APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA IRRADIATION...Global sterilization market: ~ 5 billion US dollars Gamma...
Transcript of APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA IRRADIATION...Global sterilization market: ~ 5 billion US dollars Gamma...
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Yves HENON
International Irradiation Association
Non-energy applications of nuclear technologies
APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA IRRADIATION
Sochi – 15 May 2018
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Irradiation
Definition: Exposure to ionizing radiation
Dose: Amount of energy absorbed per mass - Gray
Chemical effects
Biological effects
Death of living cells
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Three ways to produce ionizing radiation
Gamma irradiation X-Ray machines Electron accelerators
The three have pros and cons Users decide which one is best for them
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Sources of gamma radiation
In the form of sealed sources
Cobalt-60: From activation of cobalt-59 in nuclear power plants
Cesium-137: Fission product Encapsulated in the form of soluble and dispersible cesium chloride Use rapidly declining
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~ 260 commercial gamma irradiators (> 0.3 MCi)
400 million curies of cobalt-60 installed Yearly demand ~ 55 million curies
China has the largest number of irradiators USA has the largest amount of cobalt-60 installed
Services centers (multipurpose) and in-house facilities
Yearly growth : 5 -15 % depending on region
Gamma irradiators
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Three main domains of application
Medical Industry Food and agriculture
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• Gamma knife
• Cobalt teletherapy
• Blood irradiation
Medical applications
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Gamma knife
~ 200 sources of cobalt-60
Now technique of choice for tumors and other medical problems of the head
Single finely focused high dose of radiation to target with little or no damage to surrounding tissues
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Medical applications
Cobalt teletherapy
Revolutionized cancer treatment after World War 2
Now largely replaced by linear accelerators
Blood irradiation
Prevention of Host Vs. Graft Disease
Mostly in self-shielded irradiators using cesium-137
Replacement by non-radioactive sources of radiation has started
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Industrial applications
Main use of irradiation: enhancement of polymers
Through cross-linking, polymerization and grafting
Application to wires and cables, piping, heat shrinkables, foams, etc.
Mostly done with accelerated electrons
Gamma irradiation predominant for
Sterilization of disposable medical devices
Treatment of packaging, pharmaceutical and cosmetic ingredients
Treatment of food
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Sterilization of disposable medical devices
Global sterilization market: ~ 5 billion US dollars
Gamma sterilization accounts for ~ 40 %
Annual growth rate ~8%
Governed by ISO 11137 series of standards
Often the preferred sterilization method if material is suitable for gamma irradiation
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Other industrial applications of gamma irradiation
Sterilization of packaging
To prevent contamination of product contained
Pharmaceutical and cosmetic ingredients
Microbiological control
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Applications to food and agriculture
Food irradiation
Sterile Insect Technique
Mutation breeding Obtention of better varieties by irradiation
Sanitation of beekeeping equipment
Irradiation to kill foolbrood
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Food irradiation
Safe technique to maintain or improve quality of food
No residues, through package, aspect unchanged, little or no effect on nutrients
Mention of irradiation required. Radura logo optional.
Adoption slow and uneven China: 1 million tons of irradiated food marketed in 2017 European Union: less than 5,000 tons Use as a phytosanitary treatment of fresh produce rapidly growing in America and Australasia
Key issue is acceptance of retailers / traders. Consumers do buy irradiated food.
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Irradiated food across the world
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Sterile Insect Technique
Environmentally friendly method of biological control
Mass rearing
of insects
Separation and irradiation of males
Release of sterile males
Sterile males mate with fertile wild females
Eggs infertile - bear no offspring
Number of unwanted insects declines
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Sterile Insect Technique
The technique was successful used around the world:
Eradication of screw worm in Central and South America and Libya
Eradication of tsetse fly in Zanzibar
Suppression of Mediterranean fruit fly in Croatia, Spain, Israel, Jordan, etc.
Suppression of false codling moth in citrus orchards in South Africa
Eradication of onion fly in onion fields in the Netherlands
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Other applications of irradiation
Prevent cross-contamination
Rawhide pet toys
Disinfestation and consolidation
Preservation of cultural heritage
Protection against anthrax
Mail US government
Change color for higher commercial value
Semi-precious gemstones
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Gamma irradiation is simple and reliable 60 years of experience and excellent safety record Growth expected from more use of existing applications Terrorist threat has brought security
issues to the forefront. Now more challenging: To transport sources across borders To get a license for new gamma irradiators
Growing interest and pressure for irradiation solutions that do
not require radioactive sources e.g. high energy X rays, low energy electrons and X rays from lamps.
Conclusion
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https://imrp-iia.com
спасибо за внимание