Exam #1 Review: Unit #1Supplemental InstructionIowa State University

Leader: Tori W.Course: BIOL 211

Instructor: Colbert

Date: 09/15/19 & 09/17/19

1. Knowing that this organism is in the domain Bacteria, can you tell me what lineage does this organism belong to?

Cyanobacteria. This is anabaena, which is a filamentous cyanobacterium.

2. Birds and bats both have wings, yet they share no common ancestors. How can this be explained?

a. Homology b. Homoplasyc. Homoscedasticity d. Homologous pairs

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3.According to this phylogenetic tree, which group is most closely related to phylum rotifer?

a. Proferiab. Chordatac. Nematodad. Platyhelmenthes

4. If an organism gets its energy from organic materials and its carbon from carbon dioxide it is…

a. Photoautotrophb. Organoautotrophc. Organoheterotrophd. Lithoautotroph

5. Photoautotrophs get their energy from _____ and their carbon from ____?

a. The sun, CO2b. Other organisms, other organismsc. Inorganic molecules, CO2d. Other organisms, CO2

6. Define obligate anaerobe, obligate aerobe, facultative anaerobe, and aerotolerant anaerobe.

Obligate anaerobe poisoned by oxygenObligate aerobe has to use oxygenFacultative anaerobe doesn’t have to use oxygen but can, isn’t poisoned by itAerotolerant anaerobe Can’t use oxygen but isn’t poisoned by it

7. What does meiosis result in? FOUR genetically DISTINCT daughter cells

8. What would allow you to distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus and have circular DNA/chromosomes, eukaryotes have a nucleus and have linear DNA/chromosomes

9. Are protists eukaryotic or prokaryotic? Eukaryotic

10. What are some ways that protists are motile? PseudopodiaFlagellaCiliaGliding

11. In your own words, define “hypothesis”.

A hypothesis is a scientific prediction that is based on previous knowledge and is possible to test.

12. What are the two parts of a species’ scientific name? The Genus name, and the species name (specific epithet/one particular species).

13. How do prokaryotic cells divide? a. Meiosis b. Binary fission c. Mitosisd. Sexual reproduction

14. What is the result of mitosis? a. Two genetically distinct daughter cellsb. Two genetically identical daughter cellsc. Four genetically distinct daughter cellsd. Four genetically identical daughter cells

15. T/F: your body has more human cells than prokaryotic cells.

a. Trueb. False

i. Recent studies show that a 155 lb person would have ~30 trillion human cells and ~38 trillion bacterial cells

16. What are the four shapes that prokaryotes typically exhibit?

a. Spheres (cocci) b. Rods (bacilli) c. Comma (vibrios) d. Spiral (spirilla)

17. What shape of bacteria is this?

Cocci

18. What shape of bacteria is this?

Spiral

19. When it comes to size, prokaryotes are generally ____ than eukaryotes.

a. Smallerb. Bigger

20. While some prokaryotes have a cell wall as their outer cell surface, what is another kind of external surface a prokaryote can have? What does this cell surface lead to the production of?

Some prokaryotes have a mucilage coat that is external to their cell wall and “glues” them to a surface. This leads to the production of biofilms.

21. Dental plaque, as shown here in this picture, is a

_____. a. Group of eukaryotes togetherb. Biofilm c. Single bacterium d. None of the above

22. The most common mechanism for prokaryote motility is the ____.

a. Flagellum b. Cilia c. Pseudopodia d. Arms

23. What is a chemolithoheterotroph? An organism who gets its energy from inorganic molecules and its carbon from other organisms than itself.

24. Give 3 examples of ecological roles of prokaryotes. -Chemical recycling/bioremediation -Fixing nitrogen

-Pathogens

25. How is the bioluminescent fish an example of a symbiotic relationship between a prokaryote and animal?

The bacteria are bioluminescent inside the fish which is beneficial to the fish in ways of feeding and warning off predators, and the fish provides a nutritional and safe place for the bacteria to live. Both benefit.

26. What are some examples for evidence that there are two domains of prokaryotes?

-Distinct DNA sequences between archaeans and bacteria (BEST EVIDENCE) -Archaens share some features with both bacteria and eukarya -Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell wall while archaens and eukaryotes do not

27. Euryarcheota, which is a lineage of Domain Archaea, includes methanogens, extreme halophils and hyperthermophiles. Give a brief description of each of these kinds of organisms.

-Methanogens Metabolism leads to the production of methane. Poisoned by oxygen. Aid in the digestion of cellulose. -Extreme halophiles Salt lovers, require an environment 10x saltier than sea water for growth. -Hyperthermophiles Heat lovers, grow optimally in high temperature environments.

28. ___ are the most diverse group of known bacteria. Proteobacteria

29. This kind of bacteria exhibits several different growth

forms. What is it? Cyanobacteria

30. What are some ways that protists are “important”? Protists are the basis of many food chains, they clarify water by filtering out small particles, some are parasitic, and some have economic uses for humans.

31. Draw out/describe the endosymbiont theory. A host cell (prokaryote) surrounded and engulfed a bacterium; however, rather than being digested the bacterium continued to live inside the host cell. The host cell supplied the bacterium with protection and carbon compounds, and the bacterium supplied the host cell with ATP (energy). Essentially, the bacterium was functioning as a mitochondrion inside the host cell and this lead to the formation of eukaryotic cells.

32. What kind of environment do you typically find protists in?

Aquatic or damp environments, body fluids, tissues, or cells of host organisms (if parasitic).

33. What kind of metabolism do protists who are considered protozoans exhibit?

a. Photoautotrophy b. Chemoorganoheterotrophy c. Chemolithoheterotrophy d. Chemoorganoautotrophy

34. Who is Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek and what is significant about him?

He is a scientist who produced the first high quality microscopes and was the first to observe protists, which he called “animalcules”.

35. If you were to look at a protist under an electron microscope, what feature would you look for to confidently identify it as a member of Excavata?

You would know the organism was a member of Excavata if it had an excavated feeding groove.

36. This organism causes “African sleeping sickness”. What lineage does it belong to?

Pictures=Trypanosomes Excavata

37. The three major lineages of alveolate include all of the following except which one?

a. Ciliates

b. Dinoflagellatesc. Cyanobacteria d. Apicomplexans

38. What group does this organism belong to? How can

you tell? tryAlveolata; can tell because of the alveoli under the cell surface.

39. What lineage does this group belong to? How can you

tell? Ciliate; look for cilia on cell surface and the micro and macro nuclei.

40. As you can see, this protist has an extremely elaborate cell wall. What lineage do you think it belongs to?

Dinoflagellates.

41. Which lineage has been known to cause the Red Tide? Dinoflagellate population explosions cause Red Tides.

42. How is the Stramenopila group characterized? The presence of hair-like projections on one of their two flagella.

43. What group does this organism belong to?

Stremenopilla

44. This organism has glass-like cell walls. What lineage

does it belong to? Diatoms.

45. Notice the thin pseudopodia on this organism. What

lineage does it belong to? Rhizaria

46. Which of the following is NOT a way that fossil forams are used in the industrial/scientific world according to what we talked about in class?

a. Used by oil industry as indicators of rock likely to contain oil.

b. Used in bioremediation c. Used by scientists studying ancient global climate

47. What lineage does this organism belong to?

Lobose amoeba.

48. What is a coenocytic mass? A multinucleate cytoplasm that has no division/cell walls.

49. What group does Green Algae belong to? Plantae.

50. What is unique about red algae photosynthesis? Red Algae have accessory pigments that allow photosynthesis to occur at great depths. These pigments allow them to absorb blue light.

51. What lineage does this organism belong to?

Choanoflagellates. (Group = opisthakonta)

A few closing thoughts… Please do not let this exam review be the only studying you do! Do other SI worksheets, study Dr. Colbert’s lecture notes and really make sure you UNDERSTAND everything in his notes. Don’t just memorize. I have not seen the test so I cannot promise you that what is on this review will be on the test, but I made it directly from his notes so I hope it is helpful to you! Good luck!