Application of biotechnologies in improving the quality of rice and wheat
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Transcript of Application of biotechnologies in improving the quality of rice and wheat
Application of Biotechnologies to Improve the Quality of Rice and Wheat
Melissa Fitzgerald and Dara DaygonSchool of Agriculture and Food Science
University of Queensland
Cluster of Trends• Population growth• Feeding the world• Urbanisation• Competition for land• Resource Scarcity• Climate Change • Ecosystems in decline• Water Scarce World• Growing Middle Class
1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 20600
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000 Africa
Asia
Europe
Latin America and the Caribbean
Northern America
Oceania
Year
Popu
latio
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thefuturescentre.org/
Increased Middle Class - $$
Population Growth Climate Change Middle Classes
Confluence of Trend Clusters
BIOTECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS
BiotechnologyApplies scientific and engineering principles to living organisms to produce products of value to society.
– Compounds– Pathways– Proteins– Complex traits
understood– Genes identified
Successful application of
knowledge
High yielding plant than maintains yield under stress, with nutritious
and delicious grains
If the gene is within the species• Cross• Use genotyping to maintain
background.• Select progeny with most
background of desired parent, and with gene.
• Backcross to ensure recapturing genetic background as well as introgressed gene.
chrHNN85266280269148TSN1
Equipping the plant with a foreign gene
Transformation Genome Editing
Insertion of the gene into a host genome
Golden Rice
• Equipped with a gene to activate the synthesis of beta carotene.
• Biofortify the grain to provide Vitamin A, prevent blindness and assist in cognitive function.
Foreign genes not yet welcome
Greenpeace
Examples of biotech projects
Rice• Submergence tolerance• Drought resistance• Disease resistance• Herbicide tolerance• Beta Carotene in grains• High iron grains• Folate in grains• Low GI grains• High RS in grains
Wheat• Salinity tolerance• Disease resistance• Herbicide tolerance• High iron grains• Low GI in grains• High RS in grains• Gluten quality
Foreign genes
Identifying a major quality trait in rice
Objectives
• With a sensory panel, determine the descriptors for quality jasmine rice
• Using metabolomics techniques, determine the volatile compounds that associate with those descriptors
• Using a panel of 400 diverse rices,ranging in fragrance from weak to strong, identify QTLs for the amount of 2AP and for the other compounds of jasmine aroma.
Sensory profiling
• Sensory panel trained and assessed aroma of many rices – jasmine and non-jasmine
• Used 10 descriptors • Used standards to
determine strength of each descriptor.
Volatile compounds from rice measured by GCGCTOFMS
heat
flour
Cryogrind rice Volatilise compounds by heating and
agitating
Separate compounds on 2 columns, mass
and charge
Genotyping done by sequencing
Sensory descriptors clustered
Compounds associating with unpleasant aroma
Compounds associating with pleasant aroma
Important compounds
Good jasmine fragrance• 2 acetyl 1 pyrroline• 2 acetyl 1 pyrrole• Pyrrole• Analyte 4 – isomer 2AP
(5M6O234THP)• Analyte 5- 1-pyrroline• Limonene• Acetoin• Acetophenone
Nasty fragrance• Indole• Furans• Ketones• Thiols• Sulphoxide
Delivering to Breeders
• Identified parents carrying the QTLs for high fragrance
• A panel of markers converted to SNPs enabling tracking of the QTLs using new SNP technology.
Remembering eating quality
Acknowledgements