Application of SOLAS V/15

Application of SOLAS V/15

IACS Unified Interpretation UI 181 –

BDEAP

Application of SOLAS V/15

BDEAP•Bridge Design, Equipment Arrangement and Procedures

IACS U I 181 - BDEAP• The content of Regulation 15 • The purpose of IACS BDEAP• The role of the human element

– The bridge system– Bridge system failures

• The approach and structure of BDEAP• Rules

– Requirements– Guidance notes– Notes– Documentation– Tests and trials

• Appendices• Regulation 15 - Improving Safety of Navigation

SOLAS V - Regulation 15

Decisions which are made for the purpose of applying the requirements of

regulations 19, 22, 24, 25, 27 and 28 which affect

– bridge design

– design and arrangement of navigational systems and equipment on the bridge and

– bridge procedures

shall be taken with the aim of:

Aims of regulation 15

1. facilitating the tasks to be performed by the bridge team in navigating the ship safely

2. promoting safe bridge resource management3. enabling the bridge team to have access to

essential information4. indicating the operational status of

automated functions5. allowing for effective decision making by the

bridge team6. preventing excessive work7. minimizing the risk of human error

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is developed to serve as a common reference document for the interpretation and implementation of SOLAS V/15 for the benefit of:

• Maritime administrations and Classification societies- ensuring a complete and unified approval

• Ship owners, Shipyards and Designers- giving guidance and predictable approval procedures

• Navigators

- providing workplaces meeting user requirements • Safety of navigation

– reducing the risk of human errors

The Human Element

An integral part of the total bridge system

The Bridge System comprises 4 vital elements:

The Mariner

The Technical system

The Man-machine system

Operational procedures

The navigation bridge system

• The Mariner

With the ability to evaluate, decide and execute the decisions taken for safe performance of

bridge functions


• The Mariner

• The Technical System

Designed to providesufficient information and the controls needed for safe operation of the functions dedicated the bridge system


• The Mariner• The Technical

System

• The Man-machine System

Ensuring that the operational part of the technical system isdesigned with due regard to human mental and physical capability

The navigation bridge system• The Mariner• The Technical

System• The Man-

machine System


Established to ensure that the total bridge

system performs

efficiently within

safety limits under all

operating conditions

Bridge system failure

Human errorsRelated to:• Qualifications• Quality• Selection of personnel

Situation caused errorsRelated to:• Poor workplace design• Lack of human engineering• Intricate procedures required to compensate for poor technical solutions

Bridge system failure

•The Mariner

The Technical System


The Man-machine System

Human error in bridge operations

Operator responsibility?“80 % of all accidents are caused by Human-Errors”

80 % of all accidents are caused by failure in the bridge system

IMO instruments Safety of bridge operations

SOLAS V – Regulation 15

SOLAS V, Safety of Navigation, Regulation 15

• Principles relating to:• Bridge design• Design and arrangement of navigational systems and

equipment• Bridge procedures

BDEAP – Approach (part of table)Which aim is applicable for which regulation, affecting which area of

concern??What are the matching IMO guidelines ? (and relevant regulations)

Table for harmonization of regulations, aims and guidelines

SOLAS Affecting Aims of regulation 15 References

Regulation Bridgedesign

Equip arrang

Proce- dures

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 MSC 982

UI 181

X √ √ √ √ 4 B 2 X √ 5.3 B 7 X √ 5.3 B 7 X √ √ C 1 X √ 5.3 C 3 X √ 5.1

5.2 B 5 B 3

19 Range of

equipment

X √ 5.4 C 2

X √ √ 5.1.1.1 B 5 X √ √ 5.1.2 B 2

22 Bridge

visibility X √ √ 5.1.3 B 4

BDEAP – Content overview

IMOResolutions

and Circulars

PerformanceStandards

IMOMSC/Circ982

Regulations19, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28

7 Aims

SOLAS VRegulation 15

D. Bridge procedures

A. Scope and structure Documentation

B. Bridge design

C. Design and arrangement ofnavigational systems and

equipment

OPERATIONAL

CONDITIONS

STCWISM

BDEAP - Content

B. Bridge design

B1 Functions, tasks and meansB2 Range of workstationsB3 Working environmentB4 Bridge passagewaysB5 Workstation arrangement and fields of visionB6 Bridge visibility and window arrangementB7 Workstation layout, consoles and chair arrangement

C. Design and arrangement ofnavigational systems and equipment

C1 Design and quality of systems and equipmentC2 Bridge alarm managementC3 Equipment arrangement

D. Bridge procedures

D1 Bridge team managementD2 Procedures related to Regulations 24, 25, 27, 28

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• A 2.1.1 Requirements

• The requirements are made for the purpose of ensuring that application of requirements of regulations 19, 22, 24, 25, 27 and 28, which affect bridge design, the design and arrangement of navigational systems and equipment on the bridge and bridge procedures, meet the relevant aims specified in SOLAS V/15

• The requirements cover applicable parts of MSC/Circ.982 and relevant IMO resolutions

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A 2.1.2 Guidance note

• Give guidance as to how the requirements may be met by acceptable technical solutions or other remedies when applicable.

• A guidance note given does not in any way exclude alternative solutions that may fulfill the purpose and intention of the requirement

• providing other requirements and the overall bridge functionality are not adversely affected.

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Notes.• Notes are used to give useful information

which does not necessarily affect the approval in relation to regulation 15, but may affect the choice of compliant solutions when relevant.

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There are two appendices attached to the BDEAP standard:

• Appendix 1 contains three individual annexes for clarification and consideration of:– the aims of regulation 15– the documents referred to by regulation 15 and

the regulations to be applied, cross referencing the individual aims of regulation 15 and the regulations affected.

– the effect of MSC/Circ.982 on the requirements of regulation 22 “Bridge navigation visibility”

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• Appendix 2 contains examples of location of main equipment on the bridge– Focusing on principles for location of equipment

for allowing a long centre console to separate the front workstations

IACS U I – 181Appendix 1, Annex 1

Clarifying the aims of regulation 15Example: AIM 15 .4• Indicating the operational status(4) of automated

functions(1) and integrated components(2), systems and/or sub-systems(3)

.1 Relevant automated functions– Steering a set course– Plotting of ship’s position in an electronic chart system

.2 Relevant integrated components– Heading control unit– Electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS)

.3 Relevant sub-systems: Track control system Integrated navigation systems (INS), including Grounding avoidance system for automatic route-keeping


• Identifies the scope, purpose and main requirements of guidelines and standards referred to and regulations addressed by Regulation 15, which include:– MSC/Circ. 982– IBS– INS– Regulation 19– Regulation 22– Regulation 24– Regulation 25– Regulation 27– Regulation 28


”Harmonizing” Regulation 22 and applicable guidelines in MSC/Circ 982

• The main (only) difference is:– Specified fields of vision related to the ”conning

position” in Regulation 22 are related to the workstation for navigating and manoeuvring in the Circular

The BDEAP harmonizes the regulation and the guidelines by specifying that workstations providing the fields of vision required for safe conning may be used as an alternative conning positions when there is a need for additional information from equipment installed at such workstation.

Safety of Navigation

Implementation of SOLAS V/15

• Improving the working conditions• Reducing operational failures

Field of vision- conning position

• 225° Horizontal field of vision from the conning positions close to the front windows and at the front workstations

• 500 m/2 ship’s length vertical field of vision forward of the bow

Man

Standing when working in paper charts

Nav/Man/ConnMon/Conn/Nav

SteerRoute planning

Safety - GMDSS

Docking Docking

Conn

Bridge design – Fields of vision

Field of vision - Blind sectors

Frames between windows • Dimensions• Location of front bulkhead

window frames in line of sight from working position

Workstations – Fields of vision

Open bridge wings – passage way door to door

SteerRouteplanning

Safety – GMDSS

Dock Docking

Nav/Man/Conn

Conn.Man.

Conn/Nav backup

Documentation – general principles

Drawings are to be submitted showing that the workstation arrangement and equipment location are complied with on all type of bridges that are to be operated in accordance with general operating procedures.

• If bridge arrangement principles deviate, information on bridge functions, operating procedures including bridge resource mangement is to be submitted together with relevant drawings submitted for approval

Example: Workstation arrangement

Enclosed bridges

M/T Stolt Concept -

Norwegian coastal express

Bridge resource management

Nav/TrafficConn/Nav/backup

SteeringRoute planning Safety - GMDSS

Docking Docking

Man

Design principles - Location of workstationsEnabling efficient bridge team management during different operating conditions

W 1

W 3W 4 W 4

W 5 W 6 - W 7

(W 2)ConningW 8

Co-operation - Ship control - Safety operations

• Principles

• Workstations for performance of dedicated functions• adequate information and equipment available

• Workstation arrangement• interrelationship for effecient co-operation

• Workstations manned with qualified personnel

• Basic procedures are implicit and governed by the manning of WS

Bridge resource management

Examples of workstations in use during different operational conditions

Operationalconditions

Waters

Ocean areas

Coastal water

Narrow waters

Pilot waters Harbours

General Confined

Normal W1 W1 + W2 W1+W2* W1+(W3)+W8 W1+W3+W4

Irregular W1+W2 W1+W2+W3 W1+W2*+W3 W1+W2+W3+W8 W1+W3+W4

Abnormal W1+W2+W3 W1+W2+W3+W8

W1+W2+W3+W8

W1+W2+W3+W8

W1+W2+W3+W4

Emergency W1+(W3)+W6+W7

W1+(W3)+W6+W7

W1+(W3)+W8+W6+W7

W1+(W3)+W8+W6+W7

W1+(W3)+W4+W6+W7

Procedures for performance of bridge functions are governed by:• operational conditions• workstations in use

Example: Workstation arrangement

Bridge design

Example: Bridge arrangement

Navigation & monitoring

Safety operations & communicaation

Example: Bridge wing Docking station

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Serving• Maritime administrations and

Classification societies byensuring a complete and unified approval– of bridge design, design and arrangement of

navigational systems and procedures– in compliance with regulation 15 – for application of regulations 19, 22, 24, 25, 27 and

28at the time of the delivery of the newbuilding

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Serving • Ship owners, Shipyards and

DesignersBy ensuring • A unified and predictable approval procedure • Guidance for:

– bridge design– workstation arrangement– location of equipment– alarm management

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Serving• Navigators

By assisting IMO and National administrations in providing the users with a bridge system– designed to achieve optimum safety and efficiency in

bridge operation in accordance with the aims of IMO

Providing the users with workstations designed, equipped and arranged to meet the needs of – the watch officer– the pilot – bridge teams of different manning when operating under different operational conditions

Distribution of casualtiesAccording to statistics on lives lost,

structural damage, oil spills, claims paid• Approx. 50 % of all ship casualties are caused

by bridge system failures• Classification statistics show a significant

reduction in the rate of casualties for ships with ”Regulation 15 compliant bridge systems”

Safety of navigation

Collision 28 %

Grounding

26 %

Misc

9 %

9 %

Hull &

Machinery

28 %

Distribution of casualty types

Cause #

Collision 41

Grounding 39

Bridge system 80

Hull & Machinery 41

Fire/Explosion 14

Misc 14

Total 149

Fire/Explosion

Numbers from INTERTANKO, Year 2002

Casualties - Distribution of Claims paid

Collision20 %

Contact9 %

Grounding25 %

Main engine14 %

Fire/Explosion13 %

Other8 % Boilers

2 %

Auxiliary engine4 %

Heavy weather3 %

Ice0 %

Steering gear2 %

Claims type Number of claims

Cost (USD) Average cost (USD)

Auxiliary engine 77 15 668 478 203 487

Boilers 32 6 252 502 195 391

Collision 109 72 951 014 669 275

Contact 111 31 753 155 286 064

Grounding 97 85 939 569 885 975

Heavy weather 35 12 103 585 345 817

Bridge system 352 202 747 423 575 987

Ice 6 1 423 129 237 188

Steering gear 33 7 931 401 240 345

Main engine 169 49 638 932 293 721

Fire/Explosion 29 48 103 810 1 658 752

Other 83 27 296 297 328 871

Total: 781 359 061 872 459 746

Numbers from Swedish Club, Hull & Machinery claims, Period 1994-1999

IACS U I – 181 BDEAP

Review of BDEAP at IMO

At MSC 78, May 2004 and NAV 50, July 2004:• Amended as required for clarifiaction purposes in

cooperation with the Korean delegation, including representatives for Korean shipbuilders

At NAV 50:• Rewieved in cooperation with the German delegation

ensuring that applicable parts of MSC/Circ.982 are fully covered

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• The UI is to be uniformly applied by IACS Members and Associates to ships contracted for construction on or after 1 January 2006

Thank you!

Application of SOLAS V/15

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