Applied Transportation Analysis_1

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Applied Transportation Analysis

Introduction to Intelligent TransportationSystems


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Aim of the course

Understand and design public transport

management and scheduling studies

Develop parking models

Forecast traffic demand using statistical

techniques Develop a basic understanding of the

Intelligent Transportation Systems

Implementation and development of incidentmanagement schemes for urban and freewayenvironments

Monday, 18 January 2010


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Syllabus

Dr. B. Ghosh

Introduction to Intelligent TransportationSystems

Applications of Intelligent TransportationSystems

Traffic forecasting

Incident Management

Dr. B. Caulfield

Public Transport Management

Parking studies

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Intelligent Transportation Systems

Reference : Introduction to Transportation

Systems (Artech House Its Library)

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What is ITS?

In the developed urban parts of todays world physical

expansion of the existing network can often prove difficult.Increased environmental pollution, fossil fuel (or other forms ofenergy) consumption, land take, traffic congestion andcasualties are a few of the major detrimental side-effects ofexpansion, which can harm the social and environmental well-being of the human population.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is a step towardsattaining sustainability by increasing the efficiency of anexisting transport system.

ITS aims at efficient traffic management and increased capacitywithin an existing network by introducing extensive andmultipurpose use of advanced technologies andtelecommunication systems to transport infrastructure.

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ITS Goals (typical)

Some typical goals are described here. They

change according to the need of the network/state/country

Manage Congestion on arterial and freeways

Improve safetyIncreased and higher quality mobility

Reduce energy use and negative environmental impact

Increase efficiency

Increase coordination

Improved public-private partnerships

Improved Economic Productivity

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ITS Structure

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Technology:

SensingCommunicationsComputingAlgorithms

Systems:

VehicleTransport infrastructureInformationdissemination systems


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ITS Structure

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Institutions: ITS benefits public and private sectorsalike.For example, ITS makes it possible to implement a number ofgovernment regulations and processes (customs and

immigration clearance, transportation safety compliance,road/bridge toll collection) more economically, and to improvecorporate productivity through time savings, reducedoperating costs and energy consumption, and enhancedreliability and safety.


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Scale

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Change and ITS

Reinvention of logistics. New transportation players

Changes in academia.

New public sector partnerships at regional

scale New public/private partnerships

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Subsystems of ITS

It is convenient to think of ITS in terms of the six

major areas,

Advanced Traffic Management System(ATMS)

Advanced Traveller Information Systems(ATIS)

Advanced Public Transportation Systems(APTS)

Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)

Advanced Rural Transportation systems(ARTS)

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Subsystems of ITS

Advanced Traffic Management SystemNetwork management, including incidentmanagement, traffic light control, electronictoll collection, congestion prediction and

congestion-ameliorating strategies.

Advanced Traveller Information Systems

Information provided to drivers pre-trip and

during the trip in the vehicle. ATMS helpsprovide real-time network information.

E.g., Variable Message Signs (VMS), dynamicrouting information etc.

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Subsystems of ITS

Advanced Vehicle Control SystemsA set of technologies designed to enhancedriver control and vehicle safety. This rangesup to Automated Highway Systems (AHS),

where the driver cedes all control to thesystem.

Commercial Vehicle Operations

Technologies to enhance commercial fleetproductivity, including weigh-in-motion (WIM),pre-clearance procedures, electronic log books,interstate coordination.

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Subsystems of ITS

Advanced Public Transportation SystemsPassenger information and technologies toenhance system operations, including farecollection, intramodal and intermodal transfers,

scheduling, headway control.

Advanced Rural Transportation Systems

Mostly safety and security technologies for

travel in rural areas. "Rural" is defined as thoseareas that do not have the same access toresources and infrastructure elements as majormetropolitan areas.

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ATMS and ATIS

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Key Underlying Technologies

Global Positioning System (GPS). Embedded

GPS receivers in vehicleson-board units receive signalsfrom several different satellites to calculate the devices(and thus the vehicles) position. This requires line ofsight to satellites, which can inhibit use of GPS indowntown settings due to urban canyon effects.Location can usually be determined to within ten meters.GPS is the core technology behind many in-vehiclenavigation and route guidance systems. Severalcountries, notably Holland and Germany, are using orwill use OBUs equipped with satellite-based GPS devicesto record miles travelled by automobiles and/or trucks in

order to implement user fees based on vehicle milestravelled to finance their transportation systems.

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Dedicated-Short Range Communications (DSRC).DSRC is a short to medium-range wirelesscommunication channel, operating in the 5.8 or 5.9GHzwireless spectrum, specifically designed for automotiveuses. Critically, DSRC enables two-way wirelesscommunications between the vehicle (through embeddedtags or sensors) and roadside equipment (RSE). DSRC is

a key enabling technology for many intelligenttransportation systems, including vehicle-to-infrastructure integration, vehicle-to-vehiclecommunication, adaptive traffic signal timing, electronictoll collection, congestion charging, electronic road

pricing, information provision, etc. DSRC is a subset ofradio frequency identification (RFID) technology. Thetechnology for ITS applications works on the 5.9GHzband (United States) or the 5.8GHz band (in Japan andEurope). At present, DSRC systems in Europe, Japan,

and the United States are generally not compatible.4-Jan-09


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Wireless Networks. Similar to technology commonly used forwireless Internet access, wireless networks allow rapidcommunications between vehicles and the roadside, but havea range of only a few hundred meters. However, this rangecan be extended by each successive vehicle or roadside nodepassing information onto the next vehicle or node. South Ko-rea is increasingly using WiBro, based on WiMAX technology,

as the wireless communications infrastructure to transmittraffic and public transit information throughout itstransportation network.

Mobile Telephony. ITS applications can transmit informationover standard third or fourth generation (3G or 4G) mobile

telephone networks. Advantages of mobile networks includewide availability in towns and along major roads. However,additional network capacity may be required if vehicles arefitted with this technology, and network operators might needto cover these costs. Mobile telephony may not be suitable for

some safety-critical ITS applications since it may be too slow.4-Jan-09


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Radiowave or Infrared Beacons.JapansVehicle InformationCommunications System (VICS) uses radio wave beacons onexpressways and infrared beacons on trunk and arterialroadways to communicate real-time traffic information.(Arterial roadways are moderate capacity roadways justbelow highways in level of service; a key distinction is thatarterial roadways tend to use traffic signals. Arterial roadways

carry large volumes of traffic between areas in urbancentres.). VICS uses 5.8GHz DSRC wireless technology.

Roadside Camera Recognition. Camera or tag-basedschemes can be used for zone-based congestion chargingsystems (as in London), or for charging on specific roads.

Such systems use cameras placed on roadways where driversenter and exit congestion zones. The cameras use AutomaticLicense Plate Recognition (ALPR), based on Optical CharacterRecognition (OCR) technology, to identify vehicle licenseplates; this information is passed digitally to back-office

servers, which assess and post charges to drivers for theiruse of roadwa s within the con estion zone.4-Jan-09


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Probe Vehicles or Devices. Several countries deploy so-calledprobevehicles(often taxis or government-owned ve-hicles equipped with DSRC or other wireless technology) thatreport their speed and location to a central traffic operationsmanagement centre, where probe data is aggregated togenerate an area-wide picture of traffic flow and to identifycongested locations. Extensive research has also been

performed into using mobile phones that drivers often carryas a mechanism to generate real-time traffic information,using the GPS-derived location of the phone as it moves alongwith the vehicle. As a related example, in Beijing, more than10,000 taxis and commercial vehicles have been outfitted

with GPS chips that send travel speed information to asatellite, which then sends the information down to theBeijing Transportation Information Center, which thentranslates the data into average travel speeds on every roadin the city.

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Sample of ITS Applications

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ITS Applications

Intelligent Infrastructure Based Applications

Arterial ManagementHighway/Freeway Management

Transit Management

Traffic Incident Management

Emergency ManagementElectronic Payment and Pricing

Traveller Information

Information Management

Crash Prevention and Safety

Roadway Operations and Maintenance

Road Weather Management

Commercial Vehicle Operations

Intermodal Freight

Reference: http://www.itsoverview.its.dot.gov/


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ITS Applications

Intelligent Vehicle Based Applications

Collision Avoidance SystemsDriver Assistance Systems

Collision Notification Systems

Reference: http://www.itsoverview.its.dot.gov/


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Arterial Management Systems

Manage traffic along arterial roadways, employing


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Highway/Freeway Management Systems

Highway or freeway transport system is managed

employing,


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Transit Management

Public transit surveillance and communications,

Automated vehicle location systemsComputer-aided dispatch systems

Remote vehicle and facility surveillance cameras


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Traffic Incident Management

Involves the following aspects,

Surveillance and detection Mobilization and response

Information dissemination

Clearance and recovery

The management system aims at,

Decreasing the time to detect incidents

Decreasing the time for responding vehicles to

arrive Decreasing the time for traffic to return to

normal conditions


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Electronic Payment and Pricing

Electronic payment systems employ various

communication and electronic technologies tofacilitate commerce between travellers andtransportation agencies, typically for the purposeof paying tolls and transit fares.

It involves,


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Traveller Information

Traveller information applications use a variety of

technologies, including Internet websites,telephone hotlines, as well as television and radio,to allow users to make more informed decisionsregarding trip departures, routes, and mode oftravel.

Pre-tripWeb sites

Television

Radio

SMS

En-routeSMS

Radio

In-Vehicle systems


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Information Management

Archiving and retrieval of data generated by

ITS applications Data archiving is the collection, storage and

distribution of ITS data for transportationplanning, administration, policy, operation,

safety analyses, and research. Data archivingsystems make use of a variety of software,database, and electronic data storagetechnologies.

It involves,

Decision support systems

Predictive information

Performance monitoring


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Crash Prevention and Safety

The systems detect unsafe conditions and providewarnings to travellers to take action to avoid crashes.

These systems provide alerts for traffic approachingat dangerous curves, off ramps, restricted overpasses,highway-rail crossings, high-volume intersections, andalso provide warnings of the presence of pedestrians,and bicyclists, and even animals on the roadway.

The systems typically employ sensors to monitor thespeed and characteristics of approaching vehicles andfrequently also include environmental sensors to monitorroadway conditions and visibility.

In some cases, manual systems are employed, forexample where pedestrians or bicyclists manually set thesystem to provide warnings of their presence to drivers.


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Roadway Operations and Maintenance

ITS applications focus

on integrated managementof maintenance fleets,specialized service vehicles,hazardous road conditionsremediation, and work zone

mobility and safety.These applications

monitor, analyze, anddisseminate roadway andinfrastructure data for

operational, maintenance,and managerial uses.


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Intermodal Freight

ITS can facilitate the safe, efficient, secure, and

seamless movement of freight.Applications being deployed provide for

tracking of freight and carrier assets such ascontainers and chassis

improve the efficiency of freight terminal processes

drayage operations (ITS for drayage operations canpromote the efficient loading, unloading, sorting, andtransfer of cargo by implementing automated systems and

robotics to optimize limited dock and port space)

international border crossings


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Collision Avoidance System

To improve the ability of drivers to avoid

accidentsSensors to monitor vehicles surroundings

Alerts for the driver when conditions arise thatcould lead to a collision

Examples

Forward collision warning

Obstacle detection systems

Road and lane departure warning systemsLane changing assistance

Rear impact warning systems

Roll over warning systems


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Driver Assistance Systems

Numerous intelligent vehicle technologies exist to

assist the driver in operating the vehicle safely. Assist the driver in operating the vehicle safely

Aid with navigation

Drowsy driver warning systems

Object detectionDriver communication with other drivers or dispatch

Safe driving in adverse conditions

Vision enhancement

Speed control systems (ACC)

Assist with difficult driving tasks

Transit or commercial vehicle docking

coupling, decoupling


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Collision Notification Systems

In an effort to improve response times and save

lives, collision notification systems have beendesigned to detect and report the location andseverity of incidents to agencies and servicesresponsible for coordinating appropriateemergency response actions.

These systems can be activated manually, orautomatically with automatic collision notification,and advanced systems may transmit informationon the type of crash, number of passengers, andthe likelihood of injuries.

Applied Transportation Analysis_1

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