cool and dry place,preferably in a locked, detached structure, intheir original container with intact andreadablelabels.Also,pesticidesshouldnotbestored with seed, gasoline, fuels, and otherflammablesolvents.Thepropercontainerrinseprocedurerequiresthatyouplanaccordingly:
Readandfollowlabeldirections! Wear the required protective clothing andequipment.
Rinse containers immediately afteremptying because pesticides will dry orsolidify quickly and become difficult toremove.
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Consider the volume of the rinsate whenfillingthesprayertank.Leaveenoughroomin the sprayer tank to accommodate therinsatebeforefillingthetank.
Have back‐flow protectionwhen filling thesprayertankandrinsingthecontainer.
Therearetwoacceptablewaystorinseemptypesticidecontainers:1)Triple‐rinsingor2) Pressure‐rinsing (jet‐rinsing)usinganEPA approved device specificallymanufacturedtowashcontainerinteriors.
Triple‐rinsecontainerinstructions: Allow empty pesticide container to drain
into the sprayer tank for at least 30seconds.
Fill container one‐quarter full of cleanwater or appropriate spray rinse diluent.Replace cap securely and roll, swirl andshake the contents vigorously for at leastonefullminutetorinseallsurfaces!
Remove container cap and empty rinsateintothespraytank.Allowthecontainertodrainforatleast30seconds.
Repeatthefill,shakeanddrainproceduretwo(2)moretimes,usingcleanwater.
Properly dispose of the rinsed containersas soon as possible. Dispose of capswiththecontainersunlessrecycling.
Plastic and plastic‐lined bags can betriple‐rinsed.Forpaperandfiberbagsandsimilar containers, completely empty thecontents into the tank.Openbothendsofthe container to remove any remainingpesticideandtopreventreuse.
Howtopressure‐rinsecontainers: Allow the empty pesticide container to
drain into thesprayertank forat least30seconds.
Hold the container upside down over thesprayer tank opening so that rinsate willrun into the sprayer tank. For ease andsafety, puncture through the bottom of
metal containers and through the side ofplasticcontainerswithappropriatetoolorpressure‐rinsing nozzle‐follow specificmanufacturerdirections.
Thoroughly rinse the empty container forthe time interval recommended by thepressure‐rinsenozzlemanufacturer,butnoless than30seconds,usingat least40psiwaterpressure.
Properlydisposeofyourrinsedcontainersas soon as possible. Dispose of capswithcontainers,unlessrecycling. Capsarenotrecyclable.
PESTICIDERESISTANCE
MANAGEMENTMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
Repeateduseofanypesticides–herbicides,insecticides, fungicides, nematicides,rodenticides, and others ‐ can lead to theselection of individuals or biotypes that areresistant to that pesticide. Applicators areencouraged to rotate products with differingmodes of action within a crop year. Manypesticidelabelsnowgivedetailedguidance.Resistance may be defined as “a heritablechange in the sensitivity of a pestpopulationthat is reflected in the repeated failure of aproducttoachievetheexpectedlevelofcontrolwhen used according to the labelrecommendationforthatpestspecies”.Resistancearisesthroughtheover‐useand/ormisuseofapesticideagainstapestspeciesandresultsfromtheselectionofresistantbiotypesofthepestandtheresultingevolutionofpestpopulationsthatareresistanttothatpesticideand its mode of action (MOA). Pesticides doNOTcausethemutationsforresistance.Inmostcases,notonlydoesresistancerendertheselectingcompoundmuchlesseffectivebutitoftenalso confers cross‐resistance toother
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chemically related compounds. Cross‐resistance occurs when resistance to onepesticide confers resistance to anotherpesticide, even where the pest has not beenexposedtothelatterproduct.The objective of successful PesticideResistance Management is to delay theevolutionofpestresistancetopesticides,ortohelp regain susceptibility in pest populationsinwhichresistancehasalreadyarisen.Because many pest populations are usuallypresent in large numbers and quicklyreproduce(especiallymites,manyinsectsandmostplantpathogens), there is always a riskthat pesticide resistance may evolve quickly,especiallywhenpesticidearemisusedorover‐used.Ifyouobtainlesscontrolofapestwithagivenpesticide than you are accustomed to, orbelieveisreasonabletoexpect,firstchecktobesure that you applied the pesticide properlyaccordingtothelabelinstructions.Ifyoumadeyour application properly, next consider ifthere were any extreme environmentalconditions–veryhot,verycool,heavyrain,etc.Ifnoneoftheseconditionsexisted,orarenotbelieved to influence the product’sperformance, then pesticide resistance is apossibility.Doing everything you can to delay pesticideresistance is important for the obviousreasons. Currently, there are few to no newmodes‐of‐action being developed in thepesticidemarket.Thislackofnewalternativesgives us few choices when it comes toswitching to a different pesticide whenresistancearises.Forinstance,therehavenotbeen any significantnewmodes‐of‐action forherbicidesinaboutthreedecades.Whilenewherbicide products are coming onto themarket, often in conjunction with herbicideresistant crop varieties, the herbicides
themselves are someof theoldest herbicideswehave,forinstance2,4‐D.There are several ways to delay pesticideresistance. The best is to use Integrated PestManagement(IPM)andtouseeconomicinjurythresholds to determine when to apply apesticide(s). Other methods include rotatingcrops to prevent buildup of the same pestpopulations over time, to use the lowesteffective rate or rate recommended by thepesticidelabeloraknowledgeableexpert,andmakespotorperimeterapplicationsonsmallor defined pest populations. When usingpesticides,rotatepesticidemodesofactionbyrotatingpesticidechemicalfamilies.For most growers, however, knowing whatpesticides to use to do this has beendifficultbecause of a lack of knowledge of the manydifferent modes of action. Until recentlypesticide labels did not provide muchinformationtoassistinthesedecisions.Tohelpgrowersandotherscombatpesticideresistance several national and internationalresistance action committees have beenformedbythepesticideindustryandotherstoaddress the problem of pesticide resistance.These committees are based on the differentmajorpesticidegroups.So,forherbicidesthereis an Herbicide Resistance Action Committee(HRAC), an Insecticide Resistance ActionCommittee(IRAC)forinsecticides,aFungicideResistance Action Committee (FRAC) forfungicides,andsoon.Thesecommitteeshavestudied themodesof actionof the respectivepesticide families and developed a system tohelp growers and others better selectpesticides from different pesticide chemicalfamiliestoallowuserstoeffectivelyrotatethemodes of action and thus combat pesticideresistance in their pests. This information isnowappearingonpesticidelabels.Inadditionto the system developed by the respectiveActionResistanceCommittees,manypesticide
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10
manufacturers are beginning to supplyinformation on resistance management ontheir labels in sections titled “ResistanceManagement”.Todate,genericpesticideproductstendnottohave as much information as brand namepesticideproducts.When you want to rotate modes of actionagainst your pests, first make sure thatwhatever pesticide you select is labeled foryour intended use. Next, look for a pesticidegroup number on the label, or a statementindicating the pesticide group. Using thesepesticide groupnumbers, youdonothave toknow or understand the complex modes ofactionof thesechemicals,youshouldselectaproduct(s)withadifferentgroupnumberthatis labeled for your pest management need.Examplesofgroupnumberswhentheyappearon pesticide labels are usually in the upperright‐handcornerofthelabel,looklikethis:
GROUP 4A INSECTICIDE
GROUP 3 HERBICIDE
GROUP 11 FUNGICIDE
PESTICIDEAPPLICATION
RECORDKEEPINGKatieMoore,PesticideSafetyCoordinator
CertifiedPrivateApplicatorsarerequiredtokeeprecordsoftheirapplicationsofRestrictedUse Pesticides (RUPs). This federalrequirementisadministeredbytheUSDAand
in South Carolina is enforced by theDepartmentofPesticideRegulation.Theinformation–“dataelements”–requiredtobekeptareminimal.PrivateApplicatorswilllikely want to record more information ontheirapplications,alltheirapplications,tohelpwith their present and future pestmanagement efforts. Good records help youtrouble‐shoot application problems andduplicatepestmanagementsuccesses.
The data elements required to be kept oneachRUPapplicationare: The brand/product/trade name of the
pesticide EPAproductRegistrationNumber Totalamountofpesticideproductapplied Sizeofareaorthenumberofunitstreated CroporSiteappliedto Actuallocationoftheapplication Dateofapplication:Month,Day,Year Certified applicator name and license
number
Recordsmustbemadewithin14daysofeachapplication of an RUP. Records must bemaintained for a minimum of two (2) yearsfromthedateoftheapplication.Spottreatments:Spotapplicationsaresmallapplicationswhichtotallessthan1/10thofanacre,andtheyaremadeinthesameday.Spot
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applications do not apply to nurseries orgreenhouses.ForSpottreatments,youmustrecord: Dateofapplication‐month,day,year Brandorproductname EPARegistrationNumber Totalamountofpesticideapplied Location of the pesticide application,
designated as “spot application” with abriefdescription.
Recordkeepingtips:Record all three (3) identifiers for yourRUP.They’reallonthelabel! TheProductorBrand(Trade)name The Common Chemical name of the
activeingredients TheEPARegistrationNo.KeepadditionalinformationthatwillhelpYOUbetter achieve YOUR pest and pesticide
managementobjectives.Forinstance,amountof water used, spray pump pressure, boomheight, nozzle spacing tipused, tractor speedor rpms, other equipment settings, andweather information such as temperature,rainfallthe24hoursbeforeand24hoursafterthe application, wind speed (recorded at thesite of the application at the time of theapplication), notes on any applicationproblems, and any other information thatwouldbeusefultoyou.Youarerequiredtokeeprecordsofanyworkeror handler pesticide safety training youconduct or have conducted for your agemployees.
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APPLICATIONRECORDKEEPINGREQUIREMENTSFORDICAMBATOLERANT/XTEND(DT)CROPSMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
Applicatorsmustkeepthefollowingrecordsforaperiodoftwoyears,recordsmustbegeneratedwithin14daysofapplicationofaDICAMBAproductinaDTcrop,andarecordmustbekeptforeveryindividualapplication.RecordsmustbemadeavailabletoStatePesticideControlOfficial(s),USDA,andEPAuponrequest.ThefollowinginformationmustberecordedandkeptasrequiredbytheFederalPesticideRecordKeepingProgram,7CFRPart110(Formlocatedonpgxxx):1. Fullnameofcertifiedapplicator2. Certification number of certifiedapplicator3. Productname4. EPAregistrationnumber5. Totalamountapplied6. Applicationmonth,day,andyear7. Locationoftheapplication8. Crop or site receiving theapplication9. Sizeofthetreatedarea10. Training requirement*: Proof thatthe applicator completed a dicamba specifictrainingcourse.11. Application Timing: Whether theapplicatorappliedthisproductpreemergenceor, the number of days after planting ifapplicator applied this productpostemergence.12. Receipts of purchase: Receipts forthepurchaseofthisproduct.13. ProductLabel:Acopyoftheproductlabel(s),andanystatespeciallocalneedslabelthatsupplementsthislabel.14. Sensitive Crop Awareness:Document that the applicator checked anapplicable sensitive crop registry; ordocument that the applicator surveyedneighboring fields for any sensitive areas orsensitive crops prior to application. Atminimum, records must include the date ofapplicator consulted the speciality cropregistry or surveyed neighboring fields, andthenameof the speciality crop registry thatapplicatorconsulted.
15. Spray System Cleanout: Documentthat the applicator compliedwith the SpraySystemCleanoutsectionoftheproductlabel.Ataminimum,recordsmustincludethedatethe applicator performed the cleanout, andcleanoutmethodthattheapplicatorfollowed.16. Tank Mix Products: A list of allproducts (pesticides, adjuvants, and otherproducts)thattheapplicatortankmixedwiththisproductforeachapplication.IncludeEPAregistration numbers in the case of anypesticides.17. StartandFinishTimes:Thetimetheapplicatorbeginsandthetimetheapplicatorcompletesapplicationsoftheproduct.18. NozzleSelection:Whichspraynozzletheapplicatorusedtoapplythisproduct,andthe nozzle pressure the applicator set thesprayertoperform.19. Air Temperature: The airtemperature at boom height at the time theapplicator starts and finishes applicationsofthisproduct.20. WindSpeedandDirection:Thewindspeed at boom height at the time theapplicator starts and finishes applicationsofthis product, and the wind direction at thetime the applicator starts and finishesapplicationsofthisproduct.*TrainingRequirements:Priortoapplyingadicamba product in a DT crop, ALLAPPLICATORSmustattendadicambatrainingcourseprovidedbyClemsonExtensionandyourCountyAgent.
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U.S.EPADICAMBARESTRICDEUSEPESTICIDEAPPLICATIONRECORDKEEPINGANDTRAININGREQUIREMENTFORM
Applicatorsmustkeepthefollowingrecordsforaperiodoftwoyears,recordsmustbegeneratedwithin14daysofapplicationofaDICAMBAproductinaDICAMBATOLERANTcrop,andarecordmustbekeptforeveryindividualapplication.RecordsmustbemadeavailabletoStatePesticideControlOfficial(s),USDA,andEPAuponrequest.ThefollowinginformationmustberecordedandkeptasrequiredbytheFederalPesticideRecordKeepingProgram,7CFRPart110:
FullNameofCertifiedApplicator ApplicatorName(ifdifferentfromCertifiedApplicator) StateCertification#
Pre‐Application
ProductName: EPAReg#
Ihavethepurchasereceipts(checkforyes)
Ihaveacopyoftheproductlabelandanystatespeciallocalneedslabels(checkforyes)
Dateofsensitivecropregistryconsultation: Registry: ‐OR‐Dateneighboringfieldsweresurveyedforsusceptiblecrops1: Dateofdicambatrainingcompletion2: Provider:
Application
DateofApplication: Crop: LocationoftheApplication:
Howwastheproductapplied? Preemergence Postemergence IfPostemergence,howmanydaysafterplanting?
SprayNozzleType: SprayPressure:
TankMixes
ProductName: EPAReg# ProductName: EPAReg#
(Listallpesticides,adjuvants,andotherproducts–EPAReg#onlyrequiredforpesticides)
Spraying
Conditions
Rate(flozs./A) x AcresTreated(A) = TotalAmountApplied(flozs./A)
StartTime: EndTime:
AirTemperature(atboomheight): F AirTemperature(atboomheight): F
WindSpeed(atboomheight): mph WindSpeed(atboomheight): mph
WindDirection WindDirection
Cleanout SprayerCleanoutProcedure
Date MethodofCleanout
BeforeApplication
AfterApplication
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HONEYBEESTEWARDSHIPJenniferTsuruda,ExtensionApiculturist
Honeybeesareourmostbeneficialinsect.TheestimatedvalueofhoneybeepollinationintheUSis$19billion.ManycommerciallygrowncropsinSouthCarolinaareheavilydependentonhoneybeesfor good pollination. Annual farm cash receipts of crops harvested in South Carolina that aredependent on honey bees for pollination are estimated at $25 million. This does not includehomegrown vegetables and fruits and plants forwildlife that are highly dependent on bees forpollination.Someofthefruitsandvegetablesthatarehighlydependentonbeesforpollinationareapples,cantaloupes,cucumbers,squash,strawberries,andwatermelon.Useintegratedpestmanagementrecommendationswheneverpossibletominimizeharmfuleffectstoourbeneficialinsects.Manypesticidesareextremelytoxictobees.Thosepesticidesthataretoxicorhighly toxic tobeeswillhaveabeeprotectionwarningstatementon the label.Thepesticideapplicatorshouldalwaysreviewtheproductlabeldirectionscarefullybeforeeachuseandfollowtheguidelinestoprotectourpollinators,whichincludenativebeesaswellashoneybees.Keepinmindthatevenherbicidesandfungicidescanhavenegativeeffectsoninsectpollinatorsandcanhavesynergisticeffectswhencombinedwithotherpesticides.Itisnotonlytheformulationofthechemicalpesticidethatisimportant,applicatorsmustalsobeawareoftheproperdose.Pesticidesshouldbeusedonlywhennecessary,especiallyiffloweringplantsarepresentornearbyandareattractivetobees.Selecttheleasttoxicpesticidetogetthejobdone when possible and use the least hazardous method of application. Granular pesticideformulationsaresafest.Directedspraysappliedwithgroundequipmentarethenextsafestmethodforapplyingpesticidestoprotectbees.Aeriallyapplieddustsorspraysarethemostlikelytocontactbeesandcauseproblems.Applypesticideswhenairiscalmtoreducedriftintoareaswherebeesmaybeforagingornesting.Ifapesticideapplicationisnecessary,applyintheeveningwhenbeesarenotpresent.Ifmanagedbeecoloniesarepresent,itisbesttogivethebeekeeperplentyofnotice(3‐4daysifpossible)ofyourintentions.Thebeekeeperhastheoptiontorelocatetheirbeehivesifadjacentfieldsaretobesprayed.Iftherearemanybeehivesorhivesthatcannotbemovedonshortnotice,thebeekeepermaycovertheirbeehiveswithwetburlapfornolongerthan2days.Itwillbenecessaryforthebeekeepertospraycoveredhiveswithwaterandkeeptheburlapwet,especiallyinhotweather.Beekeepers are advised to cooperate with growers in the area to help protect bees and areencouragedtohaveacontractwiththelandowner.Beekeepersshouldscouttheareabeforebeecolonyplacement to gain a goodunderstanding of local farming practices, especially theuse ofhighlytoxicpesticides.Beekeepersareilladvisedtoplacetheircoloniesinhighpestdensityareas,as theymay requiremultiplepesticide applications.An example is cotton‐growing areaswherevarious pests are expected. Beekeepers should post their name and contact information in theapiary or on colonies for identification purposes. Information on the relative toxicities andenvironmentalimpactsofspecificpesticidestohoneybeesandnaturalenemiesmaybefoundatwww.ipm.ucdavis.eduandnysipm.cornell.edu/eiq.Mosquito abatement programs should take into consideration the protection of our insectpollinators.Manyofthepesticidesusedtokillmosquitoeswillalsokillhoneybees.Beekeepersare
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urgedtocontactcountyofficialswhomanagemosquitoabatementprogramstoinformthemofthelocationoftheirapiaries,sotheirhoneybeescanbeprotected.ClemsonUniversityhasstartedabeestewardshipprogramtofacilitatecommunicationbetweenbeekeepersandpesticideapplicatorsandpreventaccidentalpoisoningofhoneybees.Beekeeperscanmaptheirhivelocationsandlicensedpesticideapplicatorscanaccessthisinformationwhentheyhaveanapplicationplanned.Theapplicatorcanthencontactthebeekeepersintheareaoravoidapplyingpesticidesnearthehives. Interested individuals frombothsidesof this issueareencouragedtoreadmoreabouttheprogramontheClemsonUniversityBeekeepingwebsite.Tosignup,pleaseusetheappropriatelinkbelow.Forpesticideapplicators:http://www.kellysolutions.com/clemson/pesticideapplicationnotifications/Forbeekeepers:http://www.kellysolutions.com/clemson/beekeepers/
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MODEOFACTIONFORHERBICIDESMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
MODEOFACTION(MOA)FORHERBICIDEFAMILIESSiteofActionGroup
MOA ChemicalFamily(ies)
Howitkillstheplant ProductExamples
1 ACCaseInhibitors
Arloxyphenoxypropionate(FOPS)
Blocks the first step in fatty acid synthesis ingrasses, broadleaves are naturally resistant tothefopsanddimsduetoaninsensitiveACCaseenzyme.
FOPS:Assure II,FusiladeDX
Cyclohexanedione(DIMS)
DIMS:SelectMAX, PoastPlus
2 ALSInhibitors Sulfonylurea(SU) Blockstheproductionofbranchedchainaminoacids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine) in theplant. Plant death occurs due to insufficientbranchedchainaminoacidlevelsatthegrowingpoints.
SU:Accent,Classic,Beacon
Imidazonlinone(IMI) IMI:Cadre,Raptor,Scepter
Pyrimidines(PM) PM:Staple
3 MicrotubuleProteinInhibitor
Dinitroaniline(DNA) Interferes with the alignment of the spindleapparatusduringmitosisandpreventsnormalcelldivisioninroottissue.
DNA:Prowl,Treflan,Sonolan
4 SyntheticAuxins
Phenoxy(PX) Synthetic auxins mimic the natural planthormoneIAA.Theseherbicidesaffectcellwallplasticity and nucleic acid metabolism whichleadstoinhibitedcelldivisionandgrowthinthemeristemregions(growingpoints).
PX:2,4‐D,2,4‐DB
BenzoicAcid(BA) BA:Clarity,Banvel,Status
CarboxylicAcid(CA) CA:Stinger,Milestone
5 PhotosystemIIInhibitor
Triazine(TZ) PS II herbicides inhibit photosynthesis bybindingtotheQB‐bindingsiteontheD1proteinof the photosystem II complex in thechloroplast. ItblockselectronflowfromQAtoQBandstopsCO2fixationandproductionofATPand NADPH2 which is the energy needed forplant growth and development. Plant deathoccursduetoexcessfreeradicalsdestroyingcellmembranes.
TZ:Atrazine,Simazine,Caparol
Triazinone(TN) TN:Sencor
6 Nitriles(NT) NT:Buctril
Benzothiadiazinones(BZ)
BZ:Basagran
7 Ureas(UR) UR:Lorox,Direx,Cotoran
8 FattyAcid/LipidBiosynthesisInhibitor
Thiocarbamate(TB) Mostsusceptibleplantsfailtoemergefromthesoil.Germinationisnotinhibitedbutgrowthofgrass coleoptiles/broadleaf epicotyls ceasesbelowsoilsurface
TB:Tillam
9 EPSPSynthaseInhibitor
Glycines(GC) Glycines inhibit EPSP synthase enzyme whichleads to the depletion of the aromatic aminoacidstryptophan,tyrosine,andphenylalanine.
GC:Glyphosate
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MODEOFACTION(MOA)FORHERBICIDEFAMILIES(cont)SiteofActionGroup
MOA ChemicalFamily(ies)
Howitkillstheplant ProductExamples
10 GlutamineSynthesisInhibitor
PhosphinicAcids(PA)
Phosphinicacidsinhibittheactivityofglutamine synthetase which convertsglutamateandammoniatoglutamine.Accumulation of ammonia to lethallevelsdestroysplantcellsandtissue.
PA:Liberty
12 PhytoeneDesaturaseInhibitor
Pyridazinone(PZ) Pyridazinone inhibits the phytoenedesaturase enzyme in the carteniodbiosynthesispathwayIsoxazolidinone inhibits the 1‐deoxy‐D‐xyulose 5‐phosphate synthase(DOXP),akeycomponentintheplastidisoprenoidbiosynthesispathway.Pyrazoleand triketones inhibit the4‐hydroxyphenyl‐pyruvate dioxygenase(4‐HPPD) which affects carotenoidbiosynthesis.These herbicide families deplete thecarotenoid (accessory pigments inphotosynthesis) pool that protectschlorophyll in theplantwhichresultsinacharacteristicbleaching(white)oftheplanttissue.
PZ:Solicam,Zorial,Brake
13 DOXPsynthaseInhibitor
Isoxazolidinone(IA)
IA:Command
28 HPPDinhibitor
Pyrazole(PA) PA:Balance,Corvus
Triketone(TE) TE:Callisto,Impact,Laudis
14 PPOinhibitors
Diphenylether(DE)
These herbicides inhibit thephotoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO),an enzyme that is responsible forchlorophyll and heme biosynthesis.PPO inhibition leads to accumulationof PPIX (protoporphyrin IX) whichcreates free radicaloxygen in thecellanddestroyscellmembranes.
DE:Flexstar,Reflex,Blazer,Cobra
N‐phenylphthalimide
(NP)
NP:Resource,Valor
Arytriazinone(AT)
AT:Spartan,Aim,Cadet
15 VLFAinhibitors
Chloroacetamide(CA)
Acetamidesareherbicidesthatinhibitvery long chain fatty acid synthesis(VLFA) in shoot tissue duringgerminationofsensitiveplants.
CA:DualMagnum,Intrro,Warrant,Outlook,Parrlay,Zidua
22 PhotosystemIInhibitor
Bipyridyliums(BP)
Bipyridyliums are herbicides thatcaptureelectrons fromphotosystemIcomplex in the chloroplast and arereduced to form herbicide freeradicals. These free radicals destroycellmembranes.
BP:Gramoxone,Reward
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CROPREPLANTGUIDELINESFOLLOWINGHERBICIDEAPPLICATIONMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
1Fieldcornmaybeplanted4monthsafterAuthorityMTZwasappliedat14oz/Aorless;2Grainsorghummaybeplanted12monthsafterAuthorityMTZwasappliedat20oz/Aorless;3Rotationis7dayswhenratesof10oz/AofAxiomorlesshavebeenapplied;otherwise,wait4monthstoplantwheat;4Clearfieldcorn,sunflower,andwheat;5Non‐Clearfieldcorn,sunflower,andwheat.
Corn
Cotton
Grain
Sorghum
Peanuts
Soybeans
Sunflow
er
Tobacco
Wheat
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationAatrex 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringAcuron 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 18M 18M 4MAccent/Q 0D 10M 10M 10M 15D 10M 10M 4MAchieve 30D 106D 30D 106D 106D 106D 106D 30DAim 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 12M 0DAnthem 0D 4M 18M 4M 0D 4M 18M 4MAnthemATZ 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringArmezon 0D 9M 9M 9M 9M 9M 18M 3MAssureII 120D 0D 120D 120D 0D 0D 120D 120DAuthorityMAXX 10M 12M 10M 9M 0D 18M 10M 4MAuthorityMTZ 10/41M 12M 18/122M 12M 0D 12M 12M 4MAxialXL 90D 90D 90D 90D 90D 90D 90D 0DAxiom 0D 8M 12M 12M 0D 12M 12M 7D/4M3BalanceFlexx 0D 10M 6M 11M 6M 6M 18M 4MBanvel 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120DBasagran ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐Beacon 14D 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 3MBeyond 0D4/8.5M5 9M 9M 9M 0D 0D4/9M5 9M 0D4/3M5BicepIIMagnum 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringBoundary 4M 8M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 4.5MBrake≤16floz/A17‐21floz/A22‐32floz/A
10M12M18M
0D0D0D
10M12M18M
8M8M8M
2M4M12M
18M18M18M
18M18M18M
8M8M12M
Breakfree 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MBreakfreeATZ 0D Spring Spring 15M Spring 15M 15M 15MBuctril 30D 30D 30D 30D 30D 30D 30D 30DBullet/Lariat 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringCadet 0D Spring Spring Spring 0D Spring Spring SpringCadre 9M 18M 18M 0D 9M 26M 9M 4MCallisto 0D 10M 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 120DCanopy 10M 10M 10M 8M 0D 18M 10M 4MCaparol Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringCapreno 0D 10M 10M 11M 10M 18M 12M 4MCinch 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D Spring 4.5MCinchATZ 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringClarity8floz/A16floz/A24floz/A25‐64floz/A
0D0D120D120D
21D120D120D120D
15D120D120D120D
120D120D120D120D
14D28D120D120D
120D120D120D120D
120D120D120D120D
15D30D45D120D
Classic 8M 7M 9M 6M 0D 18M 9M 3MCobra None None None None None None None None
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CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)
1DIREXUSEPATTERN1=BandedDIREXPreemergenceorPostemergenceapplicationonly;2DIREXUSEPATTERN2=BandedDIREXPreemergenceand Postemergence or Broadcast DIREX Preemergence (and preplant) or Broadcast DIREX preemergence plus Banded DIREX postemergenceapplications;3Xtendcotton/soybeanvarieties;4non‐Xtendcotton/soybeanvarieties;5Reducedtillageproduction;6Conventionaltillageproduction;7Afieldbioassaymustbeconductedforcropsnotlistedonthelabel.Toconductafieldbioassay,plantstripsofthecropyouwanttogrowtheseasonfollowingherbicideapplicationandmoniterforcropsafety;8STStolerantsoybeansonly.
Corn
Cotton
Grain
Sorghum
Peanuts
Soybeans
Sunflow
er
Tobacco
Wheat
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationCommand 9M 0D 9M 9M 0D 12M 0D 12MCorvus 0D 10M 17M 11M 9M 17M 17M 4MCotoran 8M 0D 9M 8M 9M 12M 12M 3MCrusher 0D 1M 10M 1.5M 1M 10M 10M 3MDawn 10M 0D 18M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MDefine 0D 4M 12M 12M 0D 12M 12M 12MDegree 0D Spring 0D Spring 0D Spring 0D SpringDegreeXtra 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MDevrinol 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 0D 180DDirex/DiuronUSEPATTERN11USEPATTERN22LAYBY
4MSpringSpring
4MSpringSpring
4MSpringSpring
4M12M12M
4M12M12M
4M12M12M
4M12M12M
4M12M12M
Distinct 30D 30D 30D 120D 30D 120D 120D 30DDual8E 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MDualMagnum 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MDualIIMagnum 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MEngenia≤6.4floz/A9.6floz/A12.8floz/A
000
03/21D403/28D403/42D4
14D21D28D
120D120D120D
03/14D403/21D403/28D4
120D120D120D
120D120D120D
14D21D28D
EnlistDuo 0D/7‐14D 0D/30D ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 0D/30D ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐EnlistOne 0D/7‐14D 0D/30D ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 0D/30D ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐Envive 8M 10M 12M 8M 0D 18M 10M 4MEnvoke 7M 7M 7M 7M 7M 18M 7M 3MET/ETX 0D 0D 30D 30D 0D 30D 30D 0DEvik 11M 11M 11M 11M 11M 11M 11M 3MExpert 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringExpress 14D 14D 14D 45D 14D 45D 45D 0DFierce3.0oz/A3.75oz/A
7D5/1M630D
30D5/45D6
2M
18M18M
4M4M
0D0D
4M4M
18M18M
30D2M
Finesse 14M Spring7 Spring7 Spring7 6M8 Spring7 Spring7 4MFirestorm 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0DFirstRate 9M 9M 9M 9M 0D 30M 18M 4MFirstShot 14D 14D 14D 45D 7D 45D 45D 0DFlexstar 10M 0D 10M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MFlexstarGT/GT3.5 10M 0D 10M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MFulTimeNXT 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MFusiladeDX 60D 0D 60D 0D 0D 0D 0D 60DFusion 60D 0D 60D 0D 0D 0D 0D 60DGangster 9M 9M 9M 9M 0D 30M 30M 3M
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2018
20
CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)
Corn
Cotton
Grain
Sorghum
Peanuts
Soybeans
Sunflow
er
Tobacco
Wheat
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationGlyphosate 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 1M 0DGoal/GoalTender 10M 7D 10M 60D 7D 60D 60D 10MGramoxoneSL 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0DGuardsmanMax 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring 24M SpringHalexGT 0D 10M 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 120DHarmonyExtra 21D 21D 21D 45D 14D 45D 45D 0DHarmonyGT/XP 0D 7D 0D 45D 0D 45D 45D 0DHornetWDG 0D 18M 12M 18M 10.5M 18M 18M 4MHuskie 9M Spring10 4M Spring 4M 9M Spring1 1MImpact 0D 9M 9M 9M 9M 9M 18M 3MImpactZ 0D 9M 9M 9M 9M 9M 18M 9MInstigate 0D 10M 10M 18M 10M 10M 18M 4MInterline 0D 0D 180D 180D 0D 180D 180D 70DIntrro ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐KeystoneNXT 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MLaudis 0D 10M 10M 18M 8M 18M 18M 4MLaybyPro20‐0.6lbai0.61‐1.0lbai1.01‐1.6lbai1.61‐2.2lbai
4M4M4M8M
4M4M4M8M
4M4M4M8M
4M8M12M12M
4M8M8M12M
4M12M12M12M
4M8M8M12M
3M4M8M12M
Leadoff 0D 1M 10M 10M 1M 10M 10M 3MLiberty280SL 0D 0D 180D 180D 0D 180D 180D 70DLinex/Lorox 0D 0D 0D 4M 0D 4M 4M 4MLumax/Lexar 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 18M 18M 4.5MMarksman 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring 24M 10MMCPA None None None None None None None NoneMicro‐Tech None None None None None None None NoneMSMA None None None None None None None NoneNIC‐IT 0D 10M 18M 18M 15D 10M 18M 8MNimble 21D 21D 21D 45D 14D 45D 45D 0DOptill 8.5M 18M 18M 4M 0‐1M3 18M 9.5M 4MOption 7D 60D 60D 60D 14D 60D 60D 60DOsprey 12M 90D 10M 90D 90D 30D 10M 7DOutlook 0D Spring Spring 0D 0D Spring Spring 4MParallelPCS 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MParazone 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0DPeak 1M 10M 1M 10M 10M 22M 18M 0DPoast/PoastPlus 30D 0D 30D 0D 0D 30D 0D 30DPowerFlex/HL 9M 9M 9M 9M 5M 9M 12M 30DPrefix 10M 1M 18M 10M 0M 18M 18M 4.5MPrincep 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 24M SpringProwl/ProwlH2O Spring 0D 10M 0D 0D 0D 0D 4M
1Afieldbioassaymustbeconductedforcropsnotlistedonthelabel.Toconductafieldbioassay,plantstripsofthecropyouwanttogrowtheseasonfollowingherbicideapplicationandmoniterforcropsafety;2CroprotationintervalsarebasedonthecumulativeamountofDIURONinLAYBYPROappliedtoasiteinthepreceding12months;3Usethelongerintervalwithintherangeslistedforcropsgrownoncoarsetexturedsoilswithorganicmatterlessthan2.0%.
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2018
21
CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)
Corn
Cotton
Grain
Sorghum
Peanuts
Soybeans
Sunflow
er
Tobacco
Wheat
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationPursuit 8.5M 18M 18M 0D 0D 18M 9.5M 4MPython 0D 18M 12M 4M 0D 18M 9M 4MRaptor 8.5M 9M 9M 9M 0D 9M 9M 3MQuelex 3M 3M 3M 9M 3M 3M 15M 0DReflex 10M 0D 10M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MRealmQ 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 4MReportExtra 181M 18M 181/42M ‐‐‐ 63/181M ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 04/45MResicore 0D 18M 10.5M 18M 10.5M 18M 18M 4MResolveDF1.0oz/A2.0oz/A
0D0D
10M10M
10M18M
18M18M
10M10M
10M10M
18M18M
3M3M
ResolveQ/Q(mp)1.25oz/A2.5oz/A
0D0D
1M10M
10M18M
10M18M
10M10M
10M10M
10M18M
3M3M
ResolveSG1.0oz/A2.0oz/A
0D0D
1M10M
10M18M
18M18M
10M10M
10M10M
18M18M
4M4M
Resource 0D 30D 30D 30D 0D 30D 30D 30DRevulinQ 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 4MRhythm 8M 0D 18M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MSandea 1M 4M 2M 6M 9M 18M 36M 2MScepter 9.5M 18M 11M 11M 0D 18M 9.5M 3MSentrallas 0D 120D 0D 120D 120D 120D 120D 0DSelect/SelectMAX None None None None None None None NoneSequence 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D Spring Spring 4.5MSharpen1.0oz/A2.0oz/A3.0oz/A
0D0D0D
1.5M3M4M
0D0D0D
4M5M6M
0‐1M61‐2M62‐3M6
4M5M6M
4M5M6M
0D0D0D
Solida1.0oz/A2.0oz/A
0D0D
1M10M
10M18M
18M18M
1M10M
10M10M
18M18M
3M4M
Sonalan Spring Spring Spring 0D 0D 0D Spring SpringSonic 10M 12‐18M7 12M 12M 0D 30M 30M 4MSpartan 10M 12M 10M 12D 0D 0D 0D 4MSpartanCharge 4M 12M 10M 4M 0D 0D 0D 4MStanza 0D 18M 12M 18M 10.5M 18M 18M 4MStapleLX 10M 0D 24M 10M 10M 10M 10M 6MStatus 7D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120DSteadfast 0D 10M 10M 18M 15D 10M 18M 4MSteadfastQ 0D 10M 10M 18M 15D 10M 18M 4MSteadfastATZ 10M 10M 10M 18M 10M 10M 18M 8MStinger 0D 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 0D
1Applicationratesabove0.4oz/A;followthe18‐monthrotationintervalforgrainsorghum,non‐STStolerantsoybeans,andfieldcorn;2Applicationrates0.2to0.4oz/A;followthe4‐monthrotationintervalforgrainsorghum;3Applicationrates0.2to0.5oz/A;followthe6‐monthrotationifplantingSTStolerantsoybeans;4Applicationrates0.2to0.4oz/A;nowaitingintervalforwheat;5Applicationrates0.5oz/A;followingthe4‐monthrotationintervalforwheat;6Usethelongerintervalwithintherangeslistedforreplantingsoybeans(i.e.,2monthsforcoarsetexturedsoilswithorganicmatterlessthan2.0%anda1monthforcoarsetexturedsoilswithorganicmattergreaterthanorequalto2.0%);7Cottonmaybeplantedafter12monthswhereSONICwasappliedatratesof5oz/Aorlessandmeetthefollowingconditions:medium/finesoils;pH<7.2;andrainfallorirrigationexceed15inchesafterapplication.
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2018
22
CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)
Corn
Cotton
Grain
Sorghum
Peanuts
Soybeans
Sunflow
er
Tobacco
Wheat
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationStorm 100D 100D 100D 100D 100D 100D 100D 40DStout 0D 10M 10M 18M 15D 10M 18M 4MStrongarm 18M 10M 18M 0D 0D 30M 18M 4MSuprend 7M 7M 7M 7M 7M 18M 7M 3MSureStartII 0D 26M 12M 26M Spring 18M 26M 4MSurpass 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MSurpassNXT 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MSurveil 9M 9M 9M 9M 0D 30M 30M 3MSynchronyXP 7M 8M 9M 30M 0D 30M 9M 3MTillam None None None None None None None NoneTopNotch 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MTreflan 5M 0D 5M 0D 0D 0D 5M 5MTrivence 10M 18M 18M 18M 0D 18M 18M 4MUltraBlazer 100D 100D 100D 0D 0D 100D 100D 40DValorSX/ValorEZ1.0oz/A1.5‐2.0oz/A2.1‐3.0oz/A
7‐30D17‐30D114‐30D1
7‐28D27‐28D22M
30D30D30D
0D0D0D
0D0D0D
30D30D2M
30D30D2M
30D30D2M
ValorXLTSoilpH<7.0SoilpH>7.0
10M18M
10M30M
10M18M
18M30M
0D0D
10M30D
10M18M
4M4M
Verdict10‐12oz/A13‐15oz/A
0D0D
SpringSpring
0D0D
SpringSpring
1M3‐2M42M3‐3M4
SpringSpring
SpringSpring
4M4M
Warrant 0D 0D 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring 4MWideMatch 0D 18M 12M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 0DXtendimax/FexapanUpto33floz/A34‐88floz/A
15‐45D120D
0D5/15‐45D60D5/120D6
15‐30D120D
120D120D
0D5/15‐45D60D5/120D6
120D120D
120D120D
15‐45D120D
Yukon 30D 4M 2M 6M 9M 18M ‐‐‐‐ 2MWideMatch 0D 18M 12M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 0DZest 0D 10M 18M 10M 15D 11M 10M 4MZidua1.0oz/A2.0oz/A3.0oz/A4.0oz/A
0D0D0D0D
1M2M4M4M
6M6M10M12M
4M4M4M4M
0D0D0D4M
4M4M4M4M
18M18M18M18M
1M1M4M6M
ZiduaSC1.75floz/A3.25floz/A5.00floz/A6.50floz/A
0D0D0D0D
1M2M4M4M
6M6M10M12M
1M2M4M4M
0D0D0D4M
1M2M3M3M
18M18M18M18M
1M1M4M6M
ZiduaPRO 8.5M 18M 18M 4M 30D 18M 18M 4M2,4‐D Onlyreplantinthesamegrowingseasonwithcropsregisteredfor2,4‐Duse2,4‐DB Onlyreplantinthesamegrowingseasonwithcropsregisteredfor2,4‐DBuse
1Forcorn:Plantaminimumof14days(minimumorstrip‐till)or30daysafterVALORSX(conventionaltillagesystem);2Forcotton:AfterValorSX(2.0oz/Aorless)application,conductstriptilloperationaminimumof7daysbeforeplanting(regardlessofcropresiduelevels).Afterconductingstrip‐tilloperation,applyValorSXherbicideaminimumof28daysbeforeplanting(<30%cropresiduelevels)or21daysbeforeplanting(>30%cropresiduelevels);3Forcoarsetexturedsoilswithlessthan2%organicmatter;4Allothersoiltypes;5Xtendcottonorsoybeanvarietiesonly;6Non‐Xtendsoybeanandcottonvarieties.