Appropriate Technology-Unit (1&2)

8/12/2019 Appropriate Technology-Unit (1&2)

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Appropriate Technology

M.Sc Environmental Design

Department Home & Health Sciences Department , Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

December 14, 2013


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Resource Person Name Muhammad Abid Profession Civil Engineer Education M.Phil Engineering

M.Sc EngineeringM.B.A, M.P.A

L.L.B, D.T.L, D.L.LB.Sc Civil Engineering University University of Engineering &

Technology, Lahore.University of the Punjab.

Position Head Technical ServicesGroup

Organization Pakistan Poverty AlleviationFund


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Introduction

Why to adopt Appropriate Technology (AT) ? Combines: technology, participation and poverty

alleviation

Holistic approach to improve socio-economicconditions, ensuring optimal utilizations ofresources with minimum or no environmentaldetriment.

AT can be indigenous, intermediate or high-developed technology

Efficiency of technology measured to improve

lives of people and societies


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Introduction

Technology is appropriate if it provides: Tools that meet the peoples needs, and Provide solutions to the problems

Merger of local conditions and developmentobjectives for a better alternate solution

AT evolved in 1970 i.e. China, India, Sudan,Tanzania, Kenya.

Best possible AT possible techniques to be adoptedin Pakistan, where and how they can beimplemented.


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What is Appropriate Technology

Defined as object, process, ideas, orpractice that enhances fulfillment throughsatisfaction of human needs.

Compatible with social, cultural diversionsof innovation and economic conditions

AT meet the basic needs of hundreds ofmillion of people largely left out of thedevelopment process.


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What is Appropriate Technology

Appropriate technology has been used to cover awide range of both technologies and lifestylesincluding sustainable living, alternative fuels, and

ethical technology transfers. A technology is considered Appropriate if it solves

a social problem without many adverse negativeeffects.

Every new technology has consequences forsociety. A technology is appropriate when itsintended positive consequences outweigh itsunintended negative consequences


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How do we evaluate Appropriateness?

There are 3 ways of evaluating Appropriateness:technical, cultural, and economic. Technical -considering the technical knowledge and

background of the people who will be using thistechnology. Cultural - the relationship of the technology to the

critical social systems in the society including family

systems, religious beliefs, division of labor in asociety, and levels of education and training.

Economic - a technology's effect on income levelsand income distribution in a society and incomedisparity between different socio-economic groups.


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Using Appropriate Technology

For a person, who intends to work from 1 st world nation to a 3 rd world nation, for: Improving life of local community, through a

possible technology AT is simple, small scale, energy efficient,

environmentally sound, labor intensive and

controlled and maintained by local community. Pay attention on local Culture Design devises or processes to improve quality

of life


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Culture & Transfer of Technology Culture attributes play a substantial role in

providing human feelings with: Mental, moral and economic tools of life Better than Successful Development of Capitalism

Cultural & Economic Miracles: Latins America persistent instability/inequity -ethnic Korean and Japanese economic miracles

Cultural perspectives and belief systems stronglyinfluence national leaders, civil servants

Blue print of social, economic, military structures

Chief source of conflict between nation-states,transnational's forei n ex erts


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Why Developing Countries Need Appropriate Technology

Provisions of Employment Production of Goods for Local Markets

Substitution of Local goods for thosepreviously imported and that arecompetitive in quality and cost

Use of local resources of labor, materials,including health, water, sanitation,housing, roads, and education


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How AT can be Applied

Clearly Identify the Problems: Existing technologies in developing countries Improve Quality & Performance of Human

Resources, especially Rural Poverty Recycling used Technology Adapting Imported Technology to Local

Needs, Materials and Resources Research & Development of Appropriate

Technologies to solve basic Human Needs


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How AT can be Applied

Common definition of the Nature andpurpose of Appropriate Technology

Meeting basic Human Needsrequirements

Technological Assessment Transfer of Technologies Information and Adaptation


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Approaches to Design AT Technologies

Importance of Institutional Work tosupport Appropriate Technology(community and financing organization)

3 basic levels of Design: Mental, Picturewith Dimensions, and supportingCalculations

Financial Costs over the Project Lifetime


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Guidelines for Implementation

Separate AT from High-tech that is usedin industrialized countries

AT Promotes: Local Materials, Local Knowhow, and local Business Opportunity

2 to 3 alternate approaches for the same

project


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Current Issues in TechnologyDevelopment Relationship

Development & Technology in 3 rd World Declining value.

Technology to Address Basic Needs Water & Energy Lack of access to clean drinking water, water can

be cleaned and reused for household and irrigationpurposes.

Water source rivers, streams, rain, snowfall,glaciers, springs, groundwater

Sustainability of Technology and Projects Renewable Energy to be practiced

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Technology to address Poverty Alleviation- Agriculture Technology can play a role from subsistence

farming to high productivity, Constraints by International Agencies

Food fermentation, biotechnology, diversifying

agricultural production, Use indigenous agriculture knowledge

C I i T h l


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Policy to Build Industrial TechnologicalCapabilities A griculture cannot alone raise income to a

higher level Industrialization is necessary Belief in Market Forces Essential Growth of Small Scale Production

C I i T h l


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Channels for Technology Transfer (TT) TT through Regulation Local Participation in Technology Choice, Installation and Adaptation, Indigenization of Subsidiary Workforces

Establishment of R & D

C I i T h l


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Technology Education & Training Skills and Ways to transfer, receive and use

technology

Vocational Training Introduction to the teachers training course Technology is less important than the people

Technology is to be transferred from origin torecipient

C I i T h l


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Technology Education & Training Inequalities between North and South and within

3rd World have many causes

Spectrum of Approaches to Technology andDevelopment.

Local in invention, local in design, local inmanufacture and local in implementation

Indigenous technology is not the only solution,rather it has to be blended with the innovation.


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Examples of Appropriate Technologies

Renewable Energy Smart Growth

Green Buildings


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Renewable Energy

Renewable energy industries produce energyusing resources i.e. as sunlight, wind, waterhead/tidal, biomass and organic waste

Renewable sources of energy are diffuse(spread thin) and intermittent. One example ofthe diffuseness feature is that a

1000-megawatt solar farm might occupy about5000 acres of land, while a nuclear powerstation with the same generating capacity only

requires around 150 acres.


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Examples of Renewable Energy-Biomass

Many developing countries depend on woodand agricultural waste for energy.

Almost half of India's and nearly 90 percent oftotal energy consumption in several smallcountries in Africa is provided by wood.

Sweden has increased its use of biomassdramatically in the last ten years and presentlyuses fast-growing willow trees and otherorganics to supply 20 percent of its total energy

supply.


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Examples of Renewable Energy-Hydropower

Modern large hydropowerplants are very expensiveto build; however,hydropower is not

distributed equally aroundthe world.

In the US, about 10 percent of the total electricity isgenerated from hydropower. It has dropped since the

1940s when 40 percent of the electricity in the US washydropower.

Disruption of the environment and conflicts are the major

reasons for fewer hydropower plants being built today.


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Examples of Renewable Energy-Geo-Thermal

The Philippines has the highest percentage of powergenerated from geothermal sources; 22 % of itselectricity is generated with geothermal steam.

The percentage of Geothermal is high (at least 10-20 % of the total) in four other countries: CostaRica, El Salvador, Kenya, and Nicaragua.

Central America, parts of Southeast Asia, and thewestern United States have the greatest potentialfor major reliance on geothermal energy. Promisingsites also exist in parts of southern Europe and East

Africa.

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Examples of Renewable Energy-Geo-WindExperts in the field of alternative energy feel wind energy is the

most auspicious (favorable) of the renewables. Windmillsmechanically turn turbines without an intermediate stage ofheating water.

In the early 1980s, more than 8,000 wind machines wereinstalled in California. One of the largest wind farms ispresently found in the rolling, windswept hills of theAltamont Pass, east of San Francisco.

Attempts to reap economies of scale by building largerwindmills capable of generating more than 1 MW of powerhave been suppressed by technical problems. Capital

costs have remained prohibitive.

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Examples of Renewable Energy-Photovoltaic Cells

A conference room covered inphotovoltaic cells at theBewag power plant in Berlin.

Semi-conductors have the unique property of being ableto turn sunlight directly into electric current. Thisapplication is surfacing in a variety of items such assolar-powered calculators, refrigerators, and satellites.

According to some energy forecasters, solar cells installedon rooftops may allow for a much greater decentralizationof electricity than other technologies.

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Examples of Renewable Energy-Thermal Solar Power

Solar thermal powertechnologies and solarponds are projected to

have competitivegenerating costs by theend of the century. Thecapital cost for expensive

items like polishedmirrors to track the pathof the sun is presentlyexorbitant.

E l f R bl E


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Examples of Renewable Energy-Thermal Solar

Example: Solar Two the solar energy wascollected through a field of individually guidedmirrors, called heliostats. The sunlight heats salt to1,050 degrees Fahrenheit, which turns the salt intoa liquid (or molten salt). The liquid and hot salt wasthen piped away, stored, and used to power asteam turbine.


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Smart Growth Smart growth is development that accommodates the

needs of a community without sacrificing theenvironment.

Smart growth aims to balance development andenvironmental protection by creating new developmentsthat are: centered more in the towns and cities include alternative transit options (trains, bike paths, and safe

walkways)

have mixed use development. Mixed use development moves away from the post-WW-II

ideal of single-home-only suburbs to a model thatincludes housing, commercial, and retail space in the

same development.


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Types of Smart Growth

Smart Growth means that less Land canaccommodate new development:

This development is sometimes calledCompact Development.

There are three common techniques toachieve compact development:

Infill development,brownfields(contaminated) redevelopment,

and cluster development.


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In-Fill Development

Infill development isdevelopment thatattempts to addadditional housing orbusiness facilitiesinside an existingdevelopment. Thisway, a city can fill upunused space in aparticular area.

An example of a recent mixed use development is thePaseo Colorado complex in Pasadena, California. The newcomplex was built in center of town and includes a two-level shopping center with four stories of apartments above

the shopping areas.


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Cluster Development

Cluster development allows for similar dwellings asdoes regular developments; however, theindividual lot sizes are reduced and room is leftfor open spaces in the development


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Technique Used in Green Construction

Reducing material use in construction. Smaller is betterfor the environment; using less materials is alwayspreferable from an environmental point of view.

However, the trend today is for houses to get low-impactmaterials during construction:

Many construction and building materials containtoxins i.e. many carpets emit gases as they grow old.

Research shows that houses which are tightly sealed,are more exposed to dangerous chemicals andpesticides is much higher from inside the houserather than outside the house.


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Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainability is built upon 3 broadgoals:

Farm profitability, improvement of theenvironment, and increased quality oflife for farmers and theircommunities.


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Lessons Learned from AT

What will be the effect of AT on individual andcommunity, and AT can be useful in a foreign culture

Follow AT , but do not follow them rigidly AT implementation must be planned and

people must be convinced to change

Understanding of Design devises or processesto improve quality of peoples life


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Thank You

Appropriate Technology-Unit (1&2)

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