ISSN 0036-8075

28 April 1978

Volume 200, No. 4340

LETTERS Cover Caption: April Fools'?: A. T. Moffet; W. J. Mathey; Committee on NationalStatistics: W. H. Kruskal; Benzene: Consumer and Occupational Exposure:G. G. Eichholz; Energy Costs: Nuclear Versus Oil: J. James, Jr.;The Sociobiology Debate: D. Baer.

EDITORIAL Needed: Better Data About Academic Science: D. E. Drew.

ARTICLES Hail Suppression and Society: S. A. Changnon, Jr., B. C. Farhar, E. R. Swanson.

Highly Reiterated Sequences of SIMIANSIMIANSIMIANSIMIANSIMIAN:H. Rosenberg, M. Singer, M. Rosenberg ..... . . . . . . . . . . .....

Aleuts, Sea Otters, and Alternate Stable-State Communities: C. A. Simenstad,J. A. Estes, K. W. Kenyon ............................

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

N00K REVIEWS

Guillemin and Schally: The Three-Lap Race to Stockholm .

Briefing: Security Agency's Role in DES Confirmed; Mottur Resigns fromOTA Job....................................

NATO Science Committee: Redefining Mutual Security .

Poisoned Pot Becomes Burning Issue in High Places .

Earthquakes: Prediction Proving Elusive .

Geodesy: Dealing with an Enormous Computer Task.

Epidemiological Evaluation of Drugs, reviewed by J. K. Kline; Psychophysics andPhysiology of Hearing, W. R. Thurlow; The Structure, Biosynthesis, andDegradation ofWood, G. P. Berlyn; The Fluvial System, T. Dunne .

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423

REPORTS Earthquakes, Faults, and Nuclear Power Plants in Southern New York andNorthern New Jersey: Y. P. Aggarwal and L. R. Sykes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

"Helium Spots": Caused by a Diapiric Magma from the Upper Mantle:H. Wakita et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

Rifampicin Inhibition of Protein Synthesis in Mammalian Cells: W. C. Buss et al. . . 432

Channel Structures of Gramicidin: Characterization of Succinyl Derivatives:R. J. Bradley et al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

Potassium Activation Associated with Intraneuronal Free Calcium: R. Eckert andD. Tillotson ................................... . 437

Induction of Stalk and Spore Cell Differentiation by Cyclic AMP in Slugs ofDictyostelium discoideum: I. N. Feit et al .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

Temporary Queens in Metapolybia Wasps: Nonreproductive Helpers WithoutAltruism?: M. J.JWest-Eberhard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Size Variation and the Distribution ofHemimetabolous Aquatic Insects:Two Thermal Equilibrium Hypotheses: B. W. Sweeney and R. L. Vannote . . . 444

Functional Plasticity in the Immature Striate Cortex of the Monkey Shown by theV14C]Deoxyglucose Method: M. H. Des Rosiers et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

k 'Brain Noradrenergic Systems as a Prerequisite for Developing Tolerance toBarbiturates: B. Tabakoff, J. Yanai, R. F. Ritzmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

Potency in Male Rhesus Monkeys: Effects ofContinuously Receptive Females:R. P. Michael and D. Zumpe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Bursting Neural Networks: A Reexamination: D. F. Russell andD. K. Hartline . . . 453

.. Norepinephrine in Chronic Paranoid Schizophrenia: Above-Normal Levels inm __ bain: I. J. Farley et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

Technical Comments: Zooplankton Niches and the Community StructureControversy: P. A. Lane; J. C. Makarewicz and G. E. Likens . . . . . . . . . . 458

PRODUCTS AND Density Meter; Flame Photometer; Scintillation Vial Capper; BiologicalMATERIALS Specimen Freeze-Thaw Appartus; Biological Safety Cabinet; Calcium

Analyzer; Disposable Hand-Operated Micropipette; Literature . . . . . . . . . 464

COVER

In the tropical social waspMetapolybiaaztecoides some subordinant egg-lay-ers are sterilized by being forced toleave the colony or become workers.Dominance relations involved stereo-typed displays: two workers "dance"at a queen (left center), while anotherqueen (right) bends aggressively asthey approach. See page 441. [Drawingby Gerardo Ravassa, Cali, Colombia]

28 April 1978, Volume 200, Number 4340

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Science serves its readers as a forum for the presenta- U.S.tion and discussion of important issues related to the ad-vancement of science, including the presentation of mi- sions rinority or conflicting points of view, rather than by pub- Plishing only matenal on which a consensus has been araireached. Accordingly, all articles published in Science- cies (aiincluding editorials, news and comment, and book re-views-are signed and reflect the individual views of the if preseauthors and not official points of view adopted by the bach arAAAS or the institutions with which the authors are af-filiated. informe

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SCIENCE

led: Better Data About Academic Scienceinformation system which provides data for policy decisions aboutcademic science has fundamental flaws. Yet the quality of such deci-est, to some degree, on the quality of these data.doxically, fewer information requests could be made by federal agen-nd related national organizations) but the data would be more usefulDntly diverse retrieval activities were better coordinated. Spriesters-nd Farrell* reCently documented the burden of federal demands foration on one university. Redundant requests for data about graduate--enrollment, Ph.D.'s produced, expenditures, and so on-consti-modest portion of this burden.e to the point, it is difficult, if not impossible, to relate data fromnt agencies. In two recent studies-an evaluation of the Nationale Foundation's Science Development Program and research com-ned by the President's Biomedical Research Panel-my colleaguesiave attempted to create such a merged data file. This was necessary,edifferent agencies or groups retrieve the best (or the only) datadifferent characteristics of science departments. For example, NSFbest data on federal expenditures by discipline, while the Nationalch Council has virtually complete information about Ph.D.'s andob placement. The following are some of the problems we en-red.sademic fields are defined and classified differently. For example, in{C Doctorate Record File Ph.D.'s indicate their own fields (whichot match their departments), while the key file about National In-of Health funding references actual departments, and NSF's fundingrregates departments into "disciplines."iring the past decade many state universities developed strong branchses with graduate programs. Agencies vary as to whether they reporties at the main campus only or at the main campus and branch cam-identified separately, or lumped together. As a further complexity,int at which a branch campus is considered sufficiently active to beized by an agency (or, in fact, by the university itself) varies.ime files fail to separate data about the medical or agriculture schoolsata about the main unit. Thus, all federal expenditures for biochemis-reported as one datum for a particular university.astute reader will realize that successive sections of Science In-ws 1976 had to be based on data derived from different definitions.-y analysts frequently discover that indicators of the same phenome-ovided by two agencies do not agree. One reason is that differentEations use different sources. For example, the NRC polls doctoraternts. The NSF gets enrollments from department chairmen. The Na-,.enter for Educational Statistics retrieves both enrollment and Ph.D.cs from university-level administrators such as registrars.i agency has developed its own definitions and retrieval techniques toisistent with its organizational objectives. And agency officials mayat the loss of control over these activities that standardization mightwill undermine the realization of those objectives. Although it is

matic, this need not present an insurmountable obstacle.ightful policy-makers and analysts have reviewed these issues andted a variety of solutions. For example, last year both the Paper-2ommission and a federal interagency committee ch#ired by NSF'sWright issued detailed recommendations for agency cooperation

this problem. But the implementation of these recommendations haslacial at best.iyopinion the university science community, which has much to gainiore consistent data and less burdensome requirements, should pressre government action on this problem.-DAVID E. DREW, Rand Cor-Pn, Santa Monica, California 90406,priestersbach and W. J. Farrell, Science 19S, 27 (1977).