Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach...
Transcript of Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach...
![Page 1: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologiesAJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1, Onita Basu2
1 Water/Wastewater Department, Infrastructure Business Unit, WorleyParsons Calgary, Calgary, Alberta2 Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario
![Page 2: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2 5-May-09
Wastewater TreatmentFrom this….
![Page 3: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3 5-May-09
To this
![Page 4: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4 5-May-09
How do we get there?
![Page 5: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5 5-May-09
Identify Risks and Opportunities
LOW
HIGH COST OF CHANGES
ABILITY TO INFLUENCE OUTCOME
MIDDLE BEGINNING END
PROJECT LIFECYCLE STAGE
CRITICAL
DECISION
MAKING
![Page 6: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6 5-May-09
Introduction – The Holistic Approach
The holistic approach for decision making
Holistic Management: A New Framework for Decision Making by Allan Savory (Author), Jody Butterfield (Author) 1998
![Page 7: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7 5-May-09
Environmental/Social
Economic
Technical
What is Holistic?
![Page 8: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8 5-May-09
Are we meeting the challenge of delivering water treatment solutions in the changing marketplace?
Why is a Holistic Approach Important?
![Page 9: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9 5-May-09
TechnicalEconomicThe Holistic ApproachSynergySocialEnvironmental
IntroductionHolistic Approach and Decision Matrices
![Page 10: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10 5-May-09
IntroductionDecision Making Tools
Decision making tools
Pareto AnalysisPaired Comparison AnalysisGrid Analysis – Decision Matrix AnalysisDecision TreesPlus-Minus-Interesting (PMI)Force Field AnalysisSix Thinking HatsCost-Benefit Analysis
![Page 11: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11 5-May-09
IntroductionHolistic Approach and Decision Matrices
The Decision Matrix
![Page 12: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12 5-May-09
STEP 1: Decide on
Parameters
STEP 2:Assign Weights
STEP 3:Evaluate and
Score
STEP 4:Calculate and
Compare
ParametersTechnical:– Space required– Process complexity
Economic– Investment costs– Operational costs
Environmental/Social– Noise/odour– Visual impact
Building a Decision Matrix
![Page 13: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13 5-May-09
Introduction
Objective
The objective of this work is to apply a holisticapproach, which employs a decision matrix as a tool, to integrate technical, economic and environmental objectives for the selection of wastewater treatment solutions
![Page 14: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14 5-May-09
IntroductionCase Studies
2 Case Studies:
1. Selection of a wastewater treatment process for landfill leachate
2. Selection of polymers for waste activated sludge (WAS) thickening
![Page 15: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15 5-May-09
Part 1 Selection of a landfill leachate treatment process
![Page 16: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16 5-May-09
Materials & Methods
Part 1 - Selection of a landfill leachate treatment process
Option A. Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR). Including stabilization tank, MBBR, secondary clarifier, tertiary treatment with ultra filtration and UV disinfection and aerobic sludge digestion, sludge dewatering with landfill disposal.
![Page 17: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17 5-May-09
Materials & Methods
Option B. Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). Including stabilization tank, SBR, tertiary treatment with ultra filtration and UV disinfection, aerobic sludge digestion, sludge dewatering with landfill disposal.
Part 1 - Selection of a landfill leachate treatment process
![Page 18: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18 5-May-09
Materials & Methods
Option C. High Rate Anaerobic Reactor (HRAR).Including stabilization tank, HRAR combining UASB and AF reactors in a hybrid process, aerobic-anoxic biofilter, secondary clarifier, tertiary treatment with ultra filtration and UV disinfection, sludge dewatering with landfill disposal.
Part 1 - Selection of a landfill leachate treatment process
![Page 19: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19 5-May-09
Option A. Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)
Compact design ExpandableLoad responsiveMinimal maintenance
Materials & Methods
Part 1 - Selection of a landfill leachate treatment process
www.cleantech.com/mbbr
![Page 20: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20 5-May-09
Option B. Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
Compact design ExpandableCapacity to buffer fluctuatingwastewater chemistry and strength Intelligent control system
Materials & Methods
Part 1 - Selection of a landfill leachate treatment process
www.ircnet.lu/src/request/pictures/sbr_plant.jpg
![Page 21: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21 5-May-09
Option C. High Rate Anaerobic Reactor (HRAR)
Resistant to shock loadsCapable of handling variable hydraulic loadsLow operation and maintenance costs Production of biogas for energy
Materials & Methods
Part 1 - Selection of a landfill leachate treatment process
www.engetec.info/wastewater/anaerobic.htm
![Page 22: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22 5-May-09
Materials & Methods
Selection of a landfill leachate treatment process – Decision Matrix
![Page 23: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23 5-May-09
Results & Discussions
Part 1 - Selection of a landfill leachate treatment processDecision Matrix – Technical
Option A (MBBR)
Option B (SBR)
Option C (HRAR)
Score Score ScoreApplicability 5 5 3
Durability 3 3 3
Area required 5 5 3
Design/build complexity 3 1 3
Process complexity 3 1 3
Process reliability 5 5 3
Operational flexibility 3 1 3
Energy requirements 3 1 5
Consumables required 5 3 5
Personnel requirements 5 3 3
Subtotal (out of 50) 40 28 34Subtotal (out of 30) 24 16.8 20.4
30 Technical
Weight (%)
General Indicator Specific Indicator
![Page 24: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24 5-May-09
Results & Discussions
Decision Matrix - Economic
Option A (MBBR)
Option B (SBR)
Option C (HRAR)
Score Score ScoreInvestment costs 5 1 3
O&M costs 3 3 5
Generation of valuable products 3 3 5
Previous applications 3 5 3
Subtotal (out of 20) 14 12 16Subtotal (out of 35) 24.5 21 28
35 Economic
Weight (%)
General Indicator Specific Indicator
Part 1 - Selection of a landfill leachate treatment process
![Page 25: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25 5-May-09
Results & Discussions
Option A (MBBR)
Option B (SBR)
Option C (HRAR)
Score Score ScoreCommunity acceptance 5 3 1
Generation of residuals 3 3 5
Noise generation 3 1 5
Odour generation 3 1 1
Reproduction of vectors 5 5 5
Visual impact 5 5 3
Subtotal (out of 30) 24 18 20
Subtotal (out of 35) 28 21 23.3
35 Environmental
Weight (%)
General Indicator Specific Indicator
Decision Matrix - Environmental
Part 1 - Selection of a landfill leachate treatment process
![Page 26: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26 5-May-09
Weight General Indicator Option A (MBBR)
Option B (SBR)
16.821.0
Option C (HRAR)
30% Technical 24.0 20.435% Economic 24.5 28.035% Environmental 28.0 21.0
58.823.3
100% Total (%) 76.5 71.3
Results & Discussions
Part 1 - Selection of a landfill leachate treatment process
![Page 27: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27 5-May-09
Part 2 Selection of a polymer for WAS thickening
![Page 28: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28 5-May-09
Filtrate
Materials & Methods
Part 2 - Selection of a polymer for waste activated sludge thickening
![Page 29: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29 5-May-09
PART 1:BENCH TESTING
8 POLYMERS
PART 2:FULL SCALE TESTING
3 POLYMERS
1
2
Materials & Methods
Part 2 - Selection of a polymer for waste activated sludge thickening
![Page 30: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30 5-May-09
Results & Discussions
Selection of a polymer for sludge thickening – Decision Matrix
Phase Parameter Parameter Weight Phase Weight
Thickened Sludge Total Solids 4Total Volatile Solids 1TKN 2Total Phosphorus 2Total BOD 1TOTAL 10 80%
Filtrate Total Solids 1Turbidity 1TKN 2Ammonia 3Total Phosphorous 3TOTAL 10 20%
![Page 31: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31 5-May-09
Materials & Methods
Selection of a polymer for waste activated sludge thickening
Where:z is the value of the standardized z-score, in units of standard deviationx is the value of the raw data pointµ is the sample mean of the raw dataσ is the sample standard deviation of the raw data
σμ−
=xz
Converting Values to Z Scores
![Page 32: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32 5-May-09
Part 2 - Selection of a polymer for waste activated sludge thickening.
Results & Discussions
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CB 4450
CIBA 75
57SNF 41
40SNF 42
90CIB
A 8160
EC 4925
JC49
JC473
Contro
l
GBT
Polymer (4.5 g polymer/kg sludge solids, n=2)
Perc
ent S
olid
s
![Page 33: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33 5-May-09
Results & Discussions
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
CB 4450
CIBA 75
57SNF 41
40SNF 42
90CIB
A 8160
EC 4925
JC49
JC473
Contro
l
GBT
Polymer (4.5 g polymer/kg sludge solids, n=2)
Tota
l Pho
spho
rous
(mg/
kg)
Part 2 - Selection of a polymer for waste activated sludge thickening.
![Page 34: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34 5-May-09
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
CB 4450
CIBA 7557
SNF 4140
SNF 4290
CIBA 8160
EC 4925
JC49
JC473
Contro
l
GBT
Polymer (4.5 g polymer/kg sludge solids, n=2)
TKN
(mg/
kg)
Results & Discussions
Part 2 - Selection of a polymer for waste activated sludge thickening.
![Page 35: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35 5-May-09
Results & Discussions
Polymer Thickened Sludge (80%)
Filtrate (20%)
Total
CB 4450 0.8 0.9 1.7
CIBA 7557 3.7 0.1 3.8
SNF 4140 -1.5 -1.1 -2.6
SNF 4290 7.0 -1.0 6.0CIBA 8160 5.0 0.0 5.0EC 4925 5.5 -0.4 5.1JC 49 -10.6 2.0 -8.6
JC 473 -9.3 -1.1 -10.4
Part 2 - Selection of a polymer for waste activated sludge thickening.
![Page 36: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36 5-May-09
Balanced Decision Making
Consciously Weighing our Objectives
![Page 37: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37 5-May-09
What Does This Cost?
![Page 38: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38 5-May-09
Conclusions
Solution for BALANCED decision making
SUPPORT for all types of DECISIONS
Save TIME and MONEY
The Holistic Approach
![Page 39: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39 5-May-09
![Page 40: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40 5-May-09
Appendix – Sample Calculation
Sample Calculation
Total Solids
Polymer 1 4.58
Polymer 2 5.22
Polymer 3 5.08
average 4.96
st. dev 0.34
Z Score
-1.13
0.77
0.37
4.58 - 4.96
0.34
![Page 41: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41 5-May-09
Appendix – Part 2 – Filtrate TP and TKN
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
CB 4450CIBA 7557
SNF 4140SNF 4290CIBA 8160
EC 4925JC49JC473Contro
lGBT
Polymer (4.5 g polymer/kg sludge solids, n=2)
Tota
l Pho
spho
rous
(mg/
L fil
trat
e)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
CB 44 50CIBA 7557
SNF 4140SNF 4290CIBA 8160
EC 49 25JC4 9JC4 73Contro
lGBT
Polymer (4.5 g polymer/kg sludge solids, n=2)
TKN
(mg/
L)
Total Phosphorous TKN
N/A N/A
![Page 42: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42 5-May-09
Appendix – Part 2 – Materials and Methods
![Page 43: Application of a holistic approach for the selection of ... · Application of a holistic approach for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies AJ MacDonald1, Nobel Rovirosa1,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042100/5e7d3ac9087e15399d05d20d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43 5-May-09
Solid and liquid phases were examined with respect to the following parameters:– Solids tests: Total solids, volatile solids, suspended solids,
turbidity– Chemical/nutrient tests: Ammonia nitrogen, total Kjeldahl
nitrogen, total phosphorous, BOD
Samples prepared in triplicate using 4.5 g of polymer per kg sludge solids– 300 mL samples thickened at bench scale for 10 minutes
Appendix – Part 2 – Materials and Methods