Applying Newton’s Laws - San Jose State UniversityGoals for Chapter 5 •To use Newton’s first...
Transcript of Applying Newton’s Laws - San Jose State UniversityGoals for Chapter 5 •To use Newton’s first...
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PowerPoint® Lectures for
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by Wayne Anderson
Chapter 5
Applying Newton’s
Laws
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Goals for Chapter 5
• To use Newton’s first law for bodies in
equilibrium
• To use Newton’s second law for
accelerating bodies
• To study the types of friction and fluid
resistance
• To solve problems involving circular
motion
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Introduction
• We’ll extend the problem-solving skills we began to
develop in Chapter 4.
• We’ll start with equilibrium, in which a body is at rest or
moving with constant velocity.
• Next, we’ll study objects that are not in equilibrium and
deal with the relationship between forces and motion.
• We’ll analyze the friction force that acts when a body
slides over a surface.
• We’ll analyze the forces on a body in circular motion at
constant speed.
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One-dimensional equilibrium: Tension in a massless rope
• A gymnast hangs from the end of a massless rope
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One-dimensional equilibrium: Tension in a rope with mass
• What is the tension in the previous example if the
rope has mass?
• Follow Example 5.2.
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Two-dimensional equilibrium
• A car engine hangs from several chains.
• Follow Example 5.3.
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Bodies connected by a cable and pulley
• A cart is connected to a bucket by a cable passing over a
pulley.
• Draw separate free-body diagrams for the bucket and the cart.
• Follow Example 5.5.
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A note on free-body diagrams
• Refer to Figure 5.6.
• Only the force of
gravity acts on the
falling apple.
• ma does not belong in
a free-body diagram.
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Straight-line motion with constant force
• The wind exerts a constant horizontal force on the boat.
• Follow Example 5.6.
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Straight-line motion with friction
• For the ice boat in the previous example, a constant
horizontal friction force now opposes its motion.
• Follow Example 5.7.
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Tension in an elevator cable
• The elevator is moving downward but slowing to a stop.
• What is the tension in the supporting cable?
• Follow Example 5.8.
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Apparent weight in an accelerating elevator
• A woman inside the elevator of the previous example is standing on a scale. How will the acceleration of the elevator affect the scale reading?
• Follow Example 5.9.
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Some approximate coefficients of friction
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Kinetic and static friction
• Kinetic friction acts when a body slides over a
surface.
• The kinetic friction force is fk = µkn.
• Static friction acts when there is no relative motion
between bodies.
• The static friction force can vary between zero and
its maximum value: fs ≤ µsn.
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Dynamics of circular motion
• If a particle is in
uniform circular
motion, both its
acceleration and the
net force on it are
directed toward the
center of the circle.
• The net force on the
particle is Fnet = mv2/R.
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What if the string breaks?
• If the string breaks, no net force acts on the ball, so it
obeys Newton’s first law and moves in a straight
line.
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Avoid using “centrifugal force”
• Figure (a) shows the correct free-body diagram for a body in uniform circular motion.
• Figure (b) shows a common error.
• In an inertial frame of reference, there is no such thing as “centrifugal force.”
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Force in uniform circular motion
• A sled on frictionless ice is kept in uniform circular
motion by a rope.
• Follow Example 5.19.
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A conical pendulum
• A bob at the end of a wire moves in a horizontal
circle with constant speed.
• Follow Example 5.20.
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A car rounds a flat curve
• A car rounds a flat unbanked curve. What is its
maximum speed?
• Follow Example 5.21.
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A car rounds a banked curve
• At what angle should a curve be banked so a car can
make the turn even with no friction?
• Follow Example 5.22.
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Uniform motion in a vertical circle
• A person on a Ferris wheel moves in a vertical circle.
• Follow Example 5.23.
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The fundamental forces of nature
• According to current understanding, all forces are
expressions of four distinct fundamental forces:
• gravitational interactions
• electromagnetic interactions
• the strong interaction
• the weak interaction
• Physicists have taken steps to unify all interactions
into a theory of everything.
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