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Transcript of April 17, 2010 California: A Leader in Energy Efficiency Robert Marcial, PG&E Pacific Energy Center...
April 17, 2010
California: A Leader in Energy Efficiency
Robert Marcial, PG&E Pacific Energy Center
BioForum – Adapting to Climate ChangeApril 17, 2010
World and Energy Statistics
Which countries have highest percentage of population?
• China (20%)
• India (18%)
• United States (5%)
• Indonesia (3%)
• Brazil (3%)
World and Energy Statistics
Which countries have highest primary fuel consumption?
• United States (22%)
• China (14%)
• Russia (7%)
• Japan (5%)
• India (4%)
World and Energy Statistics
Which are the leading energy sources by type consumed in U.S. for all end uses?
• Petroleum (39%)
• Natural Gas (24%)
• Coal (23%)
• Nuclear (8%)
• Biofuels (4%)
• Hydroelectric (2%)
World and Energy Statistics
Which are the top end uses for primary fuel energy in U.S. buildings (Comm & Res)?
• Space Heating (25%)
• Lighting (14%)
• Water Heating (12%)
• Space Cooling (11%)
• Refrigeration (6%)
• Electronics (5%)
World and Energy Statistics
How is energy used in the U.S. by sectors?
• Industry
• Transportation
• Residential
• Commercial
(35%)
(27%)
(21%)
(17%)
California Energy Leadership
Legacy of energy innovation
• Decoupling
• Loading order
• Energy efficiency
• Demand response
Progressive state energy policy
• California Long Term Strategic Plan
• Go Solar California
• Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS)
California Energy Leadership
An 18 cubic foot refrigerator consumed approximately 2,000 kWh/yr in 1970. How much does a high-quality refrigerator of similar size consume today?
• ~1,000 kWh/yr• ~ 500 kWh/yr• ~ 400 kWh/yr• ~ 250 kWh/yr
An 18 cubic foot refrigerator consumed approximately 2,000 kWh/yr in 1970. How much does a high-quality refrigerator of similar size consume today?
• ~1,000 kWh/yr• ~ 500 kWh/yr• ~ 400 kWh/yr• ~ 250 kWh/yr
California Energy Leadership
1970 1993 2001 2009
2,000 kWh
700 kWh
490 kWh390 kWh
Ener
gy U
sage
per
yea
r
18 ft3 (0.51 m3) frost-free refrigerator
Courtesy Art Rosenfeld, California Energy CommissionNote: 2005 – 2008 are forecast data.
30+ Years of Energy Efficiency Success
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
KW
h
US CA Western Europe
Energy EfficiencyFirst resource in our energy mix
Electricity Sales in California
0
100
200
300
400
500
1970 2006
Elec
tric
ty S
ales
(TW
h/y
ear)
Energy Savings
165 TWh/ y
Additional
Generation
108 TWh/ y
About PG&E and Our BusinessWhat we do:• Deliver safe, reliable, and environmentally responsible gas
and electricity to approximately 15 million Californians
Electric and gas distribution customers
5.1 MM electric 4.3 MM gas
Electric transmission and distribution lines
159,863 circuit miles
Natural gas transmission and distribution pipelines
48,580 circuit miles
Electric generation capacity
6,800 MW
U.S. Average (1) 1,329
California’s Average 724
2008 641
2007 636
2006 456
2005 489
2004 566
2003 620
PG&E (2)
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (pounds of CO2 per MWh)
(1) Source: U.S. EPA eGRID 2007 Version 1.1 (updated Dec. 2008 and based on 2005 data).
(2) PG&E’s emissions rates for delivered electricity were independently verified and registered with the California Climate Action Registry. Given that a portion of the electricity that PG&E delivers comes from unspecified generation sources, the company’s total emissions, and associated emissions rates, may vary from registered figures.
CO2 emission per capita
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
USA California France
ton
s/c
ap
ita
Non Energy use
Comm.&Resid.
Industrial
Electricity
Transportation
Energy EfficiencyFirst to reduce CO2 emissions
CO2 in electricity:1.32 lb/kWh (USA)0.88 lb/kWh (Cal)
Consumption:12.7 MWh/cap. (USA) 7.7 MWh/cap. (Cal)
Source: EPA, Inventory of U.S. Green House Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2006 February, 2008CARB, Climate Change Proposed Scoping Plan, a framework for change October, 2008
McKinsey Potential Study
• U.S. can reduce energy demand by 23% by 2020
• U.S. can save $1.2 Trillion
• $520 Million investment
• 1.1 GTons CO2 reduction per year
• Re-think how we legislate
• Re-think how we do business
Decoupling in CA
• Gas in 1978, electric in 1982
• Revenues and earnings are independent of sales.
• California’s IOUs collect the revenues authorized to run the business and provide a return to investors.
• If sales rise above forecast levels, extra revenues go back to customers.
• If sales fall below forecast levels, utilities are assured they can recover the shortfall.
• Decoupling offers the benefits of more consistent revenues, and it helps promote broad, long-term environmental goals.
CA Energy Action Plan Loading Order
• Energy Efficiency & Conservation
• Demand Response
• Renewable Resources
• Distributed Generation
• Traditional Generation
Why Do Utilities Support Demand-Side Management?
• California customers want it
• Helps mitigate the impact of demand growth on infrastructure
• Less expensive than new generation
• Allows allocation of capital to other needed infrastructure projects
• It decreases CO2 emissions and impact on the environment
Energy Efficiency Numbers
Since mid 70’s, California’s energy efficiency programs have:
• Saved customers over $56 billion
• 30% reduction in per capita CO2 emissions
• California avoided building 24 power plants
• What if California had not acted?
California Invests in Energy EfficiencyCalifornia is investing $3.13 billion in energy efficiency programs between 2010-2012:
Savings Goals:• 6,965 GWh (House: 0.006 GWh/yr)• 1,537 MW • 150.3 MMTherms (House: 500 Therms/yr)• 3.07 MMTons of CO2CFLs use up to
75% less energy and last up to 10 times longer than
traditional incandescent
lamps.
CFLs use up to 75% less energy and last up to 10 times longer than
traditional incandescent
lamps.
How it works
• Funded explicitly from our customers’ bill (Public Goods Charge for Public Purpose Programs)
• De-coupling in place
• Share-holder incentive to generate profit from energy efficiency success
• Goals and budgets are defined for a 3 year period (program cycle)
CPUC Long Term Plan
• All new residential construction in California will be zero net energy by 2020
• All new commercial construction in California will be zero net energy by 2030
• HVAC will be transformed to ensure that its energy performance is optimal for California’s climate
• 100% Low income participation
• Major emphasis on workforce education and training
• www.californiaenergyefficiency.com
Go Solar California• 10 year program (2007 – 2016)
• 3,000 MW, $3.3B
• California Solar Initiative (940 MW, $2.17B)
• New Solar Homes Partnership (360 MW, $0.4B)
• Other (700 MW, $0.78B)
• Customers must perform energy efficiency audit to be eligible for CSI incentives
• www.gosolarcalifornia.org
32
MW
2008 System Load (CAISO / PG&E)
California’s Electricity Need
5,000
7,000
9,000
11,000
13,000
15,000
17,000
19,000
21,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Electric demand is highly variable, with peaks that require higher capacity during short periods.
33Source: California Independent System Operator CorporationSource: California Independent System Operator Corporation
% Time per Year% Time per Year
Last 25% of capacity needed less than 10% of
the time
California uses 5% of capacity for less than 50
hours per year!
California’s Electricity NeedSystem Load Duration Curve
MW
Capacity used to support peak demand is expensive,
inefficient and environmentally unfriendly.
Demand Response Benefits
• Reduces electrical demand during “critical peak” periods
• Rewards customers contributing to demand reduction
• Enables:• Reduced need for excess generation capacity to serve
peak loads: DR is a “virtual peaking plant”• Enhanced electric grid reliability• Lower average electric procurement costs• Lower environmental impact
DR for Home Air Conditioning
• Professionally installed and maintained at zero cost
• Web-programmable thermostat & switch
• 15 / 15 minute compressor on/off cycles during power emergencies
• Opt out any time – owner is in control
• May 1 – October 31
• Benefits: reduced outages, lower utility bills, environmental benefits, sustained comfort
• Professionally installed and maintained at zero cost
• Web-programmable thermostat & switch
• 15 / 15 minute compressor on/off cycles during power emergencies
• Opt out any time – owner is in control
• May 1 – October 31
• Benefits: reduced outages, lower utility bills, environmental benefits, sustained comfort
California’s Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS)
California’s mandate of 20% renewable energy by 2010 is the most aggressive renewable energy goal in the U.S.
California’s Governor recently signed an Executive Order calling for 33% by 2020.
Implementers are pursuing a diverse portfolio that includes both traditional and emerging renewable technologies.
California leads the way in RPS policy
State renewable portfolio standard
State renewable portfolio goal
Source: www.dsireusa.org/ September 2009
Solar water heating eligible*†
Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables
Includes non-renewable alternative resources
WA: 15% by 2020*
CA: 20% by 2010
☼ NV: 25% by 2025*
☼ AZ: 15% by 2025
☼ NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs) 10% by 2020 (co-ops)
HI: 40% by 2030
☼ Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement
TX: 5,880 MW by 2015
UT: 20% by 2025*
☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*
MT: 15% by 2015
ND: 10% by 2015
SD: 10% by 2015
IA: 105 MW
MN: 25% by 2025(Xcel: 30% by 2020)
☼ MO: 15% by 2021
WI: Varies by utility; 10% by 2015 goal
MI: 10% + 1,100 MW by 2015*
☼ OH: 25% by 2025†
ME: 30% by 2000New RE: 10% by 2017
☼ NH: 23.8% by 2025
☼ MA: 15% by 2020+ 1% annual increase(Class I Renewables)
RI: 16% by 2020
CT: 23% by 2020
☼ NY: 24% by 2013
☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021
☼ PA: 18% by 2020†
☼ MD: 20% by 2022
☼ DE: 20% by 2019*
☼ DC: 20% by 2020
VA: 15% by 2025*
☼ NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis)
VT: (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales by 2012;
(2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017
29 states & DC have an RPS; 6 additional states have goals
KS: 20% by 2020
☼ OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities)*5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities)
☼ IL: 25% by 2025
WV: 25% by 2025*†
33% by 2020
proposed
33% by 2020
proposed
Solar Thermal Technologies Under Contract
Dish Engine (SCE/SDG&E)
Compact Linear Fresnel ReflectorParabolic Trough
Power Tower (SCE) Trough/Biomass Hybrid
Power Tower
Solar PV Technologies Under Contract
Tracking Crystalline Silicon
Fixed Thin Film (Cd Tel) (SCE)
Fixed Thin Film (a-Si)
Unspecified CPV (illustrative) Concentrating PV
Other Renewable Technologies Under Contract
Biomass Energy Wind Energy
Small Hydropower (<30MW)
Geothermal Energy
BioGas Ocean Power
Humboldt WaveConnect Pilot
• Ocean wave energy (up to 5MW) pilot study to be conducted off the coast of Humboldt County, Calif.
• Wave energy converter (WEC) manufacturers can test their devices on a common site and facilitate the development of wave energy technology
• Power from the WECs for coastal community for the limited time of the pilot license.
• Most effective WEC technologies will be useed for future projects
Power Plants
Smart Grid functionality restores the balance
Hydro Power Plants
Nuclear Power Plants
Natural Gas Generators
Transmission Lines
Distribution Substations
Plug-in Electric Vehicles
Rooftop Solar
Solar Farms / Power Plants
Wind Farms
Electric Grid Customers
Building A Sustainable Electric System
Utility-scale Storage
Distributed Storage
Largest AMI Deployment in North America
Automated meter reading for all customers
• 10 million meter upgrades by mid-2012
• A communications network
• IT systems
Frequent meter reads - daily for gas, hourly or 15 minute interval for electric
Enhanced customer benefits over time
Over 3 million meters deployed to date
• Installing an average of 13,000 per day
A Smart Grid
PowerPlants
TransmissionNetworks
Substations DistributionNetworks
Consumers
Overlay with intelligence and automation
Sense Communicate Compute Control
Integrated Demand-Side Resources
On-site generation and storage
Smart charging for electric vehicles
Automated management of energy use:
• Automated demand response
• Voluntary load control
• Dynamic pricing
ClimateSmart™ How It Works
• Allows PG&E customers to voluntarily make their electricity and natural gas use “carbon neutral”
• Around $5 per month for average residential customer
• Customer payments are tax-deductible and will be invested in a range of innovative greenhouse gas emission reduction projects, such as conserving and restoring California’s forests
• All projects are new with independently verified emission reductions
Climate Smart Projects
Photo Courtesy Sempervirens Fund
Garcia River Forest
• The Conservation Fund• 200,000 metric tons
Photo credit: Douglas
Steakley
Lompico Headwaters Forest
• Sempervirens Fund• 14,000 metric tons
• The Conservation Fund• 600,000 metric tons
Big River and Salmon Creek Forests
Arcata Community Forest
• City of Arcata• 40,000 metric tons
Methane Capture from Dairy
• California Bioenergy• 75,000 metric tons • Recology
• 90,750 metric tons
Methane Capture from Landfills