Approaches to maxillofacial skeleton
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APPROACHES TO FACIAL SKELETON
M O D E R AT O R – D R . R A J A S E K H A R G .
P R E S E N T E D B Y -D R . S H E E TA L K A P S E
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CONTENTS
Introduction
General principles of
approaches and placing
incisions
Extraoral approaches
Intraoral approaches
Conclusion
References
Transfacial Approaches to the Mandible Approaches to the condyle Periorbital Incisions Surgical Approaches to the Nasal Skeleton Coronal Approach
Approaches to the Maxilla Approaches to the Mandible Approaches to the Orbit
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INTRODUCTION
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General principles of approaches and placing incisions
1. Age
2. Aesthetics
3. Location
4. Proximity of vital structures
5. Accessibility to underlying bone
6. Tension on closure
7. Direction of wound
8. Shape of the wound
9. Local condition of tissues
10. Systemic condition of the patient
11. Technique
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General principles of approaches and placing incisions
1. Use of natural lines
2. Hiding the scar in hair bearing area, inside
the hairline
3. Course of major vessels and important
nerves with their branches should be
considered in order to prevent any injury
4. Adequate accessibility : length of incision
should be adequate.
5. Use of Z-plasty
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EXTRAORAL APPROACHES
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Transfacial Approaches to the Mandible
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Submandibular approach
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Retromandibular approach
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Modified Blair incision
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Rhytidectomy or facelift approach
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Approaches to the condyle
THOMA’S ANGULATED INCISION 1958
DINGMAN & GRABB 1962
BLAIR’S INVERVED
HOCKYSTICK INCISION
BLAIR & IVY 1936
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Hui Li, Gang Zhang, Junhui Cui,Weilong Liu, Dilnu Dilxat and Lei Liu. A Modified Preauricular Approach forTreating Intracapsular Condylar Fractures to Prevent Facial Nerve Injury: The Supratemporalis Approach. J Oral Maxillofac Surg -:1-10, 2016.
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Periorbital Incisions
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Lee CH, Lee C, Trabulsy PP: Endoscopic-assisted repair of a malar fracture. Ann Plast Surg 37:178, 1996
Endoscopic approach
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PREPARATION
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Transcutaneous approach through lower eyelid
Once the incision is made, there are 3 pathways available to the underlyingorbit—• the “skin flap”
dissection, the
• “skin-muscle flap” dissection,
• the “stepped skin muscle flap (Converse)” dissection
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Transconjunctival approach
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Extended transconjunctival approachFor exposure of the frontozygomatic area
The incision for the extended
transconjunctival approach is exactly as
described for thestandard
transconjunctival approach, but the incision must be extended further
laterally,1 to 1.5 cm in a natural
crease.
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Transconjunctival approach to the medial orbit
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Supraorbital Eyebrow Approach
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Upper eyelid approachupper blepharoplasty, upper eyelid crease, and supratarsal fold approach
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Coronal Approach
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ALTERNATE INCISIONS
Postauricular placement of the coronal incision. The incision can be extended into the postauricular sulcus or within the hairline
Illustration showing zigzag incision across the entire incision. Alternatively, the zigzag can be used in the temporal areas only, with straight incision across the vertex. The resultant scar becomes less noticeable.
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Surgical Approaches to the Nasal Skeleton
External skeleton of the nose.N, nasal bone; ULC, upper lateral cartilage; SC, sesamoid cartilages; S, cartilaginous septum; LLC, lower lateral cartilage.
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Scroll area where upper and lower lateral cartilages are joined by fibrocartilaginoustissue
Base of the nose. IDL, interdomal ligaments; LC, lateral crus of the lower lateral cartilage; MC, medial crus of the lower lateral cartilage; S, septum
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Open or External Approach
Submucosal injection of the nasal septum, membranous septum and along the medial crus of the lower lateral cartilage injection along the location of
the marginal incision
injection just superficial to
the upper lateral cartilages and
the nasal bones
injection along the location of the marginal
incision
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Incisions and dissection
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Application of thermoplastic splint to external nose
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Closed or Endonasal Approach
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INTRAORAL APPROACHES
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Approaches to the Maxilla
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Axial section through the maxilla at the level of the tooth root apices showing the relation of the buccal fat pad (BFP) to the lateral maxilla. Note that the fat pad extends anteriorly to approximately the first molar. Also, posterior to the origin of the buccinator muscle on the maxilla, the buccal fat pad is just lateral to the periosteum.
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Approaches to the Mandible
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Closure of the posterior incision is performed in one layer. In the anterior region, delayed sutures are placed in the mentalis muscle prior to mucosal closure.
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Approaches to the Orbit
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ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY. Atlas Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin N Am 11 (2003).
Markiewicz M R, Bell R B. Traditional and Contemporary Surgical Approaches to the Orbit. Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin N Am. 2012; 24 (4):573–607.
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CONCLUSION 3 factors distinguish facial access from that in the remainder of the body.
1. The prominent location and social importance of the face mandates that incisions be placed in locations that are as inconspicuous as possible.
2. The presence of peripheral nerves makes the location of the incisions and the dissection around them critically important. Loss of sensory input and, more importantly, weakness or loss of facial movement can be devastating for many patients and difficult to correct secondarily.
3. The compact nature of facial structures exposes structures in the path of dissection to injury, especially as the incision is located more remotely from the defect site.
The intraoral approach should be used whenever possible to avoid skin incisions.
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REFERENCES1. Surgical approaches to the facial skeleton / Edward Ellis III, Michael F. Zide ;
illustrations by Jennifer Carmichael and Lewis Calver.—2nd ed.
2. Maxillofacial trauma and esthetic facial reconstruction / [edited by] Peter Ward Booth, Barry L. Eppley, Rainer Schmelzeisen.—2nd ed.
3. ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY. Atlas Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin N Am 11 (2003).
4. Markiewicz M R, Bell R B. Traditional and Contemporary Surgical Approaches to the Orbit. Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin N Am. 2012; 24 (4):573–607.
5. Lee CH, Lee C, Trabulsy PP: Endoscopic-assisted repair of a malar fracture. Ann Plast Surg 37:178, 1996
6. Hui Li, Gang Zhang, Junhui Cui,Weilong Liu, Dilnu Dilxat and Lei Liu. A Modified Preauricular Approach for Treating Intracapsular Condylar Fractures to Prevent Facial Nerve Injury: The Supratemporalis Approach. J Oral Maxillofac Surg -:1-10, 2016.