APPLICATIONS OF THE HALAL CONCEPT
Transcript of APPLICATIONS OF THE HALAL CONCEPT
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APPLICATIONS OF THE HALAL CONCEPT
Presented by
DZULKIFLY MAT HASHIM
HEAD OF LABORATORY, HALAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
CCMB SEMINAR ON ‘HALAL AWARENESS’
16 SEPTEMBER 2008
MATRADE, KUALA LUMPUR
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CONTENT
Introduction
Concept of Halal
Issues in the Halal Industry
R&D for Halal Authentication
Conclusion
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INTRODUCTION
Halal is a Qur‟anic term meaning „permissible, allowed or lawful‟.
When used in relation to food and other consumer goods it means
“permissible for consumption and utilization by Muslims”
Haram means prohibited.
Shubhah / Mashbooh means doubtful or suspected
Halal and haram are serious matters in Islam
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The life of every Muslim is to be guided by Shariah (Islamic Law)
Islamic Law based on the Quran (The Holy Book), Hadith (sayings
of the Prophet), Ijma‟ (Consensus of the Scholars) and Qiyas
(Analogous situation)
A particular food or other consumer product becomes halal or
haram if it is considered so through any one of the above
mentioned sources
Fatwa (religious rulings) are issued by competent Islamic
Authorities.
Cont…
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Cont…
In the selection of food and drink (and in extension to pharmaceutical
products), Islam has laid down a few very important guidelines:
Whether the consumption of the foodstuff is prohibited by Allah SWT
Whether the food is obtained through Halal or Haram means
Whether the food has, at any stage of its production or processing, has
been added or comes into contact with a prohibited ingredient
Whether or not the material is harmful to health
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THE HALAL CONCEPT
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THE HALAL SYSTEM
Can be viewed from two perspectives:
• From a religious point of view – it is an obligation thatshould be fulfilled by every muslim
• From a business point of view – it is a good businessopportunity at a global or international level
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AL-QURAN
“O ye who believe! Forbid not the good things which Allah has made Halal
for you, and transgress not. Lo Allah loves not transgressors. Eat of that
which Allah has bestowed on you as food Halal and Good, and keep your
duty to Allah in Whom ye are believers.”
(Al Maaidah : Verse 87 –88)
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Halalan - Thoyyiban
• Halal – permissible based on shariah
perspectives (religious, faith and spiritual)
• Thoyyiban – Good and Wholesome (quality,
safety, hygienic, clean, nutritious, quality,
authentic - scientific)
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Thoyyib = Good
• Good and Wholesome
• High in quality
• Safety ensured (microbiologically safe, free from chemical
and physical hazards)
• Hygienic and clean
• Nutritious
• Authentic (in its claims)
• Organic (in sync with its natural environment)
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Halal Food Production
‘From Farm to Table’ Concept
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Considered halal if in the entire food chain the product is processed, handled
and stored in accordance to shariah or halal standards or guidelines :
For food,
• JAKIM’s General Guidelines
• Malaysia Standard MS1500:2004 (First Revision)
(To be endorsed by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, as the OIC Halal Food Standard,
involving 57 Islamic countries)
• Codex Alimentarius (Food Labeling) – Secretariat of the Joint FAO/WHO Food
Standard Programme based on JAKIM’s Guidelines (169 members of Codex)
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Beef from farming system with good agricultural
practices
Good animal welfare
Good feed and
feeding method
Good environmental
management
THOYYIB = GOOD PRACTICE IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
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Good pre-slaughter management results in beef of better quality
• Transportation
management
• Handling at
abattoir
• Good facilities
and welfare
THOYYIB = GOOD PRACTICE IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
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• 70% of yellow
noodles samples
found to have boric
acid
• Boric acid will
cause vomiting,
dysentery,
dermatitis, kidney
failure, damage to
blood vessels
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HALAL ISSUES IN THE
INDUSTRY
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Halal Critical Areas
Raw materials – animal or plant origin
Slaughtering – according to Islamic law/stunning and thoracic sticking
issues
Processing operations/equipment – x-contamination
Packaging/Storage/Transportation (containers and vessels)
Food ingredients and additives
Pig, by-products (e.g. pork, lard, gelatin), derivates (hydrolysate
Enzymes (e.g rennet, pepsin)
Emulsifiers (e.g. E471/E472 or mono- & diglycerides)
Alcohol (ethanol)
Biotechnology and GMF (genetically modified food)
Safety and quality aspects (aspect of ‘Thoyyiba’)
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CRITICAL POINTS TO CONSIDER
1. Is the product sourced from an animal? (the type of animal, slaughtering, at which stage
the raw material source is removed from the animal?) (Carmoisin and vitamin D3, amino
acids)
2. If the product is extracted from plants or vegetables : Generally no issue except if
proven be poisonous or intoxicating
3. Aquatic products: Generally acceptable except poisonous or intoxicating
4. Alcohol and Intoxicants
5. Processing (contamination, separation, materials for brushes and belt conveyers) and
processing aids (enzymes, excipients, binders)
6. Others : Human parts (placenta, hair), Insects (cochineal colour, oil or hydrolysates
insects deemed as filth)
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• Pork, lard or any porcine substance or derivative
• Gelatine from animals which are not halal
• Product or products from a lawful animal that die before slaughter
or that died due to non-shariah compliant method of slaughter
• Blood (direct or indirect)
• Product with intoxicant (Khamr) (liquor)
• Any human parts or substance
• All carnivorous animals and birds of prey
• Non halal food additives (porcine based emulsifiers)
PROHIBITED INGREDIENTS
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ISSUES RELATED TO HALAL
Pig and its by-products
Ingredients and additives
o Gelatin
o Enzymes
o Emulsifiers
o Alcohol
o Blood
o Mono & Di-glycerides
Slaughtering (stunning/thoracic sticking)
Biotechnology and GMO
Food adulteration
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PIG AND ITS BY PRODUCTS
• Pork/meat
• Lard/oil
• Gelatin
• Enzymes
• Emulsifiers
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GELATIN
• Animal by-product (partially hydrolyzed collagen tissues of
various animal skins and hides)
• Most gelatin is one of two types :
– Type A - exclusively made from pork skin (haram)
– Type B - made from cattle and calf skin (shubhah or
doubtful)
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GELATIN
Common sources:
Pig skin
Cattle skin
Cattle bones
Fish skins
Poultry skin
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Gelatine Industry Worldwide GELITA Group
SOURCES OF GELATINE RAW MATERIAL
• In 2005, total annual production is around 300,000 metric tons
• Gelita Group makes up nearly 30% of total gelatine supply
Source : Gelita website (http://www.gelita.com/
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Source : Gelita website (http://www.gelita.com/
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Gelatine Industry Worldwide GELITA Group
USES OF GELATINE IN 2005
Source : www.gelita.com
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Gelatin - Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics
• Capsule (soft and two-piece hard capsule)
• Tablets (binding, moisturizing and coating agent)
• Lozenges and cough drops
• Excellent stabilizer and emulsifier in pharmaceutical emulsions
• External application of drugs to treat various skin disorder
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ALCOHOL
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Malaysia National Islamic Fatwa
Committee (JAKIM)
Cordials which contain any flavouring substances with a certain
amount of alcohol added as a stabiliser for the purpose as a drink,
is allowed on the condition that :
The alcohol is not derived from ‘khamr (intoxicating alcoholic
beverage = liquor) production
The quantity of alcohol in the flavour is small (insignificant) such
that it will not intoxicate
Decision made in the 22nd National Fatwa Committee Meeting,
24 November 1988
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Alcohol
• Ethanol or ethyl alcohol (khamr or liquor or intoxicants)
• Mainly consumed as alcoholic drinks
• Made by fermentation of fruits - grapes, dates, potatoes,
grains such as rice, rye, wheat, barley and corn
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Uses of Alcohol
Alcoholic beverages
Solvent in the food, cosmetic and
pharmaceutical products
Topical products
Cough syrups and mouthwash
Perfumes
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ALCOHOL AND ETHANOL
“Alcohol” refers to pure ethanol (or denatured ethanol)
at any concentration (proof)
Types of Alcoholic Drinks Concentration of
Ethanol (%)
Proof
Anhydrous ethanol 100 200
Vodka 40 80
Wine 16 32
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• From a chemistry point of view, “Alcohol” refers to any compound
containing the hydroxyl (–OH) group
• Examples
isopropanol
methyl alcohol (methanol)
butyl alcohol (butanol)
propyl alcohol (propanol)
sorbitol
CHEMICAL DEFINITION
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PROPERTIES OF METHANOL
• Methyl alcohol or wood alcohol
• Colourless
• Volatile
• Flammable
• Water soluble
• Toxic
• Intoxicating
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PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL
• Ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol or alcoholic beverage
• Colourless
• Volatile
• Flammable
• Water soluble
• Intoxicating
• Toxic
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INDUSTRIAL ALCOHOL
• Synthetic Alcohol
– Chemically Synthesized from Ethylene
– Process:
1. Indirect hydration through addition of sulfuric acid
2. Direct catalytic hydration of ethylene
• Agricultural Alcohol
– Derived from Biological Fermentation Process of Carbohydrate
Source
• Fermentation of Sugar
• Fermentation of Starch
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DIRECT CATALYTIC HYDRATION OF ETHYLENE
» Ethylene is olefin produced from ethane-propane cracking.
» Using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as catalyst
» Hydration occured in gaseous phase
H2C=CH2 + H2O C2H5OH
ethylene ethanol
[H+]
SYNTHETIC ALCOHOL
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INDIRECT HYDRATION OF ETHYLENE
• Esterification
• Hydration
H2C=CH2 + H2SO4 C2H5O–
SO3H Ethyl
ene
Sulfuric
acid
Sulfuric acid
ester
C2H5O–SO3H + H2O C2H5OH
Ethan
ol
Sulfuric acid
ester
SYNTHETIC ALCOHOL
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AGRICULTURAL ALCOHOL
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INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM CORN
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DENATURED ALCOHOL
• Ethanol produced either from petrochemical oragricultural feedstock to which a denaturant,such as methyl alcohol, pyridine, denotoriumhas been added.
• The word denatured refers to the removal of aspecific property to make it poisonous andundrinkable , as opposed to changing the ethanolchemically
• Other denaturants for industrial application:– Isopropyl alcohol, gasoline, methyl ethyl ketone,
chloroform, methyl-isobutyl ketone, denotoniumbenzoate.
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APPLICATIONS OF ETHANOL
• Alcoholic beverage
• Solvent (detergent)
• Chemical for laboratory use
• Fuel
• Industrial use
– Flavor carrier for food industry
– Solvent extraction for coloring compound
– Solvent extraction for pharmaceutical product
– Diluent for fragrance essences in perfume
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Product Ethanol (%)
Mouthwash 10-27
Aftershave 15-80
Rubbing alcohol 70-90
Paint stripper 25
Perfume/cologne 25-95
Dish-wash detergent 1-10
Denatured alcohol 90-99.9
Glass cleaner 10
Elixer/ cough
preparation2-25
Hair tonic 25-60
Solid can fuel >60
Extracts 40-90
ETHANOL IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS
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KHAMR
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Islamic View
• Liquor (khamr) is defined in Islamic Law as any intoxicating drink that could affect the
person‟s mental coherence. It is forbidden by consensus of the Muslims
• Allah says in the Holy Qur‟an:
“O ye who believe! Intoxicants and gambling, sacrificing to stones, and (divination by)
arrows, are (all) abominations devised by Satan. Avoid such (abomination) that you
may prosper”
(Sûrah al-Ma‟idah: 91-92)
• Rasulullah (s.a.w) said:
“Whatever intoxicates in large quantities then a small quantity of it is forbidden”
(Sahih al-Bukhari)
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Almighty Allah says, "O you who believe! Indeed,
intoxicants, gambling, [sacrificing on] stone [to other
than Allah] and divining arrows are an abomination of the
work of Satan, so avoid it that you may prosper."
(Surah al-Maa'idah, 5:90)
PROHIBITION OF KHAMR
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TYPES OF ‘KHAMR
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TODDY
• Obtained from the flowers of a coconut or palm tree
• A white liquid, with a sweetish taste, that oozes out of these flowers
• When consumed fresh, this juice has no intoxicating effect
• This liquid is allowed to ferment and at times yeast is added to hasten the
fermentation process
• The fermented juice has an alcohol content of approximately 5 – 10 %
• In Malaysia, a common alcoholic drink among Indian estate workers
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ALCOHOL CONTENT IN SELECTED SAMPLES
No Name of Samples Alcohol Content (%) v/v
1 Curry Sauce 0.07
2. Sweet „n‟ Sour Sauce 0.07
3. Barbeque Sauce 0.09
4. Dark Soy Sauce 0.1
5. Lea & Perrins 0.1
6. Rice Vinegar 0.1
7. Sauce (Brand A1) 0.1
8. Asian Sesame Dressing 0.22
9. Burgess Mint Jelly 0.26
10. Melon Flavour 0.3
11. Wine Vinegar 0.3
12. Tabasco Pepper Sauce 0.4
13. Yee Tonic (Ten Shae Theng) 0.5
14. Vinegar 0.5
15. Dyna Tonic 0.6
16. Dyna Tonic (Ten Shae Theng) 0.7
17. Teriyaki W.J.S 1.5
18. Carbonated Drink 2.0
19. Soy sauce (Kikkoman) 3.1
20. Clear Soy Sauce (Ajinomoto) 3.9
21. Kikkoman Teriyaki Marinade & Sauce 4.1
22. Cough Syrup 4.8
23. Gourmet Cooking (Shao Hsing Hua Tiao Chiew) 17.6
24. Mouth Wash A (Personal Care Product) 18
25. Mouth Wash B (Personal Care Product) 35
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PERCENTAGE ALCOHOL
(AS FLAVOURINGS) PERMITTED IN FOODS
(VARIOUS COUNTRIES)
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% ALCOHOL LIMITS FOR HALAL
APPLICATIONS
COUNTRY % ALCOHOL
Malaysia (JAKIM) 0.01
Indonesia (MUI) 1.0
Thailand (AOI) 1.0
AOI = Administration Of Organizations Of The Islamic Act
MUI = Majelis Ulama Indonesia
JAKIM = Department Of Islamic Development Malaysia
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COUNTRY % ALCOHOL
Europe < 0.5
Britain Not allowed
Canada Not allowed
% ALCOHOL LIMITS FOR HALAL
APPLICATIONS
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WHAT’S THE ALTERNATIVE?
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Gelatin from pig skins is
not suitable for Judaism
and Islam and gelatin
from beef is acceptable
only if it has been
prepared according to
religious requirements
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Gelation And Melting Behaviour Of Different Gelatins
Reference :
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HMW
•OC = Alkali bovine
bone gelatin
•AP = Acid pork skin
gelatin
•AF = Acid bovine hide
gelatin
•PB = Pig Bone gelatin
LMW
CT = Tilapia gelatin
CC = Cod gelatin
M = Megrim
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R&D AND AUTHENTICATION
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FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRA-RED (FTIR)
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FTIR DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT GELATINS
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FTIR DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT SKINS AND
LEATHERS
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GCxGC-ToF-MSGAS CHROMATOGRAPHY TIME OF FLIGHT
MASS SPECTROMETER
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Cow
Sheep
Chicken
Pig
Animal FAME – GC-FID
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Animal FAME - 2D (GC x GC)
Pig
Sheep
Cow
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Lard FAME – 2D plot (preliminary)
Name Formula S/N SI R.T. (s)
9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- C19H32O2 2897.5 912 2055 , 3.590
9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester C19H36O2 43672 935 2060 , 3.300
Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester C19H38O2 54674 918 2120 , 3.060
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, ethyl ester, (all-Z)- C22H36O2 506.47 849 2430 , 4.050
11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acid, methyl ester C19H32O2 19.768 842 2480 , 3.890
11,14-Eicosadienoic acid, methyl ester C21H38O2 1651.2 906 2525 , 3.770
11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester C21H40O2 1177.8 851 2540 , 3.570
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)- C20H34O2 303.32 734 2540 , 4.010
Name Formula S/N SI R.T. (s)
Octanoic acid, methyl ester C9H18O2 245.18 891 510 , 1.150
Methyl tetradecanoate C15H30O2 18137 935 1190 , 2.340
Pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester C16H32O2 560.75 918 1405 , 2.530
7-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)- C17H32O2 4541 948 1585 , 2.850
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester C17H34O2 108984 927 1635 , 2.800
Heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester C18H36O2 2649.9 906 1875 , 2.850
cis, cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester C19H34O2 8365.6 938 2035 , 3.380
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester C19H34O2 51970 954 2040 , 3.470
Distinguished FA components
Occurrence of FA
isomers with higher
carbon chain (C>19)
in lard
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PCA plot of lard (L), beef fat (B) and
mutton fat (M)
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PROFILING INDUSTRIAL AND LIQUOR ALCOHOLS USING
GCXGC-TOF- MS
industrial alcohol (95%) red wine
white wine cooking wine
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Red wine
White wine
Cooking wine
Industrial
alcohol
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ia --industrial alcohol rw --red wine
da --denatured alcohol ww --white wine
cw --cooking wine
PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA)
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POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
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Figure 1: Specificity test on pork primer designed against other meat species (beef and chicken)1. Specificity of the pork-specific primers set designed was tested.
2. Only pork sample showed amplification while chicken, beef and no template
control (NTC) did not exhibit any amplification.
3. No amplification was detected in the other two samples.
Real-time PCR
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Figure 2: Sensitivity test of pork primer with 10-fold serial dilutions1. A series of 10-fold dilutions of the extracted pork DNA was made.
2. In triplicates, the prepared dilution of samples was analyzed using the method
developed.
3. This real-time PCR method was able to detect as low as 0.001ng of pork DNA.
This is an essential discovery in terms of Halal identification of food products.
Real-time PCR
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R&D ON STUNNING AND SLAUGHTER
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Transmitter
Stunning/Non-stunning
ReceiverPowerLab
Computer
EEG and ECG results
BIOPOTENTIAL TELEMETRY EEG & ECG
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CONCLUSION
Halal and haram are sensitive and serious matters to every
Muslim
Adulteration and contamination of haram and doubtful
ingredients and additives are major concerns in the halal
industry
Properly processed, verified and certified halal products (in
particular, foods) is pertinent to capture the lucrative halal
market
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THANK YOU