Application of Islanding Protection for Industrial & Commercial Generators

8/13/2019 Application of Islanding Protection for Industrial & Commercial Generators

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Appl cation of Isl nding Protecti n fo Indust i l &Comm i Gene t sA Wo king ro R o t

rk ng up Membe s: Ge ald Dal e, Chai ; A o Ba c Ba ley Ja M aleE H R a f B y aL e a e L v lo l

Moz Ne ho L a e a e S ha h Paa a e a e M vK h M. o Te y e e W A x a a Y

o e wPurpose Sta m n - "T e pu ose o t s Wo king Grou s p ce oc men ha dis sses sa ed h e s a ng a us r mme c a a p ee e a n hr n sge e a o ope ates n e w e t li y s c .

any owner f s ribu d es urc s u h as ynchr nous dus al l nt rCom rcial acil G ra ors C are c nc r d abou h r quire e r prot c iverela g w e c nnec ng o a ocal connectio may o y be or a or ra sfer ime o

a w co ds du i g a all i g for ic t g A end cy i o ok a th c ej s r own IC ryi g t er a mucrg u l load w u der n ha h re ybeo er G c n e ted t eame c cu The p we rat ng of a I G is not impor a w enco sideri g pr tiv lays equir d, b a e v ral mal gi e ge erator o 100 W s g elarg r le of MW cou d orm an al o ec d o an l c c p wesy u ually ar r qu red ha e e a p ctio place at h r p t of com o c up

erent sce ar of sla d g op rati are prese d s ch as: s i ec ssary t ose ar on f l ad tha a e u side e m ses e wner f h erg ur wh l r ai iserv cet ads w t n e owner's prem es r is a ceptabl to mpl ut w he G

e g d can be es r d?Abasic s p n addr ssi g i a d ng p otecti n i ha eclearex c ti h s u d o ha n wh an s nd i cr at d T s a r la rapr per requ red ro ec n and ow pe a o w ll pr nd r d co s qu nc t

wne t ilit and to th a b ic

T aper a so d c s ac i t a e lac whe th l t ly is di r p ed csla d gc nd o and s ate rea ns h pr ec n requ ed b regula or age c e ,

u and doc men uc a IEE S andard4"I E S a da d o erc nn ct ngDi i d R u c wi h l c r c ow r y t are r q d a nd d

ns n s f pin can perm da a e o en ra or a d/opr me mo r p u be a aza d p b c safet E a p es f he e consequ ces ar gp p w ll p e a cleare un ers anding to G ow ers o w e ar r qu red t havsp e pro ec v eq pme i p ace

Index e ms - D s ibu ed Res r es, n c e sl d n P C m upli gS s e r e i an Sy us Gener rs

IN R DUCTITo a e s h n eres n onne t g v r uss r es f e e ric ene gy y al y es i d asDis u e e ur es ( ) o ec ri p wers s e s Mu h of s es s d t

der g a ion o e e r a e ergy d yh dr de p ent o w nd s s n ars as E E S a d1547 [l]. a nd tr a

er a p we ser a e sy c s ra gi g o s a d y e erato ts a ay

p te p r l e w th the ut ty on a


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. - -W t a heconsequ c sto yge e a o o p im mo ef donot hav t e equ dequ p nt

p ace at t e n e epo ?

CC

Wha s e n o o rot t ve n r d by egu a o

agen e and wh a e ere u ed?

F g I olat g a ste on a ning bothdus aV o er a and u t oads

m n t ea wee r on h du ng o edtran t on o t t n p es to pa a lel ope a ngen ra o at ha e powe ou t d pa ch db g d ope a ors O h o s oDR s h a

o e w nd t rbi epho ov a a a s and other o o en rgcon on ma al oo n a ype ate n pa ll lw th i y.At ti es wne s o d s r aP aCo e a a l y S nchro ou Gen a ion(I w b e o de o e e hen v a omu pleync nou gene a o thghow n ity o a ot e a a o ol q mequi ed a ate

a o nat t e r Po n of Co onC l ng C ) w a t i , be e el

at e r nd d a nc no gene a o s ooall o a t n oad dump d on t bacon t ons Ne e he essif ultip e DR a /oICG a co ne ted o a u l u n the a ath to a e mu power o es ma bee o g o u n oad d ga ingond t ons

aus db l a no a on t o so theu li m To p e own o ICG ando e R owner a bette unde s and ng op ot t e ement tha ma be u ed a a e

egu a o com i io to nsu e el b i o rdpa cus om s an a et o ti w ke s and

the g nera pub d r ng these nd tios t eol ow ng s ue w be add ed:

W at an anding ond t o t enten ona or n n ent ona

How d gen ra o s and the r pr mm sea t o a d ng o d on

What i pa wi n co ans o eon g a io a e on p e t on

r ?

A S A S A ?g D

a d g i de n d a " o d t n in wpo o o he u ys s mt at nt i o oaan t b te r ou e emai en g zed w

o ted f om heema de o h t ty sy t[2]

n20 t ere w e o wide p l zed e entsn w c la g a ea of h e e ty g d

a di a a I a he K a d the US we e un o d add t ona nt n h oca ed

id a l su te i ope at n ofi u b eake a t t a on

t i oOd e . W i t e e sowa o q a t e n er o a pl a on

a ma a e been a o ated w t s e ob ou n an uch even C app a o

ma b w h e po iono so edo anded b e aNo a y, t isnd i a g nerat on o ce

o oads w n hel atare no own h ent hat own t o e e

va eason o t p t o ,aa o e c a a d gal onc o examp

ef ng o ig t b eake52 n ore U i i y B lo e vo tage or me reaso

la di g con t on r s t . G g nwi be onne ed to he Loadin ded o

o oad 1 n ended) a d pe ps e sy beyo theti b Be a e oad d e u om of t eh t u a ean t be

ta hed to epa a e e IC so es o 1 a d e iliS . h ha

ne a on o o e h a t e Gt an d e ntro o t gr d op a oo tp t o age and qu be ond ts

pec ed by a gu a o o a e en y w ng ay da ge a o e

u m .


3/14

i iI l l l("-_ - - -1 r - - - -j j st vol ge and f reque y p o c io

men s a P I F g r pp ngi! d o ir u b ak52-1 e e o au

- ond io s, planned ope ng oI V ve top ni g ea s a sl n.' vo g h two oads and wo Gp o c p u g usn

0 7 ,. .1 LO _ : _ J baUX kl y con a f rom hs i cu t 'u . a p ov de s l in oour W y:Em

A bu h a y othe po nt e

g c n o u t gr d w_ : .- h oC_Q br a r pp ng or ot e v s=N h at l nds u , th

ing i c brea e s no x omple e nd onc u i vi en e

a lo alized nd h s been o

A ol ion p ovid r it b e er52 3at eP w h p o e on a d ont ol de o dete t

island g nd o d open so willo up Loa2.

ig be oted owe e t s r i g o dst ubject of ons d b e d ba e As e o og

l sa d t o c al a g ssues a es ed e t p o on ag ns ppo g

s ds o l nded C c ng El omp n p d g q t r

r ab l f ome e n io llyng G o y o DR s lose aspo s ble o he c s o e 's e c o prov de

e und n d pen n e g sou c oliabili pu poses ons de able t o g

ng e and oo d a on who t lo p n l qu ed. n exa ple s: l

c cu b ea 2- nc d s e ing l yllow ng r c os g w l d ous d mag o an

shou d tu li beg n to eclosi g on fe ew h he G ra s r t pp ng o pe g

p e p o ecti e ay g u be e p oy d theP C o op n b a5 e re t sosu occ r T s u io di u ed n

onVI (G)

sland g Bound r

H w a e d i d t a n s nd dcond t o has bee cre ed? h al ge s op o ide an n u ocal an of dete g a an

a d a b a .h s u o eha

g 2 ow a an xpanded slan o ld b o by th op n

o r u t b aker52- or u t b kers2-6 nd52-7,w adds t e lo ds on rand 524 o h and w h wa he our sWh et p n ed sland will add o e lo

G i h ad t onal G on thfe de s t fea bl a oge e ey

uppo ow loads as w ll th u li Th refo e e p d d a d w ln dp o onsuc as t ona o e cu o mp dp o e t o n ad tio to t e b si vol agfr qu ncy p te i a h PC . T s bj

d s uss n S t on V .I . HO DO GENE O S R A TO

SL DING OND T ONS?

S nc rono s g nera s are he os co osed ma in fo con g e a cal en o t a ene g S c gen to a

de g ed o a o s (sync ono ) spo d

umb r po nc ency- e sude c l g n nd ion gene to

S nc o ous generato be las ec da e w t e oo ng ethodsg men s i nd non-sa n

e a oys e s ati and at ng iowev i g n a , they a ons s o C eld w nding Ro o an A

(S to d a e ani a enc udes ool g y e s ub a ng s s

o er a a e


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a m on hpr memov r wil stay c n ta nu nles the x d f reque ncy h u yh a n .

e h t fh ch b ngapplied toallp o rs, m r p e ly a led

e ma be f am

pr e wa e r e, butad i n l anng ne a w d y u de tood ce ) el y qu n y ch ges g ve o ad t

mo e r l n accord w h en n n p t, h ge e o opucha ng acc rdi ngly. e n p ed m g d ge o w a e ti p a a nc i n f h e a pe d i su p t mat he e ad a g c c o

g a .a is i he oad is e sedwil"b g d w " e a dh i h d

peedw ause t go r d o C P w M d nt l

If h ge a tor p m v pe ng an a p we o t u mode h r n

g ng Ih l d d d i e a i s a e p a g d hegen ator wi ll w n h wi

ll p e

. L Fo i g o I a t e pe at ng n th "l adfo g"m d o a y h d expo

mpo a e i y e fa e ons a , wang u h l l t an .How v , f the n a ec ma nded a

o o h u t ad no x t sa u f wh hthe xpor et

lb c un ab nc pe l p,nd n eed a k p v n ad oe

T g ne a w e t p d o hu down a a mpto c e a pwer b g

e o ed f e n po g w w a e-

stab h t mpol vel

ept ke e e a the sl ded adxactly a h h x g expor ( u ngv lue o ze o g p d wl n e

d a f qu n y ay. Th a m t ha t uch a e c on nd ca t e

a nd g a d w t pe nt e ak a ng rv e t u l 'S d

nd e n a i h t p ado l ng od co oor pe hap even t

p e

e a e of ha ge e ge e a orp ed a en n a d n w h c n t a nt eo o t e n an p p m d

d te mi t e eed h e n I hed oo od w a e a ch a g h

c n e e ad e a n p a np do each po n t u e aye t e a a ad t a si modP a c hea si n c f

a a a d h n of t p m mver g ' t

V o P ov R ac oT rndg v ors ac i i .

u n aanget a t rec iSo e e n d p od will e a

r n e t n f the oo v n lt in cc p d. V up e v s

ha e va ou p ed n ea a u c o fe c n ol, o m us i c o .T eo a p m i bes de b d as i

b o accep o eje t p f l in mos fam l a p me o r hea i n ng n ,

a v go d b t al ho g u dt r ui ec m u on e r chm w h the a ce af apid l d p ckup h d e e e g eae e l nt d j ec n b f eredu d qu ck bu f oc m b l ad u th

b h u o sp N u a

a i a d g es p m m hb ace s stan a n (

n i c s le s n. .Ga p n g n a al o LPG) te d o

qu m in l c und j n.t o e o ene at l a ng and

h re p e ble ol o bet n e and e l nd s

h ng e h f ga bh h loa cc pta c and r c onn tha he or

f r no d n

i h comp so wh ch

do och nge w th han in l c al ad Howe e e ea b b nc t ca ad u m t avo dc m ti ns bil

h s equ pp d o q i -n ng In ao th a n a d um t h h i H f a to o 2.5 o 0 e

a al wa a hi e des now e a ( = 1) n h r t

S m th he oa c p n an t


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the the l s cko a ge oad p ck p. S al ei s s l e b ile w t a g d heado

s eam ca e e ce e a oa p kup.S gle agean e s a le o s age( ig press e an o

re u e) ma eca je t load thover spee ing Th s becomes ore c ona ge i s wi hm ltip e cy ne s and ea

o e s, pa c la y H we ehesea e ot no all fo n n ndu ia pla sy aul c u ne wate w lsave oes onse e u e h ine ia e wa ec m

pre lu es ap d a ges w They a eexcess ve overspee o l ad e e i n o the eq kt t p d dMic o t rbinesw u e ex e te havea aig od re n e bu th s has n een ed a a

gene chara te istic e e a ab e eeda e a e a gespeed to pick up loade r s ze p u e he a y u addu gis an i g so hey p k yon de

fre ue a d u l geelay g

- - - - Tra r r

i "

V, O T T TR SFO MO T O S O S D

OT T O

A aj r nc i f nte c nne ti n p c ot e s to isc nec h G he no

nge pe a gn a e wthe u i sys ema e DR a d G a e e e e t

sy em e tr bu o le e eage a bem che o theu ageIn the

U d a e ili y d s ri y e a gerom 4.16 3 5 V a d a e typ ca lyu

g u d d -wi e s s e s e a o y in rial ac ies use ei he h ee wi e dyg ded t ee w e an g u desystems e mu t gr u eo re

gu a y t esa g e- ha e,p e r ad u tra f me s h h a y

ak up hebu o he eederoad i easo b a ed at li e o neutral ol e s a

8 kV ist b n system ng e-phaset s er o ld r a e a 13 V/ 3 a ox a e 8V as h e u ln F g

r p cal ee e ci cu

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; L ---_ - - - -- -- -- - :

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rcul fro d f l j

a F2. N'C { r ubst li g u tfI k 52 Y c g w v ge. f Fn nvn1e N ground e I< gm d cur en1 F On ea r 52 for ,I fals F3 sp ir cu f Rs a 1 o v e r l g Fo grolJ d : r t !Al o w s t e f r N o ve r Ua g i r ,

I. .p re l 9 a 52 2 10 g ound fat at F 'sp t a < :gro nd a F3. :_ n

I c n i n r r D(P )/Wy G [ y -U n ( ) CDnn

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 43


7/14

x f p

F ve ansfo e on e ns a g 3a e oss t n r onne t be een he ilisys em a t e Indu ia o Co me a s s m[ ] Ea has ad antages d sadv tage . The ow n o ides s me t ead an ag s/p o le s ass ia ed w h ee o he

o ti ns

Delta Prima - Wye G ounde Sec daC ns e a

e a s o e e ta Wye G undedcon e ti s h m d rabl

e ana i t e4 he a y y te is no a y

so id y oun ed u s a r m he in e onnt ansf r e IT y ut ans m U ass own n g. his n e n se e t is late

e em m g oun a ts on heo id g unded u i y em h s e en s no

p b em he a i ity as n genera ion o ne ern e t e ate n pa a e w h e u i i y

H we e w en the a n de Gonn cted a I a s or e con a y olta e,

e o nt n s e re s n e g ou e to

educ aul dama e to the e e a o d ng grounda s [5 6 .

om th u tan p n t are co c s w tht e De P i) - ye- ded (Se ) n e nP t e la ng and co ro m st r vided toq i k y d s onne t a t f o t

eeder a the C . O rw e e C syste a k feed u w i a e a dan er ih m n con act ade w h e no, ti t

st m nd no on er und ne

e an ener zed ung ound u wsu je t t o e a es

u e mo e i e u i f de als ues dentia u tome t en a a o con e

fa t s with C illust ated n ig4 Asu sta i e e oF g 3 is t ipped o ag ound a at o ationFI, the t tyow

a s o e sec ndar w n n d o eg nd s On d st i u on s st s

an o e an o padmo nt t op al on e ed L N ( ne t ne t a

e n t o e an wou ct to a o ta e wpp Lo-L ne vo tage h s occu s i e doe a a o he tem he esu

o e ltage w l e w ch no a o a es at e eeosat at on u e as shownF g 4 3] th

eas n, uit e 2 6 ust have layinn t pen i ediatel u n ss f

f he ut t s em T is a ows e g nera to sup y s e e isl nded a and

o e t the ti t s e y d s nne n t e gene a n

ome t ities may e use of u ound ic n e t on t s r ers onl a200% or mo e

v oad on t e n a occ rs when b eak2 ips i g gro nd a , th o e owil not a o the lt g o the un aulted pha

o s h h than he o ma N Vav din ole t p t an er satu a on

la no ete t oss o o a e o the o a o ca


8/14

deda e nter nnect e or PCCo i /and blo k c os ng o ci t bre keh mu t done ui kl befor ili ci i

b ak rcan e 1o Fa t p ing a s e on ain b ads s andedwi h t e

CG

y Gr nd d Pr D S ndIn nn Tr n f r C nnThe m o advan g w this o c on ith t i r vi es an d i on g ound au cu entso r e t a ts at oig 3 Also i eq res he

d ition o gro ding t ans o mernd c uibr aker to e seco a y s te , p t the

e o ended re i a e g ounding o e andtor b es

When e s e (gene at b eake5 7 so e ) ze o q e ce g ound fa cur e wi lbe rovided to h ystemif he n e cont ans o e a n nn ed.The int connectt ans o e a t a a gro di g an or e wit

e o seque ce c e t c atingi t e d l ase on a w ndi g This add na ndcur ent ou e o ton e ee er a d en ti e

eeder g d elan i i ub t ion. nd ition t o em unba a ced oadu t t yst w p o he addi ion

the G t an o me ha e u to g ouno gh sub o ra sf e UT's neut a

w s s e we n he t l ansfo and

e nnectt an r eu r l T an eduche ad c ing pabi i i of e t ans e and cre te pro le en e decur nt s nba anc d d e to op at onf ing

ha e rote i de c s e o ine e e . E e t ou h t e gro nde d ar o e o c nn e a oa ge gen ator c ne e e i i

t ans iss on s te i r nts o e ajopr ble w en ed on 4 wi e t dist b io

e ut n c l y sh d a at eab v p int h c n i e i g f h s

g r t on.y G nd d ( )/ y Gr nd S

n r nn n r r nn n aj co ce wi h an int rco on

r nsfo me wi g n d p ima and s condawind ng s t at prov des a p h u de i ab

r nd a lt lo ati n t e i y gro n edee a are t at e w p ckp t ng theu t t n emay o d o a gro fau t on

t s onda of t n e t g9 2 2 2 IEE .

Wh e CG on li e i vide o h aand g n fa t o ti i s aw ich ca a g t e e s t i d o a e mo h re ay ng at t e i i sub ta on depenon t e a io o t e a

D. In t n r Se -u ie n o me n ect n n al and co e cia a i ties i e DePr - W e-Gr nde S c c ect on wec nda r s st n e g o ndg redu g ouna lt cu re age o o s nd gen a o s

he own ipo he nte nection ran o mepl s ele n o connec n ndgro d ng

d p a an po a t o e i ow thew n era twit e ti i y a d e

el c i no r t ct e e a g he o ers anont ol o he ci uit brea e at he al o t

be ete mi ed T r is n " andar r n o mo ec n o a p ati n.

l t sf m r o nec s a e ad n ag anddi a a tage ; u , e ect on of e i te ietr n o e co tion ne d o add es he u i i hf c wit the ICG at the ono a pro ec a d a er de s h ch ce

co ne t n a a ateo se e n o u redn erc n c au

o tio S e state ave nte connera o er re u ment n e r in er onne

gu de ne w h ds n reac ng gt e nter nect tra s me co e t

VI. FU CT ON O PRO EC VE A DSYN H O SM O OL LEM N S

NG OP O

L a i n o s and n te o or nc ogene a or dep nd on w et r th g nerato cont sup l i n de ig a ed d w i

epa ated ro the ut If i t owi gd c ss on o e ive e ho ld b l c

o at t w i t e cuit b eake Poi o

C n Co ing C t e w st Ia i i oa i o b u p ied b th CG, utt ngd wn th fac en e ect

h d o e a e G ci c t breaker a icka oss b e

A o n p act ce o uti itie s to ran et g op h a y e e uc c b eaker o ened [7] i i u and bno y co d ion u an a

it ng on


9/14

ements l n Ta 1 a s own F g5 an6 a e d c ed nh ol ow g tex a d an be

e ed up to a n trip syst Co to a s e trip and ts co tion nne o

e G on a ut y c s e pe s eut

provide

sn e ec p m y

mthod op e e g sla ing occ en

Mo t mo l ncti nnum e aycon a n ng t ollowing men av ana vantag ov d te sol d ore e t om c ani ae ays o e ng b e to be

n e y w t ed to e en se gs a e oe e al p t ond ions o og p o am nga e e c y n tr a

Th bas nimu p o e ve ay ng fola d ng or o o p sus ng

e an ove o age (27/5 ) y n o end nde e ue c 8 0 a e a o an w th sta er g l spec on o

e w ow of cce tab d l o a ef q c o e t l c s ome

Under and Ove Volt ge 27/59hen an an ng on tion o cu C

c y m t like y wil e pe ncemo ntadrop n o aget e po nt o n e e. D p nd ngon t e a ab e gene on t ev tag e o drecove a the o t to op o

ou s mp y onti p un i y m

e o e n a l n o l go s a

In ta neous nde olt elays a senss op n olt g w en the pl l e h

ripp d nd can pro as epa a o om i s om s d an ageo w e

t ing p d ec os gNo ly, sr ay s t to ve y sen i i leve to dp o p a onq u i k as po eHowe e h a van ath is app oa

probl ms e wh on t u i y y mm y p od a ol g d op a the C e t

e o h o c she elay o op e for hc up o es s c t t h anceope t ons e l m nat d o t east p o a

n m mAn e a i o a e de ayope a on o a ow t e o tage o r co

T e d l y e o ag y can e s toce t u ce ope ons de be

o o ppli a ion w e e the gene a o s cap b eo o t p at o h s h d w th ap c up go o 9 % o nom a vo t ge a d

I

d lay o on econd [ ] Of coel n ng n i ance ope atio th p i

i d a ge of n g a im e ay p at on s del Th s could e t n

t y fo eGpo s b y v e p t

ge n ol g ele e t w l ope a eme elay d d c a no tag g ne a

o o ave t c paci y to s a n oadop n ng the li y c cu t b eaker . e e ayov ol age 9 el en w ope a eov e c on o t gene a oh an cc

nde ght oad co on a e open g eak

B F equency (810 8 UjW e sl nd condi o o urs e y

e e y w l d op ne a o c nnoh eq d o d s nec ssa o e e o t CG u k y a p wappen req n y ycan a e se arat nS g a y of t ee i e ent e ods

underf equ cy, ov e e ate- ha g e .

The mou t q e de on w l ye nding on h ne a o and t e sy temT day,

m t requ n y lay c ude m t ple see e s o c rd n e o s of oad o e

T es sch s p al y w ll p d th amoo d w th i c g fency e

A de onof 5% s on e ed n ex eond t on wh t s ou d s pa at d

t y.O f li ys s o g a e ng m t e unde u n y e ayo d e s w h a m ni u me d ay

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10/14

ABL !IN ERT E PRO ECTION A D S OR ON

L MENT

nt n n un t numbtec ion s of par el U

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* an i Ut i y

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e ; h we e , ei a lica a d acce efor pe io e a ion g w n ig i c n . A

e a e mp ies the e el y mea e e a e atw h he qu g . Goper ng i nu st e ndi g condi io wexpe e e eate a e e ue p ha

e pected ther u ili y tep b ms.

s es t ate-o ha gof frequ ncy layn dist g h om wh v cyd op cau ed a l nd ng d n fr m her

d on e e o e h e o e d fo i edela o b in e ed l wing a a e usop r i a s p r t o

o eq e ce e w o av g hend er v l age an unde o ereq e c p o c can e age o e

gene a g t o e dg e l tde su e nd tio o feq e p at o ca cau e v a o s o u bi eade lead n me ni al i no

o e e oub w o et me s wa g paymen o a age

e t be e dot s pp p wew h t R g a o y om w dow opera on fo v age and f eq e cy

Fault De c ion (5 1 5 V 6 6 N 1)The e mp ec v e e s a e

ed ct g t c fa ts het l t

. I .

y e t a abe b fed he d ri na d t eser nece tp o e e

p b d ut i w ke s f o a e al ep we ne [9] Fau t e ec smus e a e tde e t f n t l ge leng ui

l l e o e ed r ori nded co on d a o f o d ane erge c n s e p e eti e d n e s t e e recl se c sest

e fa w ope e s an keep t ou age re oa i m

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n lo p yst wh he a onale to e tiona ys pp y l c loads w e

e ti i ope

he vo agepo a z di ec o a o r re tl y (67)a e d e tio z d p i e

f n y o e til sy peda a bequ dw e h

e e he w a e d et me h ha p o ec l k ou

i c u e e impedan e o e n o e e on ec ed i it o he hig o ta e se t f e 0 he tr o e g o ge si e e ow v ta e de

spe al o eq ce ve tage de e59N g 6n ted t e gvol age si f

n fo me wil e ee ed o ec g e pg o d ul h g v tage s de T e e au tare u etec b e by o e urren o p we ele e

ki g o e v a e ide o t s

. Vo g - p nd n Ov r u (S )Vo age epe de o e re e ay c e

pe vo ge-c ed a d vo ge sse w len a lt o e s s d

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w l a depe d po w e t eoe fa h wa o G he s he vo a

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11/14

w rops g i ca yat h ti e o a tInd it on e t t ty thee e o t gei goto z o i st t y ne o d s uc

g eate th n G capac

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at o i al e 120V) n the vo t gd re e cu n p ck red ce p opo onto he c e e i ol g Fo e p f

ol age rop to6 % o omi al (or V pick p of e cu e t e en i e reduced to

% o it o i a se t n A umin o in lic p s t i g of2. m e d u ted pic up

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he a i a v n ge of e vo g en tv rc l y l t m g

chara t n ea e oot e a t o a o l condit o

T o of th cons q e es o theleG o vingi i y p ci ul p otect on a xc ed ng

h t al it g ne ator d tt e gene al lic o f ng to i te p f t

n i in m l nn

Direct onal Pow R ys (32)Po (32)a e anot yp o o c iot at ay q e to de ect a o powe

ow, e pe l y i theeG o ope a e i ith h ut y. W an s and ng co onocc powe p od c by t Gwi l owfro e Gto e rema n ng oa on th i aT powe f ow c n b asu e h o t o

e th o ow o h ut le ceed a eci eve e r t o a ow

e aywi t ate r p i g n epa t o o hd e c p set ing o d a ov h

axim v o expo t pow f th C

o t c o pp o e po power to he c sto e A s ig y powe o gu a on d o ys m u .

o e y e me ts p c ly use v l acu ent quant es hat a sen i l y pe ect pow atts e e tit e

st e an do not va y g atly ov cycleu t condition do B cause t ey e oo i g

t tom e he ope t y o m an o e e ion D c iona fa lt de ecto s u e q at e pol i g

uch hat t po a i g vo age agg c r ent y nin d g ee he o g nd

ot i l b c ua i g ac cyc d i g o d o

Cons q ce o no us ng a po e en a l g o o n epe pe co t act

e t v n a ay pow r o t ti

V Jump R yIn d i io to e a i o a meaof s n ngp o ct on othe od niti te

e st f w ye s v jum re y p o i sp o c io o sla i g conditions by de c

i i can p a e d pl cemen or jthin h measu e o age sig l As n ic

]w en n a on it on o c CGwe nce a p se i n i s o age i

h s s i t c ac c s p co c ence o an is nding o d io Ot syst no t w not p o ce a of imi ar c a cte i c e fo e t s

v d q c c ion o a i la de cond ast s p ion u cu to coo in

c m y lea ox e uisa ce

Syn h oni m nd C o ng Con olUt t e ge e y e plo u oma ic c

e ide tia a d ru l Si c most f ul are o tary in n e utoma ic

ro id g e e b ty to co s e s ti e Ho ev w n a tomatic ec

i l no o ge is c o is w t t e i y t m. ho

t it eeder auto at c ly c o wit tGoo ch , e gecoul occ to ths a , n ing , i g o otco po e o

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4


12/14


13/14

epa t o isl nd gdet c on e emen s ouldhe g n r to b abl to ma nt vo ag an speed

fo ICG aci tyoad ng, th h g -sp edsepara on c n be adva tag ous o ma a ng

i a d w c t capla loadsu t sy ch o z g ba k ohe t it .

n tom t c s chr n z ng or s on s checke a (25) is r d to sup e he s nc on m

o h c br ake o te u tywhen o i g n e a r ep t on (s e F gs d6

T is relay ea u e h o ag n d ibetw e heu d th g n a o a d pe sc os g of th PCC ea r whe t sng e o t e generator s wth a safe clos ngngle.

T o qu onot hav g h e tr c icontro e a tha he genera co ld be c o d

n ou - p c us ng d mage oupl ng e e p me oveand hen nve ere case perso ne nthe

v c n y ng n -g nera ors ave been nj edf om ng pa

U D6 7)For g g nerato cons de at on s ou d eg o pp g nega v sequ nce cur t46)a o vo ag la s(47 n a ede ec oT e e v n anc o d o

ow y m t a o uduringp as sw c g op tionsto an e od ng e ope n o e eed g arge

nd vidual c stomer or of macu omer du ng o ms

A po ib con eq c o opa ng dur ngn anc d oad condi ions xc ed ng the

e m e ge o .

VI ONCLUS O

T pa h p ov ded a de on oand gand how a nd's ounda ies ma ede er ned e ewedows nc onoug ea p emovers e o i l nd ng cond onst act of n ie tra s o mercon ations

o e cur ent oc ve e a ng dpr e vela e eme to a p y e c r sla d ng

s a o A o s d nt s es mt thep ying e ed o ni u IC

78 3 9020 2/0 $ 0 S E

loc tion I l nd ng oe t on eq men s can beco d t onaepend ng po w ther the a d

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us he cost o p o ect on s uc

es o ge ato nd m mo e slao ec on ba ed on hea o ppp otec ve elem n s n acc danc reg ato e eq e

ERENCES]I S d 1 47 " EEE S dar o

I terco e ng D s r u ed o eE ect c Pow s ems", June 003

td 00 000 S a d rd D ci na oE ec a d Elec on Te m .

[ n e connec otec on o P GC m e aVI u a l e " Mozina 2000 d t ia Apl t n So

nnua e g Ro e tal Octo e200

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r a o ct on o u t ple G nt onson ndus and Comm cowe ys em a t : G ou d ngM

I E s nd. A l o V40 p2 n eb 2004" ec on o U ty/ ogenIn connect on S d Tap a, Tayl andT ouv s We te P o ec e a

n er n e O b19-2 , 1993.[8 "Intert Pr c oof C u -Ow

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