Apr2015

Pashubandha 2015 Volume No : 4 Issue : 04

Dr A. S. Patil, Dr Ramesh Rathod, Dr B. N. Nagaraj and Dr L. Ranganath

Veterinary Hospital, University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad-580 005

(Email: [email protected])

Restoration and maintenance of the rumen physiological environment and ecosystem is the primary

goal while treating the medicinal and surgical disorders of rumen. The rumen in the adult cow comprises

approximately 80% of the abdominal cavity with a capacity around 102-148 L (roughly 16% of body

weight) mature cattle. It is typically described as a “Fermentation Vat”. Rumen represents a very complex

ecosystem harbouring diverse group of microorganisms that interact and compete with each other for their

survival. In the rumen, reside cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, amylolytic, proteolytic and acidutilizing

microbes to name a few.

The rumen maintains favourable conditions so that these microbes can thrive. Some of these

conditions include a constant temperature of 1020F, a buffered pH 5.5-7.0 and an anaerobic environment.

Different groups of micro-organisms so far identified as inhabitant of rumen ecosystem include bacteria

comprising of 50 genera, ciliate protozoa of 25 genera, anaerobic fungi and archaea of 5 genera each and

bacteriophages. Management of rumen physiological environment and ecosystem after surgical

intervention of rumen or prolonged illness is the key of successful outcome. Good management of ruminal

physiological microenvironment lead to early restoration of rumen microbial digestion. Rumen

transfaunation is a routine, widely accepted, successful procedure to treat simple indigestion in

ruminants.

Transfaunation

Transfaunation / cud transfer is the process of transferring rumen microbes from healthy donor cow

to another sick or convalescent recipient cow and is generally used to reinoculate the rumen of a sick cow

with a healthy microbial population. It is helpful in treating cows that are severely off-feed, particularly in

cases of pronounced acidosis, impaction, LDA and after rumenotomy. The normal physiological

intraruminal environment is most easily achieved through rumen transfaunation, which provides a

balanced, buffered, nutrient-dense solution that also includes essential microorganisms.

Collection from Donor Animals

Fistulated cows can be used as donors for transfaunation. Rumen fistula surgery is becoming more

Newsletter Date : 30 April 2015 Volume No: 4 Issue : 4

Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin

common as the need for transfaunation becomes more evident with

today’s production practices utilizing low forage and high

concentrate feeding, off-feed cows suffering from rumen acidosis

has become a common herd occurrence. An on-farm tool that

allows producers the option of transfaunation is a fistulated

cow(s) .fig1-7

The rumen contents can also be collected from cattle on the

farm by passing a stomach tube and back siphoning rumen juice.

This is a time consuming process and requires a number of cattle

and special stomach tubes because the volume obtained varies from

animal to animal. Stealing cuds from ruminating cattle has also

been proposed as a means of obtaining rumen juice, however this

method is impractical for routine use and incapable of producing

adequate volumes. At least 2 to 3L of freshly strained rumen juice is

necessary to transfaunate an adult dairy cow.

Adequate quantities of rumen cuds can also be collected at

the local abattoir from slaughtered healthy animals. It is convenient

economical, easy method of collecting of adequate quantities

ruminal cuds.

The ruminal fluid should be conserved during rumenotomy

procedures. In case when surgery performed on the impacted

rumen and there is less amount or almost absent of the rumen fluid,

the impacted material should be dissolved in drinking water and

sieved it than the fluid contents may be used to restoration of the

ruminal ecosystem along with medicinal management or

transfaunation.

Quantity of Fluid Collection

Generally an average rumen contains about 70 liters of flu-

id. Collection should be somewhere between 0.5 and 3.0% of

this fluid level. Therefore, the transfaunation fluid volume would

be between 350 ml and 2.0 liters. It is important that the collected

fluid be stored out of light, anaerobically and at the cow’s body

temperature. A prewarmed ½ gallon thermos works well and can

be vented if more than 15 minutes will elapse between collection

and transfaunation. However, the quantity of fluid does not matter

if we are collecting fluid from abattoir.

Time between Collection and Transfaunation

Timing is very critical to the success of transfaunation.

Generally the fluid should be in the recipient cow within thirty

minutes post collection.

Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 01 Pashubandha 2015 Volume No : 4 Issue : 04

Conclusion

Two hours appears to be the limit to success if the collection is

maintained in a strict anaerobic environment. At about the two hour time

limit, the starch digesting organisms have increased dramatically and the

fiber-digesting microbes have decreased substantially.

Monitoring Fluid quality

The monitoring of fluid pH is an important selection criterion for

assessing microbe numbers. The ideal range is 5.8 to 6.2 for maximal

microflora count. If the pH is below this range, the microbial activity

will also be diminished. With a more highly acidic environment starch

fermenting organisms will dominate over cellulytic microbes. Protozoa

and fungi will also vary at lower pH.

Transfaunation Procedure

Transfaunation can be done to empty rumen before closer of the

rumen wall. If ruminal cuds are not available at the time of surgery,

transfaunation can be achieved via drenching of the cuds to the recipient

animals (Fig. 8 and 9). Recipient cows generally require 1000 ml of flu-

id twice daily for 2-4 days.

Most transfaunation failures occur with inadequate donor fluid

levels, not maintaining an anaerobic environment, concomitant use of

antibiotics and inadequate length of transfaunation fluid treatment.

Medicinal management

Probiotic agents may be of additional benefit to rumen

transfaunation. Commercial probiotics consist mainly of lactate

producers that are thought to create a favourable intraruminal

environment that prevents accumulation of lactic acid by inducing

growth of bacteria metabolizing lactic acid. The resulting enhanced

ability to remove lactate from the rumen thus stabilizes the ruminal pH.

Magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide are strong

alkalinizing agents able to substantially increase ruminal pH and thus creating a hostile environment for

rumen protozoa.

Rumenotoric such as nux vomica, ginger, tarter and parasympathomimetics (neostigmine and

carbamylecholine), although frequently used, have a limited application to establishment of rumen

ecosystem.

The IV administration of benzodiazepine agonist at a dose of 0.002 mg/kg induce hyperphagia in

adult cattle and goat, resulting in a transient increase in feed intake and thus has been proposed as

supportive treatment. These drugs can alter rumen contraction but not induce return to normal rumen

activity. Restoration of physiologic normalcy appears to be the best means of stimulating fermentative

digestion and productive rumen function.


Conclusion

The prognosis and outcome of rumen surgery and other medicinal disorders are largely depends on

restoration and maintain the rumen physiological environment and ecosystem. In Indian condition,

transfaunation from slaughtered healthy animals and medicinal management along with yeast as probiotic

supplementation is feasible and gives good results and restores the rumen physiological environment and

ecosystem.

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Dr. Deepti C R and Dr. Sudha G

Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Veterinary College, Bangalore

(email :- [email protected])

Heat stress is defined as any combination of environmental conditions that will cause the effective

temperature of the environment to be higher than the temperature range of the animal’s thermal neutral

zone.

Signs of heat stress

Restlessness

Crowding under shade or at water tanks

Panting (open-mouthed breathing)

Increased salivation

Increased respiration rate (gasping)

Rates of gut and ruminal motility are reduced

Lethargy

Decreased activity

Reduced feed intake: Under continuous heat stress lactating cows begin to show a decline in the intake

at 25-27 ºC with a marked decline of 40% above 30 ºC.

Increased sweating

Rise of rectal temperature

Reduced heart rate

Increased water intake: Heat stress increases water consumption by at least five times the normal level

in temperate zones. Milk is about 87% water, and contains large concentrations of the electrolytes

Na, K, and CI. Therefore, lactating dairy cows have large turnover of water and these electrolytes

(Shalit et al., 1991).

Drop in daily milk production: There is a decline in the productions of milk and fat as a direct result of

high environmental temperatures. This may be explained by the negative effects the heat stress has on

the secretary function of the udder. Milk production is reduced 15%, accompanied by a 35% decrease in

the efficiency of energy utilization for productive purposes.

Mechanisms of the negative impact of heat stress on reproductive function in cattle

The detrimental effect of high ambient temperatures on reproductive processes in dairy cattle has been

well documented and includes:

1. Impaired endocrine interactions and changed follicular development pattern

2. stress is known to be capable of delaying, shortening or completely inhibiting the expression of


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3. An increase in maternal body temperature is likely to result in an increase in the ambient temperature

of oocytes, zygotes or embryos in the oviduct or uterus of the cow.

4. Stress can affect reproduction at almost any stage from calving until the next pregnancy is well

established (approximately two months post-conception). Critical areas include:

Around the time of ovulation: reduced oestrus intensity; interference with ovulation.

The first few days after fertilization: impaired progesterone production.

The first two months of pregnancy (especially about 30–50 days after conception), when

embryo and early fetal loss can occur.

Calving.

5. Negative effect on the nutritional status and energy balance.

Strategies to decrease the negative impact of heat stress on reproduction in dairy cattle

Measures aimed at amelioration of the negative impact of heat stress on reproduction in dairy herds

should always combine:

Management adjustments- reduce the exposure of cows to heat stress

Changes in the production systems

Biotechnical approaches - aimed directly at fertility improvement

Selection of heat resistant breeds (bos indicus and crosses)

Embryo transfer

Pharmaceutical approaches -aimed directly at fertility improvement

1. Feeding management:

Feed TMR or forage more frequently during cooler periods of the day

Possibly shade and sprinklers over feeding areas

Feeding of good quality and high nutrient density diet.

Provide clean cool water at all times .

2. Housing management

Natural shade: Trees are an excellent natural source of shade on the pasture. Trees are not

effective blockers of solar radiation but the evaporation of moisture from leaf surface cools the

surrounding air.

Artificial shade: Solar radiation is a major factor in heat stress. Blocking its effects through the

use of properly constructed shade structures alone increases milk production remarkably. Two

options are available: permanent shade structures and portable shade structures (Shearer et al.,

2005).

Cooling by reducing ambient air temperature : Air temperature of micro-environment can be

lowered by use of fans in holding pens, sprinklers, high pressure foggers, misters, sprayers in

parlour exit lanes etc..

Cooling the animal by the use of sprinklers, allowing the animals to wallow etc..


3. Management: The common managerial deficiencies leading to infertility are

Poor heat detection and Improper time of insemination: The average length of the estrus period is 18

to 24 hrs and ovulations occur 12 hrs after the end of estrus period. Since, the sperm survivability is

48 hrs and the ovum survivability is only for 12-24 hrs, the sperms should be present in the female

reproductive tract about six hours before ovulation for optimum fertilization. Therefore, the best time

to do AI is 12 to 18 hrs after onset of estrus.

Improper insemination technique: In natural service the bull deposits the semen in the proper site,

while in artificial insemination there are many possibilities for man to render infertile the bovine

sperm cells. These include

I. Improper extension, freezing and storage of fertile semen.

II. Improper thawing of frozen semen.

III. Insemination should take place promptly, within several minutes after thawing.

IV. Thawing semen and keeping it at 5 ° C or 40 ° F for an hour or more is very detrimental

to sperm cells.

V. Proper insemination technique should be followed

VI. Palpation of the ovaries during estrus should be avoided as it may result in rupture of the

graffian follicle. Extreme caution should be taken to perform palpation in a gentle, skilled

manner so as to avoid manual rupturing of the thin walled follicle.

Other managemental practices to prevent infertility in bovines

Sanitation and hygiene practices

Vaccination and deworming.

Quarantine (30 days) and repeat testing.

Purchase of young animals under 6 months of age as replacement stock to avoid common venereal

diseases.

Avoid inbreeding

Close inbreeding should be carefully monitored so that hereditary effects can be culled from the

herd.

Regular veterinary examinations of the genital tract

Use of highly fertile active bulls with strong sex drive and free of infectious diseases.

Regular general health checkups.

Record maintenance.

Education of farmers.


Dr. Naveen kumar,. G.S., Dr. Basavaraj Inamdar & Dr. Shrikanth Dodamani

Assistant Professors, Department of AGB, Veterinary College, Hassan.

( email :[email protected] )

Synonyms: Dongari, Dongarpati, Wannera, Shevera, Balankya, Surti & Deccani

Facts :-

Popular dual purpose breed, developed from gir breed about 300 years back.

It is a admixture of Gir, Dangi & local cattle of Latur district

Medium to heavy animal

Broad and bulged forehead

Prominent, bright and alert eyes with black eyelashes and eyebrows

Long drooping ears

Thick horns emerged from sides of the poll and are blunt

Short neck, deep and wide chest

Thick and pendulous muscular dewlap

Long whip like tail reaches below hock joint and ends in B/W switch

Limbs are well set, straight and strong

Well attached medium sized milky udder with squarely placed black teats

Docile and calm in temperament


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Raveendra Hegde

Incharge Scientist, AICRP on FMD Regional centre,

Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore

( Email: [email protected] )

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is still one of the major livestock diseases worldwide as a result of

the highly infectious nature of the virus and the significant direct impact of the virus on agribusiness.

FMDV is unevenly distributed throughout the world reflecting factors such as livestock density and

species mix, patterns of husbandry, animal movement and trade, wildlife reservoirs and incentives and

capacities for disease control.The virus exists as seven serotypes and multiple subtypes where

cross-immunity is absent or incomplete. The situation is dynamic and complex and affected by viral

evolution, waxing and waning of host immunity and changing ecosystems and trading patterns.

The Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Control Strategy introduced under the FAO/OIE Global

Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs), is the greatest and

most ambitious initiative, after the global eradication of Rinderpest, to address FMD in the affected

countries. It establishes the disease’s eradication as a common interest and a world public good. FMD

control programme (CP) in India is envisaged as per the FAO’s PCP, the basic approach is to vaccinate all

cattle and buffalo every 6 months.

In Karnataka, the FMD-CP is being implemented since September 2011 wherein all cattle, buffalo

and pigs are vaccinated every six months. After four rounds of vaccination, the state witnessed large

epidemic of FMD in the year 2013 and since then there is no major outbreaks barring few incidence of

FMD involving only few animals. After the epidemic the state has implemented three more rounds of

extensive vaccination campaign covering more than 90 percent population (8TH round of vaccination was

concluded in March 2015). As of now, the herd immunity in the population is more than 80 percent and

also the disease incidence is very limited. This may be due to infection immunity coupled with vaccine

immunity. The following points to be considered for prevention and control of FMD in the state in future.

Disease surveillance

Disease reporting, active clinical surveillance and epidemiological investigation are the

most important components of a surveillance system aimed at the timely detection of FMD. Among all

species, cattle produce, in general, the greatest total amount of infectious virus particles and, therefore,


Adult male weight 620-680 kg

Adult female weight 430-485 kg

Service Period 170±7 days

Age at first estrus 35.6±0.53 Months

Average Lactation Milk yield 940 kg

Lactation Length 299 days

Age at First calving 45.7±0.52 Months

Calving Interval 447±8 days

Breeding Farms Deoni CBF Bidar & Dharwad

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the major source for the spread of FMD. Hence detection of suspected cases are very important for taking

up the effective control measures for further spread.

Detection of disease will be most effective if those directly in contact with the susceptible pop-

ulation have the necessary knowledge and are integrated in the system and have incentives or are en-

couraged to report suspicions. This includes farmers, community animal health workers, Pa-

ra-veterinarians, private practitioners, official veterinarians and other local sources of information at the

community level.

Preliminary disinfection , the main control effort must be on the prevention of virus escape from

infected premises, once discovered. Hence the preliminary disinfection should come first. Then cleaning

and disinfecting of premises, holding facilities, and equipment must be carried out with great care and in a

way to prevent the formation of aerosols. High pressure sprays, very likely, will generate large amounts of

(infectious) aerosols and, therefore, should be omitted unless it has been proven that disinfectants added to

the spray do their job.

Surveillance coverage

An effective surveillance system should reach all geographic areas in the state as well as all

susceptible species and production systems. Surveillance systems, including diagnostic laboratories,

should monitor continuously the geographic distribution of the different strains circulating in domestic

animals. This is regularly being carried out at the AICRP on FMD Regional centre, IAH&VB, Bangalore.

All clinical suspicions of FMD require laboratory confirmation and hence all clinical samples from the

suspected cases to be submitted to the laboratory at the regional centre.

Engagement of key players

All successful FMD control programmes involve the participation of farmers and producers in eve-

ry step of the process. A continuous dialogue between the official veterinary services, producer asso-

ciations, private veterinarians and para-veterinarians will assist in the development of strategies that stand

a better chance of adoption and success.Campaigns should emphasize that FMD control primarily benefits

livestock producers and not the government.

Vaccination

Vaccination is an essential tool in the control of FMD. However, vaccination on its own will not

achieve the desired results unless the vaccination programme is part of an integrated control strategy.

Vaccination does not prevent infection, but prevents the occurrence of clinical signs and thus reduces viral

shedding. Vaccination campaigns should be properly documented to monitor vaccination coverage, and

serologically monitored for their effectiveness

Vaccine delivery

Effective delivery of vaccine, including preservation of the cold chain and proper injection, is the

cornerstone for reaching an adequate level of population-immunity. Government/private schemes can be

established to ensure vaccine distribution at the local level. in which local enterprises share the

responsibilities to deliver vaccines to producers. This joint venture allows that local public/private

enterprises become responsible for the application of the vaccine.


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Vaccination coverage and administration of vaccines

Over and above the needs to maintain and observe the cold chain, vaccination campaigns must be

properly prepared and announced, and the administration of the vaccines to the animals must be properly

supervised and documented. Evidence on vaccination coverage of the target populations should be

maintained. Poorly implemented vaccination campaigns in which only part of the target livestock pop-

ulation is immunized, will probably result in slow and uneven spread of infection difficult to detect in sur-

veillance programmes, and will increase the probability of endemicity.

Effective control of FMD is not merely a matter of organizing mass vaccination campaigns in the

hope that this will subdue infection. Mass vaccination is just one tool to be used; others include movement

control, quarantine, rapid detection and reporting of outbreaks, focused vaccination, disinfection,

sero-monitoring, sero-surveillance and public awareness. The above measures could create a favourable

climate for FMD control programmes.

The most readily visible impact of FMD control is usually seen when disease control addresses the

epidemic areas, especially where these would be potential areas of high productivity. Such areas have to be

maintained under high vigilance to prevent the incursion of infection from endemic areas within the state.

Properly implemented vaccination programme will suppress virus transmission to achieve absence of clin-

ical disease.

Sero-monitoring for viccinal immunity against FMD Virus Types O, A and Asia-1 In Animals

vaccinated in FMDCP areas: Karnataka


Vaccina-

tion

Coverage (%)

No of animals having

Antibodies against

type of virus in Pre-

vac. Serum >1.8log10.


antibodies against type

of virus in Post - vac. Serum >1.8 log10.

% of animals

protected

against all

three

serotypes pre

vaccinated

% of animals

protected

against all three

serotypes Post

vaccinated

O A AS-1 O A AS-1

Phase I 58%

40%

15% 09% 56% 40% 24.5%

4.53% 17.74%

Phase II 82%

50%

27% 39% 67% 47% 51%

21.38% 38.73%

Phase III 73%

42% 25% 49% 46% 31% 52%

20.21% 37.88%

Phase IV 80%

48% 79% 76% 62% 86% 82% 44% 59%

Phase V

89%

33% 52% 64% 59% 68% 81% 28% 53%

Phase VI 96%

61% 62% 75% 86% 87% 92.5% 49% 80%

Phase VII 95%

83% 88% 93% 97% 94% 98% 77.5% 93%

Contact :

Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education

Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore

email: [email protected]

Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in

monthly e-Bulletin

Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru.

Editor: Associate Editior:

Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension Education

Dr. S. Yathiraj (Ex-Officio) Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)

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sero monitoring under national fmd sero surveillance programme (random samples) by lpb-elisa &

diva elisa


Year Vaccination

Coverage (%)


Antibodies against type of virus in random

serum >1.8log10.

% of ani-

mals pro-

tected

against all

three sero-

types

Apparent

FMD infec-

tion status

(DIVA%

O A AS-1

2012-13 Phase II-82% Phase III-73%

59.50 25.10 59.12 22 17.60

2013-14 Phase IV-80%

Phase V-89%

38 56 71 33 21.09

2014-15 Phase VI-96% Phase VII-95%

83.95 85.97 92.58 78 33.22

Apr2015

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